Alright, thanks for staying with us. So Dan, the humorous is with us. Hello. Hello. We cannot discuss diversity. I'm sorry. I don't feel like this and listen to you. On October 31st, 2023, the global community celebrated World Cities Day under the theme, financing sustainable urban future for all. The day was marked by a series of events and activities around the world, aimed at raising awareness of the importance of sustainable urbanization and the need to invest in cities to make them more inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable. So this is quite interesting because yesterday on the show, I had an exchange with the senior special advisor to the governor on climate change and what's it called, circular economy. And we're talking about building a sustainable legal. So I mean this is just an update. Alright ladies, let's quickly rush through what we found in today's news. So for me, it's, CBN comes up to say they have no plans to re-dominate the Naira. And yes, this is coming from the narrative that is out there. So they're saying that we're concerned that this narrative, which has been refuted before now, appears to be gaining traction with several debates on the implication of such a policy for the Nigerian policy. We wish to reiterate that the contents of the message are misleading. The authors of that message in their mischief modified text that was from an old policy move by a previous CBN governor in 2007 to make it appear recent. So please let's just disregard the seniors. Okay, so what I found in news is sometimes that sweet news broke that Sheba Edipo's second son, Isaac Edipo, has broken off from the winners' ministry and he's starting off his own ministry. And so people started lashing out from him like, why would you do that? And so that created a dilemma of a contract between the two guys. What's the accounting of life that when he inherited his father's church, the church is not a business, why do you have to inherit it? And now also people lashing out on Isaac Edipo, why would you break out of your father's church? Did you serve in your father's church? But anyway, he has come out to say that there is no, like, the circulation about him having issues with his father, his family is all wrong, that he's in good terms with his father, his family and the ministry, and he's just answering his call. I actually read his official statement, because every other thing out there was official relations, so officially he has come out. But I want to say my own story. First of all, who can sing national anthem here? I can. But if I put a vote of a governor, you would sing it. Of course. That was just a national embarrassment. So that story, I saw it, I didn't click on it, I didn't know what it was. I just saw that there was just a police woman all over the social media trending, but I say I beg, I don't have strength to join media this weekend, so I just ignored. But unfortunately, not unfortunately, fortunately for them, or unfortunately for the people, the organizers, it then turns out that she's actually not a police officer. She's an actress and I think she's an artist, right? Really? Yes, that was given an opportunity to showcase her talent according to what she said. But why would she wear a police uniform? It's part of the costume now, she wears a costume and all of that to look at the party. But did you see the babe first of all? I want them to comment on this one. But did you see the babe? So you see this is where I see that sometimes event planners or even like literally you people need to think through some of these choices. The plans of? You know like, so you live San Si. You live there? You live always at the sync national anthem? That's where you live for? Even Mr. Kondis could be given a sync anthem every day. Thank you. You don't call us.  So that's the thing, we don't look like what? Yeah, what's with that? Yeah. So were you trying to pimp a guy or you were trying to... Me, I go talk my mind. Of course. Were you trying to pimp a guy or you were actually trying to sing the national anthem? Because if you wanted to sing the national anthem, come on. But guess what? They were different people. In fact, called a two-year-old to stand in front of the governor to sing the national anthem. You know what struck me? You know what struck me in this video? It wasn't so much the girl singing. It was the only one person was actually like what? What is she saying? It means that even almost 90% exactly they were not just mesmerized. They probably didn't see anything wrong in what she was doing. They felt she was doing the right thing. Because they themselves probably don't know what she was doing. And she would have come and decided to sing the national anthem. No, those people, they were just respecting the national sovereignty. So they just had to stay put for the national anthem. But there was a guy behind the governor who opened his mouth like ah! And then at the end of it, if you saw the governor's face. You know that's the man that his face doesn't even have a reaction normally. You can't tell his mood, but you could see that somebody is going to lose their job. No, somebody is going to lose their job. I'm sure because first of all, so the whole thing, it was okay but as we posted, when he was talking to her like you know just put a caption, the police is your friend. You know and we'd have figure and everything. And so we were like wow because there are some pages on Instagram that both customs, correctional officers, you see very beautiful officers. So we were like wow, okay then that police is nice. So when I saw it, after like two lines, that's when she did the salute. I was like okay this person is not a police officer. Because even those that are ADCs, even if you are just following and you just play national anthem from your phone, they can just stop and you know and then she goes and then missing the lyrics and I'm like no. So I don't know about pimpin or woodward but I'm sure definitely somebody got excited about the optics that this would be good for the picture, skin color and all of that. And artistically speaking, you know with permission from the police, use their uniform. You understand. This is police event. So I think, I mean, somebody should know the national anthem for goodness sake. So if they just say Sandra, come and sing national anthem. I will not be asking you, are you sure? Can you for a whole national anthem? When she did the apology video that she should have not sang it full. Then they learn left and right age. The problem I had with that apology video was the video that had soundtrack. They are not edited. So the thing is, this is like, in no sense of humility, she is not particularly a smart person. So even with the video of the apology, you could tell that there were lots of edits. Because I mean, in Apple Sandra, there are certain things you just leave. I think going forward, because I see this mismatch a lot and this is why I decided to take this story. I see this mismatch a lot. You want to do an event that has to do with athlete.   Like literally when we do events, we don't think. You must match intellect for intellect. Today we want to discuss reverse. As we see our brain, no carry reverse policy. No, but that's the truth. There are some things that I can discuss. There are some things I cannot discuss. What I then do is look for the expert. That is the wisdom. You know, you can't just bring anybody. What has even thought everybody and within the event space, especially is that don't leave anything to chat.  Do the anthem. I want to believe that you know how to do the anthem. So put your musical debut now as it is. But you don't see what I'm saying. Write it down. This is my point. Our value for excellence. If you was in the United States or something that they're trying to host an event and your men sing the national anthem, you will rehearse and do it. Yes. They should have done some check and all of that. They are serious. Yes. She and the three of them always sing the national anthem. It's not a mistake. It's not a mistake. She got it well. She was now in trouble. No. You know it. It's not a mistake. You went to your phone's sleep. Because it's a pledge. It's comedians that are in trouble now. Because if you go for events, they will tell us, crack the jokes, let me hear. You know me, it's unknown. So we'll take no one girl. I don't have a crack the joke. She has apologised. While we're talking about me, I'm blaming the people that contracted her in the first place. Next time. Secondary school students. A two-year-old, a toddler can sing the national anthem. Let's stop. Because everything, we tend to sexualise a lot of things. Yes. We want to do anything. We look for pretty faces. No. I'm telling you. If people are not going to be honest enough to say it. I will say it. I will not find women. You don't have to say it. We objectify many things.  It's not everything that you must objectify. It was a national anthem. Anybody in the secondary school in that state would have been able to say it. Come on. Let's take a break. When we come back, Dan will take us to the river. To the river state.


When I worked at the bank some years ago, I had the responsibility of dealing with the pandemics which came up at that time. And during that time, I worked with many colleagues in many agencies. One of whom was Dennis Carroll. I became friends and good colleague with Dennis, who was then working at USAID. And I wanted to talk with Dennis about this pandemic because Dennis has not only at that time looking at what was happening with the current pandemic, but he has always been a thinker outside the box and looking forward. As you can see here, he has a PhD in biomedical research. His first work was at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. He then joined the CDC, the Center for Disease Control in the United States, World Renown Organization, as you know. And then he joined USAID, where he was in the Global Health Program. And he organized considerable funding to tackle pandemics. And you will hear about some of the things he did then at USAID in a program called Pandemics. And he has since retired and now is the chair of the Global Viral Project. And he will also tell you what that is a bit about. So colleagues, I hope you would find Dennis's discussion useful. Not only his reflections on what's happening in the current pandemic, but his views about what we might do to prevent them in the future. So let's turn to the recording. Dennis, thank you very much for agreeing to have this discussion with us today. I am delighted to be able to reconnect with you after several years. Many things have changed between us. I've left the bank and I'm now at Illry. And I understand that you have retired, but are as busy as ever. As ever, yes. You fill me in a little bit on what you're up to these days. Well, Jim, as you know, I had a long career at Centers for Disease Control and the US Agency for International Development. I left USAID just a year ago. And my primary focus has been about bringing to life a new partnership around establishing a global viral surveillance network, the Global Virome Project. And that has really occupied a lot of my time. And obviously the events around COVID-19 really highlight both a need for having better insight into future viral threats before they emerge so that we are better positioned and better able to prevent them first off, but also respond should they emerge. So the Global Virome Project is about a global partnership with global ownership to build a big database on both the viral ecology, what animals, wildlife and livestock potential threats are circulating it, and transform the sciences around virology from what you really can consider mom and pop. The world of virology is a very virus specific venture. You're focused on Ebola virus, you're focused on the COVID-19 virus. We're always focused on whatever the last big viral threat is. And what we're trying to do is to move this whole space into the 21st century, which is, as you know, is very much a century about big data. And the world of viruses is a very small data space. But the world that viruses circulate in is a very big database. And the Global Virome Project is really about creating a big data portal to understand viruses before they come to us. Yeah, great. Here's on the cutting edge as you've been in the days I've known you at USA. Then as many of us have been saying over the past several years, that is not if but when a pandemic of gigantic size would strike. But you have been more assertive on this issue than most people. So COVID-19 have been struck with this vengeance. You must feel a bit wrenched that we are in this position after so much warning. Are you? Well, you know, I think we all knew, and as you said, there's many of us who understand that the emergence of a new viral threat is not a question of if it is a question of when and where. And the emergence of COVID-19 came as absolutely no surprise. Its emergence, its spread, everything about it, the biology of the virus itself was very predictable. Obviously some of the clinical manifestations are really eye-opening. We're learning more about this virus and it's presenting in really remarkable ways. The thing that was really, to me, shocking and appalling is less to do with the virus than our response to the virus. Jimmy, as you know, we have worked over the last 20 years with the emergence of SARS to really try and position the world to be better prepared. And avian influenza of 2005-2006 further accelerated people's one awareness and sort of commitment towards putting in place the kinds of capabilities and the kinds of policies that could be drawn on in the midst of a new epidemic or a pandemic. What we saw with COVID-19 was almost a global amnesia that you would never know that there was 20 years of detailed planning, sort of collecting enormous insights into not only how to prevent these things, but what is really required to be able to effectively respond. And most importantly, a fundamental appreciation that a pandemic is a global event that requires a coordinated global response. As we've said over and over again, a threat anywhere is a threat everywhere. And what we saw with the COVID-19 response was a complete abandonment of that understanding that it is a shared global threat requiring a shared global response. It became every country for themselves. We saw that as the virus swept around the world. It was the microcosm of it was the scrambling for personal protective equipment. It was first buyer with the biggest check was getting access to this equipment. And it was total chaos. And that to me is the most appalling sort of aspect of the whole pandemic. But it also, you know, retrospectively doesn't come as a surprise. We've seen over the last five years, certainly in my country in the United States, but we've seen it across Europe and even parts of Asia, sort of this extraordinary rise of nationalism and populism and an anti-science sort of movement. And so many of the global networks and partnerships that have been the backbone of coordinating responses against avian influenza against the H1N1 pandemic of 2009 against the West Africa Ebola, all of those have been fragmented and fractured over the last five years. And essentially not in play when it came to responding to this particular virus. So yeah, for two decades, we've been speaking to the reality of a pandemic will happen. And we need to be prepared and we need to be well coordinated.  Not that the pandemic happened, but our failed collective response to that pandemic that to me has been just appalling. Yeah, I agree. Even all we know about the infectiousness and the virulence of COVID-19 and the status for the search of a vaccine or vaccines and therapeutics, what are your predictions about when this pandemic will be overcome and what might be the new normal? Right. Well, first off, let me say that even in the absence of a vaccine, many countries have shown that this virus is controllable. And remarkably so, this is not a virus that quite frankly has the upper hand. You can look at South Korea, you can look at Vietnam, you can look at Thailand, you can look at China. And you can see that the ability to bring this virus under control with the current tools that we have, face masks, hygiene, social distancing, you can essentially disrupt and stop transmission. We don't have to wait for a vaccine, but it does mean that there is a new normal that to be able to sustain and maintain the load or eliminated transmission of this virus. We need to be hyper cautious as we go forward. We need to continue to recognize our vulnerability to this respiratory virus. So we will be requiring to practice measures of social distancing. The ability to congregate and interact on the scales that we have taken for normal, those are things we're not going to be able to do until there is a highly effective and widely used vaccine. So there is a new normal, but with that said, we can still thrive. We can still be economically robust. Our communities can be vibrant. What we need to do is practice a little bit of common sense. And what's always remarkable about common sense is that it's not all that common. People's ability to just act in their own worst interest is just amazing to me. So we are in a new world in the absence of a vaccine. We will need to continue to be vigilant, but I think we should take heart not by looking at what happened in Europe. We need to take heart about what happened in Asia. They had the first exposure. They really did draw on those pandemic preparedness plans, which they had been, you know, they took the issues of infectious diseases very seriously. And in January, the countries in that region were hearing the very same messages about an unknown new viral threat coming out of Wuhan. And they read between the lines. They understood their vulnerabilities, and they began activating the plans they had been working on for 20 years. And what we've seen is, I mean, think about this from Jimmy, Vietnam and Thailand collectively have half the population of the United States. But they don't have half the deaths from COVID-19 that the United States has. What they have is somewhere on the order of 75 deaths, sort of the 100,000, which would be half of those in the United States, 75 deaths. They did something right. And we should look and learn from that, because what they did right means it's doable. And those societies are continuing to thrive, continuing to grow. And the populations, they took strident ardent measures, but they're bearing the fruit. And vigilance is really the thing, sustaining that ability to act and control and to do it on a national level in a well-coordinated way. It can be done. It is being done. And countries across Africa, across Europe, across the Americas really need to understand why is it that Southeast Asia in particular and East Asia got it so right, and we got it so wrong. Then with respect to reactiveness, which you just described, and the rights and wrong about it, you have said over and over that we cannot expect to do the same things over and over and get a different result. I think you quote Einstein on that in one of your interviews. You advocate a forward-leaning posture and created at USAID a research program called Predict and spent over $200 million on it. Could you tell our staff in summary what Predict aimed to do and how that relates to what you're doing now? It sounds like you're continuing some of that work. Yes, well, thank you. Please tell us about that. Be glad to. First and foremost, let's make one point very clear. When we talk about future viral threats to people, those viruses already exist, and they exist in wildlife populations. They're already circulating. If we were having this discussion a year ago, Jimmy, the COVID-19 virus was in existence. It was circulating among bats. We know that. And whatever the next epidemic or pandemic virus, and there will be sooner than later another event, whether it's an epidemic or global pandemic, a new emergent viral threat will come sooner than later. It is inevitable because there is this deep reservoir of viral populations circulating in animal populations. The second point I want to make is when we talk about the threats that these viruses pose, they pose a threat to humans, but they also pose a threat to livestock. We understand that the emergence of a new viral epidemic or pandemic agent is not just one that is a risk to humans. It's a risk to our food security and food safety around the world. And the work that we did underpredict was really very much an understanding about this shared space that humans, animal populations, in particular wildlife and livestock and the ecosystem have. And the emergence of a new viral threat is very much dependent on that combustible interaction, how animals and people and the ecosystem are interacting. And predict was really about developing a richer, deeper understanding of what that dynamic looked like. And to what extent we could do three things. One, we could begin to identify in animal populations future viral threats before they emerge, go to the virus before it comes to us. Secondly, could we better understand what propels a virus to jump from a wildlife animal into either livestock or into people? Could we better understand what the dynamics that drive those events? And then thirdly, with that knowledge, could we begin understanding where and when these events are most likely to occur? Are there hot spots in the world where the potential for spillover is far greater? Because if we understand what a future risk is and we understand where that risk will play itself out, it allows us to do two things. It allows us to bring around prevention measures. Think about the COVID-19 virus. There's strong reason to believe that its initial spillover occurred in a live animal market. Now, it may or may not, but we've seen that with such frequency. Live animal markets are places where we see spillover events. OIE and the animal health community have developed really good standards for enhanced biosecurity that we could bring to those markets to prevent those spillover events from happening. So if we know what the triggers are that drive spillovers, you can use what knowledge we do have to prevent them from happening. Secondly, and if we know where these are going to happen, we can also bring a heightened level of surveillance to continue to monitor and to look for evidence of a spillover event. The COVID-19 virus that initial reports came out in the middle of December of 2019, inevitably, that was not the point of spillover. It happened months and months and months before. And that virus had a chance to circulate, move among human populations, and slowly but surely gain efficiency in human-to-human transmission. If we had brought surveillance beforehand into those markets and into that region with longitudinal sustained monitoring for a known future threat, a COVID-19-like virus, we could have picked it up shortly after that spillover if we couldn't have prevented the spillover. So predict was about a proof of concept. When we begin to shine a light on the viral dark matter, all of that unknown viral populations that pose a future threat, can we use that knowledge to better understand risk? Can we use those insights to better understand what are the practices and behaviors that trigger our practices, our behaviors that drive a virus from its wildlife host into either livestock or into people? And can we use that to make the world a better prepared to prevent and then to identify early and rapidly respond to these events? Predict was an enormously successful proof of concept. It really helped us understand each of those three points in detail. The problem with predict is that scale was too small. In predict, we began to quantify for the first time, how many viruses are we talking about circulating in wildlife? And we published a paper in Science two years ago. There's about 1.5 million different viruses across 25 viral families. And of those, we estimate half a million, 600,000 had the potential to infect us. And a very small subset of those have the potential to have adverse effects. But in predict's 10-year lifespan, they had a scale of operations that allowed them to discover and characterize about 1,200 new viruses, 1,200 versus the 500,000 you really want to know about. It's too small. So we are standing now on the shoulders of predict to develop a global venture that isn't owned by USAID, that's not owned by the US government. It recognizes that to be able to effectively mount an effort to catalog and characterize and understand these future viral threats and to translate that knowledge into policy and action. We need to have ownership of every country. It needs to be, if you will, a partnership, a federation of national virome discovery projects that are able to work together and build a shared database so that instead of knowing about a half dozen coronaviruses, we can begin to characterize and understand what we estimate to be about 4,000 different coronaviruses, similarly for, you know, the iloviruses, which is the viral family for Ebola. We can develop a deep database that allows us to have a run genetic atlas of all of the viruses. So when we begin thinking about future countermeasures, we're not spending a billion dollars to develop a vaccine against a COVID-19 virus that ultimately has no efficacy against whatever that next coronavirus might be. You now have the ability to use machine learning to sweep across virtually all 4,000 of the coronaviruses and begin designing broad spectrum vaccines, exploiting the power of gene editing that CRISPR casts and really revolutionizing the development of pharmaceuticals so that you begin developing not a vaccine or an intervention for one, but for entire families. So that's what Predict laid the foundation for and what the global virome project is committed itself to do it, to turn the unknown into the known. One is Tsangchi, the Chinese philosopher, statesman general, famously noted. To know your enemy is to be victorious in every battle. To not know your enemy is to lose every battle. Right now, the virus is our enemy and we lose every battle because we do not know our enemy and we're in the business at the global virome project of knowing your enemy and using that knowledge to create a world that's better prepared to prevent, to detect and respond not to any and all future threats. Great, great. That's very exciting and very forward-leaning as you have been saying. Now that the world has seen how destructive the pandemic of this size can be on lives, livelihoods and economies. Do you think that we are better interested or committed to making the kinds of investments in this sort of research that you're talking about? We have talked for many years about sufficient investments, not only in preparedness plans and so on, which we did a good amount about, but in this sort of preventative mode, getting ahead of the game, but we weren't able to find the kinds of resources to do it. Do you think the world is more aware now and will be committed to making the kinds of investments which are really needed? Well I would like to say yes, but I think like you, Jimmy, we have seen patterns of high levels of investment followed by severe contractions. There is a feast and famine, a war budget and a peace budget, and the war budget is when we're in the middle of a, in this case, a pandemic or the threat of a pandemic. We have seen major investments made over the years as we are in the midst of a battle, but once that battle is over or more importantly falls off the front pages of newspapers, we see the interest in governments and in the private sector in making sustained investments is an enormous, enormous challenge. One can hope that this event is so, has been so catastrophic and has been not just so impactful on our health, but when we look at the economies around the world and see the costs that this pandemic is currently bringing and will continue to bring over the course of the next year or so, that one would hope that the incredibly small relative level of investments that need to be made to provide sustained support for prevention, for surveillance, for investing in the systems and capacities. The one health, let me underscore, the one health systems and capacities. We need to use this as a moment to really bring together this diverse multi-sectoral partnership and create a new sustained robust alliance that is able, quite frankly, to bring the agility to our actions that viruses do routinely. Today without hesitation, we'll move from a bat to a penguin, to a pig, to a human. And they don't care about species, but our whole systems are stovepipe by species. And I would hope that not only do we get sustained investment, but we radically transform our vision of what and how we need to work across sectoral domains and create a truly unified partnership between human health, animal health, and I mean animal health both in terms of livestock and wildlife and the ecosystem. You know, as well as anyone, that we live in a world that the events that are driving forward, the intensity and frequency of these epidemic events are the very same forces that are also creating the extreme weather events that we are witnessing around the world. Today, in my own country right now, we have extraordinary wildfires underway across the western part of the United States. And we've had serial hurricanes pounding the Gulf states. And we have one today, unprecedented, and all of these events are driven by the same things that drive the emergence of zoonotic diseases, land use change and population pressures and inappropriate generation of energy and consumption of materials. The relationships are profound and this vision about what we need to do about pandemics is also a vision about what we need to do about being more responsible about how we live on this planet. And the work of Ilri is really important to helping us develop sustainable agriculture and sustainable livestock production. It's that lack of sustainability that's transforming our ecosystems. And that transformation that land use change is the single biggest driver behind climate change and it's the single biggest driver behind zoonotic diseases. And we can't continue to look at these as isolated, independent things. We need to not only have the type of resources you're talking about, but we need to have a vision about the interconnectedness across these different domains and take a well thought out coordinated action to create a more sustainable human presence on this planet. We don't do it. We'll continue to be besotted with epidemics and pandemics and extreme weather events on a scale that in the 21st century will make this an extraordinarily existential moment for us as a species. Indeed, I know you and Subash speak occasionally and as you know, Subash is helping us to try to craft out what might be our contributions as Ilri in this one health space. What can we do in collaboration with many partners in relation to what needs to be done? Ilri is a very small entity with minor resources, but given our proximity to the problem and the locations and so on, that we can join in partnerships in this one health space to advance some of the work that you're doing. So we're certainly trying to respond to what you're saying in many ways, not only through the one health and prevention and responsiveness and so on, but the whole area of more sustainable animal systems, production systems, raising the productivity, so we need fewer animals, lower emission intensities, and of course reducing the population pressure of human animals, domestic and wildlife animals and so on. We're hoping we can come back to dip into your long and deep experience in this area and hopefully you'd be willing to support us in this venture as busy as I know you are. I hope you would save a little bit of time for us. Well, anything I can do for you, Porto, I'd be delighted. Great. Thank you, Dennis. Let me, I can't let you go. I know we've been on for a while and you have contributed significantly to this discussion already, and of course I will point over staff to the many interviews you've been having and publications and so on, but I can't leave without asking you this final question. I have seen the collision between, we have all seen, the collision between personal liberties. I don't want to wear a mask. The government can't tell me to wear a mask. I don't want to be vaccinated. The government can't tell me. When some of the responses we need require community approach to doing this, why do you think this is such a growing collision and how do you think we can resolve that? Can we read?  I just finished reading a wartime biography of Winston Churchill, and it was describing his first year in power during World War II. And one of the measures that was forced upon Londoners and then ultimately all of Britain during those years was the blackouts.  Every car had to shudder their headlights to avoid giving enemy aircraft sort of guidance as to where population centres were at night. And all Britons complied with that and they did it heroically. And all I can say is that if the world today were faced with that challenge, you know, wearing a face mask is far less onerous than walking down a street at night in a urban town with no lights, buses driving down the street in the black of night with virtually no headlights. And everyone is, you know, living in a much more difficult environment. But these people without hesitation embraced the individual sacrifice for the greater good. We live in a world today where people have forgotten about the social contract where we have begun to fragment our sense of responsibility. We don't wear a mask to protect ourselves. We wear a mask to make sure that we protect the other person. We never know whether we're infected. We have so many, you know, 80% or plus or minus of those that are infected are asymptomatic and shedding virus. And so it's the, you know, it's to reject the idea of wearing a mask because it's inconvenient and not accept the possibility that in fact you may be infected and potentially putting everyone around you at risk of infection. It's just extraordinary. And in some way as a community, we have begun to fragment and not assume the responsibility of a member of a community. And it I don't think we're ever going to get this right until we rebuild from the bottom up our sense of identity, not as individuals, but our sense of identity as members of a community. And that we're acting with the best interest of our neighbor at heart, not with this, you know, the self interest of ourselves. Obviously, when you wear a mask, you're also protecting yourself. Well, what should always motivate us is that I'm protecting you and that I have a social contract. I have a responsibility as a member of a community. So this is when you see people rebel and then ultimately it's become politicized that the adherents to these protective measures wearing a mask, social distancing, personal hygiene have become part of a political fodder that has further aggravated and sort of amplified the tension and the fragmentation of our community. And that is also appalling. So I yearn for the days when we had leaders who spoke about the collective responsibility, ask not what your country can do for you, but ask what you can do for your country. That type of vision is a vision which has been stood on its head. Don't ask what you can do for your country. Ask what your country can do for you. That is the world we live in today. We're gonna have to socially engineer and get ourselves back to a better appreciation that we live as part of a community. And let me underscore that community isn't just us as a species. I want to go back to your earlier point. We need to recognize that we are part of a larger ecosystem. And until we better contextualize that we are just one of, you know, 5,000 of 5,000 million species. And there's not a given that 10,000 years from now we're gonna be here much less 1000 years from now. Species comes these go and we have a chance to accelerate our departure if we keep behaving. But we also have a way of perpetuating our sustainability. If we better embrace our responsibilities of being a member of this planet. This epidemic has cost us dearly.  And obviously we did not take that ounce of prevention. And our leadership has just flailed and left us in a terrible situation. But Benjamin Franklin, you know, I always assume that what he was talking about was some health measure. It's better to, you know, treat yourself today rather than deal with a serious illness tomorrow. But he wasn't what he was. He was a citizen of Philadelphia in the 1730s when Philadelphia was a boom town. And it was rapid growth. But with that rapid growth, it was largely unregulated.  And all neighborhoods would burn down before the fire brigade could get there. And what Benjamin Franklin became an advocate of was fire laws, building codes so that any future buildings built in Philadelphia met minimum building requirements that were designed to prevent the spread of fires. And so that upfront cost of putting into a building extra investment going from wood to brick to make sure that that house was less flammable became that ounce of prevention. I see. But it's I bring it up because it is a way of looking at problems and problem solving that we need to bring to this whole space around epidemics and pandemics. You know, your question earlier about sustained financing. Well, until we take the approach that it's better to invest in preventing the conditions that enable spillover and spread and amplification of deadly viruses in people in a livestock until we are prepared to make the kind of investments that improve biosecurity, improve hygiene, improve sanitation. We are going to continue to be a fire department that is racing against out of control fires and never able to effectively protect our citizenry. Franklin understood what he was talking about. And we need to transfer his notion of prevention and cure to the world of zoonosis and quite frankly, into the world of climate change. It's better for us to prevent than it is to respond. Yeah, Dennis, very profound. Thank you very much for the time. I am very pleased to reconnect with you again. It's a real pleasure for me and I look forward to staying in touch now that I've found where you are. And hopefully we can work together and I'll certainly come to you looking for help to support Hillary in what we're trying to do. Thank you very much for your time. Well, thank you. And let me just do a special thank you to your colleagues throughout ill-rate. You have done and continue to do great work and your work is urgently needed. And so thank you for the contributions you have made and thank you for the contributions you will make. Greatly, greatly appreciated.


TFNN headline news update Good afternoon everybody. I'm Tommy O'Brien company alive from TFN headquarters in St. Petersburg, Florida 2 p.m. Eastern Time on Thursday two hours left to go in the trading day We have markets hanging around positive territory right now S&P's up by 20 points trading at 29 39 Dow Jones up 165 trading at 26,510 It's about 500 points above where it was trading that last night in the futures market Nasdaq up 44 points trading at 79 47 gold contract trading inversely with the market gold negative $10 and 90 cents at 1502 on the dot had been under 1500 at one point notes and bonds We have some lower price and higher yield the 10-year negative 16 ticks at 130 24 the 30-year negative a full point in five ticks at 162 13 and the dollar index off almost 500 ticks negative 482 at 98 633 we'll start things off We're gonna start off with a chart of that 10-year 1.64 percent the yield on that 10-year you back things up just a Sunday night We had a 1.54 So you're talking about a tenth of a percent basically overnight higher price Excuse me higher yield in that 10-year jumping over the market We'll start it off with the Dow quite a pop as I mentioned We were basically at about 26,000 overnight last night things looked bleak for the communications between us and China But as reports continued to surface you got a tweet from President Trump at just prior to 10 a.m. This morning saying that he will Be meeting with the vice premier tomorrow the market actually made it up to 26,058 almost a hundred points off that level of 26 461 There's an Aztec and 100 trading at 77 47 had been as high as 77 85 S&P's 29 39 made a high just after 11 a.m. Of 29 48 There's your gold contract actually dipped down to 14 96 60 back above 1500 at 150 178 Natural gas we got inventory numbers at 10 30 98 billion cubic feet pretty much right on target of what they were expecting for the estimate and That's spiked to a high of 226, but natural gas approaching the lows 222 cheaper natural gas and crude oil $53 and 41 cents Terms of what else you have happening across the market I mentioned it last hour Delta Airlines out with their earnings actually spiked on a 5107 then spin clawing back some of those losses you zoom in a bit that was right at basically 9 50 a.m. $52 and 54 cents Delta still down about 2.5 percent Stay tuned folks We got a man Dave white coming up right now at the power trading hour and Tom O'Brien live at 3 o'clock markets in positive territory Stay tuned. We'll be right back


Hi everyone, in this tutorial, I'm gonna be showing you how to find symmetric difference of two sets in Python language. In order to do that, I'm gonna create two sets. First set is gonna contain few odd numbers, for example 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11. The second set is gonna contain few prime numbers, for example 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, that's gonna be enough. Now what we want to do is to find all elements that are in these two sets, but that they are not in their intersection. In order to do that, we're gonna call symmetric difference function on first set, so I'm gonna say odd numbers, symmetric difference and as the argument I'm gonna use this second set. Now let's run this code and as you can see, we have number 1 in the first set, but we do not have it in the second and number 2 we have in the second set, but not in the first and so on. That's all in this tutorial, don't forget to like this video, see you in the next tutorial, happy coding.


These are the best smelling colors that Abercrombie could have possibly made. Hey, what's up guys? It's Josh here today. I wanted to do kind of like a vintage classic review on this 1892 red and this Abercrombie and Fitch 1892 yellow. Now these were created during the famous Mike Jeffries era. Now, if you're not familiar with Abercrombie and Fitch, most of the people who like Abercrombie and Fitch liked things during the Mike Jeffries era, he left around 2014. These were created, I believe in 2011 and most of the time Abercrombie, they don't release a lot of different stuff at once, especially with fragrances, you know, they'll release one and that's kind of it. They'll try to make like a few really good fragrances with their own kind of DNAs. These, I don't know if they were trying to take over the colored game like, you know, like the polos or the lacrosse, any of these other companies that do the colored kind of smells. I don't really know. These were only sold at Abercrombie and they were only around for about a year. They had four different colors, red, yellow, green and blue. I have actually got samples of 1892 blue and 1892 green. Unfortunately, I cannot find them. There was this great guy on eBay who would sell you like one ounce samples all through all four of these. From what I remember about blue and green, I would say green might have been my favorite. Green was very, very likable. Same with blue. Blue was very, very likable. It's actually wasn't called blue. It was called 1892 Colbats. What you would expect from an Abercrombie blue style fragrance. I actually think of all the fragrances that the 1892 Colbats is probably the most similar to fragrances that we've smelled nowadays. So online they say that red has notes of bergamot, ivy, sage and sandalwood. To me what I smell with this red is a very similar style red to something like the Polo Reds, but 100% its own style smell, 100% its own style DNA. The Polo Reds were a little bit clubby, a little bit sweet, or actually very sweet. This one is a little bit more complex and a little more Abercrombie. I smell definitely cranberry. Now cranberry is what gives it its red smell. I do think that Polo Red and stuff, they use like cranberry and coffee to give that red style smell. So I definitely smell cranberry. It's definitely creamy. It almost reminds me a little bit of black excess, where it was kind of like red, spicy and creamy at the same time. There is a slight creamy element. And then also I'm actually not a big fan of peach, but I actually smell peach in the top notes. If you've ever smelled a fragrance that it doesn't smell lemony or citrusy, but it has like a lemon in the top note. A great example is the original fierce. The original fierce isn't a lemon fragrance. However, if you smell the classic vintage fiercest, it has a little bit of lemon in the top to kind of balance it out. This one actually has a little bit of, in my opinion, peach on the top. It's either like peach or apricot. It's very, very different and usually for some reason I don't really like peach, but I do like it in here. And then it is also soapy and spicy, soapy in a good way. This reminds me of just a 100% Abercrombie style guy, somebody who's really young, really fit, really clean cut, wearing a polo shirt, especially a red polo shirt. It's soapy in all the good ways. Yellow might be the most unique Abercrombie and Fitch fragrance that I've ever smelled. It is extremely hard to pin down. I've even seen somebody on Fragrantica. There's not that many people who have reviewed these, but I have seen somebody on Fragrantica saying that they've smelled this a bunch of times and they really just can't pin it down. And I 100% agree. I do think that because it is harder to pin down, it technically would be synthetic, but this fragrance is so, so, so likable. And I almost challenge anybody in the fragrance community to pick a bottle of this up. I think this one's about $40 online new, which is unbelievable. I highly recommend picking one of these up if you're interested just because this has been discontinued for 10 years and it's $40 to $45 online new, which is insane. If you want to get this one new, I think this is about $90. I almost challenge anybody to get this and tell me what you think about it because I just absolutely cannot pin down what this fragrance smells like online. I think that they say this has like a Cypress kind of a smell to it. I do smell something that could be interpreted as Cypress, but the main note that I get with this is melon. And I actually really, really do enjoy fragrances that include melon almost anytime that melon is included in the fragrance. It just smells better. A couple of fragrances that come to mind is the Fierce and Tense, the newer one I spilled a little bit of melon. And then also Abercrombie and Fitch, first instinct uses melon in a specific way. So I actually really, really do enjoy this one guys. It's very, very good, very hard to pin down, but just so Abercrombie. And then also I just want to say online, I was looking at Fragrantica when these would came out. And I don't know if they're missing a couple of fragrances, but the only male fragrances that have come out before these two fragrances are Woods, Fierce, Ezra Fitch, Cologne 41 and Colton. So technically this is all these were like the number six through 10 on Abercrombie's men's fragrances. So these were in the first 10 fragrances created by Mike Jeffery's four men and four Abercrombie. I felt that they come out with a lot of fragrances up until this point because I remember when they came out with these fragrances, I wanted to try them so much, but they were so expensive and I didn't know which ones to get. So these are one of their more original scents, although I kind of felt that these came later on. Let's jump into the pros of these fragrances. The pros is they have a very, very classic Abercrombie and Fitch vibe to them. And more of the new Abercrombie fragrances, what they do is in my opinion, they find some sort of popular DNA and they put a little Abercrombie tent on it. And although I do like that because it is very popular kind of smell and then it also gives you the Abercrombie kind of DNA that you're looking for. It just isn't nowhere near as impressive as something like this because these seem like Abercrombie had a specific vision in mind about what they wanted and they wanted to be different and it almost seems like Mike Jeffery's would meticulously smell these and wait to approve them because they are as Abercrombie as you could possibly get for being yellow and red. I'm not the biggest fan of fragrances based after colors, but I am a big fan of Abercrombie and these are literally like the perfect Abercrombie yellow and the perfect Abercrombie red in my opinion. They are extremely likable while being very, very different at the same time. Again, this one, this is probably the most unique fragrance that I've ever smelled from Abercrombie and Fitch. The only note that I could pick up from it is Melon. Somebody said on Fragrantica that the yellow reminds him of in a very exotic kind of soap. I could kind of see that. It's a very clean vibe. It's just so, so different but likable at the same time. I got to say that I really appreciate for how outside the box these are, but how likable they are at the same time. The cons is the projection. Now, I do not know if these were stored properly. These are 10-year-old fragrances, so if these have been sitting in someone's garage in the heat, I don't know. This one is definitely a lot lighter projection than the red. The red I actually bought used. I forget how much came with it when I first bought it, but I think it was about halfway. The yellow I've had the entire time, so I've actually sprayed all of that. But it also seems like this one wasn't stored as well as this one. It's hard to describe. The red is definitely more full, but there's just something about it to where I feel like it's been in the sun or I feel like it's not as strong as it would be right outside the box. But again, I bought the red used. I'm kind of on the fence of whether I like or dislike these fragrances because I love what Abercrombie does, especially the classic Abercrombie and Fitch fragrances. These were created under that. I do think that they are around as good as some of the best Abercrombie and Fitch fragrances as you could get. But at the same time, it was just kind of weird when Abercrombie has five men's fragrances and then all of a sudden they come out with four right at the same time. And I kind of think that people didn't even know how to take that. I've talked to people who have purchased these back in the day and that's how people actually say that they thought it was one smell and it just came in different colors. People who buy Abercrombie, I don't really think of them as buying like tons and tons of fragrances. If they made one single release, it probably would have been maybe better than these. But at the same time, I really, really do enjoy these and it would be nice to see them pop in, you know, like the Legacy collection with Abercrombie would be nice to see those popped in. It would be nice to get some access to these. I do think something like woods or like fierce or like cold and is a little bit more well rounded. And if you could think of the best fragrances ever, they don't usually have a color next to them like Baccarat Rouge 540. It's not called like cloud or see-through.  So most of the time, I like a fragrance that has its own character, not just red, blue, you know what I mean? But at the same time that being said, I know I'm kind of contradicting myself, these are the best smelling colors that Abercrombie could have possibly made. And I do like the time period that they were created because, you know, the closer that Mike Jeffery's got to being out, I do think that that it was already going downhill a little bit by then. So this was 2011. So, so good. I would give both of them the smell rating of an eight to an 8.5. I do think they are very, very good. And just because they are that unique and they do a lot of extra stuff that I haven't really smelled before, I'm kind of on the fence between an eight and 8.5. They are very good. Likeability, I would go with yellow is probably a nine and red probably an 8.5. Abercrombie is extremely likable, but there's just something I think a little bit more easy to like on this one. This one is a lot lighter as well. So I do think that lighter scents usually are a little bit easier to like, although I do think this is fantastic. And anybody who likes red style fragrances or wears a lot of red will greatly enjoy this. And it's actually sad that we can't see this compared against the other reds in the fragrance game because I actually really, really do like this. Abercrombie is my kind of style and I would probably prefer this to the other reds. And then longevity and projection. Again, these are 10 year old fragrances that could not have, that maybe were not stored correctly. So red, I would give longevity and projection of about a 6.5. Now again, I do feel like the normal version of this that was kept up in a good condition. I don't know if this was kept in a bad condition, but I feel like that this was red was kept in a good condition. It might bump up to about a seven to a 7.5 because it is more full and I kind of have a feeling that it got weaker somehow. And then yellow, I'm going to have to be honest. I'm going to have to give this one a five. And I don't know if this is the kind of smell that it is or if it has been sitting in a garage for a couple of years. But yellow is very, very, very light, extremely light. Yellow is, it's such a weird fragrance because I don't really know any other colors of yellow. I don't know anybody who, oh, I want to wear a yellow. Yellow is my favorite color or I want a yellow fragrance. Usually when it goes to colors or fragrances, it's black, blue or yellow. Abercrombie came out with the blue as in Colbats. And I don't know if you know classic Abercrombie and Fitch, but I do. And classic Abercrombie and Fitch, they would not wear any black at all. So that makes sense why there isn't an A and F black. Anyways, guys, this whole collection is very, very good. If I end up getting the blue and the green and samples again, I will test them again. But let me know what you thought of these fragrances. I really like the idea of these. I almost would have been interested to see if Abercrombie would sell these in a group. If you bought a whole yellow set, you get the yellow. Or you bought a whole red set, you get the red. Or they were to have these in one ounce bottles and save for a hundred dollars. You get a one ounce of each one. I just think that the way that Abercrombie sells in markets, it was difficult for them to maximize all four of these fragrances. But I just absolutely enjoyed this blast from the past. So anyways, guys, thank you guys so much for watching the video. Thank you guys so so much. You guys are the best. Let me know what Abercrombie fragrances I should review next. Let me know what fragrances you want me to review next. And let me know if you tried A and F 1892, the colors, because I'm actually really enjoying this blast from the past. But anyways, guys, thank you guys so so much for watching the video, guys. You guys are the best. We're on the road of 50,000 subscribers and I couldn't do it without any of you guys' help. I'm having a great day out here. Hopefully having a great day at home. See you all in the next video. Peace or somebody online said that they kind of this kind of smells like a like somebody said on for a grand circuit that the yellow smells like an