The World Honored Watch is Longin. Longin watches have won 10 World Fair Grand Prizes, 28 gold medals and more honors for accuracy than any other timepiece. Longin, the world's most honored watch, is made and guaranteed by the Longin Whitmore Watch Company. It's time for the Longin Chronoscope, a television journal of the important issues of the hour, brought to you every Monday, Wednesday and Friday. A presentation of the Longin Whitmore Watch Company, maker of Longin, the world's most honored watch, and Whitmore, distinguished companion to the world-honored Longin. Good evening. This is Frank Knight. May I introduce our co-editors for this edition of the Longin Chronoscope? Mr. William Bradford Huey, editor of the American Mercury, and Mr. Donald I. Rogers, an editor of the New York Herald Tribune. Our distinguished guest for this evening is Dr. Nicholas Nairadi, former Hungarian Minister of Finance. The opinions expressed are necessarily those of the speakers. Dr. Nairadi, since you were Minister of Finance in Hungary before the Communists took over, and have spent some time in Moscow and behind the Iron Curtain as an official of Hungary, we'd like to have you tell us some of the intimate things you learned behind the Iron Curtain. And we'd like to have you perhaps start our show by telling us about the effectiveness of our own propaganda program. How effective, for instance, is the voice of America? The great difficulty for every broadcast which comes from the free world is to penetrate Russia. And there are two great walls, iron walls, to this penetration. The first is of a technical nature. The other is of a psychological one. The technical nature, of course, is that you have to know that in this whole huge Russian empire, may I say so, there are not more than two million radio sets which you could control or which you can get any foreign broadcast. And how many people? Two hundred and twenty million people, about now. Who owns these radios? I don't think I have to tell you the way that there are the special cast of high-ranking Communists. And even they can get those foreign broadcasts due to the fact that eighty percent of those are carefully jammed by the Russian government transmitters. So here you have a situation when the people itself is deaf to any voice coming from the West. All that we lack is an audience for the voice of America. Well, for any Western broadcast, exactly. And the other is, of course, of a difficulty of psychological nature, to answer your question, Mr. Rogers. To those who do listen, you mean? To those who know, to even if they could listen, even if we would have two hundred million sets of radio sets in Russia, the Russian people would not understand what we tell them. Because their mentality, their background, their experiences, their education is completely different. To tell to their Russian about the American way of life, about our concepts of freedom and democracy. They don't believe it. It's exactly the same as if you would tell a man who was born blind that what is the difference between light blue and dark blue? They don't believe it. Not only they don't believe it, they can grasp it. Well, is there anything we can do then? Since the voice is ineffective, what propaganda measures can we take? Well, Mr. Rogers, there was a very old and I think very good idea, the idea of sending balloons over there. And those balloons would drop leaflets and the people could read those leaflets, look at the pictures. This would naturally one step forward. But what I pointed out in this book of mine was that even this isn't enough. Because due to the special indoctrination of the Russian people, what they would appreciate would be the quality of the paper. And this would be about all because they would think that all the other are the messages of the American Ministry of Propaganda. They believe that such a nonsense exists. In other words, it's the tangible things that they pay attention to. Exactly. Now, this is what I point out that those leaflets should be accompanied by a shower of cheap gifts. Dime store gadgets, razor blades, soap, cigarettes, chocolate bars, shaving cream, and many other things. Are these things they don't have in Russia today? Partially they don't have them and partially they have it in a much worse quality that we have over here. And now naturally you must know that the Kremlin's propaganda tells them that you people here in America are downtrodden slaves of capitalism.  Now imagine those Russians picking up those superior things which would shower down on them from those free balloons and begin to look at them to wash with this soap, which is so much better than the Russian soap, to go ahead and shave with this American razor blade, which is thousand times better than this terrible Russian razor blade. You know, what we could plant in their minds is a doubt towards their own government. Because when they would see those miraculous gadgets, they would begin to doubt that everything what they hear about America, our aggressiveness, our capitalism, our exploitation, they would begin to see that it is a lie. We could bring our truth to this very simple way and combat with it the great lie. You mean you're telling us, doctor, that perhaps the best way we can prove the superiority of our culture is to show them that we have a superior brand of soap? Well, it's very difficult to prove them a superior brand of culture because they were told that there's no superior brand of culture than the communist culture is. But if we show them our soap, they might doubt also about their superiority of their culture. You think soap is a more effective weapon than ideas, then? If you wouldn't know, Mr. Huey, how important soap is in Russia today? Are they interested in culture? Do they pay any attention to the cultural things of life? They do pay a great attention, but this is also played up in the present communist regime. They give the stalling prizes for what they call culture, but it is only communist propaganda. It's no culture, finally, and deeply. Doctor, you, of course, on Hungarian and Hungary has many American friends. I'm sure that some of our audience would like you to tell us tonight if a great cultural city like Budapest is likely to be changed drastically or perhaps to be destroyed as a cultural center. What's happening to Budapest today under the occupation? I witnessed, first, the physical destruction of Budapest by the Soviet troops and the Nazis. And then today we have to witness, naturally from here, from distance, the cultural destruction, which I would call cultural genocide. It was going on now to kill in our youth, in our people, the feeling of nationalism, the feeling of loving their country. Because how our youth is brought up today, unfortunately, is in the love for stalling, the alleged great teacher of mankind. And today the children are told of hating their parents, of hating religion, of hating their home and to die one day for the great leaders of mankind. This is effective among the children? Well, I am sorry to tell you that we in Hungary, we have shown in two elections under Russian occupation that we do not want communism. The anti-communist parties in Hungary got 83% of the votes in spite of the Russian pressure. The anti-communist? The anti-communist, that's right. But you see, the children, they have soft minds. You know, you can mold the minds, unfortunately. You can even bribe them. And today they are told this way. And this is the greatest disaster for the future of any of those, I wouldn't say, satellite, but captive.  Not only as a cultural entity, but I'm afraid that it might disappear as a national entity, or perhaps even as a racial entity. We have suffered so many invasions during our thousand years old history, but no one went down to the grass roots of national existence to the extent as the Communist Soviet occupation does. How long does the way of the West help, would you say, to rescue a nation like Hungary? You know, it is very difficult to answer you this question, Mr. Huy. We political exiles, we are always accused that we want you Americans to fight our war. So I mustn't tell you how our people suffer, but I can tell you one thing that due to this terribly effective Soviet educational system, if those countries could be liberated today, it would mean that the 80% of the people would fight tooth and nail the Russians. You imply that time is not in our favor, as we've been led to believe. In this sector, I am sorry to say, time is working against the cause of demand. Is that true in these other satellite nations, in Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia? Well, Yugoslavia has now a different brand of communism, you know, Titoism. Still communism, no. Stilka and, not different at all from Stalinian communism. About Titoism, sir, great many Americans place some hope in Titoism. Now, do you place hope in Titoism? My dear Mr. Huy, if our people would be given the choice to choose what they want to, they do not want any brand of communism. Should it Stalinian or Titoist or whatever, they want no communism at all. They want capitalism. Well, they want freedom first, and then to decide how they want to live. But they definitely are where brought up under a system of free enterprise and individual initiative. We call that capitalism. Yes. Well, now, about this business of freedom, sir, are you telling our audience that there still is a large group of people in Hungary who value personal freedom and who would be willing to fight for it? I am definitely convinced about it. But under the present circumstances, when the secret police has an incredible and terrible grasp over every single individual, of course you couldn't expect those people to do something actually for their liberation. It would be suicide. And you're saying that perhaps if we wait as long as 15 years, that that aspiration for freedom and liberty may disappear in large sectors of the western world. It might disappear in the sense that more and more of those young people would be thought and would believe the infallibility of the Stalinian-Leninian doctrine. Well, I'm sure, Dr. Narade, that our audience has very much appreciated this very forthright statement of the conditions that exist in Hungary and behind the iron curtain today. Thank you very much for being with us tonight, sir. The editorial board for this edition of the Long Gene Chronoscope was Mr. William Bradford Huey and Mr. Donald I. Rogers. Our distinguished guest was Dr. Nicholas Narade, former Hungarian Minister of Finance. When spring comes, in many homes thoughts turn ahead to the big moment of graduation. And the most wanted graduation gift is a fine watch, and many budding graduates aspire to the world's most honored watch, Long Gene. For no other watch is so much a symbol of achievement. And why not a Long Gene? A Long Gene watch is worth much more than the little more it costs. And after 15, 20, or even 25 years of service, many Long Gene watches are still worn with pride, are still demonstrating their superiority as timepieces. A Long Gene watch is a unique gift, a treasured possession. Honored for excellence and elegance by 10 World's Fair Grand Prizes and 28 Gold Medal Awards. Honored for accuracy by innumerable prizes and bulletins from the great government observatories. Honored for honesty in sports, aviation, exploration, and science. Yes, why not a Long Gene? For a Long Gene watch is worth much more than the little more it costs. 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What's going on, everyone? Sam here with late in sports cards, ripping, oops, I deleted that, 20, 23, Penini, Prism, WWE, Hobby, 1 box break, number 21, random pack style. There's a look again at your random results. They are copied over to the website as they are shown right here as they came out of the randomizer. I will sort them so I could call off who's got what, a little bit easier. Let's get going. Good luck here, everybody. Not personals. 1 box random pack style. Yeah, yeah, yeah. There you go. Yeah, yeah, group break. Exactly. So I'm just going to go from front to back. That's going to be one through 12 on how we open it from the front. Again, I don't know if Shopify, if you are able to order on our website. We've had a couple of people have issues right here. So again, we've got five to go in the next one. Again, $23 a spot, gets you a random pack, gets you a random pack. So here's number one, it's going to be Ross C at number one. Ross C. There's a blue wave, Angelo Dawkins. Red is Braun Strowman to $2.99. We've got Brett Hitman Hart and base. So there you go, Ross. Congrats on that, my friend. Okay, so I just had Michael B's order go through. Let's see what's good here real quick, anything. I don't know if the next break is even available for purchase at the moment. I really don't know. I have no idea. So there's again, five to go on that one. Breaks next, breaks right after this. Again, we've got four of these. Four of these today. This is pack number two, correct? Number two is Steven G. Good luck, Steven. Thanks, sir. So we have an orange of some sort. We've got two oranges. Orange is rookie of Quincy Elliott to $2.99. We've also got an orange albify to $2.99. Two oranges, not too shabby there. Charlotte Flair and base. Again, guys, only $23 a spot on these. Kevin R at number three, luck here, Kevin. Don't say I don't know if you could check out with this certain break. I know we've had issues on certain ones. WWE 10 box these days. There's Robert Rude on the Hyper. Silver is Caden Carter. Got J. Uso Topps here. And base of the number three. Congrats, Kevin. We've got Luke L coming up next at number four. Luke L, luck here, Luke. It's going to be a red of Johnny Gargano. Nice one there on the auto 60 of 99 sensational signatures. Congrats there. We've got a silver Sami Zayn. Grats on that. Silver Sami Zayn. Got Iron Chic. Eric and base. I think another spot may have just come in. Thank you, Mike. Yes. All right. So it looks like you can order from this, which is good. So we're down to four to go. Let me just double check that Shopify is not messing up with the inventory again. Yeah, four to go now, everybody. Four to go. That breaks next. Got every Gargano. Thank you. Gargano. That's what it is. On to pack number five, Salomon B. Salomon B. Red Wave, Rhonda Rousey. Nice one there. We've got a blue Damon Kemp to 199. Top tier, Karrion Kross. And some more base. Number six, Jim L. Halfway Mark is going to be Jim. Good luck here, Jim. Going to be a Hyper Blair Davenport. Red to 299, Blair Davenport. Nice one there. Bruno San Martino, Legends of the Hall. And base. There you go, Jim. They're D up next with number seven, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12. Perfect. Number seven. It's a red wave of awesome theory. Got it to go through your, okay, perfect, perfect. Silver E.O. Sky. What's going on with it on your computer? Booker T. Ring Royalty. Patrick, what's the issue on your computer? Base. There you go, Derek. Yeah, bro, I'm not getting any orders coming through. I have to keep refreshing the website. Number eight is Bradley H. Doesn't let me pay. Bailey on the Hyper. We've got silver of Joaquin Wilde. And prismatic entrances is Edge. So you can't even pay with credit card is what you're saying. Ross, see it. Number nine. Red wave, Mad Cat Moss. What's up, Higley? Red, Duke Hudson to 299. Big ol' 29. Hey, happy birthday, man. Got Brian G. At number 10 now. Ron G. There's Kevin Owens on the Hyper. Got a blue Braun Strowman to 199. Nice and blue. Sean Michaels. And base. Number 11, Ramars. Yeah, sorry for the Shopify issues, is right. On to number 11. Again, we're trying to figure it out, man. John Cena, red wave. Nice one there. Congrats, Ramars. And Silver, Eddie Guerrero. Kevin Owens. Base. And number 12, Bradley H. Good luck, my friend. It's gonna be a red of Channing Stax Lorenzo. 96 of 99 on the bookend auto. Congrats on that, Bradley. We've got Silver Vader as well. Followed by a top tier Brock Lesnar. And base. That is gonna do it for the break, everyone. Thanks for getting this filled up. I do appreciate it. Up next, we've got three more of these. It's gonna fill it up.


From DailyDoseOfWeirdNews.com, I'm Darren Marlar, and this is your Daily Dose of Weird News. Down in Brisbane, Australia, a pregnant mother got the shock of her life when she suddenly erupted in a painful rash all over her body. She was told by doctors she was allergic to the baby inside of her. Shocking pictures show the true extent of summer Bostock's allergy, which occurred virtually overnight, a month and a half before her first child, Isaiah, was born. Doctors say it was one of the most extreme cases of a rare prenatal condition known as polymorphic eruption of pregnancy, or PEP. It's basically harmless, but does leave the mother in agonizing pain.  The good news is it all vanished within hours of her son Isaiah's birth. Now, me at the Marlar House, we don't have any kids. I'm going to say it's because I'm allergic. Jennifer Aniston thinks that if friends were being produced today, the show would consist of the cast sitting in silence on their phones at Central Park. Well, everybody would be on their phone except for Joey. He wouldn't be able to figure out the phone and probably wouldn't have money for a cell plan. So, yeah, Donald Trump fired FBI Director James Comey. I'm amazed that everyone is so shocked that a guy whose reality show catchphrase was �You're Fired� actually fired someone. The thief in West Virginia covered his face with a pair of blue women's underwear and used a pistol-shaped cigarette lighter in a botched robbery of a convenience store. One of the responding officers said, �I couldn't make this stuff up if I tried.� It shows that the lead dust from bullets poses a health risk to anyone in the room. �Hey, if you're going to shoot me, shoot me, but for heaven's sake, please open a window first.� I cannot believe this is actually a true story. Some universities are offering students a kid you not, chocolate, therapy dogs and video games as a way to cope with their finals. Wow, our country is in big trouble, people. A new broccoli pill is said to prevent deaths from strokes, which sounds great except for that broccoli part. Why can't they make pills taste like chocolate, huh? Jody Sweeton's ex-fiancé, Justin Hodak, was sentenced to more than six years in prison last week. The only fuller house he'll be experiencing is the big house. One fuller once he arrives. The airline nightmare stories continue. In New Orleans, a United passenger says that the airline canceled his ticket after a baggage dispute. Meanwhile, a nurse from Kansas City says she was forced to pee into a cup in her seat on a United flight because she was not allowed to use the plane's lavatory. Dear Uber, we need you to switch to airplanes immediately! Former President Obama traveled to Italy this week to talk about climate change. In a private jet, with a 14-car motorcade and a helicopter flying overhead, yep, the guy talking about climate change is the one that caused climate change. This week, I'm asking you my fellow weirdos to join me in raising money for food for the poor. Once a year, I take this opportunity to ask you to join in something that I believe in greatly. It's food for the poor. And a single gift of just $50 will feed a child for an entire year in Haiti and Guatemala. And that same $50 also provides clean water for life. I've had a few people come to me and say, that's not possible. We think this is a scam. Well, do the research. Look up food for the poor online, find out more about them, and you'll see that this is legitimate. They have created a system to create clean water in these communities, and your single gift of just $50 can make that happen. Please call right now<PHONE_NUMBER>. That's 855-901-HOPE. If you have a mobile phone, you can dial pound 250 and then say the key word HOPE when prompted. That's pound 250 on your mobile phone and then say HOPE, or you can give on my website. Go to marlarhouse.com slash food for the poor. That's marlarhouse.com slash food for the poor. Or you can click the food for the poor tile at dailydoseofweirdnews.com. But please, give now. We are less than halfway to our goal yet we're more than halfway through this campaign so we really need someone to step up and save the lives of these children. 31 kids' lives are in the balance right now and that requires a little over $11,500 and like I said, we're only about halfway there. So please, if you're feeling that nudge, if you're feeling that tug on your heart to give, please do so. A $50 a month, if we had 13 people give $50 a month, that would take care of these 231 children, the rest of our list. But if you can't do that, if you can give just once, $50 just one time, again, that still saves the life of a child and provides that clean water for life.<PHONE_NUMBER> or marlarhouse.com slash food for the poor. Thank you. If you liked this video, please give it a thumbs up and be sure to subscribe if you want to see more. And click that little bell next to the subscribe button to be notified when I post new videos. If you're already an official Weirdo, please share this video with your friends. I'm Darren Marlar and I'll see you next time, Weirdos.


Use your mobile device or computer to connect to the Wi-Fi network, mycroft. Then enter the password 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8. Using your phone or computer, connect to the Wi-Fi called mycroft. Then enter the password 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8. Now that you have connected, follow the prompt on your mobile device or computer and choose a Wi-Fi network. If you don't get a prompt, open your browser and go to start.mycroft.ai. I'm connected to the internet and need to be activated. Open your browser and visit home.mycroft.ai to register this device. Enter the code X as an X-ray, the number 3, C as in Charlie, F as in Foxtrot, the number 4, P as in Paul. Now I'm ready for use. Try asking me things like, hey mycroft, what's the weather? Hey mycroft, tell me about Abraham Lincoln, or hey mycroft, play the news. Hey mycroft, what time is it? 3.36. Hey mycroft, what's today's date? Friday, November 15, 2019, 0 seconds from now. Hey mycroft, set a timer for 15 seconds. A timer started for 15 seconds for timer 1. Hey mycroft, stop. Hey mycroft, set the volume to 7. Volume updated to 7. Hey mycroft, what's the weather like? Right now, it's a clear sky and 56 degrees. Today's forecast is for a high of 56 and a low of 38. Hey mycroft, tell me about Abraham Lincoln. Just a moment while I look at Abraham Lincoln. Abraham Lincoln was an American statesman and lawyer who served as the 16th President of the United States from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. Hey mycroft, play the news. Hey mycroft, play the news. Just a second. Here is this hour's news on NPR News Now. Support for NPR and the following message come from AARP. Over 40 million Americans are family caregivers in addition to their full or part-time jobs. If you're an employer who wants to make things easier for your caregiving employees, visit AARP.org. Hey mycroft, stop.


I'm Dr. Anushil Munshi. I'm the head radiation oncology at Manipal Hospital, Dwarka. 4th February marks the World Cancer Day. It's not a day only to be remembered as a cancer day on that particular day, but to carry that momentum, that feeling and that preparedness throughout each day of the coming year and the years ahead. India has a population of around 1.25 billion. Nearly 10 lakh cancer patients are added to our population every year. That's the incidence we have and that's why we need to be on our guard because this incidence is rising and especially in the developing world such as ours. There are various risk factors that are present for a cancer to happen. Many of these risk factors we cannot do much about. We cannot do much about the race we belong to. We cannot do much about age or sex or our genetic makeup and so on and so forth. But there are many many factors that we can do something about. Take the case of tobacco. I would say this is killer number one as far as cancer and other diseases are concerned. Avoid tobacco in all forms. Cigarette, palm masala, BD, any other form, good car and others. Alcohol. Avoid it as far as possible. Even if it has to be consumed, it has to be consumed in extreme extreme moderation. Better to even avoid taking alcohol as well. What are the things that we need to do? I've spoken about what we need to avoid. What are the things we need to do? We need to take care of our lifestyle, our habits, our dietary patterns. In terms of our lifestyle, we need to maintain a lean body weight. Avoid being overweight at any point of our lifetime. Take a healthy diet that should include fruits, vegetable and plant sources. Physical activity around 150 minutes of moderate activity every week. Spaced equally on each day of the week. All these things we need to incorporate in our habits, in our lifestyle. These are the things that need to be done. Also what needs to be done is something which is called as screening. Screening is a tool that helps us to detect cancer very, very early. There are various sites for which early screening tools are available such as breast, lung, colorectal, cervix, etc. And for all these and other malignancies, the cancer specialist is the best guy to tell you which screening tool you should undergo at what point of your life. The other thing that needs to be done is to report early to a doctor whenever you have any kind of symptoms. Then we know what symptoms are usually generally associated with cancer such as weight loss, unexpected weight loss, bleeding from any site, lung, unexplained calf that persists for a long time and so on and so forth. We are very, very aware of all these things. So one should not delay once one has seen these symptoms happening in your own body. And we know we have been in this pandemic for almost a year now. And we are now in a phase where we are trying to come out of it now with the vaccination and other things around. But the message that I would like to give is that while all our efforts are going on and we are so much focusing on vaccination and this virus and COVID and other things, we should not forget that there are other things in the body that need to be taken care of as well. And cancer is one of them. And let us build a society that is free of all these malignancies and cancer and diseases such as these. And we can go a long, long way if we follow the advice and the simple methods that I have suggested on the occasion of the cancer day. Thank you so much.


My story was throughout when I worked for DFID in China and on the DFID side managed the alerts, rural development program, which have generally been quite successful with the World Bank. And we were asked particularly in China was quite sensitive, why does the UK spend money in development aid in China. So I got the question, like, so how many people have you lifted out of, has the program lifted out of poverty already? And we were just starting the measurement that Martin Revellian had been, was involved in in design and remember his analysis that said, well, basically said, oh, we need about five years before we know anything about that. And after 10 years we know the real impact because he showed very nicely that the positive impact kind of, not that it tampered off, but other regions were kind of catching up. So I said, oh, it's way too early to tell, of course. So the next day I got this question again, how many people has this program lifted out of poverty? And by day three I started to realize that to say, oh, it was way too early to ask, was actually a career limiting move. So we were, but the flip side to that, of course, is and that's my question to the other presentation. There's no way around this, right? We still do need to have this data. And I definitely want to challenge the other presenters to think about the needed accountability behind this measure so that this data actually can work. Even though I was trained as a sociologist and as a social historian, I do believe that this data are absolutely essential. What I want to talk about is something very different in a way and certainly doesn't fit in a session on unpacking numbers because what this effectively does is further packing our arsenal of numbers that may or may not be available. I imagine that after this session many people walk out of here that what we're proposing here is no go. What I think we're proposing here is one very important. When I was listening to Ravi Kambur yesterday, like I said, I was trained as a not in a quantitative style at all and you'll see that through my presentation, but when Ravi, so I believe in case studies, national histories are important, but Ravi Kambur yesterday talked about the Nordic model and his desire and I think it was absolutely right to say, so how did, if we want to learn lessons from a Nordic model, we need to understand how norms of egalitarianism originated in a Nordic context and that's exactly the kind of things that hopefully we're making contribution here, is that there are certain aspects of an overall development process and I think it's very appropriate to talk about this when we talk about inclusive growth that so far have not been measured, so what I'm proposing here is not an alternative to anything. I don't have any comments on Morton's presentation just to fear that he will discover that in many cases his critique apply to these as well, but it's a different aspect of the development process that a part of the development community has emphasised for a long time, but so far hasn't been measured. This project is currently at the Institute of Social Studies that actually came out of the World Bank from a group of social development people that felt, and this is Morton, is a very interesting story about how they felt the need to quantify social development and have come up, they came up with a database and I know the interesting part of the story, I've left ISS now so I can't talk about it, is why the World Bank didn't want to keep it, maybe for, well that had not much to do with social development in general, but the kind of problem that international issues like the World Bank regularly came under when they published any sort of data that would be found out by prime ministers that why is our country suddenly poorer or richer than the other one, the idea that of the executive director of the World Bank looking at the Institute of Social Development, certainly once on accountability in China of course makes it quite obvious why the World Bank wanted this an independent institution, and we thought that it was useful to do. Now in the meantime I've left ISS, there's other people that are working on this, but I thought it would be appropriate for this conference to give you an insight in what this database does, specifically with respect to Africa of course. So these are the topics that I hope to talk about and I hope you remind me of the time Mr. Chair, because my jet lag makes me even less disciplined than I usually are. I won't say a lot about why social development matters, but as I said before there's this very much came out of a tradition of social development specialists that were strongly represented in the World Bank, in many of the other donor agencies as well. And the key to social development, the kind of core to the definition of this measurement instrument is that this is around the behaviour, norms, conventions, that pattern, human interaction. Say the soft aspects of development, but what most people when they start talking about informal institutions will quickly say these are actually very, they may be very soft aspect of development, but they have very big implications for most of the development processes, markets and governance that we're interested in. Up to 20 years ago, 10 years ago, even most of the social development work was entirely qualitative, while in many other areas, of course, the measurement instrument developed quite rapidly and in a way, if you think about how we measured tons of steel about 100 years ago and now it's now acceptable for economists to measure happiness, doesn't make me that happy, but it is now accepted in a way. You can see this in this of social development as the last mile in this sequence. So what this does, the promise of it is that it systemises and compare different aspects of social development and of course I'll talk about the different aspects and relate those to other development outcomes and I'll do that in very simple bivariate graphs for Africa and trends over time, which I will not say much about because the data in Africa is too limited to say anything meaningful about trends. How does this matter for Africa? Any development story brings out issues like this, the importance of conflict, often defined as ethnic conflict, very poorly defined in general. The importance of kinship and the way that impacts the quality of institutions, I think it can go both ways, but it generally portrayed as being negative, as being traditional, the role of informal institutions. The changes in informal institutions during ongoing structural transformation, maybe particular urbanisation. So a question, if you think about Africa, the low income part of Africa, how the soft dimensions of development are important in those contexts. What does it measure? The six aspects of social development, as I said, and I'll mention them in a minute. These are derived from a very wide range of databases, about 20, 25. So of course the quality of this data is entirely dependent on the quality of those databases. They are generally regarded as reputable. Out of those 25 databases we work with, the database works with about 200 different indicators and it aggregates those of using a method that is called matching percentiles. I can't explain how that works. What I can tell you is that it's exactly the same, or pretty much the same as the way world governance indicators are aggregated. And basically what it, I can't explain the technical detail, but basically what it does is that it brings together rankings on the different indices. And if in those different rankings at least two of the same countries appear, it kind of merges those two to create, if you have one ranking of three countries, one ranking of two countries, it merges them in a way that say artificially enhances the coverage of countries. And that's really all I want to say. And like I said, the reference is to people familiar with the world governance indicators are familiar with that. And my co-author, one of the co-authors would need to be here to tell you how this is done in detail. I just want to talk about what it does, which indicators we have. The first one is civic activism. And this is, of course, the popularity of this was enormously enhanced during recent, the Arab Spring, different social uprising. So this, what this measures through the use of those different databases is social norms, organizations, and practices which facilitate citizens' involvement in public policies and decisions. So examples of those questions, people participating in demonstrations, access to information, there's data on density of international organizations, and civics has a civil society rating. And the right column there, you see where those different, and there are many more of that, of course, where those different indicators come from. In the case of Africa, of course, the Afrobarometer, I mentioned the regional barometer, but of course the Afrobarometer is a very important instrument, and very rapidly growing with, I think it's four main rounds now in publication. The Afrobarometer would give you many of those data, but not for the same number of countries. So the kind of data, and this is not to suggest anything. Well, there is a line, so I guess I am suggesting something, and that something is good news, is that if you take the global database, that there is a positive correlation, that I think is good news between GDP levels, this is levels of GDP and civic activism. This has been analyzed quite carefully for the global database, and it actually has, I'm sure with lots of caveats, but it has established that there's actually a causal relation measured by Granger causality from per capita to civic activism, i.e. better countries, better off countries allow citizens to express civic activism more strongly. What you see for Africa is that as a whole, within Africa, there would be something of a similar correlation, but of course the numbers are very small, and that the levels of civic activism compared to the global sample is quite a bit lower. But still, the overall story about that positive, if there's anything that one can suggest that even within Africa, that there is a little bit of that positive correlation, like I said, the kind of thing that we were hoping to see. The second is on clubs and associations, how much time have I used, Mr. So I'll talk about for one minute on each of those. This is kind of the, I guess, the classic social capital, the strength of ties to neighborhood and associational life, the kind of questions that are in there are the use of free time, membership of clubs, time spent socializing, and norms around, or rather than norms where people actively support others. Again, it's from those type of surveys. And here you see a pattern that is a little different, actually. We don't get that kind of good news. The global database, I think there's actually this other analysis that actually even a little bit of a negative correlation there is on the global database. We actually see a decline in the levels of clubs and associations. And this was just the first analysis, and it can actually mean very different, you don't see that in the graph, but certainly no positive correlation. The trends over time show a decline in clubs and associations, which may actually well be because of a shift of associational activities to the internet, which is not very well measured in that. For Africa, that would not be that relevant. But what we do see there, of course, is really nothing, I suppose. It's a very wide distribution, very high levels of associational activity in certain countries. So not like the first one where we could discern some pattern safety and trust, the extent that people feel they can rely on others, questions that are quite common in global databases around experience of theft, people feeling safe, perceptions that people can be trusted. And again, the sources. Here, what we see the global database shows, I guess, what one would expect that richer countries are people feel safer. Safety may contribute to economic growth. Of course, we have no idea which direction it goes. The global analysis has not shown any clear patterns in there. Certainly no causality. And then, of course, in Africa, I think that there is, well, if there was any correlation, it would be very, very weak. But of course, the enormous diversity in terms of levels and trust, which I don't know if that matches. People might wonder why Libya is so high up in terms of the safety. And that was, of course, in a particular period. We wouldn't get the same numbers now. So four to six are all around, these are kind of perhaps social capital type of these. The four to six are all around cohesion and equality. And the first one on that is an intergroup cohesion, the relationship of cooperation and respect between identity groups in society. And we think that if there's been quite some analysis earlier on the role of ethnic conflict and development, we certainly think and hope that this data will allow us to do this much, much better than what I think were very poor indicators used in those data set. The kind of questions are around incidents of riots, levels of ethnic religious tension, and at the micro level, a proportion of people who reject others as neighbors, a variety of database that is built on including a fund for peace and minorities at risk. It is actually quite stunning how much data there is available on those issues. And this is the pattern that we get, again, enormous diversity within Africa with that same diversity does not exist. Well, it's actually there in the global database as well. And as I guess one would expect, very low levels of cohesion in certain countries. And if I'm not mistaken, if I remember well, there is, this would suggest some positive correlation. As one would expect that that cohesion would increase as countries grow richer. But of course, some of the outliers, the growth may well be based on very exclusionary patterns. I know I'm not saying anything new, but what I'm saying here is that there is a potential to actually measure that and start measuring this in a cross-country basis. Inclusion of minorities. These are, it's quite close to the previous ones of course, but this is, there is more about the levels of perceptions and reported discrimination. The uneven ratings on an even economic development between groups and also a little bit on ethnic tensions. Which shows us a pattern which is not very different actually from the intergroup cohesion. Certainly with the same kind of outliers. But there's also very clear cases of countries where, well this does measure something different where the intergroup cohesion scores high and on minority scores low and vice versa. And I mentioned the examples in the paper. The final one is gender equality. And of course that's a whole, this is I think among the six, the least new and then there are many variants of global gender equality measures. So let me skip that there. I'll skip that one as well and come to the conclusion. Now this was not to make a point about interrelationship of the software aspect of development and broader aspects. But really to suggest to you that with this database we can now measure this. And of course it is very clear to most of you in the room who have quantitative skills, the kind of issues that need to be addressed. The Africa data, the coverage is much better than I would have expected actually. Much more database. But certainly if you look at changes over time there's a lot of work to be done. And if these are not clear correlations of course, but if you look at the graphs, you do see the kind of trends that you would expect certainly on the issues of activism. Well the activism if it's true in that sense, not with the causation the other way around, with intergroup cohesion, more inclusive societies. Let's put it this way, what it seems to suggest is that there is no necessary trade-off between wealth creation and aspects of inclusion that didn't go so far for the measurement of clubs and association. And the one on safety and trust also we would perhaps have expected a clearer pattern there. But like I said certainly on some of these, if one can draw any conclusion and so far we don't see that trade-off, i.e. potentially focus on growth and developing more inclusive societies are not alternatives, it can go hand in hand. Sorry I took too much time I'm sure. Nope, just right. Thank you very much.