My name is Cynthia Wu, I'm a digital preservation tech specialist at the National Library of New Zealand and I'm very glad to be here today to share with you the National Libraries and Archive of New Zealand's recent journey in optimizing our digital storage to better look after the digital town in our care. Nowadays we all use some form of digital storage from CD-ROMs to USB drives to cloud storage like Google Drive. As digital storage consumers we often focus on having enough space to store our digital files, being able to retrieve the files we need whenever we want and know that the files are safe and protected in some way. The National Library is no different than that, but increasingly beneath the surface the National Library is facing a number of challenges related to digital storage. The first of these challenges is the volume of digital collections that the National Library is mandated to collect, to preserve, protect and make accessible over time. Currently we are caring for around one petabyte of data with our planned digitization projects. The library is likely to have over two petabytes of data in its care within five years. So with the volume of digital collections growing so quickly in the next five years other challenges are starting to appear. For example, how can the library protect such a large volume of digital collections and do this effectively? How do we make sure our digital storage infrastructure can actually respond to and support all the workflows the library use to fulfill these vastly different mandated functions you see on the screen here? How can the library manage the increasing digital infrastructure cost to do all these? And data sovereignty is also a really important consideration for us, particularly around Maori data sovereignty as championed by Timana Rauranga. The National Library needs to ensure its digital talent are subject to the appropriate laws and governance. So what do we do? At the end of 2015 the Department of Internal Affairs requested the National Library to look at ways to reduce its digital storage cost. So in response the library started a project in 2016 to optimize its digital storage infrastructure. So this cost savings driven project provided the opportunity for the library to introduce improvements to our digital storage and meet these challenges. That was weird. So through this project the National Library and Archives in New Zealand were both able to rationalize and replace our digital storage infrastructure with a new platform that's more flexible, scalable and organized. With this new platform we're able to divide our workflows and our digital collections into different storage buckets. This meant that any large processing operations on the digital collections won't negatively impact on each other. This division also helps us trace our digital storage footprints and cost more easily. And in the future we can grow our digital storage effectively by going horizontally, just adding more of these buckets, or vertically by adding more into these buckets. We also improved the way we protect our digital collections. The new storage platform automatically replicates our digital collections from Wellington to Auckland and additionally all our files are protected by versioning if and when they change. It also means that we have a much quicker disaster recovery time when compared to recovering from tapes. Putting aside all the improvements that we introduced, what did we learn from this project? We still need some time to really fine tune how we use the storage platform to make the most out of it and there are two different aspects to this. First we knew our workflows have really different technical requirements but then we discovered that other factors such as the size of the files and the number of files in each of the digital collections that we have and that we process could have an effect on overall workflow performance. And so it's really important for the library to really know our own workflows and all the nuances attached to them. The second thing is that we need to learn how the digital platform actually responds to these workflows and nuances. And it ensures that we can find the best way forward for our users, applications, processes and all the storage platform itself to work in complete harmony. And then naturally fine tuning and learning the technology actually take time so it's really difficult to support under the framework of project implementation. So it's important to ensure that there is ongoing commitment either from a financial or resourcing perspective to maintain these activities after the project is closed. So aside from the improvements we did generate other beneficial outcomes. We were able to significantly reduce storage costs and the same service is now available to other government agencies through infrastructure as a service. The storage platform can generate more geographically redundant copies in the future so we can have a third or fourth copies and we can operate our storage platform from our Auckland data centre if the Wellington primary data centre was lost due to disaster. Although I'm not sure I'll worry about that because I'll probably not be here. And we can also forecast and budget for additional storage and cost annually and when we have hit a certain storage threshold we can quickly add more storage but we don't have to pay for that unless we actually consume it. So what other things are on our mind with this new storage platform in the future? We'll gradually transition our applications to connect to the storage using more modernised protocols such as Amazon S3. We will also leverage this storage platform to make our digital collections more readily available to the research community so to increase our collaboration and participation in the continual generation of new knowledge. And last but not least we're also creating a framework for analysing our cost and projecting our storage capacity across the entire organisation so that we can make better plans for the future. And finally I would like to end this presentation with a quote from Albert Einstein in the middle of difficulty, nice opportunity. Thank you very much.


Hi everyone, Joe for jaspyscasebreaks.com coming at you with 2019-2020 Panini Opulence Basketball One Box Half Case Random Team Number 5 from jaspyscasebreaks.com. The next one is in the store right now, so be sure to check that out. All teams are in of course, only like seven cards a box so it's going to be pretty crazy. Big thanks to all of these folks right here for getting their spots straight up and congrats again to the winners of those spots as well. So the next one, one box break, also has two filler breaks so if you want to try to win a spot for a fraction of the price, you certainly cannot at jaspyscasebreaks.com. Alright, so let's randomize names and teams, good luck. Seven times, two and a five, seven times for each list. One, two, three, four, five, six, and seventh and final time. After seven, we got Sean down to Ryan. Two and a five, seven times for the teams. Good luck. One, two, three, four, five, six, and seventh and final time. After seven times, we've got the Wizards down to the Celtics. Alright, so there you go. So after seven, we got Wizards down to Celtics, Sean Matic with the Wizards, Richard with the Hawks, John with the Mavs, Nicholas with the Hornets, Sean with the Grizzlies, John, nice Grizzlies, John with the Pistons, Jeremy S. Palakins with the spot you bought straight up.  Sean with the Jazz, Dave with the Bulls, and Ryan S with the Celtics, my rivals. Alright, so let's sort this by column B, let's box that up, and let's center that up as well. I'm gonna hit the pause button, when we come back we're gonna see if there's any trades, and then we'll have that one box break, stick around. Alright, welcome back folks, a little bit of trade chatter, but in the end, I think everyone's just gonna stand on their teams right here, on Tuesday the 22nd. Big thanks to all of these folks for getting into the action. Dave B is looking for Kobe White, he's running with the Bulls, I just told him during the trade window that I've ran with the Bulls before, and it's terrifying. Yeah, that sounds terrifying, it is terrifying. Don't do it, actually do it, it was really fun, but terrifying.  Alright, one, two, three for the top box, four, five, six for the bottom box, we'll use that die right there. You do it for Kobe White? He'd appreciate that. Four, one, two, three, four, five, six, we're doing the bottom box. Top box will be random team six. So there you go, random team six, so we just gotta, if we fill this up, and then two more filler packs, then we're gonna break some. We can do another one of these tonight, if you want to. Alright, so let's see what we have in here, good luck. Yeah, only seven cards per box in here, and at this price point, pretty pricey. So good luck everybody, this is definitely scared money don't make money. We got a book down there, I tried my best not to look at the book, because I wanna be just as surprised as you are when we reveal the book. Alright, and we'll use this little blank card right here to hide the hits a little bit. Well, you can kinda see a little bit on the top camera right there, you got extra angles here, the Skycam, Victorola Depot, right out of the gate for the Pacers, that's gonna be for Shea. Six out of 39, then we've got Dennis Scott for the magic. Magnificent autograph going to Danny and the magic who won that spot and tried to trade him, tried to trade, couldn't trade Mojo. 32 out of 79 it looks like. Then we've got two color jersey and autograph, Mufondu, Cabin Ghillie. Cabin Ghill, Cabinelli, Nouveau-Riche jersey and autograph, going to Robert and the Clippers, 24 out of 25. These are good looking cards here folks, second half in the store. And we've got for Charlotte, Jason Richardson, autograph. That will be for Nicholas, who also won that spot, 42 out of 49. And we've got for the Supersonics, Gary Payton, luxurious autograph, the Glove. Supersonics stuff of course goes to OKC Rich Schmidt with the Thunder and the Glove, one of the best trash talkers in the NBA. I feel like there should be like a like a trash off between this. And we've got RJ Barrett, nice, City of Gold autograph, Rookie Auto for the Knicks. Blake with the Knicks, a lot of upside for this guy here. 26 out of 79, all right, and the book, let's see what we got. Wow, John Morant, Rookie Patch Autographs, nice looking patch, good autograph. That's one of the better John Morant autos I've seen, 56 out of 99. Memphis Grizzlies, Sean Maddock got randomized the Grizz in this one. That's pretty nice, Sean, going to get a new belt.  We've got more opulence in the store right now on jaspyscasebreaks.com. Go and check it out, maybe we'll find another big rookie in the second box. Thanks for watching, I'm Joe from jaspyscasebreaks.com, see you next time, bye bye.


Okay, we are back and we are awaiting our voice-over artist, William H. Morrill, the third to contact us right now. So right now Dr. Bill is chowing down. There was an article where a California Monsanto office, I believe, was closed down due to protestors. I want to salute them for doing a great job. We just got to magnify this protest into astronomical numbers all over the country and the world. Well, foreign countries are doing a great job. William H. Morrill, the third is on the air right now. Our voice-over artist, how are you sir? All right, you know we were talking about that American custom chair, you know, a chair who looks great for her age was on David Letterman and she mentioned it's a very stupid custom to ask people how they are because they they never tell you how they really are. I'm fine. I hate these people that say they're great. They're fantastic. Never been better. Every time I ask them how they are, they never been better. Wow. I know they're lying.  She says the honesty is much appreciated. You know people put on facades. Yeah, you know people put on fronts and facades all the time, Billy. They're afraid people not gonna like them or approve of them maybe. Yeah, real great. That's true. That's right. That's right. Being honest and upfront.  I just I just I have people in my neighborhood they walk by walking their dog and and and they don't they don't give me a reply if I say hello how are you you know they don't reply at all. They don't make eye contact they don't make eye contact. Right.  Yeah.  Everybody wants a they're very paranoid. They're on the defensive. It's like say it could be part of the New York City metropolitan area. Everyone's on the defensive in this part of the country. That's one thing. Exactly. Is there life? Yeah.  It really that the American dream was really meant for the rich. You don't have money. You don't have the American dream ever. Well, that was on NBC. No. Hey, there are there are people in senior citizens in Florida that are supposed to be enjoying their retirement and they have to get part time jobs. You agree. That's right. Do they love them because they work cheap? No, by the way, my uncle Phil and and Helen in Florida said the only thing golden about the golden years is the urine. Yeah.  Yeah, probably or C or a CEO, you know, we would just yeah, we would just talk. We were just talking about the CEO who runs the Susan Coleman Breast Cancer Fundraising Organization, the charity for breast cancer. Last name is Becker, I think Ms. Becker. She gets $684,000 a year to run a fundraiser for God's sakes. Yeah, just charity don't need some of their time or take it. It's a charity for God's sakes. That's right. Why charity give so little on the top. Yeah, five cents. Personally, I don't know of any charity already goes to the people that work for the charity. Yes, I agree. I'd like if you guys have heard of one, I'd love to hear of it. Oh, no, they all have this these mysterious administrative fees. Yeah, what's handling? What do you mean handle? Don't drop it. Don't drop it. You have to pay them not to drop it. And break it. Shipping and handling. Like they like an infomercial, they always say it's for easy payments of $29.95. What do you mean, easy payments? Oh, wait, you would or now will not want payment on. They say, yeah, well, people don't people don't realize they got the regular retail price jacked up higher so that you're not really saving any money. No, no, it's fake. Anyway, Billy, you had a special topic for this week. I don't want you to will a doctor Reverend Dr. Bill answered that when you got off the show last week, he said that the Bible states that God and the spirit that became Christ always existed, even before the universe was created. Well, according to the Bible, it's hard. It's so hard to we're thinking. Well, well, we're well, because we're thinking we're thinking materially, we're not thinking in a spiritual sense. Spiritually, I've been there forever. No beginning. That's what it was fear. Yeah. Well, speaking of the nobody is nobody is really well, remember that article that we were talking about that that that experiment where they took, I think the Hubble telescope and they pointed it into blackness. The empty space empty space blackness and you know, you know what they what they saw eventually. Billions. They saw they saw they saw billions. Was it billions? They saw billions of galaxies that are so far so far away from us. There are the bottom line. That's all the features combined in the world. Yes. All the other grains are all the other millions of trillions of what that's right. And you take one bacteria and you take one bacteria on the grain of sand and that's that's a that's the human being. I know the routine. Yeah, we are one grain of sand. Absolutely. Well, that's the Billy's question. Okay. Alright, now Billy. Now Reverend Bill is gonna answer what you just said. All right. You may not hear me, but I'll say it anyway. James can really hear you, Dr. Bill. Okay. If you're willing to search out and question the eternity thing for the spiritual world, what about the universe itself? You can ask the same question. How did it come to be? How is it in in process right now, etc. And those questions are applicable there too. Yeah. Well, without materialism, there is no time. I want you to material world needs a beginning. Material world needs a beginning. I'm fascinated with wormholes. That's my thing. Oh, I'm sorry. Yeah, only the material and the material dimension that we live in the material world. There's there are beginnings and endings. Well, that's your job. Well, I think you're right, Bill, Bill Moro. We just don't know and it's our job to find out but but no, this is why church and state should always be separated and not one penny of tax money of taxpayers money should go towards religion because no one has been able to prove that their God exists. No one Yes.   What's point? That doesn't Yeah. What's your point? That doesn't that doesn't prove grows into a tree. That's how the things grow into flowers. It's a pollination the whole bit. Yeah. Well, science. That's because of God. Science is in itself is is miraculous and amazing. Bring up all these questions. You're only dealing with material world. Correct. Science. It's not. It's not getting it back up there where everything they say. Yeah, I wish the Republicans would think that way. The back up everything they say and the things they saw the sounds later. What the firm is supposed to be? The engineer made a mistake. You know, I really like to know what's going on and watch the same commercial as I did. Nothing wrong with inquiring and watching to know the truth. Inquiring minds want to know. Yes. But then again, because of what we're saying, I'm sure people are. In order for us to be sacrilegious, having a free independent thinking mind, a progressive mind, like we mentioned last week, they the people calling us sacrilegious would have to prove that their God exists. Well, that was also they're obviously afraid. Well, they're afraid, right? But they have no right to speak for God. Only to them. You know, some things like that. I mean, some Catholics would call us sacrilegious.  What does he look like then? Prove it. Prove it. Right. He looks like a human. We are in his image. Yeah. So, so we knew that much. Well, if we're in conversation today, what's the truth? If we're in his image, we're not saying fact or no, because you got to back, you got to back it up.  You know, they gotta think about how can something always have been there when they'll be here. We'll mention that later. It can't happen. Well, it might not happen. Billy, I have something to tell you.  But actually, the Bible's description of angels is more like gargoyles. And maybe that's where the gargoyle statue came about in ancient times. Who knows? Yeah, it's the truth. It was a misinterpretation. Who knows? Some angels have six wheels. Yeah. What is the animal looking to? I would love to know. Well, people, people, people like to create doctrine based on their imagination and what they perceive.   Uh, whatever happened to proven something perceived? I don't, I don't hold any validity to someone's perception. I hold validity to proven facts. Oh, I know. Politics. Maybe there's multiple universes. That's the ideology. Oh, that I believe. Well, the wormhole, the wormhole is the only practical way for intergalactic travel. Because I think Freud said that you can't survive going at the speed of light. A human being cannot do it. Who knows? Then again, that's all material. Yeah. Jesus came, Jesus went to heaven and came back to Earth in one day. Yeah. So, obviously, they move a little differently than we do. It's a totally different world. So much more of our archaeological dates have proven that we're wrong about what we think of them. And in the ocean, yeah. And they're always finding, they're always finding, Turkey times coming. No, they're always finding new species, Bill. They found, they found four, I think three or four new legless lizard species in Southern California that they're- Legless. Yeah. So, it looks like a snake, but it's really a lizard. I'll tell you later. But anyway, they're always discovering new things. Like the bottom of the ocean is really, that's where they discover many new creatures. Because it's pretty much- A lot of the plant life, hear me out, what could that plant life lead to as far as medicines and cures go to? Yeah. Herbs and- When it's down there, we're just waiting for man to discover. They make fun and ridicule the shamans. They call them witch doctors, but in reality, there are many plants with many cures in a rainforest. Well, the Graveola, which is a fruit called the Soursop, is 10,000 times stronger than chemotherapy. Tumeric, too, is very effective. A plant that aspirin comes from some plant. That's true. That's true.  And willow. Tumeric? From the plant world.  So I mentioned, well, Michael Landon juice carrots and it didn't help Michael Landon. So he came back and gave me concrete evidence that Michael Landon quit the alternative natural holistic treatment, the protocol. He did. He quit. He quit it. And Patrick Swayze didn't even want to use the natural protocol. He never tried alternative. No, but Michael Landon started, but he quit. So, so you can't blame, you know, you can't scoff at the natural way if you don't follow the protocol exactly. Hmm. No respect. Yeah. Well, your life is ticking away.   And sadly, where did he get him for that? He's taking the big dirt sleep right now. The doigt. Exactly. I admire very much. I admire the world of Michael Landon. Why are you doing that? I mean, Patrick Swayze was offered help by Dr. Gary Know. And he, and he blew him off. He blew off Gary Know. Why would you blow somebody off? Why would you say I'll try anything? Ah, he's, he's, he scoffed at it. Patrick Swayze scoffed at the holistic approach. And I would, I would like to wonder, I have one, two, three months to live. It's been a lot longer than three months since he's sold out to move the stars. And he looks tremendous.  I don't know if I'm right or wrong. I'm just guessing.  She's on the alternative medicine along with the drug therapy. This was probably trying everything I don't know. Her brain cancer is going into remission apparently. Good for her. Now, look at Suzanne Summers.  She went natural. Natural, not, not traditional. Yeah, they gave. She's written so many books about what happened to her. They, they gave Suzanne Summers extract the mistletoe among other things.  Now ginger extract destroys pancreatic cancer cells. Yes. No, no. Look, look, look at the cancer patients who were given intravenous mega vitamin C drippings.  Especially nowadays. Yeah, of course. It's probably.


Psychologist Annie Tennis-Aguarn states, people with BPD are often extremely high energy, can be motivating, encouraging, and positive. Their energy can be contagious. Borderline personality disorder, BPD, is a mental condition marked by a pattern of ongoing instability and moods, behavior, self-image, and functioning. Some people diagnosed with BPD may find relief in their diagnosis because it can make them feel more understood. The relief isn't finally getting the answers to explain the condition that they may have been searching for for a long time. They can finally put a finger on why they struggle the way they do. Highly successful people like Angelina Jolie live with BPD. And it's believed other celebrities like Jim Carrey, Britney Spears, Megan Fox, Robbie Williams, and many others might also have it, but have never been officially diagnosed. Before we begin, we would like to have a quick chat.  You mostly hear about the negative aspects of mental illness. So once you're diagnosed with one, it can feel like the apocalypse is coming. Labeling symptoms can be damaging and create more of a stigma around mental illness. This video is not meant to diagnose anyone with BPD or any other mental illness. Our goal with this video is to use psychology to look at the positive aspects of those who are neurodivergent. We've chosen BPD to focus on today. Here are some of the brighter sides of BPD. Number one, borderline empathy paradox. Imilo, who writes for Psychology Today, touches on the fact that people with BPD are hyper empathetic. This means they're super sensitive to others' feelings, thoughts, and even physical sensations like sympathy pains. Imagine a husband feeling nauseous when a wife has morning sickness during pregnancy. They empathize with physical pains more than others. Despite their increased empathy, they may still have trouble with interpersonal relationships and social skills and their emotional hypersensitivity may show up as mood swings and a fear of abandonment. This is called the borderline empathy paradox. According to Australian website, borderlineindiact.org.au, those who learn to manage this awareness of emotion through heightened intuition and perception can help others when they're in emotional distress rather than making it worse. This is shown by a well-known study discussed on the career website linked in where researchers showed them photos of people's eyes. Maybe not a surprise, but the BPD group did much better than non-BPD at correctly identifying the emotions of the faces. This skill can be helpful in offering compassion to others because they can more easily recognize when people may need some support and friendship. Number two, creative. Assistant professor of psychology, Francesca Paraplegicova on self.com, says there are benefits to this finely tuned emotional detection. She explains, those with BPD are really fun, creative, compassionate, beautiful people. She believes this is due to their increased ability to draw on a deeper well of human emotions and experience. Emily Eveland, healthyplace.com, author and BPD diagnosi, also believes that those with BPD can channel their intensity into creativity once they learn to regulate their emotions. Emily goes on to say that she and her friends with BPD all have creative roles, such as musicians, painters, dancers, performance artists, writers and actors. And they put their whole selves into their creative pursuits. Whether you're diagnosed with BPD or not, the next time you're feeling overwhelmed with any emotion, take a moment to think. Is there something positive that I can channel this energy towards? This is most certainly a way to spin something that sounds negative into a sure positive. Number three, loyal. Have you ever had a partner or friend lie to you or betray your trust in some way?  Can you imagine what would happen if Timon told Pumba they were out of bugs then ate them all without sharing? Yeah, I don't want to think about that either, or buddy. Emily Eveland explains those with BPD can love intensely. Along with their love comes an undying loyalty to you that you may not get with others. Emily also explains that when you get on the negative side of someone with BPD, that could be challenging. But when a person with BPD loves you, they love you intensely with all their heart and along with love comes loyalty. Eveland says those with BPD are great people to be around. On the days they're able to manage their emotions, well, they're funny, intelligent, lively, and 100% loyal. Number four, resilient.  But that's not always easy. Every source we researched for this article mentioned a higher level of resilience as a trait of those with BPD. This means they can bounce back from difficulty, trauma, or harm easier than others not diagnosed with BPD. Many diagnosed with BPD have struggled with negative behaviors. The simple fact that they can still manage their emotions shows resilience in the face of these negative behaviors. They're pretty much superheroes. Number five, energetic.  Well, psychologist Annie Tannis-O'Garn on medium.com says that having a friend or significant other with BPD can help uplift and motivate you when you're feeling down, overwhelmed, depressed, or just tired of juggling your daily responsibilities. She goes on to say how good they are at giving encouragement and support. Annie also explains that this energizer bunny high energy quality can also be a coping mechanism to help protect them from the negative emotional crashes that BPD can cause. But when controlled, this can be a positive trait of someone with BPD. And number six, passionate. Have you ever asked a loved one questions about something they love? Launching a friend or a partner get excited and talk about something they're passionate about is one of the most wonderful feelings, don't you think? Christine Hammond at Psych Central says people with BPD are intense about things they're passionate about, whether that's a specific person or art, dance, music, sports, food, literature, or anything else. It's part of their nature that they throw themselves into things that they're interested in wholeheartedly. They don't need anyone to tell them to follow their passions because they already are. Because of this, those with BPD are hardworking and driven to achieve their dreams. How inspiring. Just like anything in life, there are things that sometimes make us feel flawed, but being neurodivergent shouldn't be one of them. If you're diagnosed with BPD, do you agree with or can you relate to these points? Are there any other positive traits with BPD that we didn't mention? Let us know in the comments. See you next time.


Your commentator is Basil Reisdale. Here is the last act in the tremendous drama of the Tunisian theater of war, with the inspired British 8th Army attacking the Marathon line. Within range of German guns, they paused humbly for divine guidance before coming to grips with the enemy. Two after being smashed back almost to the gates of Alexandria have driven the famed Africa Corps into the longest retreat in history, and now they blast them from the Marathon line. Fanks and artillery concentrate on the Gabbas' gap. As the British advance westward, prisoners accumulate an ever-increasing number until it becomes a problem to organize facilities to get them to the rear and into temporary camps. Gabbas is taken. El Hama falls at the same time. The overjoyed native inhabitants discard hated Nazi badges. Liberty now instead of goose-step regulations. General Sir Bernard Montgomery of the Victoria's 8th Army enters the city through streets lined with cheering crowds. Certainly, here is evidence that the British will be welcomed on the continent when other great days come. Ron DeSlox, the tank's rumble, fares an old-time foreign legionnaire. Meanwhile, the North African Commander-in-Chief, the American General Dwight D. Eisenhower, is preparing a brilliant strategy. The American Second Corps moves out of the Kassarine Pass and regains ground lost in an earlier setback that came close to disaster. They forge ahead to try and effect a junction with the British 8th Army. General George Patton, their field commander, watches a clash between the spearheads of his armored divisions and Nazi Mark IV. In the mines, they watch the action. There's a Nazi dive bomber letting one go. American gunners scratch off a stuka on its way to becoming a heap of flaming junk. It is American drive on the planks upon Arnim's Africa Corps that at last eases the burden of the battling British 8th Army, which has borne the brunt of the struggle until now. The battle remains of Axis-mechanized might. An advance guard of Tommies approaches an American scouting force. Then they meet 15 miles east of El Guatar, a great moment in the drama of North Africa. But Yanks and Tommies are too happy to think of great moments as they make the most of this one in the way that soldiers will when there's a relief from tension. Cigarettes come out and are passed around. They find out quickly that they don't speak exactly the same language, but they have a good time exchanging helmets and ribbing each other about cockney or Simon Pure American speech. Even the southern boys laugh when they're called Yank and shake on it. Our and General Montgomery meet on the battlefield and it is from this moment on that the coordinated plan for the final offensive is set. The Russians suddenly leave the center and appear far up on the northern end of the line. Frustrate every attempt of the Nazis to concentrate reserves and supplies. Heels are torn to pieces and Phonarnim is caught with his main forces too far to the east. American artillery finds targets with an accuracy that astounds the Germans. Field Commander of the Allied Forces meets with General Omar N. Bradley, American Field Commander. Now the pressure is on. There's the naval station at Bezerk being pounded by American shells. Enemy batteries at the naval station are silenced by American artillery, preparing the way for troops to advance and take the city. Here they come and the infantry is still queen of battle as it moves in to play the major role at the city gate for halt for a moment. Not because there's a speed limit within the city, but because caution rules. Pooby traps and snipers are everywhere and these American boys have learned to be cautious the hard way. It will take a miracle shot to get him. A sniper is located. And that's the end of him. The ruins of Bezerk look safe, but these yanks are taking no chances. The city of Tunis falls almost at the same moment and advanced patrols of the British First Army begin to mop up snipers. It isn't long before the Axis rear guard in the city decides that they don't really want to die for Hitler. From Bezerk to the Cap-born Peninsula, Germans docilely quit cold, even the high-ranking officers. The Nazi General Fritz Krause, Major General Villa-Baltz Borowitz, even Colonel General Jürgen von Arnim is flushed out of the mountains near Tunis. The Italian Marshal Giovanni Messi personifying the mess in Africa for Mussolini. He has the baggage of a globetrotter, but his global activities now will be restricted. Von Arnim gets a car all to himself on the way to a barbed wire-enclosed lock-up. The last three days of the campaign are fantastic, unbelievable. There's no Dunkirk, no Bataan, no Stalingrad, no desperate effort evacuation, no last cartridge battle to the end. For the most part, not even dignified surrender. It is collapse, total and unmitigated, the disintegration of an army of more than 200,000 men. When General Anderson's main forces enter Tunis, the people greet them with a demonstration almost hysterical. No victorious army ever met a reception expressing greater joy and relief than these Tunisians. Meanwhile, Bezerk is giving the Yanks a welcome. And this is just a foretaste of what will happen in the cotton of Europe, the oppressed, long-suffering people giving vent to pent-up emotions. To these liberated thousands, this is the end of Nazi brutalities. Vichy French cowardice, near starvation, forced labor. It is the end of the war for them. General Eisenhower's achievement, a milestone in the march for freedom.


Welcome to Moodle Workplace, the premium Moodle solution. Let's take a look at some of the features it has to offer. With Moodle Workplace, you can branch a site and set up authentication methods to meet your needs. This means you can add your logo, brand colour and choose the image your learners can see when they log in. There's a feature called Multitenancy in Workplace which allows you to set up tenants in the one Moodle site. This means you can have a separate brand experience and user management for different parts of your organisation or even for your clients. It's like having multiple Moodle sites all in one. You can customise what learners see when they log in, choose which page they first land on and add or remove features to suit your needs. You can even have a different dashboard for each of your tenants. As a site administrator or the administrator of a single tenant, you can easily access Moodle Workplace features using the launcher. This is the waffle icon next to your profile picture at the top of the screen. Let's explore the premium features that you can access via the launcher. Let's start with how you can add users. You have many options. The choice is yours and each tenant can have its own methods. Choose from manually adding users, have users create their own accounts, bulk upload users or connect Moodle to your preferred authentication method. When it comes to courses as a site administrator you can manage courses right across the site. Tenant administrators can manage courses within their own tenant. You also have the option to enable a shared space where you can put courses that all tenants can access. This can reduce the amount of versions you need for your courses. Moodle Workplace has all the features of Moodle LMS allowing you to create highly engaging and interactive courses. In Workplace you can also organise a set of courses into a program for learners to complete. You can specify which order they must complete the courses and how many of the courses they must complete. Programs are a great way to organise your courses. You can take programs a step further and set up certifications for learners to complete. You can even set up re-certifications so that learners are automatically allocated and your training to complete. To recognise learner completion you can set up and award certificates within Moodle. Learners can receive these via email and within Moodle. Moodle Workplace makes it easy for you and others to keep track of learner progress. You can set up and customise reports for courses, programs, certifications and much more. These reports can even be scheduled to be sent out to key staff via email. To help you get truly meaningful reports and user management you can use the organisation structure feature. This allows you to organise your learners to represent the logic that best suits your needs for allocating training and generating reports. Organisation structure allows people you allocate to a manager or department lead role to quickly view their team's progress using the My Teams page and reports. The Dynamic Rule feature gives you the power to automate tasks. You can quickly set up a rule to take care of tasks for you. Automate the allocation training, send out notifications, award certificates and badges and much more. The Custom Page feature allows you to set up additional pages in the navigation. You can even choose who can view each page. The Migration feature allows you to import and export parts of your Moodle workplace site between tenants or even between Moodle sites. This can be really handy when you build something in a test site and wish to migrate it to your production site. Moodle workplace is also a great experience for your learners. They can access it using any web browser on any device. You can also dial up the engagement by using the Moodle workplace app which is included in your hosting. Take your app to the next level with the branded app and add your logo, colours and learning platform name. So there you have it, Moodle workplace, the premium Moodle solution.


Hey Evan, it's a good hipster. Yeah, we're gonna do our next barbell shoot here. Come on dude. I'm ready. I'm modeling it right now That's good Artists are so committed dude. They came out here.  No gas station. Yeah on either side There's lights out here. They're so good. Look how fresh this paint is. Look, what is this dude? They probably installed the lights themselves dude just to yeah, there's like even solar panels on them to show their art off Don't know where we are.  So we had to turn the generator off a little warm in there Well, hopefully we make it.   It reminds me of this gas station I know it's sick. Do I'm gonna take pictures, bro Right here. We stopped to pee random side a little photo shoot. We're in the middle of nowhere. It's really hot Where should we go south? Now that's what I mean Let's see if we can get some souvenirs 15 miles But we have here it's a non-sponsored post by Flozie This is that redneck shit. We were waiting for Found these koozies some beer koozies at a they got a last gas station. That was like two hours from anything else And they have an auto Puncher for a shot gunning a beer and then it has holes around that puncher to drink the beer through like a teeth I got nipples Greg Can you milk me kind of like that?  It could be more comfortable. It could look a little cooler. Oh, you thought you don't like the lake design All right, all right one out of ten Honestly for reasons that you stated before yeah, that's right. It's an attendant. Yeah, do you can't put a price on fun? It can be better. All right.     The weather finally got nice. This is beautiful. Yvonne's being a maniac Is there a ladder? No, I climbed out.  I'm just chilling. Feels good, man Feels good to hang out with the crew have some fun.   It's funny because like I'll talk to you guys on Instagram a little bit Selling my two case, but I'll be how I don't like to Like be shirtless or wear tank tops or I don't know why it's just something within me I don't I don't feel comfortable and it's not that I'm not so comfortable with myself I'm pretty comfortable with who I am as a human, but it's just I don't feel comfortable being shirtless and and plus I don't love the water. I don't love to swim. I like the water just fine But so I know it kind of makes other people uncomfortable because they're swimming and that's definitely not my goal Because it's all fun like we're playing catch with a tennis ball out there.  So it's kind of odd for me It's a hard balance. They don't want to make other people feel weird It's almost like when you're the only one guy that doesn't drink It also sometimes makes them feel weird because then they feel weird about them drinking and leaving you out But I don't feel left out at all These are like literally some of my closest friends in the world So I'm just really happy to be hanging out here, man I get down a lot and I've talked to you guys a lot about anxiety and slumps And I was in a slump for a little while a couple weeks ago probably for a month, maybe Didn't want to work didn't know how to work didn't know how to be productive I did the video and I told you guys how I'm kind of staying with my mom I'm trying to get my house and that makes me feel unproductive. I can't really vlog I mean it can but I just don't have anything going on. I'm just doing computer work And it's kind of the nitty-gritty time right now. We're making some moves with Kaizen Making some moves with mama's boys podcast And everything's kind of behind the scenes sometimes all the work can't just be done when you want it to be done You have to have patience the work slowly kind of turning in the background And that's where we are right now And so because of that nothing's like getting done I can't see the progress and I get down on myself. I get down on life I get down on the content but appreciate y'all for kicking it with me and staying with me Feels really good. I do although I deal with some depression and deal with some anxiety and I get down I'm very very lucky to live the life. I live and I know that I have so many blessings my mom my friends my job The hands I was dealt to begin with you know having a great dad now that but Doesn't mean I can't get down players doesn't mean you can't get down either Sometimes we just go through our spots, but if you keep chipping away keep doing something Hopefully come out the other other end a little bit stronger.  I didn't show you guys the RV too much We'll do it where everybody's on Here's a dope little bunk right here Looks comfy as to me and it's just furthest away. I like being secluded. I like a wall I can lean into it makes me feel safe. This turns into a bed Little messy this turns into a bed. We have baby taika's bed two bunks here Which I wouldn't mind either they just look a little bit smaller and I'm a thick dude Even though we have a big crew with us and then Bart's master bed, which is actually pretty nice Like I would love to have an RV. I don't know what I'd do with it But it would be sick to have something like this me and bar keep talking about like would you buy one like? I don't know if I'd buy one because where do you park it during like regular life? And then what do you do with it afterwards?  I didn't know I never been to have a suit So I didn't know what's gonna be but there's a bunch of there's a little city So hopefully grab something decent for dinner Catch you guys at dinner Bye don't do my hands don't know how to transition Connor do some b-roll make it look cool, bro. All right. Later. Bye No, dude, what are you trying to make me tell them how you ruin the steak So I'm medium. Yeah, yes, we'll be jerky. You don't like medium Rare it depends on the spot. It's either medium rare or rare I don't like rare. I'd normally do medium just because then most places know what medium is or medium rare or rare I feel like various a little bit. That's a very judgmental friend of mine over there.  What are you saying? Why are you saying something? You're probably just doing the whole night Everyone's getting ready for that. Where are you sleeping in next to Steph Curry? It's great What happened and I did tell the people you worry about it with that fake ace hat. I know your Giants fan Continue. Don't worry about it. I was Nick switcher fan growing up. All right, it's my idea Are you mad that you can't wear night? Yeah fired Are you actually don't like James Harden just because you have a baby face? Why do you put so much mayo on your food, dude? They make these white people jokes about me not salting or putting mayo on my steak I hate mayo and I don't get the salt joke. All right. I just don't even get it, dude. I Don't even get the jokes. We're going to bed Nads took the king bed all by himself without the weight limit selfish Oh, but I know you live live with him. He's probably a very selfish Room have you seen the size of this house? This guy will wash clothes at like 2 a.m. The washer and dryer is literally under my bed I'm just laying there How do you consider it, dude? I'm just giving him a free bed massage That's inconsiderate dude. Does your bed have a massage feature? Why did you do a massage feature a massage finger? How's come with obnoxiously loud roommates? Come here. We're here. There's career. Yeah, we're here. Do it again. I'll zoom it in as you tell me Just Mike, it's funny. Come here. You're good for it. Oh my god. I swear to God. Come here. I made you call the figure


So, for the three colligative properties we've considered so far, vapor pressure lowering, freezing point depression, boiling point elevation, those have all been the properties of some solution that's in equilibrium with some different phase. The solution is in equilibrium with its vapor for boiling point elevation and vapor pressure lowering. The solution is in equilibrium with the solid for freezing point depression. The one additional colligative property we need to talk about, the osmotic pressure happens when a solution is in equilibrium with a liquid rather than a solid or a gas. So, I'll draw a picture to show you what I mean by that. So, let's say we have a beaker of, let's see, I'll make this side a solution with some solute molecules dissolved inside this beaker. And I'm going to make that in equilibrium with, so I'm going to connect that beaker to a different beaker. And this beaker has pure solvent in it. So, over here I have pure solvent A, over here I have a solution A with some solute dissolved in it. So, that's actually kind of a silly experimental setup. You can predict what's going to happen immediately here if I have a glass of saltwater connected to a glass of pure water, what's going to happen is the salt is going to diffuse until it fills the entire system. So, that's kind of boring, that's not what we want to study. So what I'm going to do in addition to that is I'm going to add a membrane, a barrier separating these two. If that's a impermeable membrane, if it doesn't let anything pass then the solution stays on this side and the pure solvent stays on this side. But let's consider that this is a, not a perfectly impermeable membrane, but a semipermeable membrane. And in particular it's going to allow solvent molecules to pass back and forth. If these are aqueous solutions water can pass back and forth through the barrier, so it's a membrane that water can pass back and through. But the holes, the pores in the membrane might be large enough that it prevents the solute molecules from passing through. So the solute molecules are going to stay on this side, only the solvent can pass back and forth. So what will still happen, because over here we have pure liquid which has some chemical potential. On the other side we have chemical potential of a solution, which we know chemical potential of the solution is chemical potential of the liquid plus RT log of the activity in that solution. So that quantity, because RT log activity, that's going to be a negative number. The chemical potential on the solution side is going to be lower than on the solvent side. What that means is solvent molecules that have the ability to pass back and forth through this membrane, they can lower their chemical potential by passing through the membrane in that direction. So that's spontaneously what's going to happen. If we wait a little bit and look at the system again, we'll find what has happened is a significant amount of solvent is going to transfer from one side to the other. So there's still a barrier in between. Some solvent has passed through the barrier, I've got less solvent on the right side, more solvent on the left side, and we still have all the solute molecules on the solution side. By doing that, I haven't changed the chemical potential of the solvent on this side, but by diluting the solution, by making the concentration closer to pure solvent, I've moved the activity closer to one, and I've increased the chemical potential on this side. So the chemical potentials are coming closer to being in equilibrium with each other. They wouldn't be in perfectly in equilibrium with each other considering only this concentration effect until I removed all the solvent from this side. But that may not happen because the other factor we have to consider is the pressure. So if this system is open to the atmosphere at atmospheric pressure, let's say there's one atmosphere of pressure pushing down on this side, there's also one atmosphere of pressure pushing down on this side, but because the height of the liquid column is higher on this side, that liquid column has some mass. The pressure exerted by that liquid column on the solvent beneath it is fairly substantial. So there's some additional pressure. We call that pressure, for now let's just give that pressure a label and call it pi. So there's atmospheric pressure of p0 as well as the additional pressure pi that's pushing down on the solvent down here. So the solvent at the bottom of this beaker is under a higher pressure than the solvent at the bottom of this beaker. We also know that the chemical potential goes up when the pressure goes up. In fact we've seen quantitatively how much that happens. The derivative of chemical potential with respect to pressure is equal to molar volume. So if we're talking about chemical potential of A, the change in chemical potential when I change the pressure is the partial molar volume in this case for a multi-component system. So in other words, if I increase the pressure on one side or the other, the change in the chemical potential is going to be, at least for an incompressible solvent, it's going to be the partial molar volume multiplied by that change in pressure. So what does that help us do? If I ask myself what is the equilibrium condition, if the solvent goes in this direction causing the liquid level to rise, the liquid level is going to rise because the chemical potential is lower on this side, but as the chemical potential on this side, as the solvent flows in to the side, number one, the solution will get less dilute, sorry, more dilute, less concentrated. That will increase the chemical potential over here. Also the pressure will rise, which will also increase the chemical potential over here. So eventually the chemical potential on this side will equal the chemical potential on this side and then will be in equilibrium. When the chemical potential is equal in two different parts of a system, then that system's at equilibrium. So if we consider not just the concentration effects, but also the pressure effects, what must be true at equilibrium is on this side, the chemical potential of this liquid at pressure p0 plus pi, as well as the contribution from the activity of the solution on this side, that is all the chemical potential over here on the left. It's going to be equal to the chemical potential on the right, which is just the chemical potential of the solvent in liquid state at just atmospheric pressure, without this extra pressure that we might as well go ahead and name the osmotic pressure. When this system reaches equilibrium, this pressure caused by this osmosis effect is going to cancel out the reduction in chemical potential due to the solution. So number one, this process of the solvent moving through the semipermeable membrane from the pure solvent side to the solution side, that process is called osmosis. The osmotic pressure is specifically the pressure needed to stabilize the system under these circumstances, the additional pressure needed to balance the chemical potential so that the side with elevated pressure and concentration of some solute is equal to the chemical potential of the pure liquid. So that's our condition for being in equilibrium. If I rearrange that equation a little bit to say chemical potential at elevated pressure and if I move this chemical potential of the pure liquid at standard pressure over to the left side and on the right side I'll keep minus RT, or I'll move this RT log A over to the right side so I've got minus RT log of activity, I'm just rearranged this equation to get this one. This difference in chemical potentials, how much did the chemical potential change when I went from standard pressure up to an elevated pressure, P0 plus the osmotic pressure pi? Well, that's exactly what this expression tells us. The chemical potential is going to change by this much, partial molar volume times the change in pressure. So the left side becomes partial molar volume of the solvent multiplied by the difference in pressure, P0 plus pi minus P0 just leaves me with the osmotic pressure pi. That's all equal to minus RT log activity. So there's a perfectly valid expression that we can use for osmotic pressure. If we solve that expression for the osmotic pressure, I've got minus RT over partial molar volume multiplied by log of activity of the solvent. So if we would like to know how high will this column of liquid rise, how much extra pressure will be generated over here on this side, the answer to that question depends on the temperature, depends on the partial molar volume of the solvent, depends on the activity of the solution over here on this side. As usual, activity is not always the most convenient property to work with. So if we make our dilute solution approximation, as we've done it before, just as a reminder, log activity, that's about the same thing as log of mole fraction in an ideal solution, which is log of one minus mole fraction of the other component, the solute, and log of one minus x, that's about the same thing as negative x. So using that series of approximations, I can write minus log activity as positive mole fraction of solute. So I've got an RT over partial molar volume, and that's a different expression for the osmotic pressure, RT over partial molar volume times mole fraction. This is now mole fraction of solute rather than activity of solvent. And as we've done with our other colligative properties, if we don't like using mole fraction in a dilute solution again, I can say that mole fraction of B, that's moles of B over moles of A and moles of B together. And if the solution is dilute, which we've already assumed it is, that's going to be moles of B over moles of A, where I'm neglecting this small number of moles of B relative to the number of moles of A. And so that will allow me to rewrite this equation as osmotic pressure is RT moles of B over moles of A and a partial molar volume. But now think about what this denominator looks like. Moles of solvent times partial molar volume of solvent, again in a dilute solution. If this were pure solvent, moles times molar volume, that would just be the volume of the solution. So again, in dilute solution that's going to be about the same thing as RT over volume of the solution, again multiplied by moles of the solute B. And now moles of B divided by the total volume of the solution, that's exactly what we think of as a concentration in molarity. So the last rewriting of this equation we can do would be to say, moles divided by volume, that's a concentration in molarity, concentration of the solute. So the most simplified version of this expression, which has made a few levels of this dilute solution approximation, we can say that the osmotic pressure is molarity times gas constant times the temperature. So again, as with other colligative property, we've got more accurate versions of the expression and then a series of approximations leading to one that's relatively simple. So let's work an example of this and we'll do that in the next video.


Okay, well welcome back from lunch So I just want to recap briefly where we've been before we start forging ahead so remember that where we started this morning was essentially from the most basic set of assumptions on Observables of dark matter, so we have rotation curve measurements, which provide the most robust Indication that there is a considerable fraction of missing matter in the universe And then based off of those rotation curve measurements we've built up this picture of how galaxies are surrounded by these very large halos of dark matter and The presence of those halos then lets us Put constraints very generic constraints on the mass of the individual dark matter particles So these generic constraints remember for the bosonic case Or something like 10 to the minus 22 EV and for the fermionic case were more like 0.7 KV and Then the last thing we did was to add An additional layer to this and say okay well If we start off with the assumption that dark matter halos form then this must be true But we're going to add to that an additional assumption that the dark matter was in Thermal equilibrium in the early universe and if we add that assumption on to all of this We can then end up motivating the case that the dark matter is weak scale so on more like a hundred GV But there's a lot of caveats that come with this as I was explaining at the end of the last lecture We don't have to do much to change this picture of The thermal dark matter picture to get different mass scales But I want to focus on the weak scale picture for now mainly because it's played such an important role in designing experiments to test for dark matter and so What we're going to do now is discuss some classes of these experiments And I want to tell you kind of what the current status is in terms of testing this hypothesis and Where we're going to want to go from from here Sets of experiments that I'm going to try to get to in the next hour the first is called Direct detection and The second is called indirect detection there's a lot more than just this and in particular One category that I probably not going to have time to get to now But we can definitely discuss more in a discussion session if there's interest is LHC searches, but there's a lot more so It's only because of the limitations of time that I'm going to cover to not because these are the only possibilities that are there so direct detection experiments are ground-based and Specifically what we're doing here is looking for what happens when you have a dark matter particle and it Scatters off of an atomic nucleus direct detection is No, I'll call it sky-based in the sense that here what we're looking for is signatures of the dark matter particles Annihilating in the Milky Way Giving us things that could like, you know, W bosons or Z's or quarks Which then can end up giving us photons down the road and then we can search for very high-energy gamma rays as a way of Telling whether or not the dark matter actually annihilated in this fashion So let's start off with the direct detection case first and then and then get to the indirect detection Scenario like I said for direct detection What do you essentially want to do is you get a target of material? But crystal or something like that or in some case Xenon gas and you put it deep underground. So most of these labs are at the bottom like In mines or at the bases of mountains Mainly because you need to shield your experiment from any kind of you know, whatever backgrounds are there and You so you put this tub of material there and you wait Essentially what you're waiting for is the fact that you know, there's dark matter particle streaming around here going through us All time of day and you hope that one of those particles will ultimately end up Hitting one of the nuclei in your target and that nucleus would just jiggle a little bit and When it jiggles a little bit it might admit heat or phonons or something like that which you can actually detect So you need incredibly sense of detection mechanisms In order to be able to do this and to put your experiment also very deep underground so what are the energy scales of what we're talking about here if so the Recoil energy of the nucleus in one of these experiments So when I mean my recoil energy is just the energy of the nucleus after it's scattered with the dark matter particle that recoil energy as roughly 50 keV times dark matter mass inversely proportional to the nuclear mass and most of these experiments at least currently Start to lose their sensitivity When the nucleus just has an energy as a recoil energy less than 10 keV or so so So the current thresholds for these experiments are Roughly 10 keV. So this will give us an idea then of what the mass ranges are that these experiments can look at for So for example, if I had a xenon target So some of the most sensitive experiments right now are using xenon, which is why I've chosen that then the nuclear mass for xenon is Roughly 120 GeV and so we can see that when the dark matter mass is Around 50 or 100 gEV This kind of experiment would have optimal sensitivity because the recoil energy of the the nucleus is going to be large enough But it will lose sensitivity for dark matter masses If for dark matter masses that are less than on the order of 10 keV because in that Regime then we're talking about recoil energies that are only a few keV And that's kind of below the thresholds of what these experiments can actually detect These experiments then are really primed to look in this region of weak-skilled dark matter Which is you know, there's a reason that they've been designed this way. They're really aimed at testing the miracle and their sensitivities are getting really really good right now, so Probably in you know the in the next round of these experiments is going to really push into a region where if they see it They're going to see it, you know, if it's there, they're going to see it and if they don't see it It's going to really call into question Whether or not this was the right place to be starting from So how do we actually model these kinds of interactions? The relevant quantity here is the scattering rate of the dark matter off the nucleus, right? And we're talking about a scattering where The nucleus doesn't break apart. So the kinetic energy the incoming kinetic energy for the the dark matter is on the order of tens of keV Whereas the nuclear binding energies Are more like MEV scale So we can treat this system as just the dark matter scattering off the nucleus as a whole and not the dark matter scattering off of the individual constituents of the nucleus So that's an additional level of you know Complication that we're going to need to take into account but like I said the relevant quantity is the scattering rate and usually you want to know it as As a the differential rate as a function of the recoil energy of the nucleus after the scattering and This is going to be equal to the the number density of the dark matter times the Interaction cross-section the velocity average interaction cross-section and we usually do this in terms of the Per unit detector mass. So that's why I put a one over mass for the nuclear target here oops This should be d sigma and writing this out more fully So you can see all of the components that come into play here When I take this velocity average here, what I'm doing is Multiplying by the velocity distribution of the dark matter in the Milky Way and Then there's the d sigma The ER here One theme that will become apparent in the examples We're going to go through in the next hour is the fact that the dark matter is non-relativistic in the Milky Way In in both examples is going to end up playing a direct role in the Well in the computation of the observable and in some cases really does kind of change what we expect to see so This integral for example here is I'm integrating from the minimum value that the dark matter velocity can take to the maximum value The maximum value for the dark matter velocity in the Milky Way is roughly like I said before 550 kilometers per second Which you can just estimate for yourself is the escape velocity for a particle in a halo That's the size of the Milky Way and This minimum velocity Is determined by the scattering kinematics So it's the minimum velocity that the dark matter needs to cause the nucleus to recoil with this energy so This is the minimum velocity for a certain nuclear Recoil and to get the expression for the minimum velocity.  Velocity distribution that's going in here is the velocity distribution in the lab frame So we need to be a little bit careful because remember Our picture here. So here's the center of the galactic disc and let's say we're living here The experiment is running on earth. So it's running well here where the Sun is and We want to know what the velocity distribution is here not the velocity distribution relative center of the galaxy But our models for f of v Always describe the velocities relative to here to the center part of the galaxy so what we need to do is To get the velocity distribution in the lab frame We have to take the velocity the distribution in the galactic frame and just do a Galilei and transformation to it where we add The velocity of well, I should just So it's we're adding to it the velocity of the earth relative to the center of the galaxy Okay, this is just given by the velocity of the Sun relative to the center of the galaxy Plus the velocity of the earth Relative to the Sun so this is Sun relative to center and this is earth relative to Sun So just to give you a sense for what the order of magnitudes are here So the motion of the Sun relative to the center of the galaxy if I take the Magnitude of that it's roughly two hundred kilometers a second and If I take the magnitude of this Velocity of the earth relative to the Sun That's roughly 30 Kilometers per second so I can tailor expand this Yes, okay Well, I can write this like this Where what I've done is to now factor out the velocity of the Sun that leaves me with one here and then this is The magnitude of the Velocity of the earth in the direction of the Sun Over the velocity the speed of the Sun So this thing is just a small number because what we're doing is comparing 30 to 200 and this term here is meant to describe the fact that the the earth's motion around the Sun is periodic with a period of one year, right if I put this Inside here and then expand The distribution in terms of epsilon What I get in this case is that My first order term is just the velocity of the dark matter plus the velocity of the Sun and then the second order term is going to be Some small contribution That depends on The yearly rate where this is the first derivative of the of the distribution function So that's just the Taylor expansion around the small parameter epsilon. So if I substitute this Into the differential rate here What I find is that I can write the rate out as a Taylor expansion It's going to have the first term is going to be constant in time And then there's going to be higher order terms such as this one Which depends on the time of year So this term here is the unmodulated rate and this one here Gives you the rate that actually modulates annually So this annual modulation piece is coming from the fact that the earth is rotating around the Sun Kind of give you a sense for what an experiment is actually looking for I'm going to do just a very simple order of magnitude calculation for the unmodulated rate So if I take I'm only going to look at the unmodulated piece. So this unmodulated piece is Going to be proportional to the integral From the minimum velocity of the dark matter to its maximum velocity, which is just the escape velocity integral over V The velocity distribution shifted by the solar the velocity of the Sun and I get a one over V that's coming from the fact that d sigma de and recoil is Proportional to one over velocity squared Which I don't have time to show today, but you can you can show this explicitly So it gives you gives you this form here This velocity distribution is usually taken to be Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution and So if I put that in I can actually solve for this exactly so V min to V escape V V V e to the minus V squared over V not squared. I'm only keeping the most important terms But here I'm making the assumption that f of V is just Maxwell-Boltzmann and then this minimum scattering speed here comes from Just the like I mentioned before the scattering kinematics and if you solve that out You'd find that this is just the mass of the nucleus Recoil energy over twice the reduced mass squared So if I put all of this in here and just kind of till the level figure out what this differential rate is I get e to the minus recoil energy So it's exponentially falling in recoil energy so an experiment If they actually see a signal What they would find is that For the simplest kind of models dark matter models Their signal should be falling off like this as a function of of recoil energy So this would be the signal that they'd be Aiming to to see now depending on how I change the particle physics model and also How I change how the dark matter interacts with the nucleus that can change as well So one case is just to illustrate I can have in certain models The dark matter scatter in elastically so it comes in my dark matter particle comes in It's the nucleus the nucleus scatters and Then the dark matter up scatters So if it comes in with if I label the initial state chi it might go to some new state chi prime Where the mass of the chi prime? Is some small difference? It's a little bit larger than the mass of the original dark matter particle So, you know these kinds of inelastic Scattering events can happen in more complicated models where you add an additional state. That's pretty close in mass to your dark matter if this happens then your minimum scattering velocity tends to be larger and The well And then your scattering rate would actually look more like This so these experiments actually have the ability based on the differential rate that they're observing to be able to tell the difference between different Like basic assumptions that you'd be making about the dark matter interactions with the baryons with the nucleus There's an additional component that's very important because it could potentially be the key in terms of distinguishing these kinds of signals from background And that's coming from the time dependence here, which I've ignored up until this point That time dependence says that your signal should modulate annually So you kind of want to sit there and look at this scattering happen for long periods of time because if it is dark matter then You should expect there to be this annual modulation to your signal and you could use that as a way of trying to distinguish Your signal from any potential backgrounds that could be faking it So it's an important component that comes into play. Let me tell you what the current status is for These experiments So I'm going to sketch the limits up on the board For the actual detailed version. I'm going to point you to the notes That are online. So the limits are usually shown On a plane of where the horizontal axis is the dark matter mass in GEV and the vertical axis is the cross section the interaction cross section, but in particular, it's the cross section for dark matter interacting With with a part on pull this up so I can actually Try to be yeah with the nucleon The better way of writing it. Okay, and in units of centimeter squared. So here's what we've got so most of the limits Look something like the tightest one so the tightest bound right now is coming from an experiment called lux which has a xenon target Their sweet spot. So where they have maximum sensitivity is around 50 GV and Then they lose sensitivity Around 10 GV which is consistent with the estimates that we were making earlier But that's what their actual limit plot looks like so the fact that they lose sensitivity coming down this way is because the recoil energy of the nucleus gets too small and they can't pick up the jiggle anymore and The reason they lose sensitivity this way just has to do with the fact that The number density of the dark matter gets smaller as you go to higher mass because number density is Actual density divided by the mass of the dark matter So this scaling here This loss of sensitivity scales as one over dark matter mass There is a whole host of experiments and they all kind of fall roughly in this regime There are other experiments now that are starting to put limits down here so one example is a super CDMS which has a germanium target and Their goal is to start probing this region at masses below 10 GV So, you know, they're starting to get some sensitivity there and then There so this is roughly 10 to the minus 42 and this is roughly 10 to the minus 45 There's on top of this a region that kind of goes like this and Below this yellow line you actually start becoming so sensitive that you can pick up coherent scattering of neutrinos off of your target So below this line You have neutrinos scattering and at that point in time You know The neutrinos scattering looks really similar to the dark matter, right? They're both neutral particles and so your experiments are not You know are now going to have to contend with the fact that they're going to have to separate out the neutrinos signal From the dark matter signal so this detector with xenon was about I think 300 kilograms on that order and The next generation of these experiments are going to be going down here So these are a ton scale Xenon detectors And they're going to be pushing really deep into this perimeter regime Just right right in here This is really important Because the region that's really well motivated theoretically Sits here this region here that I've hatched off is the region where we expect Dark matter to interact with the nucleus via exchange of the Higgs So for example diagrams like dark matter dark matter Higgs Quark quark Diagram like this would give me Scattering in this region here and you can actually estimate if you put in sort of typical couplings for dark matter with the Higgs and Higgs with the quarks that this falls roughly in this region around 10 to the minus 45 centimeters squared You know there's some there's wiggle room in there But you know this is kind of the sweet spot for it and this is precisely where the experiments are starting to push into right now So by the time that they get to the next generation versions that are going to be ton scale They will have covered the vast majority of this parameter space And so it'll be you know It's a particularly exciting period for these experiments because they're going to be looking for processes like this We know that the Higgs exists now and it you know if the dark matter interacts weekly This is pretty much the only thing that has left to interact weekly through so this is something to kind of keep an eye out for the next few years because It's you know, there's It's essentially going to be the direct test of this wimp wimp dark matter And these experiments have the sensitivity to really be able to to say something significant about that Are there questions on these direct detection and experiments before I say something about indirect. Yeah Yeah, so I mean I'm making some assumption about So there's some coupling here between the Higgs and the dark matter I am making some assumption there So that's what's giving me this kind of wiggle room I mean there's there's several orders of magnitude that this covers and that that's that wiggle room is coming from the fact that We don't know what this coupling is But after a certain point like I can't you know, I could make this as small as After a certain point this becomes so small that it's not dominantly going through that interaction anymore And so if we you know, you could still have wimp dark matter. That's That can be giving you cross sections below the scale but in order to get that you have to get cancellations So this diagram cancelling off with some other diagram your theory or some loop induced process becoming important And so it could still happen. It's just you're starting to get into very narrow slices of the allowed parameter space Oh here. Well, I can't make this arbitrarily large Yeah, this if this coupling is here it can get mass from the weak scale breaking But I can't I'm not allowed to make this coupling arbitrarily large Like I can't make this coupling infinity I mean, yeah, so burying it within the sort of allowed regions in which I can bury it puts me around here But I if I if I drive it higher than it the theory is not self-consistent anymore. So it's not yeah So in the last few minutes, let me just briefly introduce this other class of experiments So these experiments are called indirect detection mainly it's indirect because you're not You're you're aiming to observe the The after effect of a dark matter interaction For example, I can have the simplest manifestation as dark matter dark matter goes to a pair of photons If I have something like this and you know, I then let's say it's occurring. You're the center of the Milky Way I can put a satellite up in the sky that's looking for these really high-energy gamma rays that come out of this kind of interaction and What that satellite will be looking for is the counts of photons Versus their energy The background is something like this and If there was a signal there for the case where the dark matter goes directly into two photons My signal would look like a Spike so It looks something like this where the energy of the photons is Matches on to the mass of the dark matter So I would be looking for a line in the spectrum for Annihilations of this form if I had the dark matter going to let's say W's or zebozons or quarks Then what happens down the road is that these guys are going to hydronize so they're going to end up forming Mainly all like Quarks you'll get quarks in the decays of the W's or the Z's and then this will ultimately just end up forming a bunch of pions and Maisons and then the pions Give me photons So I end up getting photons from this, but it's just it sort of happens further down the road and so when I plot The the counts as a function of the photon energy in this case It looks like a broad continuum so the signal would be looking something more like this and So the essentially the energies get smeared out because they're coming from decays much further down in this chain Then in this case where they're coming directly from the annihilation and so I get a delta function spike So what are the best places to be looking for? These kinds of annihilations to maximize our chances of seeing them We want to look in locations of the sky that are going to have a lot of dark matter so that are going to be really dense and The best places are going to be the center of the Milky Way the dwarf galaxies which are Galaxies that orbit the Milky Way They're much smaller than the Milky Way and they contain very few stars. So they're dark matter dominated systems They're very clean as a result and the third Option is from annihilation coming from dark matter in extra galactic galaxies For example, we could look at the small and large Magellanic clouds We could also just sum up the contributions from all of the galaxies that we can see in the sky Limits have been put on dark matter annihilation from all of these I will show you these The situation in the center of the galaxy is confusing because there's a potential signal there And there's a lot of debate as to whether or not it's coming from astrophysics or from dark matter Happy to chat more about that during the discussion session if there's interest But for now, let me tell you about the limits coming from the dwarfs Limits are usually drawn in a plane. That's some Annihilation cross-section It's a function of dark matter mass and the relevant quantity Just to kind of guide your eye is the cross-section 10 to the minus 26 centimeters cube per second, which is the cross-section. That's relevant for thermal dark matter the current limit assuming Dark matter goes to a pair of bequarks Looks like this Where are the expected value? so so this bound here is meant to indicate the expectation for where the limit should be and This line here is what's Observed so these are limits that are coming from dwarf galaxies and The really crucial point here is the fact that the limits Even you just sort of see explicitly here by I are Starting to push down below thermal cross-sections Roughly in a mass regime that's consistent with weekly interacting massive particles. So around here So as these limits continue to tighten here We're really start, you know, we're really probing the case of 100 gv Thermal dark matter depend a lot on The quality and number of dwarf galaxies that we've actually observed When this was first published this result, I should mention these are all coming from a Fermi large area telescope When these results were published, we knew of about 25 dwarf galaxies last year saw an amazing increase in in The number of dwarf galaxies that we now know of so the dark energy survey Published several data releases and the number of dwarf galaxies we now know of is up to about 50 So we've gone from 25 up to 50 So the more of these dwarf galaxies there are the more targets We have to look at so we can point the satellite in the regions of the sky where we know the dwarf galaxies there and Just look for any excess annihilation. So it gives us more targets to look for For dark matter annihilation. So this jump in the number of dwarfs is going to be Really important for for dark matter searches and it's anticipated that you know in the coming years This number might go up to you know, several hundred potentially I mean that's based on extrapolations of how many dwarf galaxies there might actually be but as these as these Numbers increase it's going to have a direct impact on On the dark matter searches because it'll give us more places that we can look in the sky for these annihilation mechanisms, okay, so Let's see So that's kind of a very broad overview of these two classes of searches If I write down more complicated dark matter models, I can get much more interesting signatures So there's some classes of models where I can have for example the dark matter interact with itself And so for example, I can have cases where I have two dark matter particles coming in and then they exchange Massive bosons So just lots of massive bosons So essentially they feel some long-range interaction and that this happens before they actually annihilate into standard model final states and The presence of this long-range interaction can cause things like bound states of dark matter to form Which can change the spectrum of photons that we expect to see and there's some signals that We can't see if it wasn't for the fact that they were enhanced in this way So if I complicate the model a little bit, I can end up getting some really fascinating signatures that come out as a result That that really you know in cases like this I need to rethink what these limits what these limits mean for these kinds of dark matter models Okay, so I'm happy to discuss this in more detail in the discussion session Like I said, this is really only the tip of the iceberg for the types of searches that are being done for dark matter Both of these cases direct and indirect are really targeting WIMP scale dark matter But like we've discussed, you know, there's really a very wide range of possibilities And so part of the challenge and also the excitement moving forward is to think about how We'd actually want to design experiments to probe many of these other kinds of dark matter models And you know to see what we end up getting out of it because it's likely that whatever is out there is just going to End up surprising us and we're going to want to be ready For whatever that may end up being So I'm happy to take any more questions now. Otherwise we can continue discussing again after after the break. Thank you


What is going on guys welcome back to the channel critical overload here since I'm a Harry Potter in this video here today I'm going to be talking about this old report that already did a Video on but it's more of a collaboration video in the past I just want to do a full-length video talking about this topic of Of Harry Potter being rebooted in the next three to five years. This game was coming from WDW pro I was an exclusive leak They put out a tweet like a day before Christmas Eve about this saying that Warner Bros. Discoveries are reportedly looking to reboot the Harry Potter film franchise including recasting in the next three to five years We will release some details of how I became aware of this information presented by a source on the on the valent reneg Renegade get channeled tomorrow morning So I'll leave a link to that video if you want to watch that But I just wanted to share my thoughts on this just more in the full-length way So when it comes to Harry Potter the Harry Potter franchise We know has been working on these spinoff movies the Fantastic Bees movies since 2016 All the way up until now it's had some things that have been basically causing it to put be put to bed What the Ezra Miller drama the JK Rowling drama and then also the fact that the movies just have not been hitting what I guess Warner Brothers was hoping they would be doing at the box office compared to of course what the Harry Potter Franchise the main stories were doing previously before they concluded in 2011 with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 2 So they're now in the mindset of okay. We got to shake things up. We need to do something different We have something to look forward to in less than a month I think with the Hogwarts legacy game Which I would imagine is definitely going to be something that they look at and monitor and see what fans say while playing this game And use that to progress forward into saying okay, this is the next movie We should be doing or the next route We should take a movie because when it comes to the movies themselves That are not the Fantastic Bees movies, but the main Harry Potter movies a part of the Harry Potter franchise Those movies are not that old So if they were to actually go back from the back to the beginning restarting retail Harry story retail Snape story Retail all of the stories over again in film format. I would be against that now What I wouldn't necessarily be against I know many other people would definitely be open to not that you would want to or Refer to see this because again those movies are so fresh But if you were to retell this story again, do not do it in a movie format It would be wonderful to somehow see them do it in television format because many people myself included can easily Recognize that when you watch the movies and if you're someone who grew up reading those novels, you know That those movies are leaving a lot of those novels Not really work not really recognized in the movies because of the fact that they had to Shorten it can make it work for a two hour and thirty something minute movie format When we know that the books are so much more richer with so many other different plot threads better character development So if you were to format it into a TV show with multiple seasons that build up to The finale Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows think of all the years of character development you have the years of just these more rewarding arc finishes and The way you could say that this actually does the book does the books more justice than the film franchise And that's not to knock the film franchise because again It is a well-made film franchise. It is as strong performances great direction great cinematography very emotionally Impactful in a lot of ways when you watch these movies because of all the talent that came together to bring this wizarding world to life But they are again limiting what they can do because of the fact that these are movies They're not it's not a TV show. So if they were to redo Harry Potter from scratch I would love to see it done in the form of a TV show I don't know who would what network it would be on necessarily actually that's that's stupid of me It would definitely be on something like HBO Max or HBO, but uh, I Could see it lasting for maybe 10 seasons 10 seasons. Maybe you do 12 not not even 12 I honestly think that Harry Potter and the rich stories that are in these novels would justify a show a Show like that going back to the traditional format We haven't seen recently with a lot of shows where you have 22 episode seasons Think of something like that going on where you have 22 episode seasons of Harry Potter stories being told in television format I could see that working out and definitely being something that over time people do come would come to love at least a new generation Maybe not people like me who grew up with the movies but in my perfect world what I would love to also see them do is tackle a story centered on Ramesses child who we know is Harry Potter's godson I believe so you could do something there Telling a story in between the events of what happened 19 years later and also his time at Hogwarts Factor Harry in along the way and give us some insight as to what's going on with Harry and his career as an as an as an Or we could do that or you could do a prequel series focusing on the Marauders and developing those characters Ramis serious Peter Pettigrew, etc. Do a series centered on Voldemort and build that build that show up into the first Wizarding Wars seeing stuff like that play out I also yes wouldn't even be against it They were to revive this universe and reboot it because reboot doesn't necessarily have to ultimately just mean Remaking the story that's already out there. I would love to see them tackle again a whole 22 episode Formatted series maybe five seasons that build up the story of Voldemort up until the conclusion of the very first Wizarding War And a it's a whole show that is a prequel to the events of the first set of Harry Potter movies And then after that you could do something Afterward set in the same Wizarding World, but it's after Harry Potter's time It's after his kids time It could be something related to a whole completely new character even that's not connected to Harry Potter But at this point with something happening in three to five years is that's the window If Harry Potter is involved in it and you try to do a cursed child adaptation There is so much I think that you would have to Rework in your own way JK Rowling has already received some criticisms for the simple fact that we know that she works best when it comes to Writing novels not screenplays, which is why the fantastic these movies got some criticisms when it came to the writing department So if you wanted to do a Harry Potter centered narrative once more that set after Deathly Hallows and It's a cursed child adaptation. I can only imagine what you would want to cook up I would eliminate the stuff related to connecting a villain to Voldemort Don't really rely too heavily on Voldemort let this new villain stand on its own. I also think that you would probably not not focus it on Harry's kids, but maybe some other individual or even still you could do this completely shake it up Harry Potter in the cursed child could just be a movie centered on Harry Potter Tackling a case as an aura that's related to a child that just has one of the darkest Narratives you could tell for Harry as it pertains to his life again as a as a wizarding cop And this is just a very dark tale that you could that you could use as a sequel to Deathly Hallows We could catch up with Harry it could be a simple one and done But in my in what they have planned they want to do like a complete revival of the universe obviously So if you wanted to bring it back via TV show I would prefer you do it with a prequel series that bridges through the first wizarding war and acts as a prequel To the movies we already have if you do a movie I would prefer you rework the cursed child into something completely different from a more talented screenplay writer than JK Riling you guys can let me know what you would love to see from Harry Potter and a reboot down in the comment section below if It's actually gonna happen in three to five years if you haven't already of course make sure you go ahead and subscribe turn up Posted the case check numbers of video in the description. I'll have links on social media accounts I am on Facebook Twitter and Instagram you can message me there Of course limiters any movies news reviews you like me to cover in the future and with all that in mind guys I will see you in the next video You