of dust and the hockey-hio silver! The Lone Ranger! Companion Totto, the daring and resourceful mask rider of the planes, led the fight for law and order in the early western United States. No where in the pages of history can one find a greater champion of justice. Return with us now to those thrilling days of yesteryear. From out of the past come the thundering hoofbeats of the great horse Silver! The Lone Ranger! Champions are made, not born. You can get there. For example, take the story of Wheaties champion Stan Musial of the St. Louis Cardinals. Young Stan was willed no claim to fame, no magic way to learn the game. He had to sweat and give his all, learning to field and hit that ball. Sure, Wheaties was his breakfast call. Today they call him Stan the Man, still and always a Wheaties fan. Stan Musial has been powering up with Wheaties right along, 19 years. Good for Stan, good for you. There's a whole Colonel of Wheat in every Wheaties plate. Now watch Stan belt that ball! They presented a letter of introduction to a century and waited until Lieutenant Colonel George A. Custer summoned them to his tent. As he returned the letter, a brilliant young officer said, During the war, General Sheridan spoke of you many times, sir. We met in the West several years ago, Colonel. When did he give you that letter? It was our pleasure to see him again a few weeks ago. Did he tell you why I'm here? Yes, sir. How did I keen to volunteer our services to you and the men of the seventh regiment? Thanks very much. But we have the situation well in hand. We'll ride into the valley of the little big horn at daybreak. I hoped I might serve as an emissary between you and Sitting Bull. How did I know I'm well? We're all through powering with those Indians, Mr. By tomorrow afternoon, he and his men will be our prisoners. Men, a soon-nation Colonel, mighty warriors. They're not surrender without fight. It won't be my first Indian fight, Donald. It may be your last, Colonel. Sitting Bull is retreating. He may stop to make a stand when he reaches favorable ground. My scouts report that he has less than 1,500 men with him. And how many men are in your command, sir? More than 200. General Crook is marching south into the upper Powder River country, and General Gibbon is coming from Fort Ellis, Montana. We'll be strongly reinforced and well armed. If the reinforcements reach you in time. We'll need no reinforcements to handle such a small band of warriors. Sitting Bull is a cunning and skillful fighter. He's no match for the United States cavalry. I salute your confidence, Colonel Custer. I return this with a saber honorably won in battle. I have heard of that sword. I took it from a Confederate officer. I defeated in a duel during the war. It's one of the finest blades ever made. There's an inscription on it. Yes, the words are Latin. Translated, they say, draw me not without reason. Sheath me not without honor. You've made that saber famous. I've worn it in many battles. I shall wear it when I meet Sitting Bull. I wish you luck, sir, in the encounter. Thanks. And thanks for offering to assist us. You're more than welcome, Montana. Be ready. Adios. Adios. Hort distance away and look back at the movement tense. Who's it? We've got to know Sitting Bull's plans. I mean not know anyway. Find out when you plan. We might learn a lot by scouting his camp.  By darkening my skin and wearing buckskins, I could pass as an Indian. Me have extra buckskin and saddlebag. I'll use them. Cautiously toward the camp of the great Chief Sitting Bull. Unknown to the lone ranger and tonto. Six of Sitting Bull sentries saw them scouting the Indian camp as the two figures in buckskins crouched in the darkness with them soundlessly. When the lone ranger and tonto started back to their concealed horses, the sunk race leaped at them without warning. This Indian friend, while the others not them unconscious. The TP had been left open so the Indians could watch the prisoners they had died hand and foot. Observing the activity of the village, tonto said, they most likely plan to deal with us later. Maybe take us to Sitting Bull after battle end. Sitting Bull has enlisted the help of other tribes. That right of Ogallala tribe. Look at the sky outside. That is already on his way to a little big horn with few more than 200 men. Other chiefs ride to meet him with more than 5000 soldiers will have a chance to reach the soldiers before the Indians attack. Finally gave up the struggle to free themselves of the leather thongs that found them. In the silence of the deserted camp, they realized they had been forgotten by the excited children and scores who had gone to watch from a distance the impending battle. Escapes seemed impossible. Then the lone ranger saw a water jug on the floor of the TP. I wonder if there's water in that jug. You don't know. I'll try to reach it. What could that do? I pour water over the thongs around your wrists, the leather may stretch. He's savvy. Maybe stretch enough to free him. That's the idea. It's pretty hard to manage with hands tied behind back. We've got to manage it. Let's reward him with all of his men are doomed with great difficulty. The lone ranger reached the jug, finding it full of water. He breathed the prayer as he drenched the leather. He knew that lost time might mean the difference between life and death for Lieutenant Colonel Custer and the brave men with him. But in spite of his efforts, time ran out for the ambitious young officer and the troopers of the seventh regiment. Army had vanished, leaving behind George Armstrong Custer and more than 200 men who they examined each trooper in turn to see if any of them had survived the terrible struggle. But for the men of the seventh regiment, the valley of the little big horn was a valley of death. Took his weapons in uniform. Me plenty glad them. They'll bury their comrades. If them find you here, crest as Indian with me in hostile country, they might shoot first and ask questions later. Not right. Well, there's nothing for us to do here. Instead of it, it's got easy for that. Come on, Toto. Try to pick up sitting Bo's trail. The army will go after him. Come on, Toto. Just a moment. What I've got here sounds like money, and it is. Matter of fact, I've got a handful of genuine foreign coins. Real money you could spend right now in far away lands. And here's the best part. All you Wheaties fans can have this wonderful collection of foreign coins for your very own. Just listen. Wheaties is offering two different sets of foreign coins, 15 coins in each set. The international set has coins from countries like Finland and Pakistan. The mystery set has coins from places like Monaco and Southern Rhodesia. Each set comes in a special coin folder with a map that shows you where the coins are used and information about that country. And each coin has been cleaned and polished. How do you get these genuine foreign coins? Well, for each set, you send us only one Wheaties boxed up and 25 cents. Look for the directions on the back of Wheaties special foreign coin packages now at your grocers. Pick one up and start collecting foreign coins. Next morning, General John Gibbon reached the valley of the Little Bighorn at the head of a long column of cavalry. Within a matter of hours, the nearest telegraph line carried the grim news to the country. New York City, the great showman, Phineas T Barnum, read the account in his newspaper and sent for his partner Bailey. Really? I want the guns and sword because to carry the Little Bighorn. For what? Part of the greatest show on earth. I can see him now. The saber and six guns carried by weapons he held when he went down. Butch, will you pay for them? 10, 15, 20,000 dollars. 20,000 dollars. You'll get her money back inside of six months by charging four bits of head to look at her. The days that followed, the lone ranger discarded his disguise. He and Tuttle traveled cautiously through hostile Indian country in search of the trail of Sitting Bull. Tuttle went to the town of Clear Creek for supplies. When he rejoined his mass friend, he brought surprising news. He fell her name Bailey in town. He won't hire me. Guide him to Sitting Bull. Why does he want to see the chief? He wanted my yellow-haired Colonel's gun, sword. Custed weapons? That right. Well, is he a relative of the Colonel's? No. Me here in town, him own show in east. He want to put guns and beat him to them, Tuttle. If Sitting Bull will part with the weapons, we'll send them to West Point. Easy said to be taught. After his conversation with Tuttle, Mr. Bailey retired to his room in the Clear Creek Hotel. He applied a pessimistic report to his partner, Barnum. He was interrupted by a knock on the door. Just a minute. His caller was a cafe owner named... No secrets. How much will you pay the man who takes you to Sitting Bull? Five hundred dollars. You've got a deal. You know where to find him? A renegade engine in the back room of my cafe will take you to him. You needn't tell him you're paying five hundred dollars. He'll settle for ponies if I...  I'll go back with this renegade. Lead the way to your cafe. The sooner I reach Sitting Bull's camp, the sooner I'll get custard. Mr. Bailey was on his way to Sitting Bull with Red Feather when the Lone Ranger and Tuttle found the Chief's camp far back in the Forbidding Hills. Sentries on duty recognized the mask man as a friend who had talked to their leader on previous occasions. They took him and Tuttle directly to the Chief's TP. After greeting them, the shrewd warrior eyed the Lone Ranger quizzically. How you find this Chief? We followed your trail. We tried to high track so soldiers not find us, but now we move camp again. We found your trail once great Chief. It will be followed again. If soldier come after us, we fight again. This is one nation, the United States of America. You long time friend to my people. We know you friend, but heart of mask man. Pledge to uphold our government. This Chief does not hold that against you. Well then perhaps you'll grant me a favor. Speak. I have heard that you have Colonel Custer's guns and sword. No weapons you speak of. We were with Custer the night before he died. He showed us his saber. They're writing on blade. Me not know what it say. The words were draw me not without reason. Sheath me not. Why you want Chief Yellow Hare's guns and sword? Because they belong in West Point and respect them. We have weapons. You know my name. I've met you in Clear Creek this afternoon. So that's it. You knew I wanted Custer's weapons so you came to get them yourself. I'll pay top price for them. I'll double whatever you've offered. Mask man not offer money. Feller named Bailey pay plenty money for guns and sword. How much him pay you to bring him here? How much and hiding place of this Chief? Main harm great Chief. How much you get? Money to buy six ponies. They not mean to anger Chief. You're in trouble. The Chief is wise Bailey. If Red Feather betrayed the hiding place to you he betrayed to someone else. Oh that's right. All I wanted was Custer's weapons. No one get Chief. I'll pay any price you name. This Chief not sell them. We have weapons. Travel halfway across the country to get those guns and the saber. You come. Me show what we do with Yellow Hare's. The Lone Ranger, Tahu and Bailey looked into a deep gorge through which a swift river ran. Sitting bull drew his enemy's saber from its scabbard. Studied the Latin inscription on the blade and murmured. Words say draw not. Draw me not without reason. She's me not without honor. No one ever. Yellow Hare fired guns in brave fight. Guns never fire again. Disgraced. Barnum will never believe this. Now you go in peace. Take white fella named Bailey Way from Village. Tahu will see that he reaches town safely to Fort Mason. The man would put the army on his trail. He could have killed us. One who told me about the west. He mentioned a mask man who rode a horse named settlement said this particular mask man used silver bullets in his guns. That's right. In that case I know who the mask man is. Exciting Lone Ranger adventure. P.T. Barnum goes west. Harry is the boy of escape the hangman and secondly I want to get unexpected paralyze ahead of the mask man and his Indian friend in our next thrill packed adventure. Be sure to listen. George W Trenville produced by Trenville Campbell Muir Incorporated directed by Charles D Livingstone and edited by friend striker. The part of the Lone Ranger is played by Brace Beamer. Your announcer


What's going on everyone? Sam here with late in sports cards. We are ripping 2223 Leaf Best of Basketball 6 box case break number three random team style. There's a look again at your random results as always you can find those on the websites under the results tab as well as the Lincoln Chat. So good luck here guys let's do it. If we currently do it anymore still Jonathan I haven't seen a pre-sell either on the website since like contenders football basically. I don't know I don't think we do it anymore to be honest. It's a solid way to start man. 2020 pretty new recon that is Tyrese Maxey on the rookie auto. Nice one there Sixers. Philadelphia is gonna be the Sixers at James S. There you go James. Congrats buddy. Nice one there. Nice Tyrese Maxey. If Harden leaves in the offseason definitely gonna be Phillies number two guy now. This is a good player man. Good player. Just was curious yeah I got you got you Jonathan. Deleting this to call the photo RPA and select later it's gonna be an ETN. All right Spencer. All right I like the shot call.  We got our first redemption for sign memorabilia and look who it is. I can't see. Yanis on Tentacupo. Holy cow dude. Go into the box. There you go Milwaukee. That's pretty crazy. That's gonna be he's got the box dude. Damien C. Congrats Damien. Picking up a Yanis signed Jersey. Heck yeah dude that's awesome. Wow. Wow Nice Yanis. Let's go man. What's up Shady. 22-23. That's the basketball signed custom Jersey. That is gonna be so sick man. Yanis does not sign in products anymore either basically. Very seldom do you see Yanis.  That's so cool. There we go nice. Got an 86 Flier PSA 8 the mailman Carl Malone. This one there on the Malone that's what second year I want to say yeah second year Carl Malone. Nice one there Utah. Jazz is going to be William M. one of the most iconic sets of all time. Very cool. That's sweet right there. Nice Malone PSA 8. Awesome nice. 2003 upper deck LeBron PSA 10 rookie on the redemption special City Heights. That's awesome. Nice one there dude. Congrats Cleveland Cavaliers. Where are you at Cavaliers. Cody G. There you go Cody. Congrats buddy. Nice congrats on that nice LeBron PSA 10. LeBron Lames as Brad always said LeJohn Braimes. That's pretty sweet dude. 1997 tops finest. Tim Duncan on the debuts. God that's so sick man. Congrats on that. It's gonna be a rookie right there too. It's gonna be a rookie big fundamental. 97 finest debuts. God that's so sick. PSA Gemmint. That's the old PSA logo too. It's a great case dude. Great case. Yeah. Timmy D. Let's go baby. See we got hiding in the last box as well. This is fun man. This is a fun rip dude. It's cool to see the older cards. Yeah that's what I'm saying honestly. Nice one there. That is gonna be a 92 93 stadium club rookie Shaquille O'Neal authentic autograph. There you go magic. Still gonna be on Orlando and that one there it is Orlando magic. Hey Shaq we pulled you. Come check this out. It's like the Spider-Man meme. Yeah. Let's go. Nice Shaq. Congrats on that. 92. 92 traffic. Congrats. Magic Orlando is gonna be JM. There you go J. All right. That's gonna do it for the case guys. That was hella hella fun. Thanks again for filling this up. Up next we've got what is it? Select H2. So thanks again.


Asalaamu alaikum, welcome back to another episode of the Opal-Minded Thinker Show. Today I want to talk about something really interesting that is the advocacy for tolerance among Christian leaders. Tolerance is deeply ingrained in the very essence of Christian evangelism and is something I truly admire. However, it's important to acknowledge that this policy has faced criticism from conservative Christians around the world who believe that Christianity should never tolerate Islam. They argue that the level of intolerance in certain Islamic states is a reflection of Islam's unwillingness to share the religious space with other faiths. Now, whether this claim holds true or not is still a topic of debate, but what it does show is a need for the cheer of Abraham, both Christian and Muslims, to web towards unity and find a common ground. It's crucial for us to dive into the historical examples of co-existence between Christianity and Islam in places like Egypt, Syria, Armenia, Turkey, and Muslim Spain. These instances can serve as a recipe for promoting peace and harmony between our two communities. After all, there are more things that unite us than divide us. In research, I stumbled upon a couple of verses in the Quran that beautifully emphasize tolerance and coexistence. Let's take a look at some of them. In Surah Al-Hujirah chapter 49, verse 13, Allah says, O mankind, indeed we have created you, male and female, and made you into tribes that you may know one another. Indeed, the most noble few in the sight of Allah is the most righteous of you. Indeed, Allah is knowing and acquainted. These verse highlights the incredible diversity of humanity and encourages us to get to know and understand one another. It emphasizes that in the eyes of Allah, righteousness matters more than our differences in ethnicity or tribe or color. Another verse, Surah Al-Muntahanan chapter 60, verse 8 states, and I quote, Allah does not forbid you from those who do not fight you because of religion and do not expel you from your homes, from being righteous to all of them and acting justly to all of them. Indeed, Allah loves those who aren't justly. End of quote. You know, this verse promotes justice and righteousness with those who do not pose a threat or hostility based on religion. It encourages Muslims to treat such individuals with kindness and fairness. Lastly, in Surah Al-Kafirun chapter 109, verse 1-6, Allah says, Say, O disbelievers, I do not worship what you worship, nor are you worshippers of what I worship, nor will I be your worshipper of what you worship, nor will you be worshippers of what I worship. For you is your religion and for me is my religion. These verses convey a beautiful message of respect and different beliefs and religion. They emphasize that each person is entitled to their own faith and that Muslims should peacefully coexist with people of different faith without, you know, apparently imposing their beliefs on others. These verses are right there in the Quran for everyone to see. Say, if you're non-Muslim, you can pick the Quran and go set it yourself. They clearly indicate that Islam does not encourage disrespect towards others. So the criticism of Islam being intolerant are completely baseless. On a personal note, I love it when I see a priest visiting a mosque to listen to the court of prayer. It's heart-warming to witness such acts of unity and understanding among the children of Abraham because we are all one. Check out the priest. He looks just like those Orthodox Christian priests you usually see in the east. And people, the Muslims, their outfits totally remind me of the Shod tradition. It's pretty cool to see these folks all together, you know. They're all humble and unified, trying to accommodate each other for the sake others shall believe in one God. And speaking of the group, there is this guy who seems like a bishop or some bishop from a Catholic order. You can tell by his fancy get-up, you know, what's really impressive is how he's all ears for the court of prayer, like he's really patient and attentive. He's also digging the beauty of the mosque architecture, you know, soaking in the beautiful vibes of the adhan prayers here. He's a Chiosen mate. The beautiful lesson we can draw from the action of this priest are tremendous for me. The priests showing up at the mosque generally bring out the shared values between Islam and Christianity, you know, especially that belief in worshipping one God. It is a reminder for Muslims and Christians to look at what they have in common rather than the differences. These lesson encourages followers of both faith to put love, compassion and peace at the forefront and join hands and work towards goals like promoting justice, serving the community and bringing harmony among all sorts of religious groups. It's about coming together and making the world a better place mate. Allah says in Surah Al-Hijrah chapter 14, verse 13, and we have certainly created you into nations and tribes that you may know one another.  Let's live it right there brothers and sisters. Please like, share and subscribe. May Allah bless all of us. Until next time. As-salamu alaykum.


Welcome to the April COGI seminar. My name is Pedro Arduino and I am the COGI moderator for this webinar. COGI is the Committee on Geological and Geotechnical Engineering, and it is one of the standing committee of the National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine Board on Earth Sciences and Resources. COGI was established as the focal point within the National Academies for government, industry, and academia on technical and public policy issues related to earth processes and materials, soil and rock mechanics, responsible human development, and mitigation of natural and human hazards. If you have any questions about COGI, please contact Samantha Maxino from the National Academies group, she's the staff director of the committee. This webinar is part of a quarterly webinar series produced by COGI through the support of the National Science Foundation. The webinar will be posted on YouTube and announcement will be sent out when it is available. If you have any other chats, please for messages from us and for the speaker bios as we proceed with the seminar. Also, I would like to thank Samantha Maxino and Sara Heidrich for helping to organize and produce these and all the COGI webinars. There are questions and answers after all the panelists give their talks, so the audience can submit their questions anytime using the question and answers tab on the Zoom panel on their screens. We will pose as many questions as possible during our time. First, a small disclaimer, any opinions, conclusions or recommendations expressed by the panelists or anyone during this webinar are those of the individuals and do not represent conclusions or recommendations of the National Academies of Science and Engineering or Medicine. With that, I would like to introduce to the moderator of the group of speakers that we have today for this webinar. His name is Mike Olson. So Professor Olson is a professor specialized in geomatics at the Oregon State University. He serves as the editor in chief of the ASC Journal of Surveying Engineering, President of the Surveying and Geomatics Educator Society, technical director for the NSF, as well as as the research infrastructure rapid facility, and the director of the Cascadia Lifetimes Program. His research program centers on advanced geospatial technologies for geohunters assessments and infrastructure management. It is a pleasure to have this group of people today, who I admire a lot and in particular they are good friends. So Mike, the floor is yours. Awesome. Thank you so much, Pedro, and thank you to everybody for participation in today's webinar. We're very excited to talk about a lot of new geospatial technologies and how they can be used in geotechnical investigations and really kind of get home the point that these technologies are available and ready to use now. So I'd like to kind of start talking about what called the geospatial life cycle. You know, we've kind of seen a big shift in the engineering community recently where over the past several decades where, you know, prior to this we were thinking in terms of project by project we would build something we would put a lot of energy and and investment into building a project and then a lot of the records and information would kind of disappear. Over time we started to realize that that wasn't the best way to manage our assets and we've more been thinking in terms of a life cycle approach looking at our integration between infrastructure. And geomatics technologies are really at the heart of effective asset management and maintenance practices and really integrating all the different disparities that need to come together in order to effectively manage infrastructure. The geospatial technologies are there at the start of the life cycle and acquiring the information on what the conditions are, modeling it and doing the analysis of what needs to be updated in terms of what's going on with the infrastructure where hazards are located landslides, rock balls, all those kind of things. And then at the core of applying the fixes and machine control and construction automation. And so there's a lot of different technologies and a lot of different ways that these can be used. And I think that leads to one of the challenges in terms of the technology adoption life cycle. And so kind of start this this figure with the angry purple dude. And basically I think this is a situation we find ourselves a lot in when we see a new technology where we're doing something we're getting frustrated because we're not getting the quality of data that we want. We want something faster cheaper better right that's that's what everybody wants. So then we start talking to people so and so says hey this is the technology you should be using this is going to solve all your problems and oversells it right and so you're all excited and saying all right let's let's get on board do it. You try to do it and the technology doesn't quite work out the way that you hoped your interiors, the vendor over promised and the technology under delivered and so on. And then you go to experts and others to kind of help you get it and you get more experience with it and then you start to realize oh yeah this is this is going to work this is what I need. But then, oh wait, no I want to now do it faster cheaper better now that I know I can do this right and we kind of get locked into these these different cycles. What we wanted to kind of talk about today is how to deal with all these new emerging technologies how to make effective use of what's available in practice, and really start to make decisions on, you know what technologies are effective to use in different applications and show some demonstrated case studies as you'll see from the different panelists in just a moment. With these technologies there's huge variabilities in terms of accuracy and what you can do. One of the big challenges there's fewer opportunities for education and geomatics and so you know a number of years ago. All your civil engineering students would take multiple classes and surveying and measurement science and now that's been shrunk down quite a bit and so people don't really get that kind of exposure to to measurement understanding terms like uncertainty precision accuracy resolution all those those kind of things and get thrown out and confusing. And that leads to some of the issues that people face in terms of adopting the technology. The good news is though the technology is becoming more available, and so it's getting easier to use their simpler forms of ways to use the technology. For example, when we talk about LiDAR technology it used to be limited to very bulky platforms and we've seen downsizing. In fact, the newest iPhones in the pro series have a LiDAR sensor on it. But the caveat to that is we have this technology that's now more readily accessible. But it doesn't necessarily provide the accuracy that we need an engineering type work and so we have to be very careful in interpreting data and analyzing data coming out of these these different newer sensors and making sure that they meet the need of the applications. You know the other key advantage to these geomatics technologies is we have the ability to capture the context of the entire scene. You know, a lot of what we do in engineering we're looking at plan and profile. We're just seeing bits and pieces of the picture of what's going on and with the geomatics technologies we can really kind of see that full picture and see how observations of what's going on in one part of the infrastructure affects what's going on further away. And we get that increased detail to be able to do it. So I'm talking a little bit about how how can we determine what the best tool is for the job in terms of doing things. Now with these technologies there's a whole ton of applications and lots of different ways that that these can be used this is just a sampling of different types of geotechnical or structural analysis that can be done. With current technology that's available for for anybody to pick up and use obviously requires a lot of training and experience to be able to use these and be able to use them effectively and engineering analysis. But we can use these for looking at all sorts of different challenges in terms of sediment analysis looking at what's going on in terms of slow stability, we can look at change detection what's happening is rivers migrate through areas and kind of predict where where those changes are going to happen we can also use them to look at the structure and connection with the soil and make some decisions on what's going on where the stresses are accumulating where the deformations are and in many cases monitor things before catastrophic failure happens to get that. So there's there's lots of different applications, but the important thing to keep in mind is that every application has a different quality level necessary for it. And so in this this plot this is work we did for the Transportation Research Board in Mobile LiDAR guidelines and transportation. And on the x axis is our 3d accuracy and on the y axis is the point density or the resolution of the data. And so there's a big difference in terms of different applications as far as what you need in terms of the resolution and the accuracy of the data. And you know the question you may be asking yourself is well why don't we why don't we just always collect the highest resolution and the highest accuracy. And the answer to that is that oftentimes it becomes very expensive to do that it becomes orders of magnitude to just improve the accuracy slightly. There's a whole lot more work you have to do in terms of your survey control and other things to achieve that or in terms of point density now you've increased your data volume and the processing workflows become very challenging. And so what's very important is to identify your applications and identify kind of where on the spectrum they fit in terms of accuracy and point density requirements, as well as kind of the size of the area and then you can use that to kind of make determinations of what is most economical in terms of your data collection strategy and make those decisions with that. So the key driver really in a lot of this is the cost. And so here's just another plot that shows spatial resolution and measurement uncertainty and kind of where different technologies fit in and on the spectrum of the plot. So something like GPS technology there's many different forms of it and there's many different actresses associated with that you know from your consumer devices like in your cell phone. That don't really have the best accuracy usually on the order of several meters in terms of accuracy to static GPS where you can get down to about millimeter centimeter level type accuracy with those systems and similar in LiDAR. So there's there's a huge disparity in this that that's very important to kind of get down in those details as you work on adopting these these different technologies. So now where can you go to get kind of some information about it well this webinar is a great start you'll hear from some experts who've used technology and a lot of different types of applications. There's a facility I'd like to highlight that's the rapid facility up at the University of Washington that hosts a wide range of equipment in terms of laser scanning us other types of instrumentation like seismometers that are available for for testing predominantly focused on focused on natural hazards reconnaissance, but part of what this facility does is also provide training and support and education on using these technologies effective in a lot of different applications. So with that I'd like to turn the time over to our first panelist as ongoing me from sixth sense engineering who's going to talk about a lot of the different monitoring applications and innovative work that they're doing to monitor a wide range of infrastructure projects. So, thank you for the presentation. Thank you for attending. So my presentation is more of a state of the practice showing you what can you do with the robot is total station for large infrastructure geotechnical monitoring. And first of all, the main purpose of performing geotechnical instrumentation monitoring for urban construction project, mostly is for risk control control risk during a construction and for design verification and today also provide rich and valuable data set for research, particularly like machine learning based research. These are these are typical scenario of infrastructure monitoring as you can see. So what we come and do today using a robust total station for ground surface and for beauty and deformation monitoring and sometimes remote sensing, so that remote sensing got involved. And for most of the underground subsurface for your deformation power pressure practitioners are using a more conventional geotechnical sensors such as the incremental rate extents will meet up with all of you that might talk today about primary focus on robots, but mostly total station and then total station I think is a a widely known instrument, survey instrument with a long history of development. And with today's new news development sort of total station can do a lot of things, deformation monitoring but also integrate camera to SS scanner, and they are most importantly allow for remote control. So which is very suitable for real time deformation monitoring. And so the idea is, you will. So first of all, that choose to modes by using total station ones using the targets are the survey presence, another is a reflector list. So basically you identify the zone of the influence caused by construction and then you install the target attach a target to buildings or the to the road services. And then, but most importantly, you have to identify, you have to do the reference presence or benchmark of a bedside, whatever we call it outside the zone of influence. So, and then through the automatic target condition, if any of the monitoring prison moon, the total station automatically tracking the small movement of the system and then deliver really, really better level accuracy, modern data. And we can also do reflect a list. But in this case, you only get one D most of time, set him a he so compared to lighter on the using total station for reference monitoring and produce lower density points that allow for much faster processing. And so today, most of the, so that's the wireless communication that connecting different components of the the monitoring system. So usually through IOT device, you can remotely control the total station. And then all the data will be transmitted to a cloud based server and then allow the engineer to do the data analysis or allow the the survey or to remotely control reprogram the total station. And here are a few typical configuration of setup of a total station for infrastructure project you can put a total station inside a tunnel along the bridge or along the highway. And then I'm going to talk about a few case studies real quick. And this one of a typical scenario using total station that combined the prison mode and then refer to this notes. Think about as a tunnel construction underground. So the surveyors can install the prisons on the facade of the building and also identify lots of refer to this point on the surface. So without interfering the traffic. And in that way you can achieve the real time monitoring for both the buildings and for ground surface. And so one of the examples as I 99 tunnel project Seattle between 2012 to 2017 I think is a well known tunneling project. And it's not a very long tunnel that was constructed by the largest TVM EPV TVM at that time, and then the over 160 buildings are within a zone of influence and then nearly 40 total stations were installed to monitor both the the prisons as you can see the attached to the which is now completely removed now replaced by the new tunnel. And this is a very quick video shows you during that monitoring 2017 to 2017 2012 to 2017 that the main Seattle downtown area was covered by these robust deterioration monitoring network. Another ongoing project in Canada near Toronto as we can see these a low shuttle overburden railway tunnel and then constructed under the 21 land highway so require very high density and very high frequency monitoring by the meantime you will not allow to interfere the highway traffic. So a total station will install and nearly 500 reflect this point, which provide high frequency settlement monitoring of the highway. And yeah, so, so the project. So for each. So what this photo show one of the total station tower with the one to total station one on top of each other. So we can we can program the total station the one station cover a larger area and another one focus on active construction zone. So with that different monitoring frequency. And there are a few more slides showing the application. So these ones are using total station for the excavation project, which is monitoring the lateral deformation of the shorting structure for the excavation and can also be used to monitor the bridge and during the foundation repair of the bridge. And the last one is for them for now there are lots of agent names across the USA, and then lots of them require repair and foundation improvement. So that's another application of using the post total station. Finally, summarize some advantages of limitation of the technology. As I mentioned earlier, it provides very high frequency measurement that require allows you to connect the measurement to a real time early warning system. And when using reflect a lease does not require traffic control closure, and also is a cost effective solution for long term monitoring. And one thing that I would emphasize here is also reduce the exposure of a few monitoring personnel to calm and construction site hazard, and then also reduce copy exposure in the last few years. And certainly that some limitation if a lot of the site got blocked and then you're not able to gather data and the also the data quality will be affected by the weather condition is not going to be the high quality data during the rainy season or the snowy season. And you do need a permit or right of entry to install the total station of the prison at the desired location. And then when the reason is a concern urban area that happened a lot in the last two years during called the opportunity. And then you need to have a real you really have to a stable reference point. So make sure you put a point outside of zone of influence. Some of those limitation will be overcome and then by other technology that will be introduced by the next two speakers. So with that, let me introduce our next speaker. And Shensky associate professor from Oregon State University. Thank you. Thank you for having me here today and appreciate it. We're going to switch gears a bit and go from the urban environment to the coastal environment. So coastal retreat is a problem worldwide wave attack, you know just the waves hitting these sea cliffs can result in a variety of mass wasting events, including scour, overhanging rocks failing slumps and sea cliff collapse and the case case of coastal adjacent landslides, debutter sink in advance towards the ocean. Here in Oregon, we have a project where we've been monitoring a series of sea cliffs and coastal landslides for years now, looking at the change over time using variety of tools. So in Oregon we have about 300 miles of coastline, about 100 miles of which are sea cliffs of sauce rock. Our beautiful highway 101 is beautiful because it happens to span those sea cliffs and have an amazing view of the ocean. The problem is, the highway itself is quite close to these areas that are quite unstable. To look at the dynamics of this coastal environment, we've used a variety of tools including in situ instrumentation like MEMS in place inclinometers, terrestrial lidar, UAS lidar, photogrammetry, GNSS surface monitoring, and using these techniques together or alone to look at how the coastal environment changes over time. Here is a typical winter day. This is low tide. Now, pretty stormy as you can see. It's a bit grainy but there's cobbles down there and there's a 100 foot piece of driftwood being picked up and hurled into the base of a sea cliff. These are the typical conditions that result in quite significant scour as we see in the winter environment and quite a bit of that scour results and change. The sites we'll look at quickly span from northern Oregon to southern Oregon with very different geologies with the northern sites being more prone to just failure from scour and sea cliff collapse while the southern sites tend to be home to very large coastal landslides. So to look at change of sea cliffs we look at terrestrial lidar collected twice a year to evaluate what we kind of see with our eyes but it's difficult to quantify. We see that those mechanisms as I've described collapse, scour, accretion of debris that's failed occurs on a yearly basis and the retreat is variable in space and time can span orders of magnitude. One of our sites, the northernmost one, you can see kind of color scale here in the change determined from lidar change detection, red being retreat in two meters and blue being accretion or the gain of elevation here. We can see big collapses in the north as well as overhang failures to the south and notably a bit of green and blue here which actually reflects the advance of the slump down the site. We can also see the typical erosion rates that we see per meter of sea cliff here and start to constrain the rates of lateral retreat we associate with coastlines and use that as a metric to evaluate hazards and risk. Arch Cape, well this is a site just adjacent to a tunnel, we can see that typical wave scour occurring at the toe of this site and it is pretty significant. So one of the homes down here in the south actually has a hot tub that's hanging two feet off the sea cliff erosion is pretty severe here. Spencer Creek, our longest site central Oregon coast, we can see large changes slumps cliff collapse. Another change here in this notable region of green, there's actually a landslide advancing in this location, we can start to quantify some of the change of these these contrasting processes. Speaking of landslides, you can't just evaluate landslide movements from change in the sea cliff itself landslide movements landslides move in a very complex fashion they often do at least developing means of evaluating those movements and how they vary across an actual landslide is one thing we've also looked into. We've used LiDAR at the surface, as well as MEMS inclinometers, GNSS surface monitoring to start to characterize the motion use these techniques together to evaluate how are these environments changing. First, we'll take a trip to Arizona in. You can see here the result of MEMS inclinometer, we have a change of profile and time. Each one of these colored lines represents half hour increments, and you can see that we can start to develop a velocity profile vertically over time, and we can even see some large jumps that occur during big events both wave events and rainfall. So this site happened to be prone to very severe coastal erosion and significant debutricing of this slide. We have GNSS units placed with these red cross symbols here. And notice that there's Rover one two and three through the main slide area Rover one is moving the fastest Rover two is moving a bit slower Rover three the slowest a sign of retrogression driven by very significant coastal retreat here kind of a bottom up process. We have another landslide in the very south of your coast called the who's Canadian landslide, one of our monitoring sites. It's a it's a tiny landslide at 20 million cubic meters, and it's an earth flow that advances a teeny bit two to four meters a year. This highway is repaved constantly throughout the year. Well, in 2019, the landslide decide to move just a bit more 40 meters had a surge event, which just happened to be the most severe right where the highway traverses the landslide. It closed the highway for two weeks, they were constantly trying to rebuild and open the highway during this period. We had a MAMS inclinometer in there. It lasted a good 40 days rest in peace. And we saw clear shear zone about 30, 30 meters in depth. We have rovers still placed on it after they re graded the whole area, and it's still constantly creeping despite the hydrological controls are trying to tap. But we also have some data from the actual search event itself. Here's some imagery from UAS. You can see seeps coming out of the landslide the main search zone, which again dislocated Highway 101 quite a bit. Here's here's a ODOT reopening the highway or at least trying to get construction access as the landslide started to slow. Right there is our instruments, obviously they're gone. And with that imagery, you can actually start to look at surface displacements here. This is using particle image velocity. It's a hard word to pronounce, but PIV. And we looked at change of images and you can see the clear flow of the actual search itself dislocating the highway. And it gives us high spatial resolution of surface displacements. After the search event was over, we decided to collect UAS lidar and start to look at change using high spatial resolution data here. We performed some manual feature tracking to evaluate the kinematics of this earth level. And here's what we see. Similar to what we saw from the PIV analysis, we can look at lateral surface displacements. The largest being, of course, right where the highway crosses. Vertical surface displacements can also be evaluated. There is pretty large vertical changes stemming all the way from the source area all the way to the lower bench. In this case, there's pretty significant erosion of the coastal bluff here, but it's marginal compared to how this slide is driven by water in particular. In fact, one interesting thing when we started looking at the site years ago was the how eroded the sea cliff was at the base. We were pretty surprised that after the search event, all of a sudden there were two sea cliffs because the landslide advanced so much and actually towed out at the beach. So in summary, there's a variety of monitoring techniques that you can use to get high resolution data in space and time and often as a balancing act as Mike alluded to. These tools are valuable for coastal environments in particular. It's dynamic, it's always changing and there's plenty of hazards in an environment like that. In terms of a monitoring plan, redundancy is key. In place systems like inclinometers are valuable for giving us geotechnical data, but they might not last long in these dynamic environments. It's good to have other data sets to compare and continue monitoring even if you start to lose instruments. And the reasoning being that we all know if something will go wrong or could go wrong, it's going to, as well as whenever you're not looking, that's when events tend to happen. But having technologies like this allow you to infill those data gaps. So with that said, I'd like to introduce the next speaker here, Chris Massey. Hi everyone, how are you? My name is Chris from GNS Science in New Zealand and I thought we would go through some kind of take things from away from the coast and start looking at earthquakes. And so what I'm going to talk about now is monitoring rock slopes through an earthquake sequence. And I'm going to focus mainly on the Christchurch earthquake sequence, which occurred in 2010 and 2011 in affected New Zealand's largest city. And most of you may have heard of the liquefaction, which is pretty famous around the world for what these earthquakes actually cause. However, as you can see from this map here, the earthquakes also occurred under a relic extinct volcano. And so therefore there was quite a lot of slope instability. So what you can see here on the screen now is just the different earthquakes greater than magnitude three that occurred within that occurred associated with each particular earthquake sequence and within a certain time period. So we started with the Darfield earthquake in 2010, then we have the 22nd of February earthquake, then we have the 13th of June earthquake, then we have the 23rd of December earthquake. And then we have the 14th of February earthquake, which was kind of centered under all this mess over here in the Port Hills. So you can see we have considerable number of earthquakes and there were multiple recordings at the strong motion stations of greater than one G in several of these earthquakes. So this is an aerial view of the Port Hills of Christchurch. You can quite clearly see the remnants of the volcano here. The center of the volcano is around Littleton Harbour, the liquefied areas around central Christchurch. But the main issue in the Port Hills were Rock Falls and debris avalanches caused by the earthquakes. So the geology of the Port Hills, it's a dissected slopes of the Miocene Age Volcanoes are 11 million years old. It's multiple volcanoes that are basalt lava flows which grade laterally into breccia, scoria, glomerates. They're mantled by younger quaternary age Lurse, which is windblown sands and silts, and they are highly variable both vertically and spatially horizontally. These photographs show some of the Rock Falls and debris avalanches that occurred in the Port Hills. Now people built right up against the toes of these rock slopes. People built quite long distances away from the rock slope. So this house at the bottom left the boulder travelled 700 meters from the slope at the top left and went straight through the house. The Rock Falls and debris avalanches killed five people in the Port Hills. And affected 400 properties. So the inventories that we had to collect to try to put all this together and to understand what was happening so that we could then inform the decision makers with regards to where to rebuild post earthquake. We had to collect multiple datasets, multiple epochs of ortho rectifier photos, repeat airborne terrestrial LiDAR surveys, field mapping, so analog surveys, i.e. mapping Rock Falls. Then we had to look at ground deformation monitoring and surveys using a whole combination of factors, GNSS, static survey marks. We installed rain gauges, soil moisture monitoring, ground pour water pressure monitoring and robotic total stations, as what we heard previously. So this is just some examples from the Richmond Hills slope. What you can see here is the difference between airborne LiDAR versus terrestrial LiDAR in the number of points that are actually on the surface. And obviously terrestrial LiDAR is much more effective on steep slopes because you get a higher concentration of points actually from the surface. And what we can do here though is over time and multiple epochs of survey, we can use these multiple epochs of survey as Ben and Mike and others talked about to difference. And we can look at the differences which we can then turn into volumes of material that fall off between epochs. Now in the Port Hills, we carried out around 14 to 15 surveys of these rock slopes during and after the earthquake sequence. We also mapped the geology. We also mapped the cliff top cracking. We also installed GNSS, which is the marker here, as well as having traditional static survey marks that we went to monitor. We then mapped the crack distributions using the high resolution aerial photographs and we put all this together into these engineering geological conceptual models to try to understand how the slopes might perform in future earthquakes and non-earthquake events. And so these are these kind of a typical conceptual model. So what we're seeing here is we're seeing cliff top cracking, slumping, rock and debris avalanches and falls from the face of the cliff between the successive earthquakes as well as this slumping failures behind the bits that fall off. We're seeing significant impedance contrast within the slopes themselves, you know, we're going from up to 4000 meters per second shear wave velocity into 600 and then up into a couple of hundred. We're also seeing topographic effects from amplification of shaking because the slopes are relatively steep and narrow. And so we put all this together using all these different technologies to try to then forecast what the slopes might do in future events. We can do this statistically and this is where we use the change model data sets. So we take our 14 epochs of change models for the different slopes. We look at those epochs of change that relate to earthquakes and we look at kind of statistically where those changes are occurring on the face. And we can use machine learning algorithms like logistic regression to analyze those areas that fell off against the factors that may contribute to why they fell off and where. And so this plot here is essentially telling us that the ground acceleration is the most important thing during earthquakes to generate rock falling from the slopes. The next important factor was the relative elevation so the higher the slope, the more material fell off or the material fell from maybe the higher portions of the slope. And then the next interesting factor is the percent of the neighbors that failed. So this is the number of cells adjacent to the one that failed in previous survey epochs. So essentially this is looking at the stress redistribution as material falls from the cliff face. So it's a very powerful way of taking those change models and then starting to really get into the nitty-gritty detail of what's driving them, which we can then feed into our numerical physics based simulations. So where we're going with this then is the benefit of having these terrestrial lidar change models through the sequence and they span from 2010 all the way through to 2016. And so we've captured both the effects of the earthquakes on the rock fall rates, but also the non-earthquake contribution. So this is like the rain, typically rain events. And so what these plots show for each of the main slopes in the Port Hills is that you get the earthquakes coming through. You get this massive increase in rock fall rates above the pre-earthquake baseline rock fall rates, which we determined from trenching and dating the pre-existing talus piles on the surface of the slopes before the earthquake sequence. And then what we can do then is over time, when there's no earthquakes during our terrestrial laser scan surveys, we can track the decay in rock fall rates with time after the major earthquake back to the pre-earthquake rates. And in this case, they take between two to five years after the 22nd of February earthquake, which was the main earthquake that generated the largest ground motions in the Port Hills. And so after two to five years with background rates. And so what we're finding then is that immediately after the earthquake, the rock mass is damaged. And so you only need a relatively small amount of rain to remove those unstable blocks because the slopes are highly susceptible to failure. But as time goes by and as more of the highly damaged rock mass is removed, you need successively more rain and higher rain intensities to move material from the slope, which then drives this overall decay in non-seismic rock fall rates. Now, this is the conceptual model that we've put together. And so essentially what we're saying here is that before the earthquake, we have a few non-earthquake related rock falls. We get a major earthquake come through, it damages the rock mass, which then increases the likelihood of rock fall from non-seismic sources like rain. And over time after the earthquake sequence decays, we then drop back to the tenor or the time before the earthquake. Now, why is this important? It's important because this drives rock fall risk. And rock fall risk drove the authorities in the Port Hills, the central government, with regards to their decision making over where and when people could be allowed back into their homes. When the risk levels decreased to an acceptable level. And also it governed the nature of the infrastructure that was installed. So for example, you can't just wait until the rock fall risk decays after five years because people need infrastructure. But this can help guide with regards to you may want to consider putting in cheap, low cost solutions and wait five years before you start building very complicated and costly permanent engineering works. So it's not just through earthquakes that we can use this information and these data sources, we can apply these to landslides all over the world. This is another example in Fox Glacier. This is a 60 million cubic meter landslide. It's sliding and then the front of the landslide is slumping and generating debris flows to create a big debris fan. We've we've used terrestrial laser scanning airborne LiDAR and we've used the structure from motion digital surface models derived from tri-stereo satellite imagery captured by Plady satellite to generate change models in the same way that we've generated them at the Port Hills. Instead of using terrestrial laser scanning we're using these other geospatial techniques because the scale is so large. But we've also installed a GNSS and tilt meter rain gauge weather saw moisture monitoring on a big concrete block that we dumped into the landslide from the bottom of the helicopter and that's giving us 30 second data calculated at 24 hour over 24 hour epochs for displacement and rain form. What this is doing, it's allowing us to link rainfall to movement which we can then use to give an idea of the when these landslides are likely to reactivate and when the debris flows are likely to come down the valley. And that's important because during the before COVID times we had up to 7000 people a day visiting these these valleys. So thank you very much for your time and I'd like to acknowledge my co-authors and if more information we've just had a paper out JGR on the Christchurch work please feel free to go and have a look. And so just to conclude then I would like to pass back over to Mike who will then bring all of these various threads together. Thank you. All right, thank you Chris. So thank you to both Ben and Zangwei as well for all their excellent thoughts. You know kind of the goal today was to show you that there's a lot of different applications and ways that these these technologies can be used. This was a very quick run through a sampling of different technologies. There are lots of other technologies out there that can be used but hopefully it demonstrated that the technology is mature enough to be used on a lot of different applications and provide usable information that can take it all the way to policy decisions and as Chris mentioned in his presentation. Another thing to always keep in mind is you know that's just because something's new and flashy doesn't mean that something older can't be repurposed or used. So some old technologies can become new technologies and how they're used. For example, the Geo Congress there was a lot of discussion about fiber optic technology and how that could be utilized as a monitoring technique and you know that technology has been around for for quite a while but it's a it's a new purpose and the way that it's being used. One of the hopefully things you came away with from this this webinar today is that these advanced technologies provide a more complete picture and understanding. And so sometimes people are hesitant to say hey I'm not going to use this technology because it's going to cost a little bit more upfront. But the value that you get out of that information and really having that context of the whole broader scene can make a huge difference and ultimately allow you to catch issues early on in the project. Well you can still modify the design and do other things to avoid kind of those costly things that come later on when you hit some of those surprises. And also when you think in terms of if there's potentially going to be a litigation issue or something down the road having that really high quality data front can make a big difference. Another key factor is it's not just choose one technology or another. A lot of cases a lot of these projects as was tied together in the presentations so well was that there's a lot of different technologies that are used in concert together on a project. Because they all have their strengths and weaknesses and when you use them together you can kind of get the best of both worlds. So it's always important to think in terms of value. It's important to know what you can do yourself versus what you need an expert for what you need assistance with. And then there's all sorts of things in just kind of understanding those fundamental concepts of accuracy resolution and you know kind of what the differences are between those. And so it's important to kind of really kind of think through what what do you really need to do on the project and what's going to deliver the most most value to those. But at the end of the day all these technologies are tools and so it's important that they're used appropriately and that you have a good handle on where their strengths are and where their limitations are. And that's the key to being able to use these successfully. So with that we we thank you for your your listening to us today and the presentation look forward to the discussion in the Q&A. And I'll turn the time back over to Pedro as the moderator. Thank you thank you. This was great great I think and I think that we have 15 minutes actually to have some good questions and there are some good questions in the question in the questions and answers. So first of all thank you everybody for joining us today and please stay around because the round of questions could be also a compliment to what the speakers have been talking about. And the webinar will be posted as I mentioned before information will be sent about the where it is posted and when. And please go to the link provided in the chat to give feedback about the these webinars and also any suggestions and also look at the questions and answers if you still have some questions that you want to ask today. And again I have to mention this disclaimer that any opinions conclusions or recommendations expressed by anyone during this webinar are those of the individuals and do not represent conclusions or recommendations of the National Academy of Science Engineering or medicine. So with this I will start with some of the questions hopefully that we can answer. So the first one I will ask is a general question is for my for Mike and so the question is why there is a lot that you have shown here that we should be learning on the technical side. Sometimes the problem or the challenges are in the human aspects and that could be the biggest barrier for the adoption. So what is your advice here is what would you advise management and also others and to use these technologies and also how to learn about these technologies would be something that you can include in your answer. All right sounds good. Yeah those are some questions that I get regularly as I talk with a lot of people is sometimes you know it's like there's a technology barriers of just learning how to use it and and getting the technology to work and do what you want to. But oftentimes a bigger technology is really kind of making the effective case within management as far as this is why we should adopt it and this is why it's going to save money down the road. And oftentimes kind of what I've seen in practice that's worked effectively is starting with some very small use cases and demonstrations. So you know a lot of times in the past I think people are relying on vendors coming and showing flashy things and you know that's sometimes helpful. But if you can have kind of smaller use cases where you pilot the technology it's kind of a simpler application so you can wrap your head around it and kind of demonstrate it. That makes it a lot easier for people to visually see the results and I think that's one of the beauties of a lot of these new technologies is they're so visual in nature. That it makes it a lot easier to communicate what they're doing and what value and information that they provide to the end users and that can help a lot in terms of getting management. There's lots of studies coming out with return on investment of these technologies and in particular showing the cost of not adopting the technologies and then hitting an issue down the road. I think that's always something important to kind of bring into that conversation and wait the decision of does it make sense for us to adopt this technology or not. I had a follow up on that question but I will ask Ben one question here. One of the earlier questions that we had here is about how to use the same type of technology for forest and vegetation monitoring. So that was one of the questions and also if you can talk a little bit about the software's use for your photogrammetry and model generation and analysis. Absolutely. So you know I happen to be in a college of forestry so I only know this first answer through Osmosis but LiDAR is frequently used actually to do forest inventory where they would you know get usually an aerial LiDAR or UAV LiDAR and more recently to actually get an idea of biomass and in repeated cases growth of forest stands. It's also pretty valuable for actually getting an idea of inventory in places where you have sparse data and I can think of some state forests or locations like that where it's commonly used. So it's pretty valuable for that but it is intensive data processing. As a geotechnical engineer I usually throw away the trees and want the bare earth but there's a whole group of people who don't want the bare earth and they just want the trees. So good question and as to the software used to do the PIV well so first we often use cloud compare as one example of the software we use to process the photogrammetric data but there's a variety of packages out there. The PIV that we did so the particle I can never remember the full acronym is hard to pronounce but we use MATLAB but Python which is open source also has a variety of packages for that there's a variety of sources for it in the end but you do need two collections. Thanks Pedro. Thank you for the questions. Yeah there will be a couple of more later but let's go to some way I have several questions for you that are coming from the speakers these are not my questions and related to RTS first and then I have one on tailings so they are separate. So the first one is how to protect from vandalism how to consider temperature and how far you can go with these tools. If you can give us a little bit of hints on these things, particularly as I said in the temperature vandalism how to protect from vandalism and how far you can go. Okay, thank you so those are commonly asked questions about using RTS stuff from the easiest temperature is definitely considered as the level will be affecting the distance measurement so for a total case of anger measurement distance measurement so temperature as well as air pressure usually measure at the same time and then take into consideration in that computation process. In terms of vandalism, unfortunately in the last few years due to COVID that happened a lot. So from from what I heard, I think last two years in Europe, they are about 80 90 total session was stolen. And so the manufacturers, they come up with some device, allow them to track the asset the stolen assets and allow them to rock the device remotely. So those will prevent people to resell them to reuse them but unfortunately that will not prevent people damaging equipment. Sometimes they got frustration. They've been frustrated and not able to remove your the total station but it can still damage the total station. So, maybe you can put a civilian camera, but nowadays people can wear a mask. I'm sorry I'm not able to provide a good answer that sort of share some common challenges here I understand you can say. So I hope some of the audience here can provide a more creative and effective way. And well appreciate. So the third question but distance. Is it about the monitoring distance or how far they can we go what does it mean. Can you rephrase the question, Pedro. And no the question is these total stations and you can do monitoring and but how far. So you can do a monitoring one kilometer outside. Okay, so according to the specification of the total station manufacturer you can go one kilometers maybe but practically we usually control the distance from 100 meters to 150 meters. Number one, the the distance measurement accuracy is a function of the distance, but most importantly the light of the site. So for urban construction monitoring project if you put a target 1000 meter away from a total station most likely something will blow the light of site so practically, I would say from 100 meter to 150 meter. Okay. I will ask you the question the other question later. But I want to ask Chris, one question here is more technical the question, but I think it's good. How critical is in your analysis Chris, and the selection of your spatial interpolation technique. Inverse distance weight being creating etc, in order to get accurate and accurate solution when dealing with this type of data sets or are these data sets so dense that this is not an issue. Ooh, there's a lot of fish hooks in that one. No, just because they're dense doesn't mean that they're right. That's really important to understand that. I use a recent example where we took a digital surface model from before the Kaikoura earthquake derived from aerial photography so this is high resolution 0.2 meter ground resolution aerial photographs.  And we corrected those digital surface models for tectonic deformation. And in doing that, we then ran what we call the bootstrap which is where we just take random selection of samples from those different data sets and we compare them. And even after the tectonic displacement we found that there was a that these billions I'm talking billions and billions of points. There was a systematic offset of about 0.4 of a meter in the vertical. So even though we had these billions and billions and billions of data points. There was still the systematic 0.4 meter offset which we could then correct for we just move all the points 0.4 meter. So I think it's really important to use different techniques to try to get into the uncertainties. I've talked about before within each of the data sets, and it might be that terrestrial laser scanning and airborne LiDAR, even though you can use them complimentary you can actually use them to check the quality of each of the data sets but you can also look at things like areas that aren't moving where you're very sure that they're not moving and then you can kind of check on those against areas that are moving. So looking at then creaking and various kind of kind of ways that you actually smooth the data. I mean there's so many different ways that I mean out there and it really you have to really look at what the results are and what best fits what you're trying to see and if it doesn't look right then it's not right. And I think that's I don't think there's any magic kind of like one process or one methodology fits everybody I think you have to really try to work out what suits you and what suits, you know, what you're trying to achieve, which is I think the kind of underlying kind of thread that Mike's kind of putting through all of the work that we're talking about is that we've got all this technology, you can't just throw it all at something and hope you get the right answer you have to actually think really carefully about what it is you're trying to achieve from it. Is that fair? Yeah, no, no, no, I had another very good for you but I would like to go to some way again once again. There was a question about monitoring tailings and you know tailings have a very quick they react because you don't see anything and you have a monster environmental effect like in Bernadino or other places. Can you use any of these technologies for tailings or have been used or there is some thoughts on that? Yeah, total station has been used but for many of the tailing them I think they use a different type of technologies in SAR, LiDAR and RTS and sometimes they separate as what Ben mentioned so it really requires a combination of instruments and then you do need a combination of a real time like wireless transistor as well as the LiDAR which gives you a full picture of everything. As Michael mentioned there, each technology is an advantage or disadvantage. When you get a full picture you get high density data point and the computational process is longer which does not allow you to do real time monitoring. So it's a mix and then I hope this answer your question or partially answer your question. Okay, I have two questions more and we are running out of time so we may go a couple of minutes over but Chris, another or maybe Ben, any of both. So, you know, you can get almost real time images and after you can use AI and AI system can tell you if it is correct or not but imagine that it tells you that it's correct, the image is correct in real time. And do you have a connection with thresholds for that they are overcome so that you can talk immediately about risk and action. Get out of here you have 10 minutes to go, and do you have any example that what this has been used. Any of you if you can answer that. I'm not necessarily aware of say LiDAR being used in that type of application but people have used inclinometers most commonly people are using climatic data, like rain gauges, and the likes of that to inform evacuation, or early warning systems, but it's it's an interesting dance, because false alarms have a big impact to if you make the wrong call. I have heard of systems in Switzerland and Italy, being used mainly with climatic data but Chris might examine this a bit more. Yeah, thanks Ben. Yeah, I think it depends on what you're trying to do. If it's like an individual house kind of setting where individuals on a landslide and they've got cracks at their home then the, there's really low, low tech which is essentially a kind of an extensometer linked to an alarm across a crack. And that can be that can be enough when it, when it comes to Ben said Ben said rainfall thresholds we have to be really careful because you know the conditions that triggered the say the debris flow, maybe quite different to the conditions that trigger the next debris flow so what ends up happening is you set the thresholds very low and you have lots of false alarms as Ben mentioned so it's a real trade off. And, and it depends on what you're trying to monitor if it's for life risk then you know it's really complex the monitoring tech is a tiny, tiny part of it. It's the social science that's the big part and that means you know what does somebody do when they're notified. Can the person actually take evasive action is their time enough for the person to be notified and take evasive action. You know it's really that's the complex stuff the actual tech itself is actually not that important to be honest. That's fair from a life risk perspective. If it's infrastructure then it's different. Okay, I can throw in a quick comment so for most of the infrastructure construction project for surely a threshold related to all the ideas point. But one of the challenges when engineer defile a threshold, the threshold related to construction induced deformation, but when you put a high accuracy instrument that you capture to combine effects. Nature response, combined with the construction use God deformation right so our human eye is not able to capture the deformation but even though without construction our Earth is moving is breathing moving up and down in millimeter accuracy. And then when you put a threshold that thresholds for everything. So, having a baseline is very important. Okay, I think we are right on the hour but I would like to give my last opportunity here to finish. And, first of all, there has been a lot of kudos about your presentation and your image the swarm image, they want that to have that image if you can provide that. Okay, so that that's very good. But what are the main what are the main impact if you can finish talking about a little bit about the main impediments of using these tools more widely. That's a great question. You know I think there there's I saw some of the other questions coming in as well and somebody alluded to the fact of like over trust to the data. You know I think one of the biggest barriers that slowed the adoption of light art is you've got really cool data that visually people like oh this this looks good this makes sense. But wasn't quite accurate people didn't quite know what they were doing or there were issues the data there was a class example in the early days of airborne light are where you would have to flight lines that were offset, and they weren't adjusted together, and it looks very close to a new fault. And so people are like oh we discovered this new fault. Well it turns out it follows a trajectory the airplane perfectly right and so I think that's probably one of the biggest impediments is where people know enough to be dangerous and start kind of working with the data and making mistakes and are honestly interrogating the data enough. And those kind of propagate through and then people kind of hit that point where they, they don't trust anymore and I think we've cleared that path with with lighter I think you know that's that's moved on. There's more opportunities for people to get trained and get that experience and and you know really kind of have that confidence. As was mentioned earlier in the webinar really that kind of concert of technologies puts in that checks and balances that redundancy, you know all of those kind of basic surveying principles that are taught. Get back your work, get major twice you know all those all those kind of things you know are really kind of the key to ensure that that is used effectively you know sure there's there's organizational barriers it's it's sometimes hard to make that case to invest up front. But once you start looking into economics and the value of it then then those impediments kind of start to fall away. Okay, with that, I think that we should close the webinar I think it has been very good I haven't seen a lot of thank yous and congratulations so I would like to pass that to the to this group. It was excellent so thank you everybody for joining and until the next webinar. Have a good one. Thank you. Appreciate the great questions and discussion.


The crypto market is definitely heating up and Bitcoin recently touched $30,000 but for all the great gains that we've seen so far we have to understand there is risk involved and we have to quantify that a little bit. So what I'm talking about if you haven't paid attention to your portfolio which I doubt very much, Bitcoin hit $30,000 looking pretty good. Now I'm going to start with something I usually do not start with on this channel which is just the price action it'll be relevant later when we talk about the risk. And we need to see here that Mark Capps at 1.2, Bitcoin doing great, 24 hours up 6%, 7 days 16%, Ethereum is up 5.6, BNB is up, everything's up, right? XRP is up a whopping 1.2%, watch out. And so on and so forth, Avalanche 7%, Uniswap 4.2, Bitcoin Cash, 23.6 and 31.9%. You might ask yourself why is Bitcoin Cash up? Well, there's a US based exchange that has just been opened up by Schwab and a couple of big names and investments and they have listed the big four which was not surprising to me, Bitcoin, Bitcoin Cash, Litecoin and Ethereum. So you're going to see these ones pump probably because the other exchanges that are going to open up not only here in America but also in Hong Kong and whoever else they're going to list those and it's going to pump that price. So just be aware of what's going on. There's another one that has also caught my attention lately, it's Stax, ranked number 41. It's at almost 8% for 24 hours and 56% for the week. If you don't know Stax, you really should. There's a Layer 2 solution that gives Bitcoin smart contract functionality. It was a big thing for the Miami coin and different city coins a couple of years ago in 2021. And that's why I've actually added it to my DCA list in that last two weeks or so and doing pretty good. We'll see if it all works out. So that's what we have for the price action. What we really should do every time, honestly, is we should take a look at how is this doing against, we'll say Bitcoin. Are we bleeding against it? Should we just invest in a Bitcoin or not? Well, in all honesty, even though Ethereum has been up, BNB has been up as we can see right here, we can see that Ethereum is down against Bitcoin 2.5%, BNB is down 4%, 13% almost for the seven days. Everything's down mostly against Bitcoin except Avalanche at a whopping 0.6%, Bitcoin Cash outperformed Bitcoin, 16% and 13%. And then we can take a look at Stax, 34% for the week. So yes, there are some different coins, alts, you might call them that are doing pretty well. But that's what we have as far as bleeding against it. I know that people are sick of Ben over in the Cryptoverse talking about bleeding and Bitcoin dominance, but in all honesty he was right. So for right now, victory lap for Ben. So this is looking pretty good, but I wanted to stress and why I made this video today is to talk to you about the risk that's involved and the narratives that are there. Remember just two weeks ago, weren't we not in a free fall almost? I wouldn't say free fall, but it was not looking too good, especially when the SEC came out, they sued Coinbase, they sued Binance, they listed a bunch of different altcoins that were essentially saying that they were securities and things were just dropping like a fly. And then all of a sudden we get a Bitcoin ETF, possibly from BlackRock and Fidelity, we're going to talk about two more companies that came out. Now all of a sudden the narrative has changed. So I will just warn you that even though this has changed, there's other things that could happen, a plethora of things that could happen that could change it on a dime. Let's say that Ripple comes out and they lose the case against SEC. That wouldn't be too great. Let's say that SEC moves forward and they start to really put a lot of pressure on Coinbase by an administration that does something else that as far as like with regulation or different bills get shot down in Congress for clarity. That could also affect it. So it doesn't mean that everything's going to be just going up and to the right. We have to pay attention to the risk that is involved and what we should do about it. And also I will tell you this. There was a video I did. It was called Sell in May and Go Away. I did this on April 23rd of this year. And I talked about how if we would have sold a man gone away last year, it would have worked out great. This is an old adage from Wall Street where people sell most of their stocks coming into the summer and they buy back end of October, November, December. And then I took a look at the data from 2022 and took a look at 2023.  I'm not going to sell a man go away. And we took a look at different factors, one of those being the four year cycles, wherever we're actually at. I also took a look at presidential and midterm elections. We took a look at the worst months statistically from year over year. And I said that in all honesty, I was thinking about it, but when I took a look at this data, I'm not going to do it. Put that out just a couple of weeks ago. I was on, it was NFA live with Ben and Guy from Coin Bureau. I said, hey, you must be doing pretty good, Rob, because you know, we talked about that sell a man go away. And I was like, not really, because, you know, I made the video and we didn't do that. And of course, it was at that time when the SEC came out and sued everybody. So it was during that time, it would have been great. And all of a sudden we turn around and now here we are with the ETFs. So again, things can change pretty quickly. And now we'll take a look at some of the things of some positivity that could actually happen. Now me personally, I do not think this ETF will be approved. I talked about this yesterday, and I said it doesn't matter if it's approved or not, BlackRock, the biggest investment firm out there with 10 trillion assets that are management and fidelity with 4.2 trillion. It doesn't matter if it gets approved or not, the genie's out of the bottle, everybody knows that crypto angel asset is going to be here to stay. Heck, even Jerome Powell in his hearing with Congress said that, and this was to Senator Warren, our Congressman Warren, he said, look, this, as far as crypto is here to stay, and it is a viable asset class.  So for me, when I take a look at the ETF, I think to myself, maybe it won't get approved, but maybe I'm wrong. This is from Barons, hope for a Bitcoin ETF gain steam, two reasons it could get approved. First of all, there's some more good news today. As late yesterday, fund companies Invesco and Wisdomtree refiled applications with the SEC to launch ETFs that hold actual Bitcoin. So we got two more companies coming into the fray, Wisdomtree, Invesco, and that is on top of BlackRock and Fidelity. And they've refilled applications with the SEC to launch ETFs, spot ETFs that hold actual Bitcoin, unlike the Bitcoin futures products already on the market. I got this question yesterday. I said, Rob, does this really make sense? Because if we have another ETF, it's just paper ETF. That's incorrect. For a spot ETF, they have to, the actual investment company has to buy Bitcoin, hold Bitcoin. That's why BlackRock paired up with Coinbase, because they're going to be their custody part. I don't know which one Fidelity is going to do. I don't know which one these might do if they get approved, but they actually have to buy physical Bitcoin with a futures ETF. It's just paper Bitcoin. It doesn't really make a difference. So the two reasons why this could get approved. First one, there's a hope is a wrinkle in BlackRock's app. BlackRock says it will share surveillance of a trading platform with NASDAQ in an attempt to satisfy the SEC's earlier concerns. And this was the reason for when Greyscale came about and they got shut down. It's because Gary Gensler on the SEC said, this market is highly manipulated. We can't surveil it. We're going to shoot it down because it's super manipulated. Greyscale said, it doesn't matter. You did it with the futures ETF. It's the same thing. Let us have it. No, no, yes, no. So BlackRock said is this, okay, we're going to learn from those mistakes. We're going to allow you to, everything's going to be open in the books and you can do whatever civilians you want to. So we can prove to you that there's no manipulation. It's not something I thought about. So maybe this could get actually approved. Personally, I've went since 2017. I don't see it happening, but I could be wrong. Sound off in the comment section. Second reason for optimism is the US Court of Appeals, the District of Columbia, between SEC and Greyscale Investments. It looks like they are somewhat winning this case. So if they come out outright win the case, Greyscale, well, then everybody gets approved. ETFs go off without a hitch. So there is those two things. But the last thing I will say about this is people were asking me, but Rob, if Greyscale comes out, couldn't they just buy up all the Bitcoin? Yes. Yes. Greyscale, excuse me, BlackRock could buy all the Bitcoin that's out there because they have 10 trillion assets that imagine they really wanted to. The total market cap of Bitcoin is around $563 billion. So could they buy it? Sure. Would they buy it? Probably not. That's pretty risky to put a large amount in there. And then remember this, I own Bitcoin, you own Bitcoin, hopefully. And there's a lot of companies and ETFs and countries and everybody else in the middle that owns Bitcoin. There's a website called Buy Bitcoin Worldwide Treasuries. I'll link the description. And we can see that the percent of 21 million, it's about 8%. And that's between ETFs in other countries, obviously not in America. Countries, public companies, and private companies. And when you see that MicroStrategy, they got a whopping 140,000 Bitcoin and so on and so forth. And then you got countries, China, Ukraine, El Salvador, private companies on Bitcoin, Mt. Gox quite a bit. And there's another narrative that could actually happen. Mt. Gox and finally start giving away those Bitcoins and selling them. Some will, some won't. So another narrative to watch out for. Thanks for turning it down. And ETFs on Bitcoin, Greyscale Bitcoin trusted a whopping 3%. So don't worry, BlackRock can't buy it all, but they can buy a lot. Now leave me to my last point, risk. So everything we just talked about, this is a great website. Ben's website on the cryptoverse, a ton of different data that you can take a look at. And one thing that I always look at is the Bitcoin time spent in risk bands.  Don't show everybody for free. Calm down. It's only one data point. And one day, trust me when I say this, when you want to actually sell your Bitcoin or maybe take a look and make your investment strategy, you're going to need all this data anyhow. So I actually molded this around what I'm going to do as far as selling my crypto. 80% is a link in the description at the very top. And you can check that out.  So what this is, as far as risk, just know you've got different things on a continuum. So you have here, this is the days that are spent as far as Bitcoin goes in the wristband of 0.001. This is very rare. This is when it gets super low in cost or super low in price.  And I know that doesn't happen too often in the whole history of Bitcoin. It's happened 134 days. Then here you've got 0.1 to 0.2, 723 days and so on and so forth with the 0.3 to 0.4 being the longest time spent in this wristband at 1,143 days. Now, if we go all the way the right, there is this magical time and it was only 18 days when you are above 0.9 to 1, which it is super overheated and super risky. What that looks like if we graph it out above 0.9, it's been pretty accurate. So we can just see here going back in 2011. Wow, look at that. You've got it's above 0.9. Price was $20. Then of course, we have it over here and nailed it in 2013 twice. They're double top. It nailed it to the point in December 17th at 19.5 almost 19.8. So pretty darn good. And then it almost hit the very top over here in 2021, 0.92 with the Bitcoin price of $57,000. Now, it didn't hit the $67,000 or whatever else it went up to, but I think it'll be okay if you don't hit the absolute top because that's very tough to do. And I will take that for my strategy of when to sell. And then if you want to really break it down even easier, there's another little data point I always recommend, the MBRVZ score. This is on looking at Bitcoin, link in the description. It's really high quality charts and all free. MBRVZ score is a Bitcoin chart uses blockchain analysis. MBRV is the market value. And the realized value is the original line. And then of course, they divide that and they give you a Z score, which is a standard deviation that pulls out the extremes. And all you got to know is this. And you look at this, you just say, okay, when is this, this Z score? When is it going to the overheated territory? Well, happened over here in 2021. Again, a little bit off, but not too bad. Happened here in 2017, happened here again, 2013, and so on and so forth. Now, it's not as accurate because now it's saying February 19th, 2021, which Bitcoin didn't hit its top until the next, the big one in April. But it makes it super simple to go, okay, red overheated, maybe I should think about selling. And then green down here is like, wow, this is an oversold territory. Maybe it's a good idea to take a look. And maybe we want to buy that. So you can see these points, makes it quite simple, but not perfect. So what I want to do is take a look at Ben's. And this is how I'd take a break it down into three ways. One, the way that I look at it. Two, the way that Dillionaire, Michael Saylor and Michael Shadja looks at it. And three, the way your genius friends look at it. So let's go over this. So the first thing, when I see this, I just go, okay, look, I'm more of a, of a DCA guy, right? So when I see that the time and risk band, and we're talking about 0.001, if I'm here, and I'm thinking to myself, this is the best time to buy, there's only 134 those days, this is a fire sale to me. So I'm going to buy, I'm not telling you what to do. I am not your dad. This is not financial advice. This is what I do. I buy down here, because over time, I'm probably going to be rewarded. Maybe it goes a zero. Who knows. Then zero points over two, I'm still buying. Not as like exuberant as I may be over here, but I'm doing pretty good. Then over here, 0.2, still buying. And then of course, this is the bulk ranges, the boring range. I'm like, all right, I'll buy it. But I'll do it right here. I'll do a 0.4 to 0.5, 0.5 to 0.6. But then when I get down to 0.6 to 0.7, I start to think about, well, if I've laddered in, maybe I should ladder out. Maybe I sell maybe, I don't know, 2%, 5%, whatever I'm thinking for, whatever I need. And then when it comes down here and gets the oversold territory, I don't think if I'm in this 18-day window, I'm going to start selling. Again, link in the description of when I'm looking to sell my crypto. I will never sell all of it, and I will continue to accumulate over my entire lifespan, unless something crazy happens. So that is it in a nutshell. And you can also do dynamic DCing, which is where you're going to say, look, this 1,1004 days, this is my baseline. Maybe let's make it simple. Once a week, I want to spend 100 bucks. And then when it goes down here, because the price has decreased, and I'm going to 0.2 to 0.3, maybe I add on 10%. I buy $110. Then I come down here to 0.1 to 0.2. Maybe I start to buy $150 a week.  Maybe I do that, maybe I don't. Same thing over here, ladder out. That's how I look at it. Now, let's take a look at how MicroStrategy and Michael Saylor does it. Buy, buy, buy, buy, buy, buy, buy, and then buy some more, almost like a Justin Timberlake song. So essentially, Michael Saylor is never selling. That's what he says. And it behooves him. He's a billionaire. This actually pumps up his company as well, because you're essentially buying, if you're buying MicroStrategy stock, you're really buying Bitcoin. I don't know if you're really into the whole data sets and everything that MicroStrategy does. Maybe you're into it more of Bitcoins, the more they hold, the better off they are. That's for Michael Saylor. I'm not a billionaire yet. So lastly, these are your friends. And get ready for 2024, 2025, when the next bull market comes. This is how they think this is how I believe we do not. And I will just tell you this to make this crystal clear. All the information that we have right now, you're watching this video, we are light years ahead of just the normies of the people that are out there that don't really get into crypto or really get into investments. And they hear things about inflation and quantitative easing, but they don't really kind of put it together. This information that we have, all these ETFs, all these countries buying up Bitcoin, also these banks like Deutsche Bank getting into the custody game, it's like we almost have like, I wouldn't say insider information, it's just that we pay attention to it. So when your friends are going to hit you up at some point, they're going to be like, hey, what happened to that Bitcoin that you were talking about so much, it just all of a sudden went up. What happened? Here's how they think. It's surprising to me.  This is a joke. This is dead. There's no way I'm going to do it. No, no, no way. At 0.5, when it starts to heat up, that's a hard no. And then amazingly, it comes over here as far as buying, maybe not. Then 125 days, it's a maybe. And then of course, when it starts to get heated, they're like, maybe I should buy. And during this whole time, they're like, yeah, I'm super going to buy right now. And that's just the mind of the basic average individual. I don't think you're like that. And that is it. So if you liked today's video, that is it for today. So thanks so much for stopping by. Give it a thumbs up, consider subscribing. Everything we talk about is time sensitive. I don't care who you subscribe to, just find some way that you can get the news from. So you can be up to date. This is not a set it and forget it type of market. But that's it for today. Thanks so much for stopping by. I appreciate it. And I'll see you on the next one.


But today we have what is either a resealed or an improperly packaged box. This is what we suspect it to be an ultimate, because of the frying car, we got Invasion of Flames, Malice's Spursion, Foxfire, Mighty God, Nimer Penguin, Back to Square One, Creeping Doom Manta. Is it the next one? Is it the next one? Oh, and a Thestalos!