Welcome back to another one. If you're new to the channel, I'm Gold Penny. I do new car truck SUV reviews on YouTube and today we are in the new 2022 Hyundai Kona courtesy of Jack D'Ambalvo Hyundai in York PA. For more information on their inventory, please feel free to check out the link in the description box below. And so I am super excited to be in this one today. There are some major changes for the 2021 Kona. So there is a new trim level, interior and exterior have been completely redone. So a lot of changes for this one. And of course, to go along with that, you get America's best warranty being five years, 60,000 miles, 10 year 100,000 miles on the powertrain.  That is pretty darn cool. Not only that, the Kona has been ranked with well above average reliability. According to Consumer Reports, which is the very highest reliability rating given by Consumer Reports. That is super awesome as well. And so in this video, I will be testing out and going over everything about this 2022 Kona from acceleration, braking, ride quality, steering feel, exhaust clip, sound system, all of that fun stuff. So what do you guys say? Let's just go ahead and jump right into it. And as always, let's start with pricing. So as you can imagine, there are several different trim levels for the 2022 Kona, although they are substantially different from last year. But SE trim level is going to start at $22,135, SEL, which is the one we have today, starting at $23,935, N-line, new trim level for the 2022 model year, starting at $26,685, and the limited starting at $29,435. No ultimate trim level this year, so wouldn't have mentioned that to you guys. But so anyways, that was all pricing for the front wheel drive configuration. If you wanted to add all wheel drive to any of those prices, simply add $1,400 net. Then when it comes to the power plant on the new Kona, there are two different engine configurations available for this one. First one is going to belong to the SE and SE-L trim level that we have today. This one is powered by a two-liter direct-injected inline four-cylinder engine, putting out 147 horsepower at 6,200 rpm, 132 pound-feet of torque coming in at 4,500 rpm, power sent to front wheels or all wheels through a six-speed automatic, giving you a 0-60 time coming in at approximately 9.2 seconds for this one. MPG numbers coming in at 27th city, 33th on the highway for the front wheel drive, 26th in the city, 30th on the highway then for the all-wheel drive, taking regular unleaded fuel. But then there, of course, is that other engine configuration. That one is going to belong to the N-line trim level and the limited. That one is a 1.6-liter turbo charged inline four-cylinder, putting out 195 horsepower at 6,000 rpm, 195 pound-feet of torque at 1,500 rpm, power sent to front wheels or all wheels through a seven-speed dual clutch with paddle shifter, 0-60 time on that one, 6.6 seconds. That's pretty darn quick for an SUV, and MPG numbers coming in at 28th in the city, 32th highway for the front wheel drive, 27th city, 32th once again on the highway for the all-wheel drive. Somebody as well just go with the all-wheel drive configuration for that one, but still, taking regular unleaded fuel. Well done, Hyundai, for that. But before we do any kind of acceleration test in this one, I did want to mention there is actually a drive mode knob located just to the left of the shifter. If you turn that to the left or to the right, you will get normal sport and smart driving modes, adjusting things like the shift points, the throttle response, and actually the steering sensitivity as well. It is a noticeably heavier steering feel when I just put it in the sport driving mode. It's actually also going to adjust the colors a little bit on the smaller digital portion of these gauges as well, so that's pretty cool. But anyways, I'm actually leaving it in sport driving mode here because what we're now going to do is find it straight away. We're going to do a quick little acceleration test, and let's see how quickly we can get our new 2022 Kona here up to speed. All right, in three, two, one, go. Well, it's loud. All right, definitely not the quickest thing in the world, but then again, that's what you got the N-line the limited trim for because you got that turbocharged 1.6 later. But this one, not the quickest thing in the world, but I guess the trade-off is, I can imagine this engine configuration that we have today on our SEL is going to be quite a bit more reliable. Not that it really matters because you still have an America's best warranty, but still, again, not the quickest thing in the world, but that's okay. But anyways, to go along with this acceleration, as always, braking is equally important. Up front, you will find 11-inch ventilated front discs in the back, 10.3-inch solid rear discs. As far as that 60-zero stopping distance goes, it's going to come in at approximately 132 feet, which quite honestly isn't the best. As far as the braking feel goes, that actually isn't bad. I don't mind the braking feel on this one. A lot of Hyundai's, or I shouldn't say a lot, but some other Hyundai's have got kind of a softer braking feel. This one isn't bad. The braking feel itself is a bad, but 132 feet from 60 isn't the best. I will say that. But then touching on suspension and handling up front, you're going to get a McPherson strut front suspension in the back.  If you go with the all-wheel drive, you're actually going to get an independent multi-link rear suspension, which of course is going to be the better suspension option, not only for a smoother ride, but a little better handling as well. Torsen beam for the front-wheel drive, independent multi-link for the all-wheel drive. So definitely go with that all-wheel drive, if not for the all-wheel drive system, at least for the suspension configuration. That's just my personal opinion though. But also of course, you do get gas pressure eyes, shock absorbers to go along with that. As far as the ride quality goes, it's actually not bad. I mean, it's pretty much as expected. This is a smaller SUV, so it's not going to be quite as smooth. Let's say a Santa Fe or a Palisade, but it's not bad. I will say the ride quality is definitely not bad here in Arcona. So where steering feel goes, that is, it's not the best. I like heavier steering feels. It better helps point you in the direction that you want to go. Even in this sport driving mode, although it is noticeably heavier than the normal driving mode, it still could be a little bit better. I will say that. And if you take it out of that sport driving mode, it's really loosey-goosey when it comes to the steering feel. So perhaps Sunday could have proved upon that a little bit. At least when it comes to this Kona here, I wouldn't have minded a little heavier weight to the steering. Gives you a little better feeling of being in control. Maybe that's my personal preference, but having said that, I've driven a lot of other SUVs at this point, over 500 vehicles, and I will say most other SUVs do have quite a noticeably heavier steering feel when it comes to that. So I just wanted to point that out. As far as cabin noise goes, it's not bad. Did you get a little bit of wind noise at higher speeds? But it's not bad. It's certainly manageable in this thing. As far as visibility goes, that is excellent. I could see perfectly fine out the back. Really one of the better ones in its class when it comes to visibility. Not only that, there's actually a head-up display available for the 2022 Kona. So it is going to be an optional thing. That's going to display your speed, speed limit, and some safety features up onto your windshield, better helping you keep your eyes on the road once again. So that is definitely a huge plus as well. But that about rounds out the performance segment of this review, guys. Let's go ahead and take a look at the exterior. I actually have a shot as well of the 2021 Kona sitting next to the 2022, which I'll show you guys in a second here. So let's go ahead and find a spot here in the woods. And let's take a look at the exterior of our brand new 2022 Hyundai Kona. All right. So here she is, you guys, the new 2022 Hyundai Kona. And like I said, a major facelift for the 2022 model year. I'll go ahead and put that picture that I took earlier of those two side-by-side up on the screen right now. So feel free to pause it for a second if you want to really compare the two side-by-side. But let's go ahead and start up front on this one because this is where a lot of the major changes happen for this model year. For example, you do have a new style front grille. The Hyundai logo is now no longer within that front grille. It is moved up top closer to the hood. So that is one of the main key differences, I guess, as far as exterior styling goes. I actually love the new look of this up front. Well done, Hyundai once again. Hyundai really seems to be killing it lately with their design. So I absolutely love that. Front air curtains, you guys can see those down to the sides here. They're going to help direct air around the wheel and tire combination for a little better air dynamics. Also wanted to mention, you do have a lot of more body color to accents both on the front and the sides. If you were to go at that end line trim level, we don't have it today on our SEL, but I do want to mention that because it really does completely change the look. I'll put a picture up on the screen right now of the end lines. You guys can see that. But definitely quite a substantial different look than what you guys are currently looking at right now. So I wanted to mention that. But to the sides though, projector style headlights do come standard on this one. As far as the location, because you would think headlights are going to be up top, the headlights are actually down below here. The LED daytime running lights is what's going to be on top of the cone. It's just like the previous model year. So I did want to mention that though because a lot of people get confused about where the headlights actually are. So of course, automatic feature also coming standard on this one, meaning whenever it starts to get dark at night, those headlights are going to turn on automatically for you there. And another thing you guys may have already noticed, there's no fog lights on the 2022 Kona, whereas they used to be a thing back on the 2021 Kona. So little different design there then as well. But for anybody wondering about if this thing comes with LED headlights, it does on the end line and limited trim level. So those are the two you're going to have to go with in order to get those brighter LED headlights. And actually, if you were to go with those LED headlights, it is a completely different style design to it as well. So I wanted to mention that. But anyways, let's now go ahead and make our way to the side of the Kona here. Alright, you guys and forgive all the leaves here. I've climbed into the woods to get this side profile right now. But roof rails do come standard on the SEL trim level and up. Therefore, we do have them today. Rear privacy glass also coming standard with the SEL trim level and up.  And they kind of tie in together with that floating roof line towards the back of the Kona here. As far as the side mirrors go, they are body colored power adjustable side mirrors coming standard. You will get heated side mirrors. If you were to go with the SEL trim level and up and same thing for the integrated turn signals, you do have to go with the SEL trim level and up in order to get them. But like I said earlier, if you go with the end line, all of these matte black accents like on the side skirts and the fender wells as well, they are going to be body colored with the end line. Personally, I do think it's a much better look. Although these matte black accents do tie in very well with black windows surrounding the floating roof line on this one. I think I personally would prefer the body colored accents on the end line, but that's just my personal preference. As far as the wheel configurations go, 16 inch alloy wheels for the SE, 17 inch alloys for the SEL. That is currently what you guys are looking at. And then 18 inch alloys for the end line and the limited trim levels in case anybody was curious. But now let's go ahead and make our way to the back of the Kona here. It's been now since we are around back, there is a body colored shark fin antenna all the way to the top. Just below that rear spoiler with an integrated brake light. Just below that rear window wiper. If you wanted LED tail lights, simply go with the end line or limited trim levels. And of course, there will be a rear diffuser if you were to go with that end line trim level. Otherwise, you were going to get the silver accented rear bumper like you were currently looking at here on our SEL. And just below it all, the exhaust finish is actually going to differ amongst the trim levels as well. You do have a single exhaust outlet tucked away here for the SE, SEL unlimited. However, if you were to go with that end line, you will find a single exhaust outlet with dual chrome tips. So that is a pretty cool look to it. But anyways, either way, I think you guys know what we have to do next as always here is that exhaust clip. All right, so now since we are around back of the Kona, when it comes to opening that rear liftgate, it is a manual liftgate. There is simply a button on the rear liftgate itself. That is how you're going to go ahead and open this one up. But once opened up, cargo capacity comes in at 19.2 cubic feet behind that second row. If that was not enough space, there is a 6040 split, meaning the rear seats do fold down, bumping that up to 45.8 cubic feet. And once in that cargo area, you of course will find some cargo lighting. There is also a cargo cover that comes standard on the Kona as well. There are also some grocery bag hooks. And if you lift up underneath of the cargo floor, you will find a spare tire as opposed to the fix of flat, which I personally prefer the spare tire. So that is definitely a good thing. And there's a little bit of room for some in-floor storage right around that spare tire as well. And there's also a little cubby area within the cargo area then as well. And that pretty much rounds out the cargo space. But let's now go ahead and make our way to the rear legroom. That is going to come in at 34.6 inches. So for reference, I mean, even six feet tall, this is how much space I had back there. There's rear seats, by the way, do recline, which is pretty cool. However, if you were comparing this to the Honda HR-V, I do like the HR-V's magic seats. I would have loved to have seen some magic seats here in the back of our Kona, where you can basically fold up the bottoms of those rear seats up to the top so you could fit bigger animals, perhaps like a great thing in the back. But anyways, for those rear passengers, you will actually also have a rear center armrest with cup holders. So that is also a good thing as well. However, no rear ventilation for the rear passengers, but this is a smaller SUV. So quite honestly, you probably don't need it back there. But anyways, let's now go ahead and make our way to the front seats, cloth seating coming with the SESEL and N-line trim levels, leather seating coming with the limited then, eight-way power driver seat for the N-line and limited with power lumbar, by the way, as well. Then you will also get heated front seats if you were to go with the N-line or the limited trim levels.  There's absolutely no issues with seat comfort here in the Kona. I could easily see myself going on a long road trip in this thing. So everything is perfectly fine there. But then let's take a look at the steering wheel. It is tilt and telescoping. If you were to go with the N-line or the limited, it will be leather wrapped then as well. Otherwise, if you go with the SE or SEL, you will get a urethane wrapped steering wheel like you are currently looking at right now. To make our way to the startup, let me first start by showing you guys the key here. You do have your Hyundai logo on the one side. And when you flip it over, lock, unlock. And that circular button that says hold, that is actually going to be your remote start, which is pretty cool. That actually comes on the SEL trim level and up. So it is pretty cool that we have it here today. I basically start this one up when it's super cold out and it warms the vehicle up before you actually get inside. So that's always a big plus. However, push button start also comes with that SEL trim level and up. So all I'm going to do here is simply put my front of the brake and press that engine start button located just by the driver's right knee there. And so once started up tachometer is all the way to your left speedometer is to your right. And there is a small digital display front and center, which can be controlled by using the steering wheel mounted controls on the right side there, giving you things like your drive modes. Of course, there is a digital speedometer. If you wanted to display that your outside temperature, how many miles you have left until you hit empty. There are some safety features when you need your next oil change in the list goes on to basically everything you could possibly want up on that digital portion of the gauges there. But now let's make our way to overall interior quality. Let me start with power moonroof or power sunroof. I should say is going to come on the limited trim level only.  You will get automatic climate control for the limited. The alternative, of course, is what you guys are looking at right now, which is a very easy to use climate control system is just not automatic. That's also not a big deal for me personally, but auto dimming rear view mirror with homeland controls coming with the limited trim level. Then overall it's finished pretty much as you would expect it to. There's a decent amount of hard plastics, although the color scheme is pretty cool. I like the light color with the dark color. It definitely looks good in this thing. Just in front of the shifter, you have a 12 volt power outlet and two usb charging ports along with a little bit of storage up there as well. Just to the right and the left of the shifter, you have your drive mode button, like I was saying earlier, that little lock button that's actually where you can lock it in to the all wheel drive setting. And that is super useful, especially here in Pennsylvania when it starts snowing out. That's what I personally use on my own Hyundai Santa Fe. I pushed that and I have absolutely no worries. I remember driving through like a foot of snow last year, like literally a foot of snow in my Santa Fe with that lock button on it just coasted right through it like it was nothing. It's an amazing all wheel drive system here. I'll say that just behind this though. You have dual cup holders and then there is a little bit of storage within that center arm rest as well. So overall interior quality is, it's not the best, but it'll get the job done in the Kona. So let's now go ahead and take a look at the tech because a lot has changed for the tech on the new Kona here. Eight inch color touchscreen display now comes standard previously for the 2021 model year. It was a seven inch color touchscreen display. So it's up an inch from last year, I guess you could say. So that's pretty cool. Also, there is an optional 10.3 inch color touchscreen display is available. We don't obviously have it today, but it is there for you if you wanted it either way, Bluetooth and audio streaming do come standard. Now my favorite part, wireless Android Auto Apple CarPlay also coming standard on this one. That is pretty darn cool. Factory navigation system is going to come with the limited although you don't need it as long as you have a smartphone because of the wireless Android Auto Apple CarPlay. After all, climate control settings you could check out up there as well along with your radio information. And by the way, when it comes to the sound systems on this one, six speakers is going to be your standard setup that is going to come with the S E S E L and N line trim levels. However, if you were to go with the limited, you will get an eight speaker infinity sound system. But we do have that six speaker sound system here today. So what do you guys say? Let's go ahead and turn on the radio. See we got playing this morning and let's test out the clarity of this one. Actually, not that bad of a sound system for six speakers. I've tested tons of six speaker sound systems at this point in that one actually was not all that bad. So for six speakers the least it's not that bad. Of course, there's a ton of sound systems better than that, but not that bad for what it is. But anyways, last thing I wanted to mention to you guys on the infotainment screen at least is when you do put this Kona in reverse. Let's go ahead and do that. There is a rear view camera that takes up the entire screen, which is pretty cool, letting you know who or what is behind you, which is always is going to lead us into safety. Let's do this. Start IIHS top safety pick. That is always the very first thing I like to mention, because that pretty much says it all about safety right there. Quite honestly, front, side, sidecar and airbags do come standard in the back.  Lane keep assist, forward collision, avoidance assist, driver attention warning system and automatic emergency braking actually as well. I don't believe that one came standard on the 2021 Kona. So that is pretty cool right there. SEL trim level is going to add to that a blind spot monitoring system with rear cross traffic alert. That's the little car icons in the side mirrors that will flash at you when there is somebody in your blind spot basically, so you know, go turning into them and lane change assist actually for the SEL trim level and up as well. But overall, when it comes to my final thoughts here of the Kona, this is one of the most reliable vehicles out there on the road right now. I remember a comparison, I don't remember who did it, but basically it gave the top 10 vehicles for reliability. Essentially, it was made up of Toyota and Lexus and then smack dab towards the top actually was the Kona. So this literally is one of the most reliable vehicles out there right now. And of course, it also comes with America's best warranty, not that you necessarily need it when you got a super reliable vehicle like this one, but also three years free maintenance. And I do absolutely love the facelift on the new Kona. Really just the front end. I think the front end looks absolutely amazing now. Not that it looked bad before, it actually looked good before too, but now it looks even better in my personal opinion. Also like the end line styling, I will say that we don't have that today, but I like all the body colored accents. That's personally what I would probably go with. I love the upgraded tech, love that the screen is down bigger. That's always a good thing in my book. As far as room for improvement goes, of course, the engine configuration that we have today, it is quite slow. So again, that is what you have the more powerful engine on the end line and limited trims for a magic seats in the back seat would be pretty darn cold as well. I don't know, I just like the Honda HRV for that particular reason alone, if anything. But again, this is a super solid pick when you factor in everything I just gave you, but let me know what you guys think of the new Kona of the redesign in the comments section below. That is about it for this one. You guys, thank you so much for watching. Feel free to follow me on social media if you wanted to see what's coming next on the channel before it actually gets to YouTube. Be sure to hit the subscribe and the bell notification button. If you're into new car reviews, that is what we do here on this channel. After all, do appreciate you guys watching more than you know, and I will see you guys all in the next video. Stay going.


In this video I'd like to talk about what it means to identify your professional value and why that's important as an employee So I want to first start by talking about Gilligan's Island I don't know if any of you are my age or you may not have even watched Gilligan's Island But I loved Gilligan's Island as a kid growing up And and I loved just the collection of people that were there and in different times They all seem to come together But my favorite probably was the professor he was the one to me who made the most sense to be there He was the one that they couldn't do it out and I often wondered why is he hanging around with this group of people? I mean, I know he stuck there with him, but he's the guy who comes up with all the ideas He's the guy who puts it all together and the other people just kind of seem to mess it up You know, he seems to be the all-star of this team even though the others are more popular probably the professor wasn't the most popular but to me he made the most sense and My question is what can we do to be the professor of our team at work? Not that you're working with a group of misfits or who are just thrown together or whatever But what can we do to pull our weight there? The professor always pulled his weight You know, everybody had their own little skills that they put into Gilligan's Island But the professor was the one who consistently pulled his weight amongst that group So what can you do to become the professor of your group at work? You see most people spend a lot of their career building up to Getting in line with the company and just you know contributing online with the company and that's great There's nothing wrong with that. There's nothing wrong with with finally being on pace to to be where the company is at But what the company really needs from you what your organization really needs from you is to help them excel To help pull them up and that requires you to be above them You to add value to this organization in such a way that pulls the curve upward even more, right? If you're just in line with that company curve, then you're not really pushing them forward in the way that they need So what that company needs is for you to take off like a like a rocket ship and really pull them along So a few questions that we can start with first of all, what is the mission of this organization? What's the mission of this organization? We need to understand before we can understand anything else Where we're at? What's the mission of this organization? Remember in a previous video we talked about how mission is where that company is at right now What is it that they're trying to accomplish in present day? Okay, so what's the mission? What is our goal here as an organization? What are we going for right now? And what can I do to kind of help with that? But but then also we need to understand what's the vision of this organization not just where are we right now? But where is this organization trying to go? What's the vision of this organization? And then finally, you know, what's my role here? What do I do? What's my job description? What is my role? What is my position, you know, which which part of this, you know Cruel castaways am I am I gilligan am I the skipper am I Marian am I the professor? What's my role? What's my particular job here? And then the real final question is how does that? Intersect how does my role help take us from the mission of the organization where we're at now to the vision of that organization? It's it's fine and dandy again to be on pace to help with a mission and help them achieve what they're doing now But if you really want to excel and really want to benefit that organization to the highest possible value Then you need to figure out how can I help us move from where we're at now to where this organization wants to be and needs to be in the future? And how can I do both really? What's my role in helping us maintain our status right now and helping us fulfill our mission as it presently stands? And also how can I cross over into helping us achieve that vision that the organization is shooting for? So what's the intersection there? What is my role in all of that? And how does it fit in with everybody else's role and all of that right? So so we need to understand what's the mission of the organization right now? What's the vision of that organization in terms of where they want to go and where do I fit in there? So what can we do then with that in mind with your role in mind? What can you do to add value at work to really significantly add value to work? Well First you can be a team player You know you can if you're going to be on the team So to speak you're going to be part of that organization Then you can make sure that you're in line with their current mission mission and their current vision And and if you're not able to do that then you probably need to find someplace else to be You know another organization where you can that you can work and that's not to be harsh But if you're if you're not doing that if you're not able to work as a team player there And to help contribute to their to their mission and their vision Then you're really acting as an anchor and holding them back Okay, so you need to find a way that you can Be a team player that you can get on board that we a way that you can contribute significantly And be a part of that group as they make their efforts toward becoming who they're going to become You can be collaborative you can be willing to work With other people you can pitch in you can understand that you may not have all the answers You're a piece of that puzzle But there are other pieces of that puzzle as well And so we need to work together we need to to work effectively as a team And so you can be collaborative you can be part of that solution in that way You can be a contributor you can put your best work in you can really add to the value of that team by By just you know doing your Piece as best as you possibly can you can contribute in other ways as well That's great, but what they really need from you is to fulfill your responsibilities first That that's first and foremost so you can be a contributor in that way And then you can start to pitch in in other ways and and allow the organization to use you in other ways as they are able to You can be flexible you can understand that there may be some movement There may be some changes that take place You may need to move from one role to another and maybe contribute in other ways that that aren't really foreseen When you're first hired, but but that's part of again being on a team You know when you're on a team and you're used to playing shortstop But all of a sudden you know if they have another shortstop somebody else that can play shortstop But their center fielder gets hurt and they ask you to move You know you do that you make that adjustment Even if you you're a better shortstop than the other person It's still going to be better to have somebody who can play shortstop and somebody who can play center field rather than you say No, I'm a shortstop and that's it and then there's a huge gap in center field because nobody can really cover that the way you can We need to be flexible. We need to do you know, again, what's best for the team and and what's best overall We need to be positive You know, there are lots of things that are going to go wrong. You're going to have failures You're going to have changes in these organizations You can have things policies that you may not like overall But in the end we're there to pull in the same direction We need to be positive about these things that doesn't mean you can't express and say look I don't think this is a great idea. I think there's a better way to do this But in the end when that decision has been made that the organization is going to handle it this way You need to get on board and be positive about the way that's going to be handled Be positive in in making that be a positive change and and just have the right attitude as you move forward That will really add a lot of value if you can have that kind of attitude And then be forward thinking before thinking what needs to be done next That doesn't mean get 10 steps ahead of everybody else But but if you see something that needs done and you see that you can contribute And you see that it's not going to create an issue for others in the organization Then go ahead and do it. I mean if you know what the next step is You don't and you don't necessarily need to be told Then go ahead and take that next step Again without getting extending too far out in front of everybody else and without overreaching But but just before we're thinking be thinking about how can I help make things run a little more smoothly around here? So in the end all of these things are going to add value and that's really what you want You want to be value-added you want to fulfill your role to the best your possibility right fill a hundred percent of your role And then add another five or ten percent. Where can I pitch in on everything else? You don't have to do everything else and you certainly don't want to get in the way of everybody else when they're trying to do their job But how can I pitch in how can I be of assistance to other people? How can I take that one little additional step to make things easier down the road? How can I help us move beyond just what we're doing today into what we want to be doing tomorrow and the next day in the future? You can add value in those ways all within the structure of that team again Not looking to make a name for yourself, but doing it has benefit to to everybody again everybody pulling in the same direction You can add value That's really how we can identify and then add to our professional value by understanding the organization's mission and vision And where we fit into that a few questions about any of that don't hesitate to shoot me an email I'd be happy to respond to any emails and chat with you about it over email But in the meantime really think carefully about what role it is you you play in your current organization Or what you would like to play what role you would like to play in an organization And and how you can best achieve that and add value to the organization along the way


Hi, my name is Maciek Pytel and I'm a software engineer at Google, as well as a long-term contributor to Cluster Autoscaler. In this talk, I'm going to focus on Cluster Autoscaler and specifically its scale-down logic. But before I start, I wanted to mention that for the Q&A session at the end, I will be joined by other engineers from CigAuto Scaling and we will be happy to take questions about both Cluster Autoscaler and other components maintained by CigAuto Scaling, such as HPA or VPA. In the past, we have done multiple deep dives during previous QubeCons, covering Cluster Autoscaler and I think we've done both some general overviews as well as talks focused on scale-up logic. I've linked some of them on my slide. This time I'm going to focus on scale-down and in order to make that possible, I'm going to assume a certain level of knowledge of Cluster Autoscaler and how it works in general. Just as a reminder, I'm going to do a quick high-level recap of Cluster Autoscaler. So first of all, Cluster Autoscaler's primary job is to provide nodes for all the pods running in the cluster so that they can schedule. It uses the scheduling requirements of the pods as a signal, so it looks at things like pods declared resource requests, CPU requests, memory requests, and so on, as well as things like node affinity, node selectors, pod affinity, and any other scheduling constraints. What it does not look on are actual metrics like real CPU usage of node or real memory usage. I also wanted to quickly cover one more Cluster Autoscaler concept, which is a node group. A node group is a resizable set of identical nodes and this is how Cluster Autoscaler interacts with the underlying cloud by modifying the node groups. The node group is mapped to different concepts on each cloud provider. So for example on AWS, it can be something like ASG on GCE. It's a MIG, a managed instance group, and in something like Cluster API, it can be a machine deployment. With that in mind, let's move on to scale down. I think the most important thing about Cluster Autoscaler scale down is that Cluster Autoscaler looks to remove specific nodes. It always operates on the level of node. It does not try to calculate a desired size of a node group. Why is that? Let me give you an example. So let's say we have four nodes that I have on this slide and I already have different pods running on those nodes and the different dimensions of the pods and nodes represent different resource requests. For example, we can imagine that on horizontal axis we have CPU and on the vertical axis we have memory. So the wider port would request more memory and the node would have finite resources. Basically, its height and width would represent how many cores it has and how many gigabytes of memory it has. So initially we have four nodes in this example and the question is whether three nodes would be enough to run all the pods or in other words can we remove one of the nodes? And to answer that question I'm going to try and remove one of the nodes and then try to simulate what the scheduler would do in order to see if all the pods would still be able to schedule in the smaller cluster. Let's say I'm going to start with node A and just basically see what happens if I try to remove that node. And I've done some simulated scheduling and I can see that in fact every single pod that was previously running on the node A could run on some other node in the cluster. So the answer to my original question is yes, three nodes are enough if we remove node A. However, let's try to remove node B now and do the same scheduling exercise. And this time the result is different. The pod E can still schedule on node A. However, pod D would remain pending in this scenario and the reason for that is while there are enough overall resources in the cluster to satisfy its requirements those resources are fragmented between multiple nodes and there is not a single node with enough resources for pod D to schedule. So as we can see the result of scale down or whether we can perform a scale down safely would actually depend on which node we choose to scale down. And for that very reason cluster autoscaler doesn't look at the entire cluster or the entire node group. It looks at each individual node and for each node it tries to answer the question whether this node can be deleted. And in order to do that it looks at three basic criteria. So first of all it checks whether a node can be deleted at all. It looks at something called utilization thresholds and it also checks if all the pods currently running on the node could be scheduled on some other nodes in the cluster. I'm going to drill down into all those criteria in a second but for now let me mention that in order to delete a node cluster autoscaler needs all those criteria to be continuously met for 10 minutes. Okay now let's look at those individual checks done by cluster autoscaler. So first of all cluster autoscaler would go and check whether the node can be deleted at all. There are multiple reasons why even an empty node could not be deleted. One of those reasons could be the mean size constraints that can be defined for each node group. Cluster autoscaler would of course not violate such constraint and so it would not delete a node if if it was blocked by minimum size. We also have an annotation which can be put on a node to opt it out from scale down and I think at the most common reason why a node would not be eligible for scale down is because it runs a pod that cannot be restarted and there are a few categories of such pod. So by default cluster autoscaler will not restart kubesystem pods and the reason for this is this may cause some sort of cluster wide disruption that we want to avoid. So for example restarting metric server can potentially bring down HPAs in the cluster for a while and restarting other system pods may have some other cluster wide consequences. Cluster autoscaler depending on how it's configured may also not delete pods with local storage for the fear of losing some data and cluster autoscaler will also not delete a pod that is not owned by a controller such as deployment and the reason for that is the cluster autoscaler is actually deleting pods and not restarting them. It relies on deployment or similar controller to recreate the pod so if it were to delete a pod that is not managed by a controller there is no guarantee that pod would actually be recreated by anything else. All those checks could be bypassed using the save to evict annotation. That annotation can be placed on a pod and basically gives you a way to explicitly say whether a pod can be restarted or not. So that's the first criteria. The other criteria we have is utilization thresholds. First of all let me start by defining what I mean by utilization in this context. As I said in the beginning cluster autoscaler doesn't look at actual utilization of the node. What it looks at is basically some of all the requests of all the pods running on the node divided by node allocable. So for example if I have two pods that request half a CPU and those pods are both running on a node with two CPUs that node would have a 50% utilization because two times half a CPU gives me full CPU which is 50% of two CPUs available on that node. You can configure a utilization threshold where cluster autoscaler would not delete a node that is below that utilization threshold. So for example if the utilization threshold for a CPU was 50% cluster autoscaler will not delete any node that has above 50% CPU utilization and this is separately checked for CPU memory and GPU and different thresholds can be configured. I'd like to quickly touch on the reason for this logic. The idea here is that in order to improve utilization we have to cause a certain level of disruption by restarting the pods. As the cluster average utilization increases there is a diminishing return on on further scale downs because the utilization is already quite high and at some point it may not be worth the extra deception cost and that that that moment will differ between clusters with different use cases. So for example on one extreme we may have a very static cluster which almost never changes and has the same exact set of pods for a very long time and just restarting them all a few times to get optimum utilization may be very much worth it. At the other end of the spectrum we have a batch cluster which is constantly being resized to run different sorts of batches and where restarting those pods may not be worth it if they are expected to end by themselves very soon anyway. And so with utilization thresholds you can control how aggressive the scale down will be. And the final check is what I also touched on in my example in the beginning and it's a check whether all the pods running in the on the node can run elsewhere in the cluster. And this is done exactly as I did it in my earlier example by pretending to remove a node and asking embedded scheduler code whether it would be able to schedule all the pods previously running on that node on some other nodes in the cluster. So let's look at one more example let's say I want to delete node C and it means all the criteria I discussed before. So in this case we can see that I could in fact delete this node because the only pod running that pod E could be rescheduled on node B. However if node B was deleted either by scale down or maybe by some other logic maybe manually by the user node C could no longer be scaled down and cluster auto scaler keeps track of this information in order to avoid doing a scale up which is no longer safe. Now let's consider a similar example with node B. Once again the pod data is running there could be rescheduled to node A and once again if node A was deleted cluster auto scaler remembers that it was going to remove node B by moving pods to node A and therefore it may no longer be safe to delete node B. In that particular case it is actually still safe to do this because the pods could also be moved to node C and cluster auto scaler will figure that out. However the 10-minute deletion timer which I mentioned earlier would be reset in this case because cluster auto scaler only keeps track of a single way of deleting a node and it no longer has the level of confidence if that particular destination is gone. Right so now that we quickly covered the algorithm I want to touch on some limitations of the scaled-down logic and I think there are two major limitations that it currently has so the first one is that cluster auto scaler can only drain one node at a time and when I say drain I mean the process of tainting the node and deleting all the pods running on the node which can take some time. Cluster auto scaler can delete multiple empty nodes in parallel though and then a node that only runs demon set would be considered empty in that context because the demon set doesn't need to be rescheduled elsewhere in the cluster. What that means is that deleting empty nodes is many times faster more than ten times faster in most configurations than deleting nodes that run some pods and in very large cluster it can be very important to optimize the scaled-down by just making sure that the pods terminate in a way that leaves a lot of empty nodes that can be scaled down quickly. This is this is less relevant in a cluster maybe dozens or a hundred nodes but becomes very important when we look into thousands of nodes. Another limitation is that cluster auto scaler cannot scale up and scale down at the same time it can scale up multiple different node groups it can scale up the same node group multiple times before completing the previous scale-up it can also scale down multiple empty nodes in parallel as i described however it cannot combine scale up and scale down. If one node will be scaling up this will unfortunately block the scale-down of any other nodes in the cluster. How can we optimize scale-down maybe tailor it to our specific cluster? First of all there are multiple flags that cluster auto scaler exposes some of the most commonly configured flags i would say are those related to the to how long we wait before deleting a particular node this is the 10-minute time that i mentioned before it can be configured with a flag to to any duration. There are also some additional flags that allow us to temporarily post-scale down after a certain event maybe if we try to delete a node and fail to we want to back off for a while or maybe we don't want to scale down immediately after scale-up. Another thing that can and often is worth configuring is the utilization thresholds i described earlier. There are also many other much more subtle flags that can control cluster auto scale and scale-down behavior but i want to give maybe a word of warning about configuring them i would recommend a lot of caution and careful testing because as cgauto scaling we don't necessarily test all those flags and there are some combinations which may lead to various problems. So one example i've seen quite a few times is increasing the number of empty nodes that can be deleted in parallel by cluster auto scaler can in some scenarios exhaust cloud-provided api call quota and this will block scale-down because cluster auto scaler can no longer make api calls and it can also cause all sorts of other problems so in this case the result may be in fact slowing down scale-up with scale-down quite significantly which is the opposite of of what changing the flag was meant to do. Another common optimization that i would recommend considering is grouping different pods on separate node groups so on separate set of nodes and this can be achieved probably in many ways the way i would recommend is using a combination of label entertained on the node and then a node selector and toleration on the pod. So node selector and label guarantees that the workload goes on to the node group it's meant to go on to and then prevents any other pods from going on to the same node group and common use cases for actually grouping pods like this is for example running a batch especially a large one and if the pods in the batch are likely to end at the same time this is likely to leave the nodes completely empty which will as i described earlier result in much faster scale-down of all those nodes. Another common setup is running pods that cannot be restarted such as kubesystem pods but maybe also some stateful pods maybe some database spots that generally cannot be restarted on a separate node pool and the idea here is those pods would block scale-down and we don't necessarily want them to block scale-down of nodes running other pods so it may be very effective to just spread them on a separate node pool that will never scale down but it will leave the other node pools free to scale down more easily. However there is a cost to all of that the more we partition our workloads into different separate nodes the more we limit the bin packing opportunities available to kubernetes scheduling so this type of optimization tends to be more worth it in a cluster that scales up and down rapidly and where the scale-down speed is important and maybe less efficient in a cluster where which is very static and where the the final like efficient configuration that is reached slower may be preferred. So this is I think what I wanted to say about the scale-down logic of cluster autoscaler. I also quickly want to touch on our SIG autoscaling. We maintain cluster autoscaler but we also work on other components such as pod autoscalers horizontal and vertical pod autoscaler. We meet every Monday at 4 p.m. central european and we have our own Slack channel which I would like to welcome you to and with that I'm I'm happy to take some questions now. As I said the questions about all autoscalers are welcome. Thank you very much.


Hello, Namaste. Welcome to the session of magnetic field intensity for infinite length filament. Learning outcomes, at the end of this video you will be able to apply Biot-Sivert's law to derive magnetic field intensity for infinite length filament. You will be able to determine the direction of magnetic field for given filament. Now, before I start I want to ask you to recall the equation of Biot-Sivert's law. As we want to apply the Biot-Sivert's law, please recall the Biot-Sivert's law which we have already seen in the previous video. I hope you got the equation of Biot-Sivert's law. Biot-Sivert's law can be given as h bar is equal to closed line integral of i dL bar cross ar bar upon 4 pi r square. Of course, the unit of magnetic field intensity is amperes per meter, where i stands for current, dL is a small section of the filament, small length of the filament and ar bar is the unit vector in the direction of ar bar. And what is r? r is the distance between the filament and the point P where we want the magnetic field. And in between this symbol is not a simple multiplication, this is a cross product. H for infinite length filament we want to find out. For that I will consider the x, y, z axis three dimensional coordinate system and let us assume an infinite length filament like this. And I will consider that the current i is flowing through this infinite length filament. And at the same time I want to tell you that here our intention is to find out the magnetic field at point P in the x, y plane. The point P has coordinates r, phi, 0 in cylindrical coordinates. Why r, phi, 0? Because point P is at certain radius from the origin, so r, as point P passes through some plane, so that is phi and as it is the x, y plane here assume that z equal to 0, so this coordinate is 0. So, the coordinates of point P are r, phi, 0. Let us assume a small section of the filament having length dL bar. Why small section? Because when the filament is of infinite length, for this infinite length I cannot find out h bar instantaneously or rather I need to find out small section dh bar that means the magnetic field intensity for this small section. And then I will come up or integrate of all these sections so that I get h bar for infinite length filament. Let us consider the point where I have considered the small length of the filament that point is 0, phi, z. How the coordinates have come as 0, phi, z? Because radius at this point is 0 because it is the point is on the z axis, phi because the filament passes through some plane phi and z as it is from origin at certain height so that the coordinate is z. Let us join this point with the point P. So, after joining these two points I should put the arrow head towards point P. Why towards point P? Because I need to find the field at point P where we want to find the field at that point arrow head should be there. The distance can be denoted as r bar. I will consider the same diagram here and let us start deriving the equation for h bar. I have written a Biot Savard's law, dh bar is equal to ideal bar cross ar bar upon 4 pi r square. The same equation is repeated only the thing is as I am finding out for this small length I have omitted the integral sign and beyond that I have written as a dh bar because it is for a differential length of the filament. dl bar, here in this case I need to find out the unknowns from this equation. In this equation the unknown is dl bar, i is current as we know some value is given but what is dl bar? What is ar bar? 4 pi is a constant and what is r? These things we need to find out. So out of that dl bar here is dz az bar. Why it is dz az bar? Because the filament is placed along z axis which is ranging from minus infinity to plus infinity. But when I consider a small section of the filament which is dl bar it comes to be dz az because it is along z axis. When I multiply it with i, i dl bar can be given as i dz az bar. Ar bar is the head coordinate minus tail coordinate. Ar bar is this vector. For this vector how I can find out ar bar? It is the head coordinate minus tail coordinate. Head means which head? The arrow head where the arrow is pointing. The arrow is pointing towards point p these are the coordinates minus this coordinate that way we can find out a vector ar bar.  So r minus 0 unit vector ar bar is 5. Head coordinate is 5, tail coordinate is 5 into a phi bar then 0 minus z az bar. So r bar comes out to be r ar bar minus z az bar. Now I want to find out only magnitude as it is needed here also for ar bar I need the magnitude. So the magnitude of ar bar can be given as under root of r square plus z square. Squaring and adding the magnitudes of r bar. So this is r bar modulus of r bar. Now ar bar can be given as a vector upon its magnitude. The vector is this one which I have written here, upon its magnitude the magnitude is here which is written here. So I have found out dl bar. I know now ar I know r. Now my job is to substitute all this in the equation of dh bar that is going to be out.  So let us simplify this equation. When I simplify this equation I get idz cross this bracket r ar minus z az upon 4 pi r square plus z square raise to 3 by 2. How it has come as 3 by 2? This is a square and this part is 1 half. So when I sum up it comes out to be 3 by 2. Now my job is to find out this cross product. Which cross product? Az cross ar. When I am finding out the cross product both should be vectors. So first vector is az another vector is ar. Then az cross az. This I need to find out. To find out the cross product follow the spangle. Like if I want the cross product for example I want the cross product of ar and afi. Ar cross afi will give me az. But if I do reverse afi cross ar then in that case the answer will be minus of az. So in the same way here I want az cross ar. So az cross ar as I am going in the same direction of the arrow my result will be afi. So az cross ar is afi and az cross az is 0. Remember self cross product is always 0. So substitute these values in above equation. So dh bar is ir cross dz afi. And this term has been to 0. So I got ir dz afi upon the denominator is same. 4 pi r square plus z square raise to 3 by 2. Now fine I have found out dh bar. But my intention is to find out h bar for the infinite length filament. So that h bar can be given as integral of dh bar. And the integration limits are from minus infinity to plus infinity. Because it is a infinite length filament. So let us substitute this dh bar here and let us find out h bar. So h bar can be given as integration minus infinity to plus infinity. This is the dh bar which we have calculated. Now I will take out the constants outside and I will get the equation like this. h bar is ir afi divided by 4 pi into the integration sign dz upon r square plus z square raise to 3 by 2. So this term I need to integrate. As integration with dz, integration is with respect to z. So that this part is inside the integral. All others will be the constants which are taken outside the integral. Now this term I cannot directly find out the its answer. So let us try to find out the integral of this part. And this can be done like this. I can solve this integral by substitution method. Substitute z equal to r tan theta. dz comes out to be, when I differentiate dz is r tan differentiation is sec square r sec square theta d theta. At the same time let us find out what will be the limits if I substitute. So limits will be like this. When z is standing towards infinity theta will be tending towards pi by 2. When z is tending towards minus infinity theta is tending towards minus pi by 2. So let us substitute this inside this bracket or in this integral. But before that let us calculate this what is r square plus z square raise to 3 by 2. If I substitute this r square plus z as r tan theta r square tan square theta raise to 3 by 2. This value comes out to be r square comes out as a constant outside raise to 3 by 2. So that it comes out to be r cube.  So sec square raise to 3 by 2 gives me sec cube theta. So that I can substitute this value and I can substitute dz which is this one at this place. So dh bar this constant part as it is instead of dz there comes r sec square theta d theta. Instead of this bracket it comes to be r cube sec cube theta r and r cancels out. Here it remains r square sec square sec square cancels out. Here it remains sec theta. So when I solve this integral so my answer comes out to be h bar is equal to i by 2 pi r a phi unit of magnetic field intensity is amperes per meter. So this is the equation of h or h bar for infinite length filament. Let us look at this equation again and see what are the terminologies. So h bar is i by 2 pi r a phi bar amperes per meter where i is nothing but a current which is flowing through the filament r is the perpendicular distance between the filament and the point P where we desire the magnetic field. And here it is a scalar quantity and a phi bar is the unit vector indicating the direction of magnetic field. Let us decide how to find the direction. So the direction of magnetic field intensity is given by right handed thumb rule like this. Like if I hold the filament with my right hand and my thumb indicating the direction of the current this thumb is indicating direction of current then my curve fingers will be indicating the direction of magnetic field intensity. So this is the way we can decide the direction of the magnetic field. So this is the method by which we can decide the direction. These are the references used for preparing this video. Thank you.