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Thank me later. Man. Hey man. Listen man a guy we got here today y'all I'm you know y'all if y'all watch boss talk 101 y'all already see the posters and stuff in my store I've been supporting these whole this whole death row movement the old one not the new one. I don't know the new one Yeah, wow Man listen man this guy right here man.   It's popping man. Like I said, but just to be able to you know sit down with you here in Chicago Third time welcome to the city doing boss talk 101. Yeah check it man I'm gonna let mr. Maker. She go she gonna start this thing. All right, man Let's get to it because you know, he loves the music he loved all of that But I like to get to know you as a person Cuz I I do love music especially singers love it, but Born and raised here in Chicago, right? Yes. What part the west side of Chicago. We call the West Side, Illinois I do Because I hear people talk about the south side What's the difference in the south side on the west side? Oh, man the way that we The way do we move? I mean, you know to me, I guess you have to be from the city We're all alike so to say but like you kind of know like if you from Chicago It just take a few minutes. Just kind of way that we talked some of us talk Absolutely, and and just kind of where we act. Yeah. Yeah, I mean back in the day south side was a little more bougie Then the west side was known as a like, you know, the middle of it. Yeah, yeah, yeah But you know things so bad. It's all the same now. Okay. I'm from Chicago Stomp down. Yeah, so when you born and raised with your mom and dad in the household. Yeah born and raised with my mom Yes, I am cuz you know how that is not common. All right. Oh, yeah. It's tough. I'm a part of that We'll talk about that. Yeah. Yeah, so and you how many siblings I had seven Seven symbols with my mom and my dad. She has a daughter my sister Lost two sisters back in I think 2010. Wow. So you were the first second third. I am the baby I was I was a mama's boy mama's boy.  Well, I guess I guess you can say that, you know, I mean coming up in that day anybody that was kind of older and You know, I mean kind of had like that that parent Movement with you. They can tell you to go to bed and get in the house and things like that All of my sisters and brothers are older older than I am But my mom was pretty sick when I was coming up really so I had a lot of adult like Responsibilities. Hmm. What was wrong? Do you mind? Absolutely? Um, she suffered seven strokes when she was pregnant with me and Seven strokes pregnant with you, but of course, it didn't affect you Yeah, absolutely. I never heard that before. Yeah, she had seven strokes and it left her with a speech impediment and out of all of my Siblings and actually out of my mother's siblings. I was the only person to really kind of understand every word So it was like that's like a blessing. Oh, absolutely. I was in you understood every word It was nothing she could say That I did maybe I just like what was that and she was saying oh, she just said this that's what you say Yep, exactly. So I can see why you were probably so close to her because of that. Yeah Wow, so So you're very protective of her too. I was back then she's still here. No, she passed when I was 16 years I was 16.  And you know while being there in California recording She got sick, but she was suffering during this time From heart failure and heart problems. So she had had triple bypasses and you know a few things going on with her Heart. Yeah, my dad had a triple bypass and he lived for some years till he eventually passed away But did she pass away in her sleep cuz so no, she actually had a heart attack February the February the 8th 95 96 really. Yeah, we cancel it. Yes. It's something.  Yeah, man It's sometimes I know some people never get get over that You know, some people can't understand how to feel that void even though you left here to be an example Sometimes people can't figure it out. You know what I mean but because a lot of people tend to in life when we In loss or in anything that we do as human beings. We tend to always look at a negative We don't ever try to dwell on the positive because with you talking and saying that the first thing I thought about is that at least she was here to see you get your deal To see where you were going, you know, I think God, um, I think Well, I'm blessed that he allowed her to see me safe Right that makes sense.  Right. I mean, okay, cool. Yeah singing He's doing something that he want to do and I was able to Bless her bless her, you know with a few gifts in the beginning. She didn't want much She wanted me to be fine most parents because you're a parent right now and to me Monetary things are not, you know, every day I pray for my kids. I always pray that, you know God just keep them safe and keep them happy. That's a big whoever comes around them because they're gonna have people coming around them Oh, yeah And whether it be false pretenders or people who really mean them good or whatever that they're able to discern this With these people and that they can find that happiness and that love. Yeah, that's the only thing that you can give them You know what I mean? Yeah, that's all you want for your children So I'm grateful for that for that time to be put in a position left in position You're right.  Oh, no, so you have to figure it out as you go Oh, man, and it's a it's a journey.  Look how you've accomplished all the things you've accomplished and I'm sketched History you wrote books. You've done things that a lot of guys will never do in their lifetime. You've been with park You've been with snoop. You've been with sugar all of the dog pound You've been everywhere. You know, you met a lot of people outside of that Jamie Fox.  It's amazing to share the journey Question about your okay, so when she passed away and I said, um, how did it affect you? I'm Not always in that moment, but sometimes as you're older now you can look back and say oh That's the reason why I acted out in this way after you know, so far. Did you go through that period? Well, absolutely. Um, I don't think that effect never stopped especially You know in our community in the black community We don't We don't know how to grieve That's true. We just grieve the best way that we can If we get an opportunity to grieve, that's true, you know, usually we just deal with the passing of a loved one Well, we go to the service the repass, you know, and we we still cry For the for the person that was closer to the person we still cry daily But you know what I mean next week you got to get back to work and I think just over the years Even as a grown person it I didn't learn until I was about Maybe 30 something where I where I was at least at peace. I Was at peace at least like well, you know, she's she's no longer here. You know, my birthday was the other day Yeah, I can't say that October.  Yeah So I think you know, it's something you never get over I can relate yeah, cuz I'm like when you talking about grief I'm like is there even a proper way to grieve There's no such thing as a problem. We do the best way that we can and right and I guess I guess I say With our grieving process we don't I think get the attention that's needed, you know, I mean I think when you lose someone Counseling and therapy and group sessions and speaking with other people that's been in that position is much needed Yeah, and but but you hear as an example. Yeah, so you so you basically have been through things so you can help others to get Oh, yeah, so you basically went through what you went through so that you could have others who lose mothers in current time Oh, yeah fathers in current times. Yeah, that's a part of our journey. That's what a testimony does Especially when you put a fire, you know what I mean? You think about I met a girl at the airport and she broke down crime because she was traveling to see her father and Who passed away passed away traveling to bury him here in Chicago and Me being able to understand it because I've been through it. I lost my mother and my father I believe that helped me to be able to talk with her and help her to deal with her issue at this time at that Time right you see remember if I had never done that I couldn't ever talk to her like that So for this appointed time, I believe that's why that's amazing, you know, how are you and you lost your dad? my dad died in 2011 February the 8th. Okay. He passed the same day as my mother. Whoa 18 19 years later same day same day. That's crazy That's why that's a date. You'll never forget. Absolutely. Wow You have you have some likes Wow, yeah, man, you know, like I said, man, we just blessed to have you on the show today, man Boss talk 101 man We've been around for a couple of years now and you know We strive at trying to figure out like man Who can we bring on so our people to be able to you know feel what we're trying to give them?  You see what I'm saying? And that's why we do this bro. So your your your grandkids. Yeah, yo Great-grandkids. Yeah, they'll be able to go That's my granddaddy did that and that's hard to me.    You see what I'm saying? Do you know how I am about the music man? No, you see, I'm an RV. He's rap. I know, I do it all the way. I do it all the way. I don't stop playing. I'm sorry.   You know what I mean? Like, you know to shoot for signing me to the label with 15 You know really being the R&B cat and round death row, you know outside of you know the guy I should say or the baby R&B guy because Nate dog was there and he's well But being able to do that being connected to him and then you know with the with the pop stuff You know him invite me in the studio. I was working on my album I could be we had an A and a B studio and I don't care if I'm in B back there working or a working Pox running in the studio while I'm on the mic So, you know just just to I could I see those visions now Wow as a grown man and to know that he invited me on those records Let's go back a little bit boy though like like you were actually going to the prison To see or to be around the fact that Paco was coming out to be out. Yes Well, I want to talk about that because to understand that time he was locked up It's like everybody turned their back on him to me. It's like he was just there and nobody couldn't help him After all the accusations. He's just stuck. So you go down there What are your thoughts as you go down to the prison? After after my mother passed or you know, even during the time of my mother being sick, she became my legal guardian Okay. Okay. So almost everywhere wherever she was You know what I mean? I'm there today. I'll be there tomorrow. Wow So yeah, I company him on the trips of preparing to bring Paco and the day of bringing Paco I never did get an opportunity to go into the jail.  Absolutely What was that like?  That's maybe that's I should say that's my introduction What shout out to wild style. Okay. Okay. That's here though. Right? Yeah. Yeah Crucial conflict from Chicago. My cousin wild style was the first person to put me in the studio But to be able to go there and work around those guys You know what I mean?  And we had girls and we used smoking weed and partying What's the first thing yet? What was the first thing? If you remember I think some chicken That's what I'm talking about Yeah, cause that's the first thing people always like They want free food He had to put a little weight on too He had to put a little bit of weight on He was short and you know he come out man I don't even think he ate enough though because I remember when we arrived to California I went to the house and then we were waiting for Pac to come to the studio And he got to the studio and got to the back door And before he got to the door he just fell flat first Really? Fell out Why? He had to wake him up and he'd get up Was he drunk? Oh man, I guess he hadn't smoked and drank too much Smoked and drank? He didn't even feel right on the door He didn't even kill Pac Wow, damn, y'all partied him, y'all partied him Wow Man, so when you think about, cause now Keefy D We gotta talk about that When you hear that they are risk Oh, congratulations to him Oh, that's what I'm saying, right?  Not only were we raiding his house We opened in his case back up We were arresting him What was that like?   Whether he did it or not Right, purposely or not Well, whether he's the shooter or not You know what I mean? We know the world that we live in We know that the way the system go You know, if the killer is dead You know, they may give him all of the stuff That they were supposed to give everybody else That he's talking about So congratulations There's a book like about this whole situation And it's like he's putting it in front of everybody I just don't know who would be known for that That's what I'm saying I heard he was sick or something He thought he was going to pass And he said, I'm going to just let it Because you remember the Bob Morley guy that said He's going to let it all out You know, when you That's one thing about You know, the spirit The Holy Spirit Come on now You know, there's one thing about God and conviction You know what I mean?  You know what I mean?  So to live his last days If they convict him or whatever this plan is To live those days out in jail If this makes him a little more comfortable Congratulations So be it, right But the thing is that people Maybe like what you were saying I never thought about it that way He wanted to make himself right with God Before it was time to go So he had his confession Well I don't know if he made himself right with God I don't know I forgive him That's right That's not good Well, you know, I just I just hope that he's safe Because he talked a lot about You know You know, different gangs in Vegas And said how weak they were All of the real gang bangers is in L.A. So now he's in an unfamiliar place Right You see him sitting in the back of the car And he's like, you don't know who I am? He's telling the guy Like you don't know who I am You know what I mean I think he wanted to be known Especially to be talking like that I mean, what else would he be known for?  By that time I was I mean you like kind of was But I'm saying how did you think Like what did you feel like Okay, I like Mary Or you just was like Was she taking advantage of you Cause you were young No I mean you know Cause she was young too She was young too And that was Mary J. Blodging When I bought that story up Because a lot of people thought That I was like trying to meet you I mean I wouldn't use her I got somebody I could meet too If I wanted to But it wouldn't be Mary It wouldn't be Mary You know I said it in the conversation Of you know somebody Was just saying how Mary was somebody girl And I was like whoa Wait a minute no what No it was my girl It was my girl right And I was kind of just talking too fast And you know I didn't mean to say Like I fucking You know I didn't mean to say it like that But I did I mean you know You know nothing I said in my book You know I'm waiting for Whatever I said in my book For the people that I said it about I'm waiting for them to Come back and be like he's lying No you haven't heard that But did Oh you won't What about KC?  Well you know again For me saying it Especially at the point where I was in my life You know what I mean A lot of people knew that After the demise of death row I was struggling and singing backgrounds And things like that At that point that was my That's my trophy That's my trophy You know what I mean Talking about You know I wish Instagram Or social media Oh shit I wouldn't be able to mess with my followers My followers would be up there Crazy stuff that I've seen and done So you know when I shared that moment It was out of shame Some things out of the book Yeah Just to push it Not just to push it Just to you know I don't I don't tell people to tell All us to share on Man I'm proud of it You talk about When they after the death row thing But you went up to New York And you end up dealing with I guess Timberland and all of these I went up there with DaVonta DaVonta And you basically Were a bigger star at that time Right?  Was it cool?   And if it ain't real and ain't right, I'm not gonna listen to that. Or if I believe something in my heart, even as a kid, I'm getting a whooping and I'm still saying, that's not right. I get it.  It's wrong. So when you talk about sexuality and how you came out and everything like that and it's so, everything is so bold now, especially with everybody. But then why are there still some people in the shoot? Why now I would. Not just, you can say him, you can say him, but not only him, but there's a lot of other people that are, people are guessing about and there's nothing. Well, you know, some people. Why people that won't come out about it? You know, some people kind of take a stance.  We're just cool. That's what he's saying. I'm thinking about what I heard. I shared it, you know, out of, again, out of social, something that happened on social media, I was sneaking around with someone. He committed suicide. Oh, that's, that's crazy, man. Sorry to hear that. At this time, thank you. I was working in a church and the stuff that the church people said to me in my comments is what kind of made me come out and I had to kind of like. Yeah. And I came out on social media like. Yeah.   Then I got them in order.  Wow. But it's very uncomfortable in our community. You know what I mean? Especially for a man, you know, we're looked at as a less of a man. I guess everybody think you want them. You know what I mean? You become this monster. You know what I mean?  And excuse me.  And it is OK, you know. But we, our community is so judgmental. And, you know, it's so funny that a lot of people, I feel sorry for Dwight because there's so many people that's locked, that's locked inside of themselves and living for other people. That's what I was just about to ask. Did you see the sense of freedom? Oh, my God, my skin changed, my tone of my skin. I felt like my life, I got a lighter. Like sneaking in hotels and like, OK, you meet me here and I'll meet you there and I'm running and I'm grown out of hard work money that I work for. I've never asked anybody to, can you help me get a room?  And in the midst of that, I've lost great people that wanted to be dated out loud, that wanted people to know that, you know, they was with this guy or awesome guy. I wanted them to know, and I'm like, no, I can't do this. You know, who wants to live that kind of life? Did you lose friends or family who feel, who said that, well, I don't agree with? Oh, yeah. A lot of people changed on me. In a lot of those relationships, some of those relationships, you know, haven't been rekindled and the ones is, some of them been rekindled and it ain't the same. I used to be close to people in the family and now it's like I'm not, but they don't bother me. You know, I'm also grateful to one of my aunts that I always say, consider the resource.  If your mom was here, what do you think she would have said to you? My mama knew, I think. You think she knew? Absolutely. Yeah, my mama knew me. Because even though you had baby mama, girlfriends, all of that, he felt like she still knew. Your mama know you.  And quite frankly, I think my daddy knew. You know, he passed before I came out, but my dad, my dad, I think he knew. He would always say every time he met a girl with me. Man, she pretty.  That's what he was saying. He telling me, take me in there. Now you should take him in the stairs and give him a suit. And the girl tried to put his suit on me. He cried. I cried and wore him a suit. Wow, that's crazy.  He telling me, girl, man. Man, I gotta ask you about, man, just, she was night, man. You was with them early. I gotta get back to the music because I done stepped over something.  So I gotta get back in my bag.   Come on. Oh, my bad. My bad. My bad. So what was the, what was, what do you think? I know he had Nate to rely on for, like, a lot of focus. I don't know with Snoop. You kind of hear the Dog Pound kind of talk about it. It's like, you know, they say they interviews about what we had Nate and da, da, da, da, da, da. I don't know if that's what Snoop felt. I didn't feel like that because Nate and I don't sing the same. No, at all.  Yeah, yeah. We do two different things. Nate is the king of what Nate Dogg did. You know what I mean? Did and do. R.I.P. to Nate, yeah, that was a- R.I.P. to him, but I just think that the time, you know, there was two sides of Death Row at that time. And, you know, I was mostly close with Shug and Paco's around Shug, so that's who I work with. Didn't really get that opportunity to work with Snoop, but I look forward to that real soon. How was Tupac and Shug's relationship at the end? This is a gloomy place for people, you know. How was it? Were they friends? Were they, was there a dilemma? Were there a drama? Even Snoop, you hear all these stories. I've asked, I asked, can you wear that? I've asked a lot of people I've interviewed about their relationship. You asked who? Can you wear that about Paco? About Paco, she says. None of them, all of them, when I, you know, what she said? She said that, she basically was saying that he was. Cause she was around him. Yeah, she was around, she said. Okay, finish. She just said, she basically would tell a story, like, you know, she was, she was there poxying her before he passed away. He was in good spirits. In a where? She was there that night at the fight. Okay. Her and Nate's wife. Baby mama, okay. Yeah, baby mama at the time, maybe and wife, but she just, she seemed like there was a good place except for Snoop. She said Snoop was not in a good place with Paco when he passed. Okay. So was that about right? She knew that? Yeah, she told me that. I say she knew that. It's not what I asked. Oh, she said, she, that's what she said. That's what she told us so evidently, that's what she knew. I don't know. Well, I mean, you know. So was that not correct?  We had our sides and, you know what I mean? Like, so when I hear a lot of people and I'm not saying Paco was just privy with Shug's people, but when I hear people saying things like, let's say for instance, if Paco wasn't getting along with Shug, so to say, she wouldn't have known that. Okay. Why? Because her baby daddy wouldn't have known that. Snoop wouldn't have known that. That's real cause that's dad's. Because he's hanging with bloods, right? So Paco's not gonna go over there and talk over there to dads and corrupt and they baby mamas and it was probably something that everybody was feeling. You know, something going on. Like I grew up and figured that something was going on with my money. You know, maybe snooping all of those guys, figure that as well or Paco may have figured that out. But for people to talk like they were in the click of. I get it. The only people I think are privy to that is like the outlaws. Yeah.  That makes sense. Why would he? Cause I would've told you. Because it would've been a problem. I would've told him. Period, motherfucking point blank. You would've told him.  Like at that time, Shug would've known this nigga ain't happy. Cause you loyal. No nigga, why you ain't happy? Those are the kind of meetings we had. What? He had guardianship over him. So they had a close relationship.  That was intense meeting. Give me a story on some of the meetings. You just got me thinking now. Our red room meetings and our death row meetings.  When things, if things, and you know, if something go right on Snoop, Snoop in them side or you know, on Shug in them side, you know, Snoop was the one to fix it. And Snoop people was the ones to fix it. They had old G's that fixed it.   Like the homies checking the homies. You know what I mean? And when things wasn't right, we were sitting in a room and, you know, we would pull those things right as men, but everybody knew what death row was about. It wasn't, we weren't men that was, you know, meeting in the corporate office. These was niggas. Exactly. Meeting in the office, you know, about millions and millions of dollars and dreams and it turned out to be some brilliant niggas that had to be in that room because their work showed it. What was the last thing you said to pop? And what was the last thing? What was y'all conversation like? Damn.  That was the last video then. Whoa. And I wasn't happy with pop. Because of that video.  Oh, this one. They used to scrap the video.  We here five hours. Is he always late anyway? I'm the latest person. Yeah, I was about to say. In the world. So what was that like? The energy that that that was a big that was that was a nice video. Oh, man, that man, they told us if he's not in the next 30, 40 minutes, we're going to scrap it. Big budgets on these videos. You know, that type of people spending 3,400,000, 700,000, 800,000, close to million dollars on video.   What did you say? Yeah, I always say something. Me and pop always had like, you know, words, like, and I don't even know if they were true words. This was words.  You you are short.  You were serious about the crime, man. I was super serious about this company. Do my video. Yeah, Jojo and Casey here.  You should have been you thought he would learn this. The slip of slide video. He was sitting there like he enjoyed it. You know what I'm saying? That was out the country.  Man, that's crazy, man.  They were calling, you know, Foxy, without a great gas, Dre, it was all kind of stuff saying, being said, you heard you was there. So you know, what was that like?   What was that like, man? Like that time period, man.   Well, he just flipped like that. Like they were kicking it on California love and that whole. I think he kind of felt pop. I kind of felt that Dre wasn't participating with, you know, the artists as much and, you know, everybody should be working and nobody bigger than the next nigga around here. You know, and Dre was when, even when Dre came to the studio, it was like, you know, the Dean is here. Or he was in the hallways. I don't know, but you had to you should you better act like he was arrogant and cocky because that's that's kind of the only thing I kind of remember from Dre. Like you weren't going to demand it.  It's about business. But he was serious to you. I think a look at looking how he is now. I mean, man, it was serious. And you know, and it's in this B studio.  For real, for real in our studio. Motherfuckers and ninjas smoking weed and standing on top of speakers. You know what I mean?  I don't know. You had that part and straight out of comes in. That's what I thought about when he was saying that where he came out and he was telling the sugar. Like they were out there messing around or whatever. And he was like, man, he was trying to record. Was it Park was in the inside? Yeah, he's got Park in here. Yeah, he's like, y'all need to be quiet. Y'all out here messing around. That movie thing crazy.    He ain't tell us what's going on.  No, I think it's all eyes on me movie. Oh, my God. Oh, it was crazy. Horrible movie. Why did you like it? I don't know what I was talking about.  Not even 5% of it was true. I mean, you know, it's hard for me to like how you make a movie and don't talk about Danny Boy in it. Like in my home, he made that movie. They just wrote you out of it. Why would they write you out?  That's right. Anything that kind of had anything to do with sugar. Which is you. The resemblance of him. You know, I inherited a lot of his problems. And it's just still weird to be left out of the story. Like I would watch things even when working a job and anticipate on seeing my part or seeing what, you know, the little small part. Because a lot of people would be like, man, you didn't know Park that long. It felt like forever. Yeah, but the work that we've done and the things that we've done, you couldn't. It's a lot of people that won't experience that in a lifetime. Do you think it's caused you from the west side of Chicago? And they was from LA? Half of them niggas ain't from LA. Most of them more than what they. Because I know Danz was all down in Oklahoma. I'm saying they be saying that and they's like, LA, come on, bro, where you from? I'm just like you. I came from Chicago with a vision and a dream. Don't hold it against me. That's hard.   I'm from Chicago. Which is hard. That's hard.  Oh, yeah.  Yeah, yeah. Y'all started a lot of stuff. Probably so. Probably, you know. Again, I think inheriting the problem from sugar.  You know, I just kind of. I'm thinking it'd be harder. It's kind of harder. It's kind of harder.  So I don't know. You know what I mean? I just, I guess that's why I'm blessed. I go places. You respect people. You respect, you respect, I respect people because you just never know. You never know.  And you can't do nothing about it. You can't just jump on. Yeah, so what you think is because you're bigger. You know, I don't think that there's no tougher is this that, you know, the respect, especially coming from death row. You know, none of us want to. I didn't get as much as everybody else got. People got plaques and, you know, checks. I didn't get those checks and those plaques. So, you know, being a part of that story and not left out of it. So that's why I wrote my own book, Stranding on Death Row. Stranding on Death Row. I don't need anybody to tell my story. I tell it for myself. Yeah, I want to ask you about Michelle Leigh jumping from sugar to, well, from Dray to sugar. I want to know how you was. I don't know, you know. I love it. I want to know how this happens. You know, how does this, how does this happen and how do you look at it? Like, damn, you know. You said sexy red. You silly. For real? Oh, Jazabel. Oh, damn. So I'm just giving history of... She was not. We can go way back. Who was not what? Michelle Leigh. Oh, Jazabel? Yeah. I'm just saying, like, we can go back. It's the spirit. The Jazabel spirit, that spirit jumps on whatever. I mean, she, obviously she was. Cause, I mean, it was said that she messed with, I mean, we know she was in Drake. Then we don't know if she messed with Easy. Right? Then, pop. They say, I don't know. Did you see him find that in the studio, Drake? Did he hit her like that? Nah, come on, man.  But I wasn't around, I wasn't around, I wasn't around, you know, that part of it. But you know what I mean? I don't put nothing past easy. We niggas. Like, everybody. Like everybody must take away the money and the cameras and the fame. Your cousin. Which your cousin? Smack a motherfucking girl that he been with.  Possibly, me possibly, possibly not. I don't put anything past her because of the character that she shown us. Yeah.   That, uh...  And she didn't hide that in her movie cause when she did her movie. She couldn't hide it. She couldn't hide it. She hid it a long time.  She hid it a long, she hid it a long enough. She hid it and she was sneaking around. Me and I knew when she was sneaking when they were sneaking. You seen it all. Every last bit of it. Every last bit of it. I was surprised. You know how she made it sound? Like, the reason why she did it is because of what Drake did to her. No. Because of how Drake treated her. Please. And then he was there. So that's the reason why. Oh, nice movie. That's it. That's the movie right there. And let the butterflies out of there. But she told her story. No, no, no. You see, I want to be looked at like she got, like, 50, 70 bodies. She was sneaking around with Shug. Drake was leaving. Drake didn't have a bag, right? Where? That's right. Because he didn't leave with no money, they said, right? So she called herself going with the winner. But at that time, but she portrayed, she portrayed him as being this man who was with all these different women while he was with her. Drake. Shug and everybody else, don't make. That's real. Just the business we in. That's hard when you just say it. So you think about it, man. When you look at the way that these things are, when you look at the way that these things are happening, man, for as, you know, at the time when you own, when you're dealing with this, you a young kid, you 16, 17, 15? No, 17. Yeah, about 16, 17. 16, 17. I think that's, man, that's the hard part right there for you to be able to, you know, be in the mix of that. Boy, I wish I could have been a flower on the wall. You know what I'm saying? I wish I had a camera. I swear to God, I've had fun. I've had, I've had a fun of my life, man. The best fun of my life. And I see why you was offended and y'all call me on the phone. You, you call me on three way. We call, yeah, y'all call me. Malik had a basic. Let's talk about that a little bit. Yeah, but we gotta talk about that.  We was in Las Vegas. And I had really, I was trying to understand cause I didn't, you know, I love Malik too. Talking to him, I ain't gonna lie here. For as the conversation, he dope, the poem, the writing, everything about him when he come to what he do, hard. So he's okay. He's a poet. Let's talk about it, man. So you basically, the bullying part that struck a nerve with you. A bit nerve. And I didn't understand why. First of all, why? You know what I'm talking about? I didn't understand why cause I'm on the outside looking in. But now that I hear your story. Can we state what we said?  Okay, let's talk about it. Malik's a poet, great poet, great poetry, great words, has nothing to do with nobody I know from this city. He's gonna call him. I don't know a nigga in this city that had called them when they got a problem. Unless they have a problem with writing or literature. I gotta say this, in his defense, when I looked up his stuff, like I looked up yours, it was this guy that came on the breakfast club and I can not remember his name, but he spoke highly of the fact of he came to interview in Chicago. And when he did, Malik got all of the, all of the gang members together. Everybody put all of the major players together.  Nobody give a all of us can do that. All of you.  And you can do it.  That don't mean nothing. Wow. Now I'm on the gating away from what he did, but to say that like, everybody I know I'm for sure is more powerful than the niggas he know. Wow. Period. Every nigga I know is more powerful than the niggas he think he know. Is that just, I don't need him to call nobody for me. As a matter of fact, I don't know a nigga I need to call somebody for me. So I never needed a nigga call for sure. It's not around right now, man. You know my hometown, why work? I work in a funeral home. Wow. Why I'm comfortable. When I say I'm comfortable, play it. I don't need, I've never needed no niggas. Like I'm, I stand behind what I'm, that don't mean I'm tough, but I do know that when, at the end of the day, when it's time to leave here, we all go in that back room in that cold room. That's right. And more than likely, I'll be dressin' they ask before somebody be dressin' me. Wow. Man, I just, like I said, the way the store, cause shoot, he had gotten shot in the leg. That even came out on my shirt. Yeah, he didn't shoot, shoot.  Like that's another goofy to me, just like with this other thing, like who wants to be known for that?  Like so if you want to be known for, you know, these interviews is fun and I get slack from stuff that I say. Yeah. You think niggas threaten me and you say what they gon' do and all of that. But you got to be careful what you sayin' about some real niggas. Damn, man, this should come. I've never needed a nigga that I ain't never been bullied. And if I get bullied, I'ma let y'all know.  I'm gay, I'm scared, all of that.    He probably is, he probably is. And he can't say that I'm back because he say the LGBTQ, if he say somethin'.   And you don't think they'll look at it no way.  Do you think he could whoop him? Probably not. That's the embarrassment.  That's a big nigga. That's a big nigga. And so, that's why, do you think that's why he cryin'? No disrespect. Do you like being called a nigga? I don't wanna be messin' up pronouns. I don't know what I'm just sayin'. I'm all messed up with pronouns.  I don't know him like that, but I do know nigga cryin', man. I was trippin' off that. I'm like, damn, man, he gettin' emotional about that, bruh. Well, he probably just scared, man. When you scared, like, cause again I, people say stuff about people all the time.  He talk about a lot of people.  He better, he better say somethin' back. He better say somethin' back.  They think that LGBT's shittin' you down. That's saucy Santana shittin' you down. That's saucy Santana shittin' you down. Saucy.  Whoa, we got saucy Santana, man. He done made it, boy. I guess he seen academics comin' like I'm for the hell of this nigga, man.  You don't want nobody to be talkin' about you. If you want to be talkin' about it and get it to somebody. But that's why you got it. And then you got to remember, you got to remember it too, right?   And they love me. So they ain't tryin' to hear it.  They not for the poor, but they don't care about nothin'. No, not today and not tomorrow. And I'm grateful for that. No, that's family. I don't brag up, man. I think it's about how you treat people. You know what I mean? Everything that I've said in interviews is my story. If you mad about how I talkin' how I said, flip the channel. That's real. That's what Kanye said, fast forward. Fast forward. I like Kanye. I do too. I like that nigga. I like that nigga a lot. I'm with social media the way how it is right now where everything is so in your face because people are so addicted. As much as people, it's so funny. People will be watching these interviews and they don't like something that you say and they're in the comments sayin' all this other stuff and whatever, but they refuse to get off of the channel and find something else. Oh, yeah. Well, I love it.  Well, they say they straight. Well, they do a lot of bashing. Like who have the only, you shouldn't be worried about business that another man is doin'. The only person I know, well, it's only one person that's not gay that only have a right to do that. That's Whack 100. I mean, I guess. What, where did they come from? What did you just say? In my bed. What's up with Whack 100? Now they're sayin' the only person that could talk about like people lifestyle and then like only this privy to do that? Nobody should be privy to do that, but Whack 100, he is. Why is he? I don't know. Why is he?  Really?  Dude, it's crazy, I love it. So I gotta ask you about that. Comfort to get you out of Jada and Jada wrote a book. Zada. You wrote a book. Zada.  Why y'all ain't come get my book like y'all want to get her book though? Because she is really a pro queen though. She goes out of. Why you say she's a liar?  She's a promo queen, like she basically, I think in my opinion, I'm thinking it's all for the book, all of this stuff. I hadn't been with Will. I got Alopecia and Tupac got it. You know, I want to hear her like. Do they help you? Sure, I got Alopecia too, my album's out of Park Park. You know what, platform's out of Alopecia. It's hard too. Shit, if it's gonna work, I got her too. So tell me what did you think, like when you seen her start talking about Park what her soul made and she was practice too. What was that? I hope, because I do a lot of interviews and I'm just now getting the opportunity to be known for the music again. Yeah, yeah, yeah. I just hope that I don't look how she looks. Yeah. It's pitiful, it's distasteful, it's disgusting.  Because a lot of us look up to Will Smith as a hero.   You know what I mean, I think it's for attention. And I was with it all the way up until I think I seen her say she gave her pox ashes or something like that. You know what, and you close to that situation. So what, I just don't know, I don't know. Why would she say that? And you know it comes to the red table just to see the time frame. Because I know the pox ashes were separated and shared and stuff like that. So the last time I said, I was probably the outside of the person that delivered them, the second or third person to see his ashes. And I just don't know how they went from sugar to his mother. I think one of the securities, maybe, to Jada. That's heavy. That's heavy, because I don't. She probably gave her some kuba. And said that to one of us.  That's what I said. Okay, so what kind of relationship did she have with Tupac? I don't know, did she go get him out of jail? No. Why? She didn't have a million dollars? No. You don't think she had a million dollars? To spend for him? I'm just saying. She had it. She didn't have all these resources? I don't know. But you were around them, so you saw their relationship. I'm trying to see what. Well, I was never around them. You were never around them together. I had never seen Jada and never seen him during this death row time. Never seen him. You never seen them together. Okay. I think everything she's talking about is Baltimore. Before. And that was really, and that wasn't the whole time. It was just as long as me. I mean she had the right to say it because she knew him, but all of this love, what was everybody like when Paco was locked up?  A lot of people turned their backs on him. Sort of like the R. Kelly thing. Like when that light got shine on him, did he rape somebody? A lot of people left Paco alone. So I think those are the parts she should share in the story. Let's talk about that part. Those are parts that they should say, this is where I was during that time. Don't try to fit yourself in during the good time. So do you feel like her and Will is going to be just totally, because I know they're separated according to the whole, do you think it's divorce? I don't know what they are. Will is, Will, whatever they got going on, she's good. She's good because she can say anything and Will come out and he say that he love her. And I guess that's one thing, man. That's what love is about too. You know what I mean? Like he said, no matter what, he support her. You know, good luck to him. Wouldn't be mine.   I gotta get him out of here. It's over now to this song, that whole stretch. What's the difference, Danny Boy? I always ask these crazy questions. Like, what's the difference in that, Danny Boy? To that this song? It's over now written and produced by Babyface. I'm grateful for that, obviously. Just around death row, those are my growing years. You know what I mean? I grew myself as an artist. I knew that I could sing. At that time, I guess I didn't know what to do with it or went to put this chop here or there. So a lot of stuff that I probably hear when I was younger, I'm thinking like, oh my God, I can't believe I did that. I'm cringed by it. But the growth, I call it death row university. First, I learned a lot from death row and to take that and to get into master's classes, so to say, these struggles along the way. I sing about things that I've went through or experienced that's close to me. This black heart album, it means the same thing as the red emoji of a black heart. The red emoji heart, I mean, love. The black heart of my album is why I named it that because I believe in black love. I don't believe that just out of living this life, everything isn't going to be great all the time. You know what I mean? Even in love ship, friendship. You know what I mean? Me and my best friend, we're not going to agree and be on the same page. Me and the love of my life we're not going to be on the same page. The part is, is how do we make it through? How do we get to the next page or to the next chapter? And to be able to sing about that now, certain things I just wouldn't sing like songs I wouldn't even with rappers. I'm not a part of certain songs or am I done that already? I'm grateful for the gift that God has left me with and sustained. So I'm pretty careful on how I use it. And with that, over the last year from releasing the album, I made it to top 10 on the Billboard. Yeah, I seen that, man. Congratulations, man. How does that feel to be back in a mix like that, man? I mean, to be forgotten for so long and man, it's overwhelming when I'm out in the crowd and I'm singing the song sometimes and I see people singing the words to it. You know, to know that, wow, they're finally paying attention to me. You know, I had that little five to 15 seconds on aim attitude and to get that attention at two minute and 30 second attention is amazing and to hear it on the radio. And we just dropped another single called Just Friends from the album and I'm getting a lot of love. So I'm just, you know, still not aware because I'll be like, oh my God, when the promoters gonna start calling, I'm ready to sing and ready to go out. So I'm still waiting for a lot of those parts to connect but I'm grateful for so many years to have passed and to still be able to, you know, I feel fresh. You know what I mean? I feel like I could sing. I have the energy and I'm ready to do it. So thank you so much, man. I have one last question. It ain't gonna be the last cause I got my way. Go ahead. R&B because, you know, people, some people say R&B is that, right? Yeah. Do you think R&B, cause growing up in the 90s, all of that, R&B was like to me the peak, like, I love R&B. Will R&B ever come back to that point like what it was? I know Cycle goes around and come back again. Do you think it's gonna ever come back? And when, what will it take? I think that we're on the right track with R&B coming back. It's definitely on the uprise. And I guess when I say it like this, the worst, unfortunately, the worst off that we are in the world, it seemed better for R&B and gospel because people need that healing and R&B music and soul music blues and gospel has always served as a piece of healing with people, you know, when people was working in the cotton field, there was songs that they sang to make them get to the next day. I'm sure the guy that's sitting in the cell, there's a song that he sang every day to help him count those calendar years. I don't know if the happy birthday song would be as exciting if it was just a letter and not saying. Right. So for us to get back to that moment, we're going through so much in the world where, you know, that song is a lot of that healing and a lot of people is searching for healing and I'm not saying that a rap song can give you that, a poetry can't give you that, but you got to go to one of them Luther records or the Marvin Gaye records. Man. When you deep hurt in love, you go to those records. You said something that I laughed about when you said that Sid and I said you should have been and came out. Yeah.  You'd really blow up. He's like, he's like, so you bullshitting.  I'm on the phone. I'm thinking he gonna be mad.  You supposed to come out. He's like, I'm gonna tell you what you should do though. Sid's always a planer, man. That's hard, man. I speak with him every now and then. Yeah, that's cool. My phone line is open to him. That's good. Forever and a day. That's, and so that. How is he doing in there? He in jail. I know. He is in jail. That's crazy. I think he's comfortable. That's what I was trying to see. You know, he might be comfortable. Podcast going.  How can you have a podcast in there? He's got a podcast going. He was there on TMZ the other day. Really? Collect calls. Yeah. Have you been on this podcast? Like, yeah. He gonna have to pay me.  Hey! He's doing it! He's gonna have to pay me. The podcast. He really got to pay me. Oh, man, he's definitely, but y'all loyal to one another, man. You is with him as a kid. Don't mean I won't get with Snoop Dogg. I'm just kidding. Snoop. You're rock out with the new Deffron. I'm so excited about this Deffbro thing, just the possibilities, because I feel like it's unfinished business.  I was there. And I definitely want to be home. That's all I want. I want to finish some, I know some records that was left in the vault. Yeah. I can't, I would love to get in the vault. Yeah. And everybody know Snoop is a part of everything. Top three, top three artists of all time, dead or alive. Any genre. We're getting them out of here now. That's the wine down there. Donnie Hathaway. Can you say Donnie Hathaway? Give me some, man. For all we may never meet again. But before make this moment, can you make it sweet? It won't say good last minute. My, my, my, man. Oh, you bought the quail, yeah. That's his deal, like, wait a minute. I'm waiting for that money to crash, man. You don't mess up, you don't mess up like that, boy. Man, you so talented, bro. Thank you. God, dog, man. God, I bless you, man. Where did you get that time from your mom, your dad? So my mother, my mother was a singer. Boy, she was. And she's a poetry. And I just think that God left me with the serousability of the talent. So I have her voice and my aunties. I come from a singing family. So God. You killed that, bro. Give me the second one, bro. This is strength. This is strength of that boy. That made me forget about my top three. But we coming back. I need the next one, number two. So Donnie Hathaway. You killed that. Stokely Williams of make condition. That boy bad. Oh my God, that's, that's my mentor. That's like who I look up to. That's the one that said, we fell in love. Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah. Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah. See, I went to their concert one time. So I was hurt behind that concert. I was hurt about. You went? It was the music.  So to say, like he's like for another artist, like you'll probably just be crazy in there. But then I've been in the concert and I've seen some stuff and I'm like, wow, only a musician would sit here for it. It's like it's too musical and too, but pretty brown eyes and. That was cold. Yeah, I like. I'm one of my favorite. What kind of man. I'm gonna be honest with you. The reason that night, Kim crowned that night with me. That's the thing. Because I look. Kim a beast, man. Kim a beast, man. That night. He told a story. I like it. He was sleeping, man. It was just too. He's so talented. I think with Charlie Wilson was that too. And Charlie Wilson. So it was a wild blend. I love me, Charlie Wilson. It was a wild blend. Man, so. And my last one. So we got Stokely of McIndition. Donny Hathaway. That was the last one I was holding. And Steve One. Steve One did. Oh, yeah. You were a true musician. The daddy of music. You've met him? You were a true. I met him once when I first signed the death row. But since I released this single, he showed me a lot of love. Shout out to the station in LA. And I was calling into the station to speak with someone on the radio. And she was like, he has a voice. He's like, man, this song, man, this song is incredible. And I'm like, thank you so much. And the lady was like, that's Mr. Stevie One. And I'm like, whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa. And he talked on the phone with me for about 10, 15 minutes. That's awesome. It was just to hear the stuff that he was saying about us. Thank you, Danny. That probably made, that's, ooh. And made me want to sing much longer. So y'all got to do with me, I'm here. What did you sing to J.M.I.V. when you sung to him? That was a song that was called Drive By. What made you sing that song? You ain't got a song. No, that was one of the songs that when I was going, because I was there to meet with another label. And we had a series of songs put together for the audition. Okay. And that was one of the first songs. I actually sang it for Suga first.  But before I sang, he knew I was going to meet. And he's like, but something. He thought I was going to rap.   I was wondering, J.M.I.V. had them deep pockets too. He still got them. Them boys serious, man. Do you still, you don't even talk to them anymore? I haven't talked to J.M.I.V. in some years. Well, that would be an interesting conversation. Yeah, it would be. And for you to sing for J.M.I.V. It's like he was the rock and roll dude, but he was the one that ushered daddy in, right? Yup. That's crazy man. Out of all your songs that you have, which one is your favorite song? I gotta say right now with my album right now, I'm the black hard album. It's always. It's called Crazy. Why is that one your favorite? What?  That's right. Through some things. Yeah, I'm a Scorpio too, so it tells my whole story. Yeah, yeah, yeah. That's my whole story. You're a good guy, man. Thank you. Show man. Thank you so much for coming on the show. Shout out. How can people get a hotel? Who loves the kind of thing? How can people get a hotel? You have to try to link up with any boy. Y'all can find me, get all in my business on Instagram. That's Danny Boy Stewart. I'm always on there. You can follow me on Facebook, which is Danny Stewart. And to follow everything, just go onto your website and search golddannyboy.com. I'm gonna tell you something. Golddannyboy.com. Compliment really is the fact that I didn't have ten to scoot up. He's used to this. I'm so happy how you have to be yourself in this area. I was talking about that before we got there.  I was telling them to be uncool rappers. I'm like, why don't you set up as you had, you got this figured out. Oh, well, thank you. I gotta find your show. What? I gotta check it out, you know, like whenever you're doing it. I have a radio station that's called FMP and it's an internet radio station. So we're still building it up. And we'll talk, man. Maybe y'all can come do a second. I don't know if it's once in a week or so. I'm gonna come sit down with you. Yeah, we can do a verse talk. Yeah, we can do a verse talk. Yeah, y'all can do something. We're holla, let's talk. Okay. Give me some of the news. Check in with me. Thank you so much, man. Boss talk 101, we're the bosses talk. Are we out? Man.


Hi, my name is Fernando and I will be presenting on the success probability of solving unique SVP via BKZ. In our work, we investigate the cost of solving the learning with errors problem via lattice reduction. Our contributions are the following. We extend previous work by AlchiMetal and Dakman Soledetal to estimate the cost of low probability attacks. We experimentally verify the resulting model against Gaussian secrets, but also against binary and ternary secrets and errors as found sometimes in the literature. We will also explain some low probability attacks that have been reported in the previous literature by Albrecht et al. And we finally determine the effect that these low probability attacks could potentially have on security estimates for crypto systems. And we now present some preliminaries. We look in particular at the search variant of the learning with error problems where there is a fixed secret vector S, which coefficients have been sampled from some distribution and that has dimension N. And then we have an error vector E of dimension M, where the coefficients have also been sampled from some distribution. And usually the two distributions for S and E are the discrete Gaussian. Then we have matrix A of uniformly sampled entries over ZQ. And we are given the double A and AS plus E modulo Q. And we are also given the task of recovering the secret S. One possible way of doing this is via the primal attack strategy where we construct a lattice containing a target vector T, which is essentially a concatenation of the vectors S, the vector E and the number one. And we know that by construction our lattice contains this as the unique shortest vector up to sign. Then we use lattice reduction to recover this unique shortest vector. Essentially this is reducing the learning with errors problem to the unique shortest vector problem. Now when looking at this strategy there are two immediate questions. First is how do we go about costing the attack? And second is what happens if we change some of the parameters. For example if we change the probability distribution from which S and E are sampled. We now define some more useful objects. Given the linearly independent vectors B1 to BD of dimension D, we say that this form of basis for the full run lattice lambda compose essentially of the integer linear combinations of the vectors B. Given a basis we can also run the Grashmead orthogonalization algorithm to obtain vectors that we denote as B star. And now we define with this a basis profile. This is the set of the norms or the square norms in this case of our Grashmead orthogonalized vectors. Finally we also define given a basis, we define a projection operation pi that takes the basis and takes an index and then essentially maps any vectors in the dimensional space. On to the orthogonal subspace that is orthogonal to the first in this case the first k-1 vectors in our basis. Given a lattice basis and a reduction algorithm A, it is possible to predict the resulting basis profile for a reduced basis. There are two ways of doing this. The first is the geometric series assumption that states that for every algorithm A there is some coefficient alpha between 0 and 1 such that if we use that algorithm to reduce a basis its profile is going to be in a geometric series with alpha as the multiplicative coefficient. The other way instead is to use an algorithm specific simulator such as the BKZ simulator by Chen and Nguyen which can predict the effect of running multiple tours of the reduction algorithm on the given basis and then it predicts the profile of the basis output after these tau tours, let's say. Now I mentioned tours of BKZ and we will see that these are the main steps in lattice reduction algorithms that we will be analyzing in this work. So I will now talk briefly about what a BKZ tour is. On the left you can see pseudocode describing what a BKZ tour does and on the right you can see the basis profile for a certain lattice. Essentially on the right we are plotting on the x-axis the index of the basis vector and then on the y-axis we are plotting a log plot of the norm of its grime-schmidt vector. What a BKZ-beta tour does is that we first look at the first beta coefficients in the lattice basis and we look at an orthogonal projection of the lattice span by those basis vectors and it calls a shortest vector problem or a call that is able to solve exactly the shortest vector problem in this saplatis. Then if it finds a vector that is shorter than what was before it will insert that vector at the beginning of this local block of dimension beta and then it will run some LLL to remove some linear dependencies. Then we move our attention down to the right and essentially we repeat this process on the next beta coefficients that will be overlapping or a call for solving the shortest vector problem is called and then a shortest vector is found and is inserted at the beginning of this local block. This is repeated multiple times and as it is repeated we can see that the lattice basis profile is changing and somewhat its slope is growing a little bit. Then we get to the end of the basis and at that point it is not possible to keep moving to the right and so instead one reduces the dimensionality of the projective saplatis that is being searched for short vectors. Now after enough tools are run the basis profile will start to converge toward the geometric series assumption predicted for our lattice and for our algorithm. Here for example we can see in blue the basis profile of our radius basis and in orange we can see that almost exactly below the blue line the GSA had already predicted that this was going to be the basis profile output by BKZ. Now the BKZ beta tool as we said is a fundamental component of blockwise lattice reduction and from it we can define two different algorithms. First we have BKZ beta where in our definition we run a fixed number of tools using a fixed block size beta. The other algorithm is progressive BKZ where we run BKZ tools with an increasing block size. Again we have an input parameter tau and basically this says for every block size starting at 3 run tau tools of BKZ beta. Now if we were trying to use one of these two algorithms as part of the primal attack we would not necessarily wait for the two algorithms to naturally return but rather after every BKZ beta tool we would check if we were able to find a solution to the learning with errors instant that we're trying to solve. Now going back to our question we're trying to see what the cost of solving the learning with errors problem is. So our objective as a reminder is to recover this vector T inside the lattice and in practice the recovery of T follows directly from recovering an orthogonal projection of T during a BKZ beta tour. Now the analysis for this was done by Alke Metall in the New Hope paper and essentially the idea is since recovery of T follows from recovery of this projection and recovery of this projection requires all the vectors in the basis to be taken account for. This will most likely happen when we are running the SVP oracle over the last beta indices of our basis after it reached almost the GSA the geometric series assumption profile. So really what we're doing is if we want to solve the problem we want this projection to be the shortest vector in that subspace. Therefore what we have to do is estimate the length of a projection of the shortest vector and then we estimate what the lattice basis profile is going to be after reduction and we try to choose a block size that here we denote by beta star to mark it as the prediction done using this model. We choose a beta star such that the projection of our target vector is shorter than what the GSA says that we will find at that index in the basis and if it is the SVP oracle will essentially recover this projection and place it into our basis and this will lead to recovery of the full secret vector. This approach by AlchiMetal was originally experimentally verified in Albrecht et al. in 2017. What the authors do is they set up for various secret dimensions some search LW instances and then they look for what is the predicted optimal block size for solving the LW problem using the AlchiMetal analysis and then they try to solve the problem by using the primal attack strategy. And indeed in this table we can see on the top row that if one chooses exactly the optimal block size one is then able to recover the LW solution with very high probability. However they also observed that if one were to choose less than optimal block size that the theory would not directly predict to be successful it is still possible with a relatively high success probability to recover a solution to the LW problem. Now in this table we show the results where the gap between the block size and the optimal block size beta star was 5, 10 or 15 relatively small. However it is not a priori clear whether this gap could increase as the secret dimension increases. If that were the case one could imagine that for cryptographically sized parameters maybe bigger gaps still allow for high probability attacks. And this of course could be a problem because the shortest vector oracle used inside the BKZ beta tour is the main component of complexity in the attack and this complexity is exponential in the block size. So reducing the block size too much would lead to a significantly cheaper attack. Our main contribution in this paper is to extend work by AlchiMetal and by Dagman Zaledetal to predict exactly these success probabilities for lower than expected block size. Essentially what we do is that we try to simulate the probability of solving the unique shortest vector problem instant that is part of the primal attack strategy as we would be reducing the lattice basis. So here more or less what we are doing is we are taking a description of an LWE instance and then we are starting to account for the probability of having solved it so far. So we say okay we are running tau tours of BKZ so for one to tau we will first simulate what a BKZ simulator such as the one in Chen'en Nui Yan predicts our basis profile is going to be at this point in time. And then we are essentially looking at the probability that if we are at this point where we still have not reached what the geometric series assumption assumes to be the state of a reduced basis what is the probability that we are able to recover the projection of the target vector T that would lead to a solution. And this can be done by computing the probability that such projection is the shortest vector in the local block that has been reduced at that moment. And what we do is we essentially model the square norms of these projections to be essentially a chi-square distribution that is scaled to match the variance of the LWE secret distribution. Then what we do is that we essentially accumulate the probabilities of having indeed found this short projection. And we move on to the first step again in the loop where we assume okay if we have not found yet the shortest vector we will run another tour. And so we will again use the BKZ simulator to see what the state of the basis is going to be at the end of the second tour. We will compute the probability of winning at the second tour and we will accumulate it and so on for all tau tours. Finally we return what is essentially the probability of solving LWE with a block size beta or smaller. For progressive BKZ the idea is exactly the same but we are increasing beta as the tours go. And we simulate tours happening until the probability of solving LWE is essentially one. There is here a gotcha in the fact that we are assuming that these probabilities that we are accumulating are for independent events. And indeed this seems to be enough the case because the BKZ tours are not just looking for this projection of the target vector but they are also re-randomizing the basis. And so although there are some exceptions that we address in the paper overall this seems to be a valid simplification. Next we run experiments to verify whether our algorithms that we call USVP simulators are successfully able to predict the probability of solving LWE given a certain block size and a certain algorithm. How we went about it is that we chose LWE parameters that were expected to require a block size of around 60 to be solved. Where we assume LWE to be parametrized such that the secret and the error terms are sampled from a Gaussian distribution with a certain standard deviation sigma. In this table we summarized the parameters that we used and we also show what the expected successful block size would be if we were to follow the alchemical analysis. Then we decided to study mainly two batches of experiments in some we kept we use a discrete Gaussian distribution to sample error and secret. And in the other set we decided to instead try to attack binary instances of LWE that have either binary error and secret or ternary error and secret. Because we wanted also to see if these analysis holds in those cases where the distribution is much more concentrated than in a discrete Gaussian case. And indeed what we do is that we reuse the same parameters for the secret dimension the same in the same queue. And we observe that a ternary secret distribution will have standard deviation square root of two thirds. Just like we have chosen for the discrete Gaussian case in the case of secret dimension 100. And the centered binary distribution that we describe in the paper has a standard deviation one just like we had chosen for smaller than 100 secret dimensions. And so this will allow us to compare directly the cost of solving LWE with a discrete Gaussian secret and error or with a binary or ternary secret and error. And we would like to point out that the USVP simulators are not able to see the difference. Both rely essentially on on the standard deviation of the secret and error distribution. And so they should both be able to predict the same hardness for the two different problems. We also run multiple other variants of these experiments. We will now look at some results but more can be found in the paper. First we're going to look at Gaussian error and secret when we reduce the basis using BKZ and progressive BKZ. These are lots of plots but they are essentially the same plot repeated for different secret dimension. And what we are showing here is for BKZ run only for five tours or only for 10 tours or only for 15 tours and for progressive BKZ where every block size is used once. We printed in a dashed line what the USVP simulator predicts to be the success probability of solving LWE with the algorithm and with a block size that is smaller or equal than beta. On the x-axis we have beta and on the y-axis we have this probability. Then the crosses are the experimental frequencies with which these algorithms are able to solve LWE. From what we can see the simulators are able to relatively well predict the fact that this probability will not go instantly from 0 to 1 at exactly the expected value of beta but rather that they grow. And it also successfully predicts the fact that it's more likely to solve LWE using 15 tours of BKZ rather than just using five tours of BKZ. On the other hand if one wanted to only run five tours of BKZ would need a larger block size to reach the same success probabilities. Then we look at the case of binary and ternary error and secret. We will just plot progressive BKZ here for simplicity and we plot three different cases of progressive BKZ where every block size is used once or five times or ten times. Here we can see again that the predictions from the USB PC simulator seems to more or less match what we find experimentally. And that is that the probability of winning with a certain block size or smaller grows as the expected block size is approached and does not just go immediately of course from 0 to 1. Something interesting of course is that the dash lines which are the predictions are not aware of the fact that the secret is binary or ternary but rather they are only aware of the standard deviation of the distribution from which the secret and error were sampled. Therefore it would look like that ignoring possible combinatorial attacks like in the case of the hybrid attack if one were just to pick a binary say learning with error instance and try to run the primal attack without exploiting the fact that the error is binary in any sort of combinatorial way. Then the harness seems to be the same as if the learning with error instance had a discrete Gaussian error and secret with a variance matching that of a binary distribution. Now we would like to look at one particular case of an effect that was somewhat disturbing our predictions. Here the plot that we are seeing is a similar plot on the x-axis we have the block size and on the y-axis we have the probability of solving LWE with a smaller or equal block size to beta. In this case we are looking at secret dimension 72 which is the smallest that we use and we are using progressive BKZ to solve some Gaussian LWE instance. And we can notice that although generally the prediction by the USVP simulator seems to be located around what the experiments find lots of experiments seems to be succeeding at solving the problem with significantly lower block size on the left. And also that some experiments seem to have a lower than expected success probability on the top right. We believe we found the cause for this discrepancy and that the cause is essentially the effect of sample variance. Now when we are given a LWE instance to solve we are essentially building this lattice basis that contains as we said a target vector T which is being sampled from a certain distribution. And in our case we had this distribution be the secret and the error distribution for example a Gaussian distribution with variance 1. Then the coefficients of T are essentially identically and independently distributed coefficient sample from this Gaussian. Now when the Gaussian theoretically has variance 1 in practice we are only given a finite amount of samples from this distribution which are the coefficients of the target vector. And these coefficients we have a certain sample mean which is the mean of the coefficients the mean value of the coefficients. And also we can define something called the sample variance of these coefficients that essentially plays the role of the variance of the distribution that the coefficients were sampled from in that we expect it to be the same. However given a particular instance not necessarily it will be the case that the sample variance exactly matches the variance of the secret distribution. And since the projections of the target vector really depend on the sample variance because the target vector has been sampled already when is given to us in the form of a learning with error instance. Our simulations will be off if the sample variance is not close to the variance of the secret distribution. To verify this theory that is that the sample variance being off causes our predictions to be off as well. We decided to rerun these experiments but we specifically tried to sample instances of LWE with the sample variance was at most 2% off from the variance of the secret and error distribution. This way we know that the sample variance will not differ in our predictions for the projections of the target vector should match. What we can see in this plot is that indeed for the same predictions once the sample variance is controlled the success probability significantly better matches our predictions. A good note about this is that well it might seem artificial to limit the LWE instances only to quote unquote good LWE instances where the sample variance is close to the standard deviation. The sample variance itself has a variance that decreases with the dimension of the problem. And so really for cryptographically sized instances we don't expect the sample variance to deviate significantly from the variance of the secret and error distributions. Finally we use the USVP simulators to also explain the success probabilities reported in Albrecht et al. And indeed we can see that our simulator seems to explain why for some slightly smaller block sizes we could see non-negligible success probabilities with BKZ. Having found a way of predicting the success probability that smaller than optimal block size will have we could now wonder what its impact will be on the security estimates for lattice based cryptographic protocols. Here we are looking at a table that contains some estimates that we run for the three finalists, chem finalists from the post quantum cryptography standardization process run by NIST. What we did is we took the parameters available at the time of writing that is the parameters from the second round of these schemes. And we use the LW estimator script to find what is the block size predicted using the methodology by Alki Metall that is beta star. And we reported here on the leftmost column.  If instead we were to use a BKZ 2.0 with 15 tours or if they were to use progressive BKZ with either one or five tours for every block size. And these are the numbers. Now you can see that actually all these numbers appear to be larger than the successful block size predicted using the Alki Metall methodology. And this result was already found for some other schemes by Dagman Soled et al. Where their scripts were essentially just recovering this expected successful block size and also these seem to be larger than what the Alki Metall methodology originally predicted. But then since we are extrapolating somehow the full probability distribution of the successful block size of solving LWE. We can also look at what is the standard deviation of the successful block size. What we can see here is that the standard deviation stays relatively small even for cryptographically sized parameters. And throughout it seems never to reach a value of 4 for example. So summarizing we see that actually the expected successful block size is larger than Alki Metall and that is the variance of the successful block size stays relatively small. Now both observations should be good news. The fact that the variance stays small means that our successful block size cannot be significantly smaller than the expected successful block size. That is if we were to choose something significantly smaller we would very quickly incur in an attack that has essentially zero success probability. So it should not be possible to run low probability attacks by just saying let's speak a much smaller block size. Then on the other hand the fact that the expected block size is larger than predicted before means that the Alki Metall methodology underestimates the hardness of the learning with error problems. And this is good news because it means that previously choosing parameters should still be secure against the primal attack. And it is a little bit counterintuitive because these USVP simulators are essentially accounting for the success probability of smaller than optimal or than previously predicted block sizes. So how is it possible that the expected block size is growing overall? Now we believe that we have identified why this expected block size is growing. And this is not really caused by the USVP simulation but rather is used by the fact that internally we are not using the geometric series assumption but we are using a BKZ simulator. So just to recap here and show this effect here we are looking at the part of the basis as the GSA profile predicted for Kyber 512. And in red we have the GSA line that we saw before while in purple we have the logarithm of the expected norm of the target vector during the attack. Now what the Alki Metall methodology does is to say let's find the point of intersection between these two lines and which is beta the block size. Such that it reaches from the end of the basis to this intersection. However since we are not using the geometric series assumption the line for the predicted reduced basis profile is slightly different and it's the one predicted by the Chen and Yan BKZ simulator. With this line if we were to look at the intersection between the basis profile and the purple line that represents the norm of the projections of the target vector. This intersection has moved to the left and so choosing the block size using the simulator output will lead to bigger block sizes. Now this effect will carry then to our USVP simulator and similarly to the code by Dagman Soled et al. Simply because the GSA is never directly considered and instead simulations are always done. This should then explain why the expected block size reported by this work is bigger than that by reported by the LWE estimator which internally uses the Alki Metall methodology and hence the geometric series assumption. In conclusion in our work we captured the success probabilities of smaller than expected successful block sizes. And we show a methodology that allows us to predict these probabilities. The effects seems to be consistent across a secret and error distribution so we also show that using binary or alternative distribution does not directly impact the course of the primal attack without any extra combinatorial step. Finally we show that the even accounting for the low success probability block sizes over all the hardness of the learning with error problems does not seem to be significantly impacted. More details and many more experiments can be found on our eprint and also the code and the data used for producing all the plots and also the code for the USVP simulators can be found on GitHub. Thank you very much for your attention.


Hi friends, welcome to my channel, I am Arpita Karwa and in this video I am going to talk about GB Shaw or the great writer George Bernard Shaw. George Bernard Shaw is one of the most important writers when we look at it from point of view of UGC Net exam because he has written several works which are constantly repeated every year in the UGC Net question papers. So I thought of making a video so that I can take you through his life and through his major important works and also I can take you through the most important questions that were asked from this writer in the past years. So without any further delay, let's jump right into the topic and let's see who was this man GB Shaw. George Bernard Shaw if you look at was born 150 years ago yet today when we read his works he seems to be a very modern and relevant writer. He was born in Dublin which is a place in Ireland and the most important contribution that he made was his prominent works for which he received not only Nobel Prize in literature but also Oscar. Now he was the first and the only writer till date who received Nobel and Oscar together. Moreover, he was the one who established the London School of Economics which is one of the most prominent institutions in London. If you have ever been to London you must have seen that there is a place called London School of Economics and it is in the centre of the city a very very important institution educational institution which was set up by GB Shaw himself. Moreover, if you look at his father and mother you will find that his father was a great merchant whereas his mother was a singer. He was not a big fan of school systems so he decided that he is going to self-school himself. He is going to self-study at home while he was assisting his father in his great merchant business. Before he started writing dramas he was working as a very renowned critic. You might wonder what he was critiquing. Let me tell you friends he was a very important person in the field of essay writing for stage compositions and for music. So all these stage productions that were happening at that time be it the contemporary dramas of Henry Gibson or the famed German writer Richard Wagner's drama he was critiquing each one of them. Not only these writers but he was also looking at the stage productions of old writers like William Shakespeare and he was critiquing telling what was bad and what was good in all these dramas. Now if you look at his history in the field of English drama you will be surprised to know that two major components are seen in almost all his place. The first important theme that you will find in George Bernard Shaw's work is his sense of humor. So he was a person who used to use his sense of humor in order to mock the people of his times and to mock their habits and their traits and people used to appreciate and applaud his sense of humor so much that he gained so many fans and so many admirers. And one of these fans and admirers was the king the great king George the seventh and it is said that once he was sitting in a play of GB Shaw and he loved so hard that he broke his chair. So this is a very very funny thing that you might not encounter anywhere else but I am telling you this because if you quote this thing in one of your exam papers that's going to showcase how deeply and well read you are about GB Shaw. The second important element of GB Shaw's play is how he used to look at social evils. So he hated the exploitation of working class and he used to talk about these exploitation talk about these social evils in almost each of his plays. So make sure that you keep these two things in mind before we jump on to his major plays because you are going to see these themes occurring again and again in all the plays we are going to discuss in this video further. I would like to first mention that GB Shaw has written more than 60 plays in his lifetime and it is impossible for me to do justice with all his works in this little video. So I am going to look at the major ones so that I can show you the depth of his career but if you want to know more about GB Shaw and all other important literary writers in detail for UGC Red Exam you can join my online course the details of which you will find in the description box below or you can feel free to call on the number displayed here. Now let me first start with the most important and promising work of GB Shaw, Man and Superman. Now this work chronologically somewhere fits between the idea of Frederick Nyshe's Superman and the comic book character Superman. So somewhere between these two dates was this play placed Man and Superman. Now what is this play all about? Man and Superman is a play which is all about GB Shaw's take on the classic character Don Juan. Now I would like you to put in the comment section below who was the other important literary writer who worked on this famous work called Don Juan and I am pretty sure you are going to get the answer in the British literature itself. So Don Juan's legend was again told, retold in a different manner by our beloved GB Shaw in his work Man and Superman and what is this Don Juan legend all about? It is about this man who is going on a quest for love. He wants to look for pure love and he's going in the quest and he's being betrayed by so many people, so many females specifically. It was this play Man and Superman where GB Shaw introduced the idea of life force. Now you must be wondering what is life force? Let me tell you guys nobody tells you but then this is a very important question that can possibly be asked in net exam. Life force was a concept given by GB Shaw. Now what is life force? Life force according to GB Shaw is the idea that women have this force to go and meet with superior men so that they can give birth to perfect human beings, perfect human children. Now this idea of how we should control the reproduction activities of two people was used by the Nazi party. Nazi party remember Adolf Hitler the great criminal of the world? Yes, so he was the one who was attached to Nazi party and it was his idea that let's take GB Shaw's life force concept even forward and introduce idea of eugenics. Now what is eugenics? Eugenics according to Nazi party is the idea that only superior or most intelligent people should come and mate together so that they can produce more intelligent human beings. Now I find this idea little creepy because what we generally do is that we first fall in love and then we produce babies but they are saying that first look at the intelligence of the man. If you find that the man is as intelligent or more intelligent than you only then mate so that your offsprings can be intelligent.  So I have spoken enough about man and superman let me move to the next work of GB Shaw which is back to Methuselah. Now back to Methuselah is a five play epic. Now what is a five play epic? It is consisting of five plays so together the all five plays combined are known as back to Methuselah and it is epic why because the theme is those of the epics written by Homer just like Eliadin Odyssey. So it is basically about a biblical character the title back to Methuselah refers to the oldest man who ever lived on this earth and it was a biblical character. This place spans from 4000 BC I would say to 31,920 AD can you believe what kind of timeline GB Shaw has taken 4000 BC to 31,920 AD we are still living in 2020. The play ends in 31,920 AD so that was the great time span and maybe that is the reason why it is known as epic because it has a theme which is larger than life. Another interesting question that has already been asked on this particular work was that in which of the plays by GB Shaw he condemns or he criticizes the idea of Darwinism. Darwinism remember Charles Darwin the great man who wrote Origin of Species yes so GB Shaw critiqued his idea in the play and that was none other than back to Methuselah. Next in the line is Shaw's great work for which he won Nobel Prize and the work is yes guys you got it right Saint John. Saint John is a work which is asked in almost every net exam and the most important part about this work is that it is taught as the text in most of the universities across India in their master's syllabus. So make sure that you go and read out Saint John if you need the summary of Saint John you can whatsapp us on the number displayed above or can contact us through phone. So let's talk about Saint John more. Saint John is a work which is said to be Shaw's only tragedy remember guys this can be asked in net exam it is known as Shaw's only tragedy but surprisingly it has no villains so tragedy without any villain that's the beauty of Saint John and there's a line which is asked again and again in net exam so the line is she's inspired but diabolically inspired who is this lady she's inspired but diabolically inspired who is this lady and the lady is Saint John so make sure you remember these key facts that I'm telling you what I do in these videos in the audio lecture course that I'm offering on my website is to give you the most important things that you must remember I explain the entire story and then give you the most important points that you must keep in mind in regards to that particular work because it's not the story which is most of the time asked in net exam it is the important references important information that you might miss out even though you've read the story fully so I make sure that I give you both the things I first tell you the story and then I give you all the important key points like this so that you don't miss out on anything and you can crack UGC net in just one attempt I would like to end this lecture by talking about my favorite work of GB Shaw which is Pigmalion Pigmalion is a beautiful work which talks about a flower girl called Elisa Doolittle she goes to a professor to take English lessons in the name of the professor is Henry Higgins now what is important about this work is that it was this work which was later produced into a musical called My Fair Lady and it was for this work that GB Shaw won an Oscar award so I think I've done justice to GB Shaw in this little video lecture in which I've tried to give you as much information as I can for this particular author if you're looking forward to see more videos in which I can talk about these important writers important ages important literary movements please subscribe to this channel and also put your suggestions in the comment section below I'll be reading all of them by myself so with that note I take your leave that's it for this video lecture we'll meet very soon in the next video lecture till the time we meet next happy learning keep loving literature and stay tuned to ArpitaKarwa.com


Okay, Val, I need you to be my principal. And so as my principal, you can stand up, that's good, stand up.  Okay? So are you with me? What's going on? I just came out of, thanks, Dave, it was great to be with you, I appreciate it. So now I'm walking down the hall and Val's coming toward me. Hey, I saw you working in Dave's classroom. Oh, hi, I saw you working in Dave's classroom. Just to say it twice to get it across. Did I see you working today in Dave's classroom? Yes, I was in Dave's classroom. I just left there, actually. Good, thank you very much. What happened in Dave's classroom today? Dave was teaching a lesson on writing. What were you teaching? Writing, he was actually doing a personal narrative lesson today. And did you happen to notice what the students were doing when he was doing that teaching? Yes, actually, students in the classroom were working on their own personal narratives. That's great, but what were they, when they were working on their own personal narratives, what were they demonstrating? She's doing it the right way, not the wrong way. Here, I was just expecting her to do it the wrong way. She's giving us the good model first, which is right how we teach concept. We offered the good model first. Keep going, keep going. What were the kids doing? What were the kids doing to demonstrate that they were learning? Well, they were working on personal narratives. It was obvious that they had just started. So many of them I found were asking each other questions about what they were gonna write about. And I think there'll be some differences tomorrow. I wouldn't wanna make any decisions today or judgements in any way, shape, or form. They were just starting. It's neat to watch when they're starting. Did you watch how Dave differentiated any of his strategies? No, I'm just kidding. So now do you see how that conversation, so let's do this conversation with you asking something just simple like, how's Dave doing? Okay? Thanks, Dave. It was a great being with you today, I appreciate it. Okay, Val. How's Dave doing? How's Dave doing? Oh, see, her whole demeanor changes, right? Now, coaches caught like that down the hallway with the question, how's Dave doing? Might respond like this. Oh, Dave is fabulous. He was just on today. He differentiated for his students, met with kids individually. He's so awesome. I'm so glad we have him on staff. Okay, now I'll ask the question again. Same question asked, how's Dave doing? How's Dave doing? You know, I would love for you and Dave to have a conversation about that. I'd love for you to talk to him because I know he would be very eager to share that with you. Okay, I'll just write that on my list of things to do. Yeah, number 345. See the difference? One, that first one would have been just as bad as for me to walk up to Val and say, Dave, boy, we got a real problem. It's no different. It's no different. It's both are judgments. Both are evaluative. And the minute I get trapped as a coach into answering that question, how's Dave doing? And I am effusive about Dave's expertise, how well he's doing. I have violated the fundamental rule about being judgmental and evaluative. Just as if I would have walked up to Val and said, I've got some very serious concerns about Dave's ability. It's no different. And coaches, friends, and principals don't know how to differentiate those two situations. They often view that sort of superlative, excitement, effusive, positive as being okay. They know not to say Dave's not doing a good job. They know that. But you know what? The minute you say Dave's good, you may as well have said, Teresa's bad. That takes a little explanation and a little work, and it takes the coach and the principals sitting side-by-side to have this conversation, to talk about it, and to look at each other and say, I commit never to put you in a place where I am asking you to make a judgment, and I hope you will allow me to say, off limits when you ask me that question.


Let's look at the extra factors in autistic burnout, the extra causes, the extra situations that might push you a little bit further towards that edge of the cliff. Sensory overload, are you managing your sensory environment quite well? This is kind of going into those personal supports and adjustments, but is your home environment provoking overload from you? It's causing you a lot of stress. It could be, are you going out in the world without headphones or sensory supports, shades, are you making sure that you have breaks? You know, there is a lot of different aspects, to sensory overload and also to personal adjustments which could impact autistic burnout if you don't do them.


China targets US satellites, Space X's Starlink satellite internet constellation. Of US is the cause of significant debate in China, as researchers consider developing similar technologies and those to shoot down the satellites or limit the Starlink internet service. Starlink has played an important role in Ukraine's defence against the Russians' invasion, enabling the Ukrainian military to maintain battlefield communications and the general population to ensure internet access after Ukraine's communications networks were targeted. Chinese researchers believe that Starlink's success in Ukraine will prompt Western nations to deploy the service in Asia in case of possible hostilities. Starlink's use in Ukraine has been a cause of controversy both within Russia and in the West. Space X quickly shipped its satellite user dishes to Ukraine as the invasion started last year. Still, matters between Space X and the US government soured later on when reports about funding the cost of Starlink in Ukraine started to surface. Things settled when Space X's chief, Mr Elon Musk, publicly announced that his company would continue to fund Starlink in Ukraine. The firm's president, Ms Gwynne Shotwell, confirmed later that she had asked the Pentagon to contribute to Ukraine's costs. Ukraine's Minister of Information also highlighted earlier this year that Starlink's contribution in Ukraine had crossed $100 million.