Okay. So, could you please state your full name? Gordon Maltham, Red Sea. And your age, please? Almost 86. And where were you born? Halifax, Nova Scotia. Okay. And what did your parents do when you were a child? My mother was worked in the bank as a teller, I guess. But that was before I was born, so I don't know anything about that. And my father was an accountant, vice president, eventually. You have a shipload fitting firm in Halifax. Okay. And you as a child, what did you do? What were your pastimes or your interests? The summer would be baseball, cycling, hiking, camping, winter skiing, skating. You were a sporty guy. Yeah. And at school, what were your interests? Were they geared towards the sciences or what were your strengths? I guess I was interested in everything at school until I got into about grade 11. And then I wasn't too interested in math at that time. And I suppose in grade 12, physics was not all that exciting to me, but I was strong in chemistry all through because my dad had built a lab for me. I don't know. Someone was about 14 or 15 in the basement. And I guess probably because he wanted to go to university when he was a teenager and take chemistry. I didn't know this until years later. Okay. That was his passion. Yeah. And it turned out to be mine. And he got to live vicariously through you? Yeah, right. It's not a bad thing. No. So you went into chemistry. What did you decide your path to be after high school? My path actually from about age six was to be a medical doctor. And so when I entered university, it was in pre-med. And because I was entering at the time of the war vets coming back from the war in 45, I was entering in 47. It was still pretty difficult to get into university coming from high school. And of course in Halifax, they only went to grade 12, which Ontario does now. So I entered from grade 11. You didn't have to take grade 12. You could take grade 12. And you've got five credits if you took an arts degree in university, but I was not taking arts. In pre-med, I would get two credits, so I decided to go right from grade 11. So I enrolled in pre-med, but this passion for chemistry, I expanded that pre-med to a bachelor of science in chemistry and took every chemistry the university offered, including all the medical chemistries, pharmaceuticals and whatnot. So the other passion was music. And they gave me a test when I entered university as to what I should be doing. And the bottom line of that testing was that I should not be going into science. I should be for medicine. I should be in university. And your other passion was music. Music. So immediately they found out that I played the piano. They said, well, we want you in the orchestra. We're a piano player. We want you to play the tuba. And I said, well, I never played the tuba. I played horns because I was in the Navy band of the reserve. And so I played a couple of different horns. And they said, oh, well, take the horn home with you. And you can read the notes. So I was self-taught. And so two weeks later, I was with the band, with the orchestra, playing HMS Pinafore, Gilbert and Selvam. And I guess a couple weeks later we actually put on the performance, full dress performance. So the tuba in the orchestra led to the university band asking me to come with the band and football games and the hockey games all over the province, which was okay until I got to Cady University. It was right in the heart of the Annapolis Valley. And of course all the apples. So we'd be marching down the street and the Cady kids would be throwing apples at this big target of the tuba. Throw them in? Oh, yeah. So by the time we got to the university itself, to get ready for the game, I couldn't blow it all in this thing. Was it jammed? Yeah. So I'd flushed over the hose. Wow. Every football game, not the hockey games, it was okay. I just hated it on the tuba player. Yeah. So did you ever go back to piano or tuba is your instrument now? No. No, I never went back to the horns. Okay. I was off because when I finished university, I, within six months, I was up in the Arctic. And there was no piano there for a while. And I didn't have a piano when I came down here five years later. So I was off music for about ten years, I guess. And I remembered near everything a new one, music, but it's never the same. You forget. So, but I think my first year of university, or the year before I went to university, my piano teacher, because I'd started piano a year before. So that was about, I was a guess, about 15. And she was a neighbor. And I had seen three showings of a song to remember, which was a story about Chopin. And I got excited about getting into music again, because my parents had had me go to music piano lessons when I was about ten years old, as well as maybe younger. And I hated that, I hated it with passion. Sometimes you're just too young. Yeah, well, I couldn't stand the scales. The technique. Yeah. And so I asked my parents if I could start music again, and they said, sure. And I said, well, there's a mother of one of my friends just up the street. She was a piano player. Well, my mother was a good piano player, but I figured it was better to go to somebody outside the family. So I went over the next day and asked this lady if she'd teach me, and she said, sure. I said, well, I got a couple of conditions. One is, here's a book. I had bought this book on Chopin. Mixed type of music. And the second is I don't want to play any scales or exercises. She says, we can't learn music without those. Nice as well. Chopin's music has got a lot of this type of music. That's his music. She says, yeah, you're right. So where do you want to start? And I said page one. And so that was somewhere around October, I guess. So first of May, after I had my lesson, she said, well, I've got you slated to play at the cathedral next Wednesday. And she said to play an hour. And she said, you've remembered. You've memorized everything you've played. You hardly ever use notes anymore. So she should just go there and sit down and play. That's what I did. And she said, I want you to keep it up because you're destined for Carnegie Hall. I could do it at that time. But I could also build any chemistry compound I wanted in the pharmaceutical side, the organic side. So it was a dilemma. It was a dilemma for a couple of days. And do you ever regret not going into music as opposed to chemistry? No. My decision was I can get by with music. I would never attain a high living. And if I missed not getting into places like Carnegie Hall of Status. Which is very difficult. There's only a few get there. Exactly. But I could make a good living as a chemist. Yeah, music was more realistic as a hobby. And as a hobby, exactly. So that's what it is. So I'll sit down, play an hour or two every day. Sometimes I don't feel like playing. Same here. That's what music is about, I guess. So you said after school that you went up to the Arctic, was that one of your first official jobs? No, the first job was in Ottawa as a summer student because by that time, like I had my degree, my undergraduate degree, and by special permission from the president of the university, I was allowed to stay in the undergraduate faculty. I wanted to take one more chemistry. But I wanted to take my master's. And at the same time, I was in medical school doing my first year. So my last year was my fifth year. I was in three faculties, undergraduate, master's in medicine. How in the world were you thinking of juggling a master's in med school? I didn't do any thinking about that sort of thing. I had a bike, and I just went from there down two or three kilometres to the med school and quickly get back to one of the other classes. And so somewhere around March, I suppose, of my graduation year, the girl that I was sharing this lab with, we were both working on our master's. She says, Court, she said, what are you going to do? Where are you going to go for your PhD? I said, I'm not interested in a PhD. I said, I'm in medical school. I want to med a MD. And she says, well, why are you taking the master's? So we're sitting across, you know, having our coffee at about three o'clock in the morning doing this. And I says, you're right. I don't need this degree. So I got up and shook hands with her.  Good luck. And I says, I'll leave him. So I had all my research essentially done and just that it wasn't written out. It's too bad I didn't write it out because that research that I did was the chemical, the same chemical configuration that ten years later became the start of this solvent extraction of uranium and copper and all the other metals we're doing since then. So that was the forerunner. My two professors, because I majored in inorganic and organic chemistry, they set the objectives for my masters as development of an organic molecule that was capable of the coordination extraction of tin. So within a month or two I had this compound built and working. I could extract tin. I could extract copper and some other metals changed the acidity. So that was a little bit of short-sightedness there. So when I graduated I had the I was still in medical school and I went to Ottawa. Ottawa had offered me this job at the Regal Activity Division of Energy Mines Resources and it was working on uranium, extraction of uranium from their present operating plant up in the Arctic on Great Bear Lake and also working on the development of their new plant that was coming on stream in 1954, I think it was, 1954. Different type of circuit and I had put them in this one application and I guess they had about 2,000 applicants and they hired seven over that 2,000. You were one of them? God is one of them. And the other was the extraction, the isolation of cobalt because the mine up in the Arctic Port Radium of Eldorado mining refining it had about 45 metals in there or very complex ore and amongst them was very high cobalt so that project was to extract and isolate cobalt this was for what they called the cobalt bomb in those days. It was really a radioactive tool. They produced cobalt 60 and this was for x-rays. Okay. And just before Labor Day weekend I was called in by the director of that operation on Lydia Street of energy mines resources called the Radioactivity Division asked if I would go up to the mine in the Arctic. Yeah, and be chief chemist. So this was right after your MD? No, this was after my bachelor's degree. And had you started your MD yet? I had already had that one year. So I was just up in Ottawa just for the summer. Okay. So asked if I'd go up there. So phone with parents, told them a story. I said, phone our doctor who is the head of the medical school and see whether they'll keep my place or should I go or what? Got some advice from the doctor and I'll phone you back tomorrow night. So phone back. They said, well, the doctor says your place to medical school will be kept. Every year they admit 44. That's the number of beds that Dalhousie had in the hospital in Halifax. So that was the restriction. The doctor had told my parents that yes, take the year off and because I've had a lot of sickness during the five years at university and come back after a year, well, I never went back. So I became a medical school dropout. I just loved the mining philosophy, the whole new horizon of being out, not cloistered in a lab or not a school, but a medical facility. I mean, at that point, even after my first year of medicine, the professors were saying I should go into medical research and develop some more pharmaceuticals. I had my eye on being a plastic surgeon. That was my high school. We had to write a booklet. It was called Career Booklet or something like that. I titled it Medicine and Plastic Surgery. This was all just new. This was all developed during the war. Penicillin was the big drug. And lo and behold, I won the prize for the best career book in Halifax that year. And the prize that I got was a book about a surgeon in Burma, a North American surgeon. I forget where he's Canadian. I still have it. So I had a lot of incentive to go in that route. Into medicine? I had started working in the drug store down the street from my home when I was about 12, I guess, delivering prescriptions on my bike. And as I got older and in university, I would then help behind the counter with prescriptions under their direction at first. So getting my blood somehow. It got into my blood. And then getting... So there was quite a departure going from a city with that idea of medicine and going up into the Arctic, which is quite barren, bleak, very, very cold, most beautiful summer as you ever see now, caribou wolves. And I enjoyed the rocks, the various types of ore specimens and minerals, and I could just not stay with that. So this was with Eldorado mines? Yeah. So you became their chief chemist? Yeah. But where was it in the Arctic? It's on Great Bear Lake, Port Radium. Port Radium, you said, yeah. Yeah. And from there, did you, as chief chemist, did you start some work on radioactivity? Yeah. Yeah, we started developing methods for the analysis of that particular type of ore with all those minerals and the solutions derived from the... during the process. And then, of course, I got into electronics and the maintenance of Geiger counters underground. So I'd go down underground every day in the morning and come back an hour later. So I didn't get any great radiation from the underground workings. I got a lot of excess radiation when I was still in school and had an operation of tonsils and adenoids. They left me under too long, I guess. And so I got burnt from the anesthetic and they tried all sorts of treatments. And eventually they went to radiation treatments and got into the hospital one day. This was about the fourth treatment. And the nurse put me, put all the lead around me. But I can't do much on the face because that's where they had the radiation. She went out for coffee and forgot about me. Actually? Yeah. And I got out from under this. I should have been in there for two or three minutes. I was there for more than 20. And I knew I was there too long. I walked over to the hospital, got on my bike, and I'd only gone two or three meters when the blood just gushed. And I collapsed on the street in front of the hospital. And years later, when I left El Dorado, 15 years later, the government, yeah, I guess it was El Dorado's physicians. Anyway, when I heard the story and they calculated the radiation dosage that I got there, the radiation dosage I got from working, it was doctor who says back, and he says, I can't believe it. He says, you should have been dead long ago. He says, your working radiation is nothing compared to that one hospital treatment. So, of course, I lost every hair in the head. I used to have a big shock of curly hair, and I went completely bald from that, and all came back, but not as much. Yeah, not as much. Of course, I didn't like the curls anyway. No? Did they come back straight? Yeah. Oh, yeah? There you go. So, how long did you work up north with El Dorado? About five years. Okay. And about ten down here. What did you do down here? I was assistant chief of the... What was it called? Assistant chemist. No, assistant chief chemist, I guess was the title, but I came here and then I transferred over into... So, that was still analytical. Then I transferred over from that group to process metallurgy and became head of that. And as opposed to developing analytical methods in small beakers, then I'm talking about gallons and pounds or tonnage quantities when running a plant. So, that's where I remained in process metallurgy. Okay. And when I went from there to the government lab again, pretty well the same group that I had been there as a summer student, 15 years earlier, that's when I went as research and processes. So, this was for Canada? Yeah. Okay. Yeah, at that time it was called the Mines Branch. Yeah. Let's see, when I was there as a summer student it was called Mines and Technical Surveys. When I went back, it was called Energy Mines and Resources. And the division was called Can-Met. I'm not quite sure what it's called now. Can-Met, yeah. Yeah. I don't know what specific division, but yeah, Can-Met. You still have, yeah. Branch at NR Can. Yeah, that's what I didn't know, yeah. Yeah, Natural Resources Canada. Yeah. So, you did quite a bit of work with uranium for Can-Met. Yeah. Could you talk a bit about that? Yeah, because of my background I guess at El Dorado, one of the jobs that took me to all the new mines, new uranium mines that were being developed. So, at that time, which would be 1957, when I joined the government, because El Dorado was a Crown Company. Okay. So, El Dorado came under the umbrella of the government, most of the financing was done on the uranium. They sold, so they were self-sufficient. With the government at that time, there were, one of the things that the Radio Activity Division did where I originally started, and which Can-Met continued, was to help these new mines starting up on their process metallurgy, how to treat the ore and how to recover the uranium from it with the highest possible grade of product. And so each ore responds slightly differently to the same process, and so you've got to tailor make the process a little bit depending on the mineralogy of that new plant. Was this all hydro metallurgy? Yeah. So it was all with solutions? Always solutions. Some of the ores had to undergo a flotation process for concentration or separation of a commodity. But generally speaking, the tail end was somewhere. So that, as part of this help to the mine, I would go around to talk to the chemists, talk to the people, sometimes get involved with a pile of plants for a short time. So we would have the ores from these different mines on test at Can-Met. But that was really only a small part of Can-Met's work. Can-Met had a lot of their own in-house research. And so it was really directed towards improving, developing better new methods, looking towards energy and environmental effects due to the process itself. In other words, trying to work environment into the equation. Were there at the time the big environmental hazards or damages that were being caused by this type of mining, by uranium? Well, it was the radionucreites that were escaping and going into the tailings. And then the sea beach from the tailings owed into the environment. So there's many radioactive daughters from a uranium ore. The uranium itself has a half-life of about 1,650 years. But one of the other elements that's radioactive is thorium-230. And that's over 4,000 years. Then you've got polonium and lead-210 and radium-226. These are all radioactive components. But at that time, we were really mostly concerned with uranium and shortly after with radium. So those are in solution. We've got radon gas that comes off of the rock itself, like underground. We've got other types of radiation that comes off of bags of ore just sitting there waiting to be, say, trucked from A to B or flown from the Arctic down to the refinery, which was in Port Hope at the time. Now that's one of that Blind River, which is just west of Elliott Lake. So there was all sorts of these developments on the hydrometallurgy, but also on the use of equipment in the uranium process. The introduction of new technology that was in development, say at universities, or maybe somebody has just come from the university and all very technically, he's got a good background in this one particular subject, so he introduces it to the government labs and then the project will start. So there's that type. But there's also, in those days, we had a lot of freedom of expression and one could have an idea and your boss even might shoot it down, but it wasn't cast and led either. You come back the next day and say, look, I did try this and it worked. Let's say go ahead and do it then. So it wasn't like it has become sense. I don't know whether it is. I don't think it is this way now, but I think the previous government it was, they shadowed everything. So it was a time of freedom of thinking and doing and it was, the criticism was that it was a glorified university that government labs had become. But I think at places like NRC and the government labs that can, I think it proved that we had the talent to produce stuff for the future. It didn't have to be used today. It can be used in the future and we should have that bank of information. So there's, in my field, which, although I had the interest in the whole aspect of the hydrometer, where's your flow sheet? I had a section eventually of about 35 people, about half of which were working on hydrometallurgy and the other half were working on tailings, waste and how to, and developing a tailings management type of approach and which I ended up writing a textbook on, that subject. And a couple of textbooks on the hydrometallurgical aspects but devoted to only one unit operation which is self-extraction. And that's from my personal endeavors. Remained, that became more of a hobby in later years. And that's because I, after retiring from CANMAT in 89, I spent, I think, 27 years or 26 years as a private consultant and I was consulting in all aspects of hydrometallurgy but particularly solvent extraction and also including the tailings management. So I started giving short courses on both of those in, well, no, the solvent extraction in 71 and probably given 100 or so of those courses. To schools or to companies? It started out as open ones. Anybody, well, really the very first courses I gave were mostly the senior owners of mines. It might be the owners, it might be the president who attended, people who knew nothing about the engineering or the chemistry. But had a lot of money invested. Yeah, they wanted to know what this new project and process was all about. Could it help them? And I remember giving one in Adelaide Australia along with a friend of mine from the UK and I think there were some like 32 or 42 people there. They were all technical people of some sort but none of them had ever brushed anywhere as close to this process. What was the process called? Solvent extraction. So we'd gone four days or three and a half days of lectures and they were getting a little more glass-eyed every day. And so I called the halt to it and I asked them for each one of them to get a sheet of paper and put it up around the wall, around the room and with their main problem, plant problem, and describe where that problem fit in their process. So showed the flow sheets and there's a problem there and maybe they can't filter or maybe they can't separate in purity or something. And then I said, okay, we'll divide everybody up into groups of three or four. So I want a chemist, I want an engineer and I want anybody with hydrometallurgy experience. And I said we can probably solve a lot of these problems right here now. Everybody shook their head, not possible. Well, I think we solved all but two. All with solvents extraction. Well, with the group that was there, even though none of them had worked together, they all had a good background in something, chemistry or engineering or some with hydrometallurgy. Some were accountants and new things about the costs of commodities. And they came up with some pretty good answers. So one of the major nickel company in Australia at the time, he came over to me in the last day and said, you think you'd come out to Perth? Because that's on the other side of the country and I'm on the east side. And take a look at our operations and give an in-house course on nickel for them. So I said sure. So they adopted the process right away. And that was similar through Canada and the States and most countries. UK I gave a lot. A lot of Europeans came to the UK ones and not too much mining in the UK. That is of minerals. But they blown the hull. They had a plant up and running on one of my processes within a couple of years. And some of that technology went over to places in Europe and from there trickled down through Belgium and plants that they owned in the Congo. And then a lot of this technology that we've been talking about in the course that suddenly started that down there. You really kind of applied it in many, many places around the world. And was extractive metallurgy, did you have patents in the solvent extraction? Yeah, I've got about 20, 21 filed patents. All having to do with solvent extraction? Yeah, I think there may be one or two that aren't solvent extraction. Yeah, there's one or two. And if you had to pick which one are you proudest of or that sticks out the most or you believe is the most important? Well, the one that I believe is the most important isn't being used. Okay. Explain. So that's called solvent involvement. That is, we do solvent extraction, apply the solvent to a slurry. After leaching instead of filtering, we mix the solution with the slurry, take out the value, and that means the solids going out and with the treated solution contains very little of, let's say, uranium. So instead of a normal operation recovery of maybe 95% which many of them plants are, it would be 99 something because if you filter it, you lose a lot of your values on the filter cake and it becomes an economic cost to do multiple washings. So that has the potential. So somewhere in the, I forget when it was, anyway, during my last part of working with the government I had a UN secondment through IAEA to go to First Egypt and then China. And China has uranium. Egypt doesn't have much. But China has uranium. They have refinery and they've been processing since we started here in Canada, essentially. At least since about the time the Elliot Lake Ores started, which would have been the late 50s, and plants looking very similar. They had gone using ion exchange for the recovery of uranium. They became a very inefficient process for them. They had poor recoveries, high maintenance, high chemical costs, high energy costs. And so they sent me over there, IAEA sent me over there to try to get all these things lowered and increase the recovery object being to have greater than 90% recovery with at least an 80% grade of product. So they did another thing that I had, I didn't get a patent on this. I felt rather didn't want to patent it. But this is to produce a final product called ammonium urinal tricarbonate. And this you could produce at the plant. And over to that, by heating you could produce U03, which is then can be treated with hydrogen to produce U02, and then we go from there to the U02 can-do reactor type of stuff, or you can go to reduce it further to uranium metal into one of the other generating station type of processes. So they had developed the same technology. So this was in the early 60s that I was working on that. And we ran our pile of plants, we produced our U02 up in Chalk River, and it was suitable. Chinese found the same thing, and so they had that on this particular plant that I worked at in China. So we converted that plant over to solvent extraction. And that is still going, very satisfactory. Now in the meantime, they had seen my reports on solvent pulp. There's several papers and there's a patent on it. They had read these and said to me at the Uranium Institute there, they told me the work you did on solvent pulp was very interesting, but there's one thing that you never did if you didn't get done. And I'm going to leave you to worry about it while you're lecturing today. So at the end of the day where I was giving some, well, I was giving lectures every day for about 30 days, he says, do you know what you didn't do? I said, no, I can't think of it. He said you didn't put it into practice. So I said that's true. We almost had it into practice at our own plant, but the geologists at the time that we were ready to go, the geologist said we didn't have enough ore. We're going to have to close down in a couple of years. And we couldn't pay for the new plant. So it never did get put into practice. So they have a solvent pulp plant, at least one, I was told, for the Uranium and I was also told they had one for Vanadium. So that was a process which I think has got a patent on it, but it hasn't gone very far. Well, sometimes it takes time. Yes, so really the patent has gone furthest and most work has been done on it is cobalm nickel separation. And there's a big flurry in Australia. Different companies used it, various reasons why they never really made a good success either using their own equipment, some little thing in the design. Companies can become very protective of their technology or the plant that they put in. They don't like somebody like myself come along and tell them that you've done it wrong. So it's a bit unfortunate. But we applied the same process in Cuba and three or four successful pilot plants were run. We applied the same process to or in Burundi Central East Africa, another place that I worked. Pilot plants were run in Arizona and a very large one in Burundi. So it depends much on the mineralogy of the ore and the design configuration of the plant, materials construction and so many things separating a winner from a loser. That's what's so tricky and delicate with chemistry. So it's a continuing challenge. That's what keeps you with it. We'll switch it up a little bit and I have a few more questions and then we'll call it a day. These are more social questions. So through your career, how absent or present were women in the workplace? And has that changed? I think it's changed from sort of almost zero to a hundred now. And when I started, let's see, in my class in university, I think we had two women and I think that first year class was probably a hundred. Well, time when I got down to graduate school, there was just this one girl, the one that I was working with. It was the only one. There was, I think, eight of us on the graduate program. Eight years started, but I think there was only eight of us into graduate studies. Now you go to the university. It doesn't matter where you go in the world. I would say that there's at least 50% are women. Yeah, in universities, yes. Yeah, there's actually more women now than men in university. It's still lower, though, for... The workplace. The workplace, but also for your specifics like engineering, the sciences, especially, but more the natural resource industry, that still I think it's around in the 20%. Oh, yeah. Yeah, I think. But in terms of, in general, the population of women in university is now higher than that. Yeah. Now there's, in a lot of the, a lot of solvent extraction plants around the world, many plants, the leader is a woman. And the technicians out on the plant are women. So I think I found the greatest number of women in Finland, I think. Oh, yeah? I think it was Finland. Finland and Russia also had a lot. Okay. Another question, you traveled a lot. Where, just for fun, where was your favorite place to go? If you had to pick one. I guess it was Australia. Yeah, Australia. I was there more than 60 times. Wow, okay. Wow. But I guess the more you go to a place, the more you like it. Yeah. So a lot of these places, I wouldn't go back necessarily. You know, I liked Egypt as a country. Their attitude towards production was rather slack. While I was there, they would be incredible and very dedicated because many of the professionals wanted to go one step higher and get their PhD. So the projects, almost all the projects that I had to, that I was looking after at the atomic energy in Cairo were PhD-oriented. So while I would be there on a visit, those PhD students were working very hard. When I would leave, research almost stopped. Just know the initiative wasn't there. But you go to China and it was quite different. There was a lot of women there in the plants. A lot of engineers. Engineers and chemists and really smart people. I would leave them with what I thought would be enough work for three or four months. And I'd get a call from IEA. Sam, we've got the report of the work you left them. They're ready for you to come back. I said, that's not possible. It's only a month. They've got it all done. So he could go back again. Pretty efficient. And the women were just every bit as good as men. Perhaps a little more detailed. That's what I hear. They're also more careful. Yeah, they're careful. But they will protest quicker than the men. If they don't like it, they'll tell you. Yeah, they'll let you know. In any language. Another question I'd like to ask is, do you believe there's a disconnect between the mining industry, the natural resource industry, and the rest of the world, the general public? I think there is definitely. And also, why is that? I think it's all communication. The lack of it. People don't have the time to read, it seems. I mean, I'm a great reader. But I don't read nearly enough about what's going on technically. You know, you take a look at TV and the percentage of news that's technical related to our resources or to medicine or to agriculture, it's next to nil. So if people aren't hearing it, seeing it, reading it, and if they're not of an inquiring mind about that subject, they're not listening. So I think that's one of the reasons. I mean, I felt when I was with the government that there was this terrible disconnect. People out there really didn't understand what we were doing. Certainly the governing body at the time, very little of them understood. I was assigned to the minister's office, minister mine's office for six months back in the, I guess it was somewhere around the mid-1970s. And part of my duties was to spend every afternoon in question period in Parliament. I had to be at my desk at 8 o'clock in the morning.  Some of which had to be in by 9 o'clock. These were the ones he had to deal with in Parliament that afternoon. So he'd go through the question period and then they break for, he'd go down the capture and have lunch or dinner. And then into these committees, maybe the committees are only five or ten people, these committee meetings might go to 3 o'clock in the morning, you're back at work at 8. And I found it very enlightening listening to some of these questions and listening to the answers realizing that here are these, these are the people who are governing our country and they haven't got an idea what's going on. So, you know, from the professional side, the professional can find out very easy because he just has to go to a conference and all the same thinking people are there. And you learn but unfortunately there's a long distance between the first note in the street and the scientist or the chemist and the engineer, geologist. We have such a wealth of knowledge in Canada. Canada was really one of the, was the leader in mining and metallurgy when I started my career. And we took a big hit this past ten years and sort of dropped behind the clouds but there's much of what's going on around the world in mining, metallurgy, geology, exploration, developed right here in Canada. All the, all the exploration, geology done in Egypt for instance was done by our geologists at Geological Survey here dating back, oh, in the 20s, 30s. I was, I was quite fascinated in my number of trips to Egypt to find out how highly the Egyptians thought of Canadian scientists and geologists, just the whole community. And I think Australia is the same thing when I first went there in 1976. They were quite a ways behind us. But they had all sorts of Canadian techniques they were doing. Oh yeah, we were, we were leaders in many facets of mining and metallurgy throughout the 60s, 70s, 80s, yeah. I think about 1979 or 80 on one of my trips there I was asked by their OSIMM, the equivalent of our CIM if I could give a talk on what we're doing here in Canada on resources because the Australians would like to hear whether they're going the right way because at that time they were producing concentrates of anything they could produce and shipping it to Japan. And, of course, I came over with a different story. And I said, well, our objective is to produce final products where we can if it's going to be economic for us and ship the final product over. But I say, even that we're not doing enough of. We should be aiming for more final products and less concentrates. But we do that with everything. We do it with wood. We ship over the wood and we buy plywood back at very high prices. So it's a philosophy of management in the future that we should be thinking of. Yeah. Last question for you. And that's if you were talking to someone much younger, like a student, for example, what would be the most important piece of advice or life lesson you could give them? Well, if you're lucky, you've had a good mentor. I was lucky. And I had a wonderful, wonderful mentor who was my boss from day one. And when I joined El Dorado, he came over about six months later and became my boss again. And we became the best of friends. This was over to Ness. So that's number one if you can hook up with somebody who can tell you everything and still be your friend. I think you have to be a good listener. I think another thing with respect to success and certainly with mine has been to be able to work with a team that to be on your own is too secluded, I think. Synergyism is gained with numbers. And I think the last thing is that you've got to run with your ideas. You can't let convention stop you from thinking. I think that so many things that I've done, patents that have resulted, have been because I said I don't believe it until I see it. And Cobalt-Nickel is the best example of that. That's why it's one of my best patents because the literature says that you cannot separate people in Cobalt unless you do multi-precipitation crystallizations. And, of course, that makes it very expensive. That's one reason why Cobalt was expensive. I didn't believe it. I figured it's got to be a way of if we use something like solvent extraction where we have a lot of chemistry going for us and we've got valencies and we've got pHs. We can do something with this coordination. And my partner friend, Al Mashbrook, who was a great chemist, much better chemist than me, we looked at this tantalizing question of Cobalt-Nickel saying it has to be, we should be able to break that. Then we did all these tests one day. Little beakers, probably 100 or so that morning. And nothing worked, nothing worked. So we had a whole counter of beakers we left when we went to lunch. We came back after lunch and there was one beaker there where we had a beautiful pink up in the upper layer, Cobalt, and down below we had the blueish green of Nickel. We had made the separation. Didn't have anything written on it. Didn't know what test that was. So it took us a couple of days to figure that one out. That's another piece of advice. Be organized. Label your stuff. Label your stuff, yeah. That took time so we didn't. Crazy. So we found out the reason and we were able to repeat that test and my friend, the mentor and other senior people from the lab at El Dorado in Tunney's pasture here were left the left town for a day I think or so meeting elsewhere. Anyway, it ended up that I was the top man and I was in charge. So when you're in charge, you make changes if you can. So we decided between Alan and I to run this pilot plant with what we thought might be a new process and we run them in these columns which was also new for, they've been used for uranium but I was going to now use them for cobalt nickel because there could be many theoretical stages in there which is what happened it was. So we had this running and all the brass returns about three o'clock that afternoon and there's this beautiful technicolor all the pink coming off and the blue going out the bottom and so I said, what did you got there? And I said, that's the impossible. It's cobalt nickel separation. He says, great. He says, we got to continue that which we did and so we produced products and we sold them. It was only the start but it's the one where I followed the dream. Yeah, absolutely. And did the impossible. And did the impossible. Then somebody wrote a song there somewhere. Yeah. Well, thanks a lot. Appreciate it.


The Tiger Financial News Network TfN News Update Good morning everyone, Basel Chapman here on this Monday the 5th of February. This is the TfNN Tiger Financial News Network, 10 o'clock market update, dials down 202. A 38,455 big question is going to be does it make that leg D or is this it? With a high of 38,783 from Friday. The S&P, here we go, the S&P right now is at 49,44.96 down $15. The high was in a leg D on Friday and that went to 49,7529. The QQQ, here we go, QQQ is in a leg E. It made a new all-time high on Friday at 430.24 and today it's at 428.03 down 95 cents. IWM, the Russell 2000 small caps, down three and a quarter at 191.18. This is going to be the story, you've got gold down sharply, gold is down $20 at 2033. Why is that? Look at the dollar, the dollar is our dollar is up sharply, it's at 104.38 of 42 cents. That means we have to look at the bonds, look at the TLT, the TLT is down sharply, the yields are going higher, the TLT is at 94.50, that's minus 1.57. Let's look at the crude oil, crude oil right now, CEL continuous contract is down 63 cents at 71.64. Let's look at the volatility index, the VIX, and that's a measure of degree of nervousness. It's only 17 cents at 14.02, but it did hit 14.44 earlier on. If it starts to trade on a closing basis this week any day, I would put it at 14.88 to 15.20. That's a what with a down, down triple digit and the S&P really needs to be down about 48 to 52 points. That's a problem. I'll talk about it when we get back for the target efficiency hour coming up in a few moments and check out Park and Cole's daily newsletters here in the field.


Biomass Carbohydrate Composition Part 1. Acid Hydrolysis Place the Wayboat onto the analytical balance and tar the balance. Grab your sample of unknown biomass that has already been pre-prepared for your lab. Weigh out about 0.2 grams of your unknown biomass onto the analytical balance. Transfer the biomass from the Wayboat to a 125 milliliter Erlenmeyer flask. Typehead 3 milliliters of the 72% sulfuric acid into the flask. Make sure you observe what is happening to the biomass when you add the acid to the flask. Swirl the flask around to fully saturate the biomass with the acid. Grab a clean 400 milliliter beaker and fill it halfway with hot tap water. Cover the flask with aluminum foil and submerge it in the hot water beaker for 30 minutes. While waiting on the hot water bath, fill 100 milliliter graduated cylinder with 84 milliliters of deionized water. After 30 minutes slowly add deionized water to the flask and then recover with the aluminum foil followed by swirling the flask to mix with the acid. Bring your flask to the lab's auto-clave machine. Turn the auto-clave on and place your flask onto the tray. You'll need to fill the auto-clave with water if it's not visible on the slit on the bottom. Then close the door. Set the temperature knob to 121 degrees celsius and then set the bottom knob to sterilize. To begin auto-claving set the timer to 15 minutes. The heat light will turn on and the auto-clave will begin to accumulate pressure. The whole process should take over an hour to finish. When the timer reaches 0, do not open the auto-clave. Only open the auto-clave when the pressure gauge is reading 0 psi. After the pressure gauge has reached 0 psi allow a few more minutes for your flask inside to cool down. Then you can open the door and retrieve the flask. Attach the vacuum hose and the buckner funnel to the filter flask. Remove the filter paper and place into the funnel and then wet with DI water to seat the filter into the funnel. Attach the other end of the vacuum hose to a sink aspirator or a vacuum nozzle and adjust to a light suction. Make sure to swirl the flask to reach the spend the biomass before you filter it. Quantitatively transfer the contents of the sample flask to the buckner funnel with DI water by continually washing until all the biomass has gone through the funnel. Take the filter from the filter flask and again quantitatively transfer to a 500 milliliter volumetric flask. A funnel may make things easier in this case. After transferring, cap the volumetric flask. Grab a DI water bottle and dilute to the mark of the volumetric flask. Then cap again and invert a few times to mix. Now grab a test tube that is larger than 10 milliliters and transfer about 10 milliliters of the filter to the test tube and seal it if there is no cap used parafilm. Grab a marker and label the test tube acid hydrolysis and store later for your analysis. Part 2. Hot Water Extraction. Begin by preparing a hot water bath by filling a large beaker with 200 milliliters of tap water and placing it on a hot plate. Turn the hot plate up to a maximum setting and quickly bring the water to a boil. Grab two wayboats and your unknown biomass and weigh out 75 milligrams of the biomass sample onto each wayboat and record the mass. Transfer your weighed biomass samples to suitable containers for boiling that can be either a test tube or other glass bottles. Pipet 5 milliliters of DI water into each test tube or bottle and swirl to mix thoroughly. Place the bottles into the boiling water so that the samples are fully submerged. Allow the samples to be heated by a rolling boil for about 5 minutes. After, remove the samples and allow them to cool for an additional minute. Transfer the samples to labeled tubes that can be centrifuged. In order to counterbalance the centrifuge properly, weigh out each sample test tube and create a counterbalance tube by weighing it out and filling it with DI water to the nearest .1 gram. Place the test tubes in each slot symmetrically so that the centrifuge remains counterbalanced. Set the centrifuge speed to 2500 rpms and the time to 3 minutes. Then close the lid and press start. Carefully decant the supernatant from the centrifuge tubes into clean bottles then pipet 5 milliliters of DI water into each bottle. Place the bottles filled with supernatant back into the boiling water bath for another 5 minutes and 1 minute to cool after you have removed them. You can save time at this step by keeping the beakers filled with water hot in between boiling periods. Transfer the re-boiled supernatant into 25 milliliter Erlemire flask or something similar that can be diluted with DI water to 25 milliliters. Transfer the diluted supernatant to new test tubes through gravity filtration by using a plastic funnel and Wattman No. 1 filter paper. Make sure to fold the filter paper over a few times so that it sits nicely in the funnel. Use a new piece of filter paper for each sample. The process of gravity filtration is rather slow so you can end it early after you've collected only a few milliliters of your sample. Cap and save the filtered samples for UV-Vis analysis later. Part 3, UV-Vis Spectrometry Sugars Analysis. Obtain and label 9 test tubes on a test tube rack. The standard 0, 50, 200, 400, 700, and the samples AH1, AH2, HW1, and HW2. Prepare the standard glucose solutions for constructing the beer's law curve by following Table 1 in the lab manual, which is also listed on this slide. Pipet 1000 microliters of each hot water extraction sample into the respective test tubes labeled HW1 and HW2. Prepare the acid hydrolysis samples in duplicate by following the table listed on this slide. Bring your test tube rack to the fume hood and pipet 5 milliliters of 18.3 molar sulfuric acid and 2 milliliters of 2.1% phenol into each test tube. When pipetting these solutions in the fume hood, make sure you're wearing both protective gloves and goggles. Allow all of your test tubes to remain in the fume hood for about 5 minutes while the reaction goes to completion. You should notice a yellow gold color of different shades depending on the sugar concentration you have in each test tube. Take your prepared test tube rack to the lab's UVViz spectrophotometer. Set the wavelength to 490 nanometers, per pressing the go to wavelength button and entering 490. Before reading the absorbance of your samples, you need to create a blank. Fill a cuvette with 1 milliliter of DI water and place it into the housing with the arrow or ribbed side of the housing facing you. With the blank cuvette inside, press the auto zero button. The machine will be properly calibrated if the absorbance reads zero with the blank inside. Before transferring any of your samples to cuvettes, use a vortex mixer to properly mix all of your samples. While in the fume hood, use an eppendorf pipet to pipet 1 milliliter of each sample into respective cuvettes. Do the same for the gluco standard solution test tubes. If not using disposable cuvettes, you need to wash them out with DI water and then coat the cuvette with the next solution before filling it and reading the absorbance. For each cuvette, allow the machine to reach a steady reading and then record the absorbance.


Described as Mad Max meets BMX, 2015's Turbo Kid is set in a post-apocalyptic world in 1997. Yeah, little bizarre. The movie's a little bizarre. Nah, it's a lot bizarre. We're gonna talk about it today quickly on Adam Does Movies. This movie request comes from Gregory Coburn over on patreon.com slash Adam Does Movies. He signed up at the Mithril level, so he gets to recommend a movie for me to watch. I give him a shout out and I do the review. You can do the same exact thing if you want. You can also become a member on YouTube via the join button and do the exact same thing. It's a good time for both parties, especially if the film is great. In this case, not quite for me, but I'm gonna talk about it, I'm gonna lay it out, and it might be something that appeals to you more. Like I said in the opening, this movie takes place in 1997, but the film was made in 2015. So we have a post-apocalyptic world set in a different universe, I guess. It's kind of clever because it gets to play off 90s stuff a lot. We love that nostalgia. We love some of that retro music. This film's full of both. We have Synthwave-like craziness, which makes sense. It was all the rage when this came out. We're talking Stranger Things with the boom, boom, boom, boom, boom, boom. It's all over this thing. I did enjoy this movie. I didn't love it by any means. I thought it was interesting and different, and so therefore pretty cool. On the other hand, which in this case is this one, I have a hard time recommending this to a lot of people because I'm a movie guy, I see a lot of stuff. Really great, really bad, somewhere in between. This is somewhere in between for me, but I appreciate things that are different and stand on their own, and this absolutely does. However, most of my friends, relatives, they only see a few films a year. They're not looking for Turbo Kid, I can tell you that. They would watch five minutes of this and say, wow, this is horrible, how dare you, sir. But people that watch my channel usually are into movies, and in that sense, I would say tread lightly on Turbo Kid if you're looking for something new. I would say Mad Max meets BMX is kind of fair since it is desert, it is post-apocalyptic. There is a lot of violence, it's pretty graphic. Actually, it's really graphic, and they are on literal bicycles. They're not driving vehicles in this thing. There's some futuristic tech, though, that we didn't have in the 90s, so it's very much a sci-fi fantasy version of what you and I are familiar with if we were even born in the 90s. That's sad to think that there's people that weren't. Monroe Chambers plays the kid. That's his name in this movie, he has no actual name. We're gonna be following him for the majority of this picture as he's just trying to make his way through a bad situation. Doesn't have any family to speak of. He's been on his own, collecting trinkets, trading, bartering. This is kind of like Waterworld in reverse. Desert world. People's value is water. They need it to survive. Since it is post-apocalyptic, a lot of this area is covered by really bad individuals. And the leader is Zeus. Schluckily played by Michael Ironside. I like Michael Ironside because he's always given a bit of a schlocky performance. It's intentional, it's over the top. I'm here for it. His right hand man is Skeletron, played by Edwin Wright. Oh, right hand man, Edwin Wright. That makes sense, that works. Skeletron's a cool name and he's a cool villain. He's always wearing a mask, looks like a badass, can take a lot of hits. The reason this is called Turbo Kid is because the kid really looks up to this hero. He's a big fan of the comic books. He's got some of the action figures. This is a character that I guess at one point existed, at least in some form of reality to this boy. And as the movie progresses, he's gonna stumble upon some of the tools of the trade.  He can shoot bursts of energy out of the power glove. It's so bad. We can't have a main protagonist though without a sidekick. And in this case, it's Apple. She's a quirky one. She kinda reminded me of a young iJustine. Anybody remember iJustine? Wait a second. iJustine, Apple, she's an Apple shill. Oh my God, it's all coming together. Did they see her and try to find an actress who looked like her? Ah! Probably not. Just a coincidence. I guess you could say this is a little bit of a coming of age story, kind of, but not really. I guess it's a little bit of a romance, kind of, but not really. I guess it's kind of a horror, thriller, action, adventure, kind of, but not really. It's a lot of stuff. A little half baked into one. It's bizarre because the tone of the movie is playful, it's energetic. It's got the retro tips of the hats going for it, but then it's also very violent, very crass. There's some really gross sections. The biggest one I will point out is one of the heroes gets kidnapped and they tie his intestines to the end of a bicycle. And to get information out of him, he has one of his henchmen slowly turn the wheel so the intestines pulling out. It's disgusting. It's terrifying level of stuff. That's what this is more like. This is more like Mad Max meets Terrifier. From a visual and effects standpoint, this is definitely lower on the budget scale, but it looks pretty solid.  It's when it focuses on CG that things get really, really iffy, like really campy. And I know that's kind of part of the charm and there is an attention to it. Definitely not trying to make state-of-the-art effects here, but it's just a little off.  I will say though, Turbo Kid kept my attention. I appreciated it standing out and being different, being a unique storyline, and for all those reasons and more. Thank you, Gregory Colburn, for this recommendation to watch Turbo Kid and mainly for being a Patreon supporter. Becoming a member on Patreon, even at the $1 tier does a lot to help the channel out. I'm a one-man show. It's a passion project. I have a full-time job, so this is really a lot of work to put in. And any support I can get is very appreciated. Thanks again, Gregory, and to all Patreon members and YouTube join members. And let me know in the comments below. Have you seen Turbo Kid? What are your thoughts? You like it, you love it, you don't want any of it. And speaking of like, feel free to give me one along with a subscription if you somehow randomly showed up here. I can't imagine a single person was recommended this video, but if you're one of those people, let me know in the comments, subscribe, and hopefully I'll see you next time.


A very good evening aspirants. Welcome to Hindu newspaper analysis brought to you by Shankarae's Academy for the rate 23rd of May 2022. Displayed here are the list of articles that we are going to discuss today. See we have previous year prelims question discussion and after that we have four articles to discuss today and we will end the discussion by solving some prelims questions. Without any delay let's get into the previous year prelims question discussion. See this question here it is asked in the year 2019. The question says which of the following statements are correct about the deposits of methane hydrate. Statement one global warming might trigger the release of methane gas from these deposits. Statement two large deposits of methane hydrate are found in Arctic tundra and under the sea floor. Statement three methane in atmosphere oxidizes to carbon dioxide after a decade or two. See for solving this question you don't have to know about methane hydrates. You don't have to know about the signs of how it is formed and what are all the constituents of it. You don't have to know anything about it. You just have to use your common sense here. See after reading the word hydrate we all know that it has something to do with water or ice or something. So what will be the meaning of methane hydrate? Methane trapped under seabed or methane inside ice. Precisely methane with the combination of ice or water. So with this basic understanding now look at the statements global warming might trigger the release of methane gas from these deposits. Let us say hydrate means ice. So what does this mean? Global warming will definitely melt ice. If the ice is melted by the rise in the temperature then obviously the methane that is trapped inside those ice will get released right. So statement one makes sense and it is right also. Now coming to statement two large deposits of methane hydrate are found in arctic tundra and under the seafloor. See the second statement here is a fairly simple statement. We saw hydrate means water or ice right. That is exactly given in this statement also. It is found in arctic tundra and under the seafloor. So obviously second statement is also right. Now coming to the third statement methane in atmosphere oxidizes to carbon dioxide after a decade or two. We have all studied the chemical formula for methane right. What is it? CH4. So methane present in atmosphere in the combination of oxygen gets converted to carbon dioxide. So this statement is also right. See by knowing the meaning of hydrate or taking an educated guess we solve this question. So what is the correct answer here? The correct answer is option D 1, 2 and 3. I have given the meaning of methane hydrate, its formation and other information about methane hydrates here. You please go through it. See it is very important to know all these information but what is more important? It is more important to know how to approach a question and how to solve a question. In this case we solved this question without even knowing about methane hydrate. This is how you have to solve a question and it should be an educated guess and not a random one. So with this note now let us move on to the next part which is the articles discussion. Now let us start our discussion by seeing this text in context article. See this article is about LOC. Here I am not talking about the line of control or the line of credit. Rather this is about lookout-circle list. See we are hearing this term often in news and you all would have seen in news that former chief of an NGO Amnesty International India Mr. Akhar Patel was stopped at airport and he was not allowed to travel abroad. Well he was stopped based on the lookout-circular opened against him by an Indian authority. Like this in another case related to LOC Punjab High Court passed a set of instructions. See these instructions include serving a copy of LOC to the affected person and also stating the reasons for issuing the same. And the court also directed to provide a post-decisional opportunity which is the opportunity provided to an individual to be heard after a tentative decision has been taken by the authorities. See these instructions they were passed out by the Punjab High Court. But now these instructions para has been stayed by the Supreme Court and the Supreme Court is looking into the matter. So it becomes important for us to understand what is LOC, its conditions and procedures followed and the arguments against it. Let us know all these now. But before that the syllabus relevant to the article is given here for your reference. Please go through it. First of all as the name suggests through this circular someone is looking out for someone that is they are searching for someone. So LOC is a warning circular. Having said that what will happen when LOC is opened or what is the purpose of LOC? See LOC is issued where the accused was deliberately awaiting arrest or not appearing in the trial court despite non-bailable warrants and other coercive measures. See here awaiting arrest means they are escaping arrest or not appearing in front of the court for trial. So there is a likelihood of the accused person leaving the country to escape the trial or arrest. At such instance through the lookout circulars the immigration authorities can intercept, detain and prevent any person from leaving India. It prevents any convict or accused individual from absconding the country by travelling abroad. So this is the purpose of the LOC. And the need for LOC arises because offenders like willful bank loan defaulters or fugitive economic offenders leave the country. And that is why the LOC is issued. We know about the case of Vijay Malia and Mehill Choksi right? They are the economic offenders who flew out of the country thereby evading the law and conviction. So to prevent such instances LOC is issued. Therefore LOC is a coercive measure intended to make a person surrendered to the investing agency or a court of law. Here know that the person is detained or prevented from travelling abroad through the watch maintained at the immigration check post. Now with this basic understanding let us see who is authorized to open or issue LOC. See it is the Bureau of Immigration under the Ministry of Home Affairs. See this Bureau undertakes the immigration related function in the country and it does not open LOC out of thin air. Which means it does not open LOC or issue LOC unnecessarily. Rather LOC is opened on the request of an authorized originator. Who is an authorized originator? He or she is an authorized officer as noted by the Government of India. So as of now the authorized originator includes an officer not below the rank of deputy secretary to the Government of India. An officer not below the rank of joint secretary in the state government and he can also be a district magistrate super indent of Polis. It also includes designated officers of various law enforcing agencies and security agencies like CBI, Intelligence Bureau, RAW, Interpol etc. And it includes an officer not below the rank of additional director in serious fraud investigation office that is SFIO. See SFIO is under the Ministry of Corporate Affairs. And then it also includes officers of public sector bank who are not below the rank of chairman, managing director and chief executive of public sector banks. And other than these LOC can also be issued as per the directions of any criminal court in India. So all these authorities they are the authorized originator and they can make a request to the Bureau of Immigration to issue or open LOC. Now once LOC is issued it can be modified, deleted or withdrawn by the Bureau. And this can happen only on the specific request of the authorized originator on whose request the LOC was issued originally. So the authorized originator he has to request for issuing an LOC. He has to request again for any modification, deletion or withdrawal of LOC by the Bureau. Now does that mean LOC can be open against only Indian citizens? Actually no. It can be issued against foreigners also. Why is this? See this is because foreigners entry stay and their movement in India and their exit from India all of these are regulated by Bureau of Immigration and also the Polish authorities of state, government and union territories. Now let us see the conditions for opening LOC. See the conditions have been laid out by the Ministry of Home Affairs through two office memorandums. One in the year 1979, another in the year 2000 which was modified in the year 2010. See many of these conditions have been clarified by the Supreme Court in the 2018 case law Karthi P. Chidambaram Vesis Bureau of Immigration. Now let us see them. Firstly what are they doing here? They are searching for someone right? So that person should have committed or is accused of committing an offence or crime. So this is the first condition. LOC can be issued only in cognisable offences under the Indian Penal Code or other penal laws. Here cognisable offence means offences in which accused can be arrested without a warrant. Now that is the first condition. Secondly there is a prescribed pro forma for opening LOC and that should be followed. Pro forma also includes the reasons for opening LOC. If the pro forma is not filled or the reason is not provided then the person will not be arrested or detained. While arresting or detaining a person he or she should be informed about the reasons. But they are not privy to the contents of LOC. That means they are not shown the contents of LOC. They can only be given the information about why they are detained or arrested. So this is the second condition. LOC should contain reasons for its opening. Now thirdly LOC should include a complete identifying particular or parameters of the person against whom the LOC is opened. See minimum three parameters should be there in addition to name. They are the parentage or the father's name, date of birth and passport number. But note that in exceptional cases against suspects, terrorist, anti-national elements etc. Complete parameters or case details is not required in the larger national interest. So this is about the basics of LOC. Now let us see how long a particular LOC is valid. See as per the practice lookout circular itself should clearly mention the period of validity. Otherwise the circular is valid only for a period of one year from the date of issue. See this was the practice based on 1979 and 2000 office memorandums. But later in the year 2018 the court fixed it as one year and it can be extended based on the request of the originator. But again in the year 2021, Ministry of Home Affairs issued a notice which states that no LOC shall be deleted automatically. That is once an LOC is opened it shall remain in force until and unless a deletion request is received by the Bureau from the originator. This would mean that the LOC is applicable for infinite period of time. Apart from making the LOC applicable for an infinite period of time, the notice also adds an additional responsibility to the originating agency to minimize the harassment of genuine passenger. What is the additional responsibility? It is to keep reviewing the LOC on quarterly and annual basis and it has to submit a proposal when they want to delete the LOC. See these are the conditions and procedure involved with the LOC. Now it is opposed by many people because of certain reasons. Now let us see what are those reasons. The first one is it is opposed because it is subject to misuse. For example, no parameters to identify a person need to be provided if he or she is suspected terrorist. So automatically this leads to arbitrary detention, arrest, based on race, ethnicity, religion etc. So this is one concern. Further, LOC is used as an inherent power of the investing authority to secure attendance and cooperation of an accused. See what is the purpose of LOC? It is used when the accused is trying to evade arrest or when he is not appearing in front of the trial court. But LOC is used as a power by the authority to secure the attendance and cooperation which is not the purpose of LOC. So this is the second concern. Now thirdly, the number of persons and the crime for which they have been placed under LOC list is unknown. This is mainly because LOC is considered as a classified document. It is available only to the originator and the bureau and not to the accused or public. This is the third concern. And finally and more importantly, LOC curtails the fundamental right of the life and personal liberty. This is because the right to leave or travel abroad and the right to return to India are considered to be a part of article 21 of the constitution. So because of these reasons many citizens have moved to courts to get the LOC quashed. So now let us wait and see what guideline is provided by the Supreme Court in this matter. And with this we have come to the end. So in this article discussion we saw what is LOC. See it is abbreviated as look out circular. As the name suggests through this circular someone is looking out for someone. They are searching. So it is a warning circular. And after that we saw the purpose. See LOC is issued when the accused is deliberately escaping arrest or not appearing in front of trial court. So it prevents the convict or the accused individual from absconding the country by traveling abroad. And it also prevents the economic offenders leaving the country. And after that we saw who is authorized to open LOC. We saw that bureau of immigration under the Ministry of Home Affairs can issue or open LOC. But it is based on the request of an authorized originator. And we saw a list of officers who are authorized to make a request to the Bureau of Immigration. And after that we saw that the authorized originator has to make a request again if he wants the LOC to be modified, deleted or withdrawn by the bureau. And after that we saw LOC can be opened against foreigners also. This is because foreigners entries stay, movement and their exit from India. They are all regulated by Bureau of Immigration and also the police authorities of state government and union territories. And after this we saw some of the conditions for opening LOC. The first one is it can be issued only in cognisable offenses. And the second one is a prescribed performer should be followed. And it includes the reasons for opening LOC. And the third one is complete identifying particulars or parameters of the person against whom the LOC is open should be included. Apart from the name, parent's name or father's name, date of birth, passport number should also be included. There is one exceptional case here. If the suspect is a terrorist or it includes anti-national elements, this condition can be exempted. And finally we saw how long LOC is valid. In the year 2021, Ministry of Home Affairs issued a notice which states that LOC shall not be deleted automatically. So it is applicable for an infinite period of time. But it also added an additional responsibility, which is to keep reviewing the LOC on quarterly and annual basis. And after that we ended our discussion by seeing some of the reasons for the opposition against LOC. First one is it is subjected to misuse. And second one is it is used as a power by the authority to secure attendance and cooperation. The third one is the number of persons and the crime for which they are placed under LOC list is unknown. And finally it is a violation of the fundamental right of life and personal liberty, which is Article 21 of the Constitution. And with these points in mind, now let us move on to the next article discussion. Now let us take up this news article for our next discussion. See this news article states that our PM Mr. Narendra Modi will be participating in US President Joseph Biden's unveiling of the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework in Tokyo. See this framework is a US initiative for trade partnerships in the region. So what is IPEF? It is a trade partnership. And Mr. Modi's attendance at the event is seen as a significant step towards building economic ties among Quad countries in the Indo-Pacific. I hope you remember what all countries constitute Quad. See Quad include United States, India, Japan and Australia. And this is the crux of the news article given here in this context. Let us quickly go through some of the important points mentioned in this news article. Firstly, we shall see a few points about what is this Indo-Pacific Economic Framework. As I already said IPEF is a US initiative and it is nothing but a trade partnership in the Indo-Pacific region. See these are all facts here. It is a US initiative and it is a trade partnership in the Indo-Pacific region. See it is a partnership in which the US along with its partners will explore the opportunity for trade facilitation, standards for digital economy and technology, supply chain resiliency, decarbonisation and clean energy, infrastructure, worker standards and other areas of shared interest. So these are all the areas concentrated by this initiative. So in simple words by looking at the way it is formulated you can easily say IPEF is not a traditional trade agreement like RCEP or TPP. What is RCEP here? It is the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership and TPP is Trans-Pacific Partnership. So it is nothing like that rather it would include different modules covering fire and resilient trade, supply chain resilience, infrastructure, decarbonisation, tax and anti-corruption. See countries would have to sign up to all of the components within a module but they do not have to participate in all the modules. So they have to sign it but they have the option of not participating it. See the fire and resilient trade module will be led by the US Trade Representative and it includes digital, labor and environment issues with some binding commitments. And another major thing to note is that the IPEF will not include any market access commitments such as lowering the tariff barriers and why is this? See the agreement is more of an administrative arrangement. So that is why it will not include any market access commitments. And also note that the Congressional Approval which is a must for trade agreements is not mandatory for this. So it doesn't need any government approval. Now apart from this the IPEF is also seen as a means by which US is trying to regain credibility in the region. Why does it have to regain its credibility? Because the United States former President Donald Trump pulled out of the Trans-Pacific Partnership. As you know the Trans-Pacific Partnership was a proposed free trade agreement among 12 Pacific Rim economies and US was its important member. But due to varied reasons the US withdrew from the partnership in the year 2017. And since then there has been concern over the absence of credible US economy. So through this initiation the Biden administration is projecting IPEF as the new US vehicle for re-engagement with East Asia and Southeast Asia. Here you may have a doubt. Does this initiative has any relevance to India? Of course it has. See the answer is very simple. Though the officials has denied it, the IPEF is seen as a trade strategy to counter China's economic influence in the Indo-Pacific region. And as you know China is an influential member of the TPP that is the Trans-Pacific Partnership and it has sought membership of its successor agreement which is the comprehensive and progressive agreement on Trans-Pacific Partnership. And China is also a member of regional comprehensive economic partnership. But know that US and India is not a member of RCEP. So this IPEF is seen as a strategy to counter China's economic influence in the Indo-Pacific region. We don't know how it will turn out so we have to wait for the unveiling and see how this framework shapes out. And with this we have come to the end of the discussion. Under this article discussion we saw about Indo-Pacific Economic Framework which is a US initiative and it is a trade partnership in the Indo-Pacific region. And the areas of interest are trade facilitation, digital economy and technology, supply chain resiliency, decarbonization, clean energy infrastructure, worker standards etc. See countries have to sign up all the components within a module but it has the option of not participating it. And we saw that it will not include market access commitments such as lowering tariff barriers because it is more of an administrative arrangement. And also we saw that congressional approval is not mandatory for this initiative. See this IPEF is seen as a strategy to counter China's economic influence in the Indo-Pacific region. Why is this? Because China has grown as an influential member of the TPP that is the Trans-Pacific Partnership and it has also sought membership of the comprehensive progressive agreement on Trans-Pacific Partnership and it is also a member of RCEP. But note that US is not a member of both of these. So this IPEF will act as a vehicle for re-engagement with East Asia and Southeast Asia. And with these points in mind now let us move on to the next article discussion. Now let us take up this next news article. See this article says that there are signs that climate change is speeding up and all you have to know about heat wave, heat index and wet bulb globe temperature is given in this news article. So today let's see them one by one. As you know the Indian Meteorological Department does one of the biggest operations in the world and they track dozens of weather parameters. See it is tasked with forecasting southwest monsoon. Apart from this the IMD factors long term data between 1981 to 2010 for normal temperature per day and it predicts the heat wave conditions accordingly. So here what is heat wave? Qualitatively heat wave is a condition of air temperature which becomes fatal to human body when exposed. But quantitatively it is defined based on the temperature thresholds over a region in terms of actual temperature or its departure from normal that is how much it is higher than the actual temperature. See remember IMD not only predicts heat waves it also issues warnings if the temperature is expected to cross 40 degree Celsius in the case of plains or 30 degree Celsius in the case of hilly areas. For coastal regions it does so that is it issues warnings when the temperature is expected to be higher by 4.5 degrees or when the maximum temperature is above 37 degree Celsius. See these conditions have to be met at two stations at a subdivision of IMD and if this condition prevails then heat wave is declared on the second day. So this is how IMD issues warnings. See the issue here is that the way the body perceives a heat differs from simply recording the temperature on a chart. This is because according to a 2021 paper in weather and climate extremes as many as 17,362 persons died between 1970 and 2019 in India. You will be fascinated by knowing the reason they died because of heat wave and in 2015 alone the figure was nearly 2000. See every year hundreds of people died due to heat wave conditions in the country according to national crime records bureau data. In the year 2020 the lowest number of 530 deaths were recorded possibly due to COVID-19 lockdown and restrictions on work that year but a large number of these deaths went and recorded as a heat wave was not a notified disaster. See this is due to the fact that real feel of temperature varies from place to place. That is the difference in ambient humidity which affects how the body's fats plays a major role. Having said that now let us see how does the temperature influences body. See the human body temperature which varies from 36.1 to 37.8 degree Celsius is regulated by the hypothalamus which manages the protection and loss of heat. See the body loses heat by radiation, convection, conduction and evaporation of sweat. Conduction, radiation and convection require a temperature differential between the skin and the environment while the evaporation requires water vapor pressure differential. When the surrounding temperature is higher than the body temperature the only way the body can cool down is by sweating that is by evaporation. So any condition that hampers that is that disrupts the evaporation can be life threatening. See high relative humidity and reduced cardiac output air circulation that is lack of breeze tight clothes these could result in abnormal rise of body temperature that can result in life threatening heat stroke and this is how temperature influences body. And according to international labor organization that is the ILO India has been the worst victim of heat stress with the loss of 4.3 percentage working hours in 1995 itself. See heat stress occurs when the body cannot get rid of excess heat. When this happens the body's core temperature rises and the heart rate also increases. See so far we saw about what is a heat wave and how the temperature influences the body. Now we shall see how heat stress is tracked. See there are two methods which measure the impact of heat on human body better than just recording temperature. The first one is heat stress index which factors in the role of temperature, humidity, sunlight on human body. It measures how hot it feels when high humidity is combined with temperature air circulation on radiant heat. The second one is wet bulb globe temperature that is WBGT. This measure is still in the prototype stage but it takes the heat stress into account to approximate the working environment. It measures the temperature in direct sunlight factoring in the wind speed, humidity, angle of the sun and the cloud cover. So these are the two methods and all these information lead us to one question which is what is next. See India is among the countries which is expected to have high wet bulb globe temperature values and many countries in the Middle East which experience high day temperatures during summer mandatory declare a work break. A three month midday break begins at 12.30pm and ends at 3pm in the UAE. And other countries with similarly high day temperatures also have a provision for work breaks. See the months of April and May have seen some of the hottest days on record in India. Working conditions in India have to be revised quickly to factor in the hotter days. See the National Disaster Management Authority that is the NDMA had called for revised guidelines for heat wave alerts and this should be region specific. And that is all about this article discussion. In this discussion we saw what is a heat wave. Qualitatively it is a condition of air temperature which becomes fatal to human body but quantitatively it is defined based on temperature thresholds. See heat warnings will be issued by IMD. The temperature is expected to cross 40 degree Celsius in case of planes, 30 degree Celsius in case of hilly areas and 37 degree Celsius in case of coastal regions. And these conditions have to be met at two stations at a subdivision of IMD and heat wave will be declared on the second day. And after that we saw how temperature influences human body. See hypothalamus in human body manages the production and loss of heat. The heat is lost by radiation, convection, conduction and evaporation of sweat. See the conduction, radiation and convection requests temperature differential but the evaporation requests water vapor pressure differential. And we saw that high relative humidity, reduced cardiac output, reduced air circulation will lead to abnormal rise of body temperature that will result in life-threatening heat stroke. And we saw a data from the Indian Labour Organization which says that India has been the worst victim of heat stress with the loss of 4.3 working hours in 1995. And after that we saw two methods which measure the impact of heat on human body. The first one is heat stress index which includes factors such as temperature, humidity, sunlight and its impact on human body. And the second method is wet bulb globe temperature. It includes factors like temperature in direct sunlight, wind speed, humidity, angle of sun and cloud cover. And finally we ended our discussion by stating the need for work breaks in India because India is among the countries which is expected to have high wet bulb globe temperature values. And we also saw that National Disaster Management Authority had called for revised guidelines for heat wave alerts. And with these points in mind now let us move on to the next article discussion. Now let us take up this final article. See day before yesterday finance minister Nirmala Sita Raman announced a sharp cut in the central excise duty on pupil prices amid the surging inflation, that is the increasing inflation. By doing so the price of petrol will come down by 9.5 rupees while the diesel will be cheaper by 7 rupees. And for this to happen the central excise duty on petrol has been cut by 8 rupees per litter and the same on diesel has been cut by 6 rupees per litter. The government says that it will lose 1 lakh crore rupees by taking the cut on the central excise duties. But still the government believes that this move will address the rising inflation. See the minister also urged states to implement a similar cut and pass on the benefit to the common man. So with this background first let us see how tax is shared with respect to petroleum products and then we will see what is the news. First of all see this table here. This table gives you the breakup of both the petrol and diesel price in Delhi as on October 16, 2021. So what are all the components here? The first one is price charged to dealers and the next one is excise duty. This is levied by the centre as given in the table. The third one is dealer commission and the fourth one is sales tax levied by state. So these are all the components of price. All these includes the final retail price which is the price at which the petrol and diesel is sold in the market. An important thing to note here is that excise duty which is levied by the centre is uniform across the country but the sales tax will vary from state to state. Now coming back to the excise duty again though the central taxes that is the excise duty they are levied by the centre it will have only 59 percentage of the revenue from these taxes. The remaining 41 percentage of the revenue is required to be devolved to the state governments as per the recommendation of 15th finance commission. So the 41 percentage of the revenue has to be given to the state government by the centre. See these devolved taxes are untied in nature that is the states can't spend them according to their own discretion. See the excise duty levied on petrol and diesel consist of two broad components. The first one is the tax component that is the basic excise duty. The second one is the ses and surcharge component. See of these two components only the revenue generated from the tax component is given to states. Revenue generated by the centre from any ses or surcharge is not given to states that is it is not devolved to states. Currently agriculture infrastructure and development ses and road and infrastructure ses are levied on the sale of petrol and diesel in addition to surcharge. See this is very important this is a fact. What all ses are levied on petrol and diesel it is the agriculture infrastructure and developments is the other one is road and infrastructure ses. So what we saw in this excise duty only the tax component is given to the states the centre retains the ses and surcharge component. So this is the case until the day before yesterday on Saturday finance minister Mrs. Nirmala Sita Raman announced a sharp cut in the central excise duty on fuel prices but there were lot of questions what are those questions whether this will affect the devolution of taxes to the states. To clarify this while talking to the reporters union finance minister has said that the entire duty reduction in petrol and diesel had been done out of the road and infrastructure ses component of the tax levied on petroleum products. So what does this mean this means that the entire burden of the tax cut was hence being borne by the centre. See solely the price of petrol has to be reduced but if the cut is made on states tax the devolution of taxes to the state will be affected. So without touching the basic excise duty that is the tax component of the excise duty the price of both petrol and diesel has been reduced by cutting the road and infrastructure ses. See this basic excise duty will only be shared with the states. The ses will be retained by the centre we saw earlier right. So if the cut has been made in the road and infrastructure ses this won't affect the taxes which are shared with the state governments. And with this we have come to the end of the discussion. In this discussion we saw the split of petrol and diesel retail prices and after that we saw the central tax which is the excise duty levied by the centre and we saw the sharing of the excise duty. We saw that 59% of the revenue is kept by the centre. The remaining 41% is given to the state governments and as per the recommendations of 15th finance commission. And after that we saw two components one is the tax component basic excise duty which will be shared with the state governments. The next one is the ses and surcharge component which will not be shared with the state governments. And the ses includes agriculture infrastructure and developments ses, road and infrastructure ses. And with these points in mind now let us move on to the next part of the discussion that is the practice prelims question discussion. Today in this practice prelims question discussion session we have four prelims questions we will solve them one by one. See the first question here it is a quiz question for you. Consider the following statements look out circulars are initiated only by the central bureau of investigation and Interpol statement two look out circulars cannot be modified or withdrawn. You have to identify the correct statement here. See we saw everything about look out circulars it will be easy for you try this question and post your answer in the comment section. Now moving on to the second question which of the following countries is not a member of RCEP. See in the discussion itself we saw India is not a member of RCEP so here the right option is option A. See the regional comprehensive economic partnership that is the RCEP of Asia and Pacific signed the mega trade deal among 10 Saudi station countries and the five FTA partners. And those five FTA partners include Australia, China, Japan, New Zealand and South Korea. While the deal was moving towards its final stage India chose to pull out at the 11th hour seven years after joining the negotiation. So here the correct answer is option A India. Now let us take this third question which of the following are the favorable conditions for heat wave transportation or prevalence of hot dry air over a region absence of moisture in the upper atmosphere the sky should be practically cloudless and large amplitude anti-cyclonic flow over the area. We have to choose the correct answer here. See the favorable conditions for heat waves includes all these four statements. See taking statement one transportation or prevalence of hot dry air over a region know that there should be a region of warm dry air and appropriate flow pattern for transporting hot air over the region and regarding statement two absence of moisture in the upper atmosphere should be there because the presence of moisture restricts the temperature rise. Now the third statement the sky should be practically cloudless this is to allow maximum insulation over the region and it also should have large amplitude anti-cyclonic flow over the area. See heat waves generally develop over the northwest India and they spread gradually east towards and southwards but not westwards since the prevailing winds during the season are westerly to northwest early but on some occasions heat wave may also develop over any region inside to under the favorable conditions. So here what is the correct answer? The correct option here is option B 1 2 3 and 4 only. Now let us take up this final question consider the following statements CES is a tax on tax that is imposed by the central government for a particular reason and is imposed before the government receives the sufficient funds for that reason. The surcharge is a fee added to any tax that has already been paid. Which of the above statements is or are incorrect? Let us see whether any of these statements are incorrect or not. Taking the first statement see in simple terms SS is a tax on tax. The Indian government levies CES on the tax liability including surcharge and it is used for a specific purpose. For example Indian government collect a CES on education and utilizes it specifically for that purpose alone that is for the education. Moreover the CES applies to all taxpayers. Further CES taxes go to the consolidated fund of India. So it is vital to note that SS must be applicable for that purpose alone for which it is charged. So from this we know that statement one is correct. Now coming to the second statement a surcharge applies to those persons whose income is more than 50 lakhs. See this money is not collected for any specific cause but can be used for any reason as the union government sees fit. Interestingly it is applicable on the tax payable and not on the total income. This collection also goes to the consolidated fund of India and can be used for any purpose. So here both the statements are correct. So what is the correct option here? Option D neither one nor two. And with this last problems practice question we have come to the end. If you have any queries related to the articles that we discussed today post your query in the comment section. Don't forget to post your answer for the quiz question. And if you find the video useful like share and comment and do subscribe to Shankaray's Academy's YouTube channel for further updates. Thank you.


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