So welcome back in the last class we were looking at how you can get information about intermediates by varying the substituent on the aromatic ring. So Hammett came up with what is called as a Hammett equation where you can correlate the log of kx over kh for a particular reaction where x is the substituent that is varied on the aromatic ring with sigma which is what is called as a substituent constant. The value of sigma is obtained by studying the dissociation of benzoic acid. And the proportionality constant is called as rho which is your reaction constant. This can also be used for reaction which is under equilibrium and you can correlate log of kx over kh again with dissociation of benzoic acid and you get the proportionality constant which is rho. Now based on the magnitude of rho and the sign of rho you can get lot of valuable information about the intermediate. So if you have a value of rho which is greater than 1 it indicates the reaction is more sensitive than benzoic acid. So just to remind you you have a graph on the on the y-axis you have the reaction that you are studying. So this is for your reaction and on the x-axis you have sigma which is essentially log of kx over kh for benzoic acid. So let us say this is 0, this is 0 and below this you have the negative values and above this you have the positive values. So at 0, 0 is where you will have hydrogen where that is no substituent. So if you consider the reaction to be benzoic acid dissociation essentially what you have on your y-axis and your x-axis is the same. So what you would get would be a slope of 1. So if you look at a reaction which is more sensitive than benzoic acid the slope would be greater than 1. So if you have a reaction less sensitive than benzoic acid the slope would be less than 1. Remember it will always go through 0, 0 corresponding to hydrogen. So in all these cases what it means is remember I had told you about the balance what it means is because the slope is positive or greater than 0 it means that electron withdrawing groups so electron withdrawing groups are positive on your x-axis. So you have electron withdrawing groups here and electron releasing groups here. So a slope which is positive indicates that electron withdrawing groups increase the reaction rate and electron releasing groups decrease the reaction rate. So what it tells you is that the nature of the intermediate is such that it is stabilized by electron withdrawing groups and destabilized by electron releasing groups exactly similar to that of benzoic acid. So before we left the last lecture I had asked you to think about this reaction. So now in this case you have a positively charged intermediate and what happens when you have a positively charged intermediate? Let us first write the mechanism for this. So in this case if we consider an SN1 mechanism given the fact that you have two methyl and an aromatic ring it would generate a pretty stable carbocation. So if you consider an SN1 reaction what you would have is I would just put this as AR so you have AR, C, ME, ME, CL dissociating to give AR, C, ME, ME, carbocation plus CL minus. Now if you had substituents on the aromatic ring what would happen? So let us try to do that on this graph. So for this reaction you have log of kx over kh and on your x axis you have sigma. Let us say this is 0, this is 0. So this is where your hydrogen will be alright. So now compared to hydrogen in this case you have electron withdrawing groups positive. On this side you have electron releasing group. So if you have an electron withdrawing substituent here what would it do to the rate of the reaction? So you have a positive charge on the aromatic ring if you are confused you can think of a nitro group. So if you had a nitro group here will that stabilize or destabilize your carbocation? An electron withdrawing group will destabilize your carbocation correct? So what that would do is compared to H it would decrease the rate. So again the weighing scale is now tilted down because the rate is decreased and what will an electron releasing substituent do? It would stabilize the carbocation and so the rate will increase. So now if I plot this what I will get is I will get a rho value which is less than 0. So I have a negative slope. What would be the magnitude of this rho value? We will look at that later. So will it be more sensitive or less sensitive than benzoic acid? I would like you to think about this. So now what you see is when you have a positively charged intermediate like this what you end up getting is you end up getting a rho value which is negative. So just to summarize you have a lot of important information that you can get from the Hammett equation. If you have a rho value greater than 1 you know that the reaction is more sensitive than benzoic acid a rho value between 0 and 1 reaction is less sensitive than benzoic acid and intermediate is similar to benzoic acid it might be negatively charged. Rho is 0 no substituent effect rho is less than 0 it indicates the intermediate is positively charged. So if I were to summarize it in terms of quick graphs in one case as I said the graph would be one where you have a positive slope so it will be something like this. In one case it will be no effect so a straight line parallel to the x axis and in one case because you have electron releasing groups stabilizing the reaction you have a negative slope. So you have a positive slope here and you have negative slope here. So if you want to study a reaction what you would do is you would vary the substituents on the aromatic ring and then make what is called as a Hammett plot which would look something like so you will do a Hammett plot which would look something like these graphs and based on the slope both the magnitude as well as the sign you can get information about the reaction intermediate. So now I would like you to think about one more problem. So this is just a slight extension of what we had seen earlier. So in this case we are talking about two different reactions in one case you have both the Rs as Me and in the other case you have both the Rs as H. This is a substitution reaction what I want you to think about is can you predict the magnitude and sign for rho for these reactions. So as earlier when we were also thinking of kinetics first step write what could be the possible mechanisms and based on the intermediate think about whether electron withdrawing or electron releasing groups will stabilize it. So go ahead you can press the pause button and think about this problem. So hopefully you were able to write the mechanism for this. In one case what you have is you have the aromatic ring and then you have so this is exactly like the example we had done earlier. So in the mechanism what you would have is you would have the rate determining step being generation of the carbocation.  In the other case since you have two hydrogens here there is a good likelihood that the reaction will go by Sn2 mechanism to give you the product and if I were to look at the transition state for this the transition state will look something like this. So the transition state will look like this. Now if you see the transition state what you would see is that you do not have a very prominent charge buildup at the carbon next to the aromatic ring. So this is where you are having the substituents whereas in this case you have a strong positive charge being built. So if I were to look at the transition state for this what you would see is the transition state would have a significantly more delta plus on the carbon. So if I were to put an electron releasing substituent here it would have a much larger effect as compared to putting an electron releasing substituent on the reaction which is undergoing the Sn2 mechanism. So the magnitudes would be in one case it is largely negative whereas in the other case it is slightly negative.  So now that we have looked at this example let us see how you can use the Hammett plot to actually determine the mechanism. So basically when you have a reaction like this so here this is somewhere in between the two extreme cases that we saw in the earlier slide. So in the earlier slide it was between generation of a tertiary carbocation versus primary carbocation for an Sn1 reaction. In this case you are talking about generation of a secondary carbocation. So it can go either by an Sn1 or an Sn2 reaction. So can you use Hammett plots to actually determine the mechanism and how would you do that? So first thing as I said would be to write both the mechanisms which is the Sn2 and the Sn1. So you can go ahead press the pause button and write the Sn2 and Sn1 mechanisms in your notebooks clearly show the transition state as well. So if you consider an Sn2 mechanism now if I were to determine which mechanism is taking place I would first put a substituent here correct. So now I can look at substituent effects. So what would be the mechanism here? So in this case what you would have is you would have so it will give you a transition state your leaving group would be going here and then you will get your product. If it is Sn1 so in this case the first step would be dissociation of Cl and then you would have EtOH coming in to give you the product. So in this case your transition state would look like call this Ar as before this is the aromatic ring with the substituent H nothing happens to this bond the Cl is leaving so you have a delta plus here and a delta minus. So this is what the transition state would look like. Now what was observed when the Hammett plot was done and the slope was determined is that the rho was observed to be minus 5.09. So based on this observed value of rho which of these would be the mechanism through which this reaction is going. So obviously as we saw in the previous slide in this case since you have the positive sign very close to the aromatic ring what you would have is you would have a much larger effect of the substituent and the value would be negative as electron releasing groups will stabilize this positive charge. So based on the observed rho value the conclusion is that the reaction is Sn1 and not Sn2. So this is an illustration of how you can use Hammett plots to determine mechanisms. Have to remember that if you want to use the Hammett plot to determine the mechanism there has to be a difference in rho values between the two mechanisms that you are talking about. So now let us consider this reaction which is ester hydrolysis. Now suppose I have one mechanism OH- it would come in and you would get a tetrahedral intermediate and then you can think of these electrons coming in and giving you the desired product. So this is one mechanism let us call it pathway A. Now suppose I were to write another mechanism hypothetically and let us say I show the OH- attacking here to give you. You can argue with me saying that this seems very less likely. So it is obviously going by pathway A based on the electrophilicity of the carbon and I can argue with you saying that oh no this also is electrophilic so OH- can attack there. As I told you in the very first class if you want to prove a particular mechanism you need to have experimental evidence of that. Now to disprove me if I do the Hammett analysis so I draw the Hammett plot by varying the two ends here. Now what I get is I have a rho value of 2.23. Now based on this rho value can you say which of these mechanisms is operative. Now if you look at both of them carefully in this mechanism which is path A I have O- generated. So I have O- generated here. I have a carbon between and I have the aromatic ring. If I look at this mechanism I have an O- generated here. I have a carbon and then I have the aromatic ring. Both of these are not in conjugation with the aromatic ring. Both of these lead to a scenario where if you have electron withdrawing substituents they will stabilize the intermediate. So now based on the sign as well as the magnitude I am not able to distinguish between any of these mechanisms. So whenever you are you have to design an experiment to prove or disprove a mechanism you have to carefully and systematically write down the mechanisms and think before you do the experiment whether the experiment will actually help you distinguish between these two mechanisms. And this is a classic case where although it might seem very obvious that what is the probable mechanism if I were to experimentally prove or disprove the fact that the mechanism goes by path A this would not be an experiment that I would do. I would have to choose another experiment. So the essence of what I am saying here is Hammett plots are extremely valuable.  So now let us think again I am giving you a reaction here and I would like you to predict the row value the sign and the magnitude for the given reaction. So you can go ahead write the mechanisms, press the pause button on the video and work out this mechanism alright. So why I am showing you this example specifically is that this has a row value which is negative. A lot of times instead of systematically working out the mechanism one is tempted just to say that the row value would be positive based on the fact that you see a negative intermediate but it is very important for you to write down the mechanism systematically. So this mechanism essentially is an epoxide opening. So if I were to write it it will give you the product right it seems quite straight forward. Now when you look at the product the negative charge is pretty far away from the aromatic and if I look at my starting compound which is the phenoxide here so there will be a large influence by the substituent. So now let us think about this carefully when I look at my reactant if I have a substituent which is electron withdrawing so let us consider say x is equal to NO2. What would it do to my reactant? If I have x is equal to NO2 it will stabilize my reactant. If I have x is equal to NH2 or OME it will destabilize my we are talking about reactant less effect on intermediate because it is far away we saw that right.  So in the reaction coordinate diagram let us put this as A and this as the reaction coordinate. If I look at the reactant if this is x is equal to H when I have NO2 it is stabilized so it will come down. So let us look at the case where I have x is equal to H and let us say this is what it looks like. So when I have x is equal to NO2 what would that do to the reactant it is stabilized. What will it do to your transition state? Not much effect right. So the negative charge is not conjugated with the aromatic ring as it was in the reactant. So the effect is much lesser. So if I were to draw the reaction coordinate that is what I will get. And now if I take x is equal to NH2 this is destabilized let us say this corresponds to NH2 here the destabilization is lesser. So this is what it would look like. So if I were to compare Kx over KH where x is equal to NO2 versus x is equal to H which requires a higher activation energy or which is a bigger hill that you need to climb. So imagine that your peak is almost the same you are thinking of climbing a hill. If you were to climb from a higher point versus a lower point where do you need to climb more obviously where you have the lower point. So what you would have is you will have Kx would be less than KH where x is equal to NO2. Now what happens in the case where x is NH2 now since your reactant is destabilized you are at a higher point so you have a smaller barrier to cross. So you have Kx greater than KH when x is equal to NH2. So remember the weighing scale that I was talking about. So if I were to plot log of Kx over KH versus sigma as I said you have electron withdrawing groups here and then you have electron releasing groups here. So again you have your weighing balance here, you have electron withdrawing groups here and you have electron releasing groups here. So now what is happening here? Electron withdrawing groups are destabilizing your reaction, electron releasing groups are stabilizing your reaction. So what you would have is, so if this is your 00 point with hydrogen what you would have is you would have a negative slope, but in this case what you would see is the magnitude is close to 1. So what you can see is the effect is similar to what you see for benzoic acid slightly lesser than that. So the point I would like to make here is that do not assume that if you see a negatively charged intermediate or product do not assume that the rho value would be positive. You look at the net change, so in this case when you think about it the change here is when you go from a reactant since your reactant is negatively charged as you are going from your reactant to product the negative charge is decreasing, it is not increasing like benzoic acid. So since the negative charge is decreasing you can think of it to be similar to a situation where you are generating a positively charged intermediate. So this is the reaction for which I would like you to think about the magnitude and the sign of rho. So you can use a similar approach like what we used in the earlier example. Thank you and see you in the next lecture.


No whistling, at least felt for a commercial or something. Sorry, it's unconscious, I don't even know I'm doing it. Well, I sure do. Hey, look at him weave. Who? Back there, feeding loaded. Better round him up before he kills somebody. Must have flooded it or something. But I feel great, just great. Yeah, well now listen to me. I want you to take the key out of the ignition and step out of the car. Would you do that for me please? No, man, I don't, I really don't know. I want you to take the key out of the ignition and step out of the car, please. Sure. Why not? Portrait of a man under the influence, but of what? A few too many drinks, a happy alcoholic fog. He's got that fuzzy look and he moves like a drunk. And surely his driving suggests anything but sobriety. What's this all about? Just stay calm, you're just barely left fast, that's all. Was that having fun? Yeah, weave a little bit too. Oh, I didn't notice that. What's the problem? Okay, come on up again in the car. You got your ID card on you? Sure, sure. He doesn't smell like a drunk, but the heavy mint scent on his breath may be masking the presence of liquor. A few moments later some of the happy fog has dissipated. He's feeling slightly nauseous, drowsy, but he's got to go to the john. But what junk doesn't get nauseous or sleepy, and what drunk doesn't have to go to the john? Portrait of a man under the influence. At one time that phrase referred only to a drunk, but times have changed and the alert law enforcer doesn't jump to conclusions. He knows that unusual, irrational, or abnormal behavior, though still most likely to result from too much drinking, may also be caused by the use of narcotics, dangerous drugs, or marijuana. Yes, sir. In dealing with narcotic or dangerous drug offenses, the law enforcer faces a problem of physical symptoms which are frequently confusing or misleading, and evidence which is easily hidden or disguised. Step one in tackling the problem is to be well aware of its existence. Step two is knowledge. You must learn to recognize both the physical symptoms presented by the drug abuser and the many shapes and forms in which drug evidence may be found. The subject is a broad one, but three categories will best serve for an introduction to symptoms and evidence. They are hallucinogens, depressants, and stimulants. The hallucinogens are mind-altering drugs, and the one you are most likely to run into most often, of course, is marijuana. Possession and use of this illegal drug is so prevalent that even grade school children are aware of its most common, slang names, pot and grass. Most users smoke pot, and it is often smoked in cigarette form. As a cigarette, it is easy to identify. Hand rolled, crimped at the ends, the paper thicker and stronger than standard cigarette paper. A recent innovation, paper with colorful psychedelic pattern. In addition to the crude form, marijuana cigarettes are easily distinguishable by the contents themselves. Marijuana is not soft and pliable like regular tobacco. The texture is rougher, the pieces far less uniform. Sometimes small pieces of stems and seeds will be found. Many smokers will use pipes, and their choice of odd unusual pipes, generally smaller than the tobacco smokers, is a help in identifying them. But not all marijuana users are smokers, and not all smokers restrict themselves to smoking. Some users simply eat the stuff, and some users find many variations of form, like these brownies, which contain almost as much pot as they do flour. In bulk form, you might find marijuana compressed into a brick, or in a matchbox, or a plastic container, or even a plastic bag. If you're looking for evidence of possession, overlook nothing, including the corners of pockets, which may still have remnants of their former contents. It would be easy to mistake this block for sandstone or masonite. But what you are actually looking at is hashish. Hashish is marijuana in its most concentrated form, and is made primarily from the marijuana plant's rosins. In bulk quantities, hashish is usually packaged in the form of a light greenish brown, dark brown, or black oblong flat cake, from one quarter to three quarters inches thick. These loaves or soles, as they are often called, are broken into small irregular cubes or chunks, and are sold by the gram on the black market. Usually smoked, chewed, or sniffed, hashish is far more potent than ordinary marijuana, and can have an effect up to ten times stronger on the user. Just what effect does marijuana have on the user? The only real answer to that question is an unpredictable one. The quality of the marijuana itself can vary, and the user's mental and physical makeup are other variants. He may feel euphoria, giddiness. He may get careless, misjudge time, lose his powers of concentration and his sense of judgment. He may feel dizzy, have burning bloodshot eyes and a dry mouth. His vision may be somewhat distorted. He may suffer from diarrhea, nausea, throat irritations. He may become very hungry with a craving for candy and sweets. He may appear to be sleepy or in a dream-like stupor, or possibly just relaxed and relatively normal. These are all possibilities, depending upon the dose he used and his prior experience with marijuana. Let me see your ID card, please. Yeah. Seems to be the problem, so... Nothing. I just had a couple of drinks. I think they disagree with me. Feel a little nauseous. You know, sweaty. Well, if you're sick, maybe you might... No, no, I'm not sick. I just sat down, clear my head. This is where I pick up my bus. I just go back to the port and sack out. I'll be okay. Okay, so, straighten your uniform. Despite all the possible symptoms and effects, the fact is it is relatively easy for an experienced user to mask the effects of a marijuana high. Overt manifestations, strong, positive proof of intoxication, are rarely present. And your hat. There may be situations such as the one you have just seen when drug use is not fully obvious and sufficient circumstances for apprehension or other police action do not exist. The experienced user rarely gives himself away by a display of obvious intoxication. He is either caught in the act or found in possession of the drug. But there is one helpful clue to marijuana use and possession, and that is the odor. Burning marijuana has a distinctive odor, which is easily recognized by those who are familiar with it. The law enforcers should get to know that odor, and you should also be aware that heavy perfume and incense are frequently used as a cover-up for that odor. Of all the illicit drugs of abuse, marijuana is the Army's greatest problem because it is one of the most common. But the hallucinogens include several other drugs, which, though relatively uncommon, have far more serious effects on the user than marijuana. Most of them are called by their initials. LSD, DMT, DET, D-O-M-M-D-A-P-C-P. There are also peyote and its derivative mescaline, and among others, psilocybin. Mescaline sometimes appears in the form of small white pills. DMT may be packaged in aluminum foil or mixed with tobacco. LSD can take almost any shape. These small, colorful pills are only one possibility. In its liquid form, LSD is tasteless, odorless, and clear, and can be applied to almost anything. LSD tablets manufactured in clandestine laboratories often have imperfections on the edges or surfaces of the tablets due to the crude or unsophisticated machines and dyes used to stamp the tablets. Sugar cubes. Candy. Crackers. A postage stamp. Even paper. All can be impregnated with liquid LSD for later consumption by the user. The investigator must be aware of the many ways in which these drugs can be hidden and disguised. To find the evidence, he must at least be as clever and imaginative as the man who conceals it. The effects of the various hallucinogenic drugs can rain from relatively mild to extreme. Again, we must contend with varying doses and varying mental and physical tolerances in different human beings. He may feel a dream like euphoria, a cloud nine freedom from reality, which under some circumstances may seem relatively normal. But his ability to function to do his job will be effective. This, of course, will bring his condition into visibility. That visibility, however, can take the form of symptoms easily misinterpreted. And he might be considered lazy, indifferent, incompetent, or perhaps just a bit off his feet. I couldn't believe this.  This guy was crazy. He started screaming like a nut and running all over the floor. And then, well, we tried to stop him, but, well, he ran into the latrine and we figured we better call you. Yeah, he's up there, but I'm not going to go after him. He must have been crazy, man. At the other end of the scale, the extreme reaction. In these cases, the user will suffer wild hallucinations. He's in here. You OK? Take a moment to stay. When a man's behavior is extremely abnormal, prompt medical attention is always called for. But since his actions are not predictable, he is a potential threat to you and to himself. He should be handled with care. Those three guidelines bear repeating, for they should be followed with all cases of extremely abnormal behavior in which drug abuse is suspected or indicated. One, protect yourself from possible assault. Two, protect the individual from possible self-damage. Three, get him medical attention as quickly as possible. As illegal drugs of abuse, those classified as depressants usually result in more social deterioration and premature deaths than any other type of drug. Depressant drugs include the opiates and synthetic opiates, barbiturates and tranquilizers. The opiates and synthetic opiates are narcotic drugs that are stringently regulated under the law because of their ability to rapidly produce physical dependence or addiction. Heroin, morphine and opium are examples of opiates. Methadone and demoral are examples of synthetic opiates. Heroin's ability to produce addiction is so great that it is not used in the practice of medicine in the United States. Heroin addiction motivates a high percentage of crime and destroys thousands of lives annually. The important questions for law enforcers are, what does it look like? What clues suggest its use? What symptoms does the user display? And how should the addict be handled? Heroin usually appears in the form of a white crystalline powder. But depending on the impurities often found in heroin, it may appear off-white or even tan in color. The quantity of pure heroin is increased by cutting it with milk sugar, quinine, manite or other similar substances. It is normally sold in small glassy envelopes or packets, or sometimes in gelatin capsules. It is sometimes sniffed like snuff, but most users inject it, either under the skin or into a vein. Injection requires equipment, and that equipment can be a giveaway. To be injected, heroin must be liquefied. This is frequently accomplished by using a spoon or a bottle cap with an improvised handle as a cooker, in which the heroin is dissolved in water. Heat is needed for this process. A hypodermic is also essential, whether homemade or a discard retrieved from a clinic or perhaps even purchased from a drugstore. Another essential, anything that will serve as a tourniquet to cause the vein to bulge, making it more accessible. Absorbent cotton is another common item. It serves as a filter through which the liquefied heroin is drawn into the hypo, and as a blotter which will pick up and store the residue. This array of equipment is usually a good indication of heroin use. A radio is only one of a thousand places an addict might use to hide such material. The heroin user's habit is the prime focal point of his existence. This fact, plus the desperation that motivates his need for concealment, can prod him into some extremely clever and crafty ideas. The heroin addict's body itself provides clues to his use of the drug. Repeated injections will leave scars and there will frequently be signs of infection, caused by the unsanitary equipment he uses. Since body concealment is difficult for the soldier, the uniformed user may try to hide his habit by injecting the drug into less generally visible areas of the body. For this reason, physical examination of a suspected heroin user must overlook no part of the body. Attics have been known to inject the drug into the scalp or to hide drugs in thick hair. And they sometimes will use the veins of the instep as an injection point. We can divide the heroin user's symptoms into three categories. When he is under the influence of the drug, when he is suffering withdrawal or need of a fix, and when he may be reacting to an overdose. When under the influence of the drug, the heroin user is in a dream-like condition. He's lethargic, drowsy, detached from the world around him. Taking him into custody presents no particular problem, other than the fact that you might have to carry him. When he is in need of a fix, suffering from withdrawal symptoms, the user's image changes considerably. The physical toll taken by his habit has already caused an extreme loss of weight and a general deterioration. The use of and need for heroin generates a wide variety of possible symptoms. Nervousness, sweating, pains, cramps, itching, constipation, loss of appetite, and desperation for his next fix motivates a need for money that can drive him to any lengths. What do you say? The hamburger's getting cold. I'm not hungry, I told you. Take this to security, okay? What am I going to do with a watch?  It's worth a hell of a lot more, but you can have for 20. Hey, I don't get it. Your soldier watched the hamming some month ago. Where'd this come from? It's my other one, my good one. Come on, Wilson. A favor. You get a dream deal and you do me a favor. You got the dough and I know it. Look, I got a watch. I don't want to buy nothing. I'm not going to lend you any money. You still owe me for the... Now he is ripe for burglary or any form of theft or assault that might bring him money. In this condition, the heroin addict is a definite threat. He should be approached with caution. If he gets no fix, however, the withdrawal symptoms will increase in intensity and he will be reduced to helplessness. Spasms, cramps, vomiting, diarrhea. He will be literally a mess. He'll look bad and he may smell worse. But your job, and it's a difficult one, is to recognize that he is a man in need of help. The situation is not as urgent as it appears. He is not in any immediate danger of death. In these instances, you simply pick him up and get him to a doctor. Heroin, obviously, is not manufactured to any tight standards of control. The fix purchased by the user can contain varying amounts of the drug and it may well contain a higher dose than he can tolerate. It is this overdose which accounts for most heroin fatalities. The heroin overdose is a quick killer. It works on the part of the brain that controls a respiratory system and the result is asphyxia. Medical attention can often help if it is administered quickly enough. Resuscitation may also help the overdose victim. When dealing with drug users, you have no way of knowing what drugs may be present on or in the mouth. So an airway or similar device should be available for emergency use. Other drugs in the depressant category are barbiturates and tranquilizers. Drugs of abuse in the stimulant category are cocaine and the amphetamine. As most high school kids know, depressants are downers and stimulants are uppers. These are all legally manufactured items, but they are produced in such large quantities that they frequently get into the hands of those who have no legal right to possess or use them. Some are amphetamines, uppers. Some are barbiturates and tranquilizers, downers. Prescribed by a doctor, their use is legal and safe. Without a prescription, illegal and dangerous. Cocaine is a powerful narcotic stimulant used by drug abusers. In the illegal drug trade, it is usually seen in the form of a white crystalline powder, which looks like ground glass or fine snow. It is generally sniffed into the nostrils by the user, but may also be injected into a vein. We've all heard about the truck drivers who keep themselves awake with uppers over a long haul. We've all read about the famous movie stars who put themselves to sleep permanently with overdoses of downers. And the final results will be announced on the 12 o'clock news. The famous actress Helen White is dead at age 56 as a result of an overdose of sleeping pills. Miss White was found dead at her Beverly Hills apartment at four this morning by her husband. Upers and downers. Easy to come by and easy to hide. Some identification is made possible by pill shapes and colors, which are coated by the manufacturers. But capsule contents can easily be changed. And some drugs are manufactured illegally by amateur chemists. Final positive identification is possible only by lab analysis. Remember, too, the contents of a standard package are easily juggled. And what looks like aspirin may be uppers or downers. When under the influence of barbiturates, the user displays symptoms very similar to an alcohol drunk. His movements are slow and unsteady. His breathing may be shallow. His face may be flushed. Thought, movement, action, reaction, speech, all are slowed by the drug. Did you get your head on a band? Excuse me. Sorry. What's the matter, man? It's on the bed. The extent of his lethargy is dependent upon the dosage and his own tolerances. And overdose can cause coma and death. Excessive use of barbiturates can cause physical addiction and withdrawal brings a wide variety of symptoms. Increasing nervousness, insomnia, tremors, nausea, delirium, weakness, failure of muscular coordination, cramps, vomiting, convulsions, and often death. It is extremely important to know and remember that depressants, downers, barbiturates, and certain tranquilizers can be killers. Without medical help, the user can die from overdose all withdrawal. It is all too easy to mistake the depressant user for a drunk, particularly since he will frequently mix his pills with liquor and thus even smell like a guy who has simply had a few too many. In this case, his use of alcohol and downers impaired his judgment, leading him into trouble. The simple, obvious solution may seem to be one of, book him, lock him up, and let him sleep it off. But that obvious simple solution could well result in a fatality. Under the influence of an overdose, or the even more powerful effects of a mixture of alcohol and depressants, he can slip quickly into a coma. In a matter of minutes, he can be a dead man. In all cases where drug abuse is indicated or suspected, medical advice and assistance should be the first step. Do you think this man is under the influence of barbiturates? Yes, sir, we did. I would just like to know if he's going to be all right. If the gentleman ever sees it up in the hall, we'll have to check the blood level first. If it is felt that the man will require medical treatment, your job will be to turn him over to competent medical personnel for treatment and possible rehabilitation. Stimulants, the uppers, excite the central nervous system. The governors are thrown loose and the motorists race ahead at top speed. The stimulant abuser is thus usually very visible. He is on the go at double time, animated, talkative, restless. He doesn't sleep and isn't interested in food. Most important, he is emotionally unpredictable. His mood can change suddenly. I'm out. What do you mean, out? I'm out, that's all. Out, out, out, out.  You're not out. You're way ahead you can afford to lose. Now, turn those cards back over. Now, what are you getting so excited about? Look, I got a...  Either turn those cards back over or give back the money you want. Come on, Smitty. You already need to give it back. All right, look, I'm not going to play.   Remember, the man who is high on stimulants is always a potential threat. Let me go.  When taking him into custody, be ready for sudden bursts of violence. Do not be fooled by a period of peaceful calm. This man is reacting to an attack of nausea. He's got chills. He's sweating. He's suffering from abdominal cramps. His walk is a bit unsteady. Any better? A little. Put the shakes. Feel hot. Put the chills at the same time. Yeah. I had food poisoning last week. Doesn't feel lousy. You sure you're going to be all right? In fact, he's exhibiting more than a couple of the symptoms shown by drug abusers in stages of withdrawal. But the fact is, he never had anything stronger than an aspirin in his life. The man is just plain sick. Just plain sick. It isn't easy or sometimes even possible for the military policeman or CID agent to tell whether a man is displaying symptoms of drug abuse or whether he's just plain sick. But the point is you must realize the possibility. The man whose actions are irregular, unusual, or abnormal may be a drug user. Now, this doesn't mean you have to be suspicious of every little twitch or stumble or arrest every man who looks a little bit sleepy. Remember, it's usually a combination of factors that indicate the narcotics or drug offense, not just one isolated item. But you must be alert. And you must back that alertness with a well-rounded knowledge of all narcotics and other drugs of abuse. What do they look like? What effect do they have on the user? You must have all the answers. Remember, when drug abuse is suspected, follow the guidelines. One, protect yourself from possible assault. Two, protect the individual from possible self-injury. Three, get a medical attention as quickly as possible. When under the influence of his drug, the heroin user is in a dream-like condition. Taking him into custody usually involves no particular problem other than possibly having to carry him. But when in need of a fix or suffering withdrawal symptoms, the heroin addict can be a definite threat and should be approached with caution. When suffering extreme withdrawal symptoms, the heroin addict becomes a repulsive-looking mess. But you must realize that he is a man in need of help. In this condition, he is not in any immediate danger of death. But he does need medical attention. A heroin overdose kills quickly. If administered promptly, resuscitation may help to save the person's life. Barbiturates are deadly when abused. Mistaking a barbiturate addict for a drunk can be fatal, since he can slip quickly into a coma and may die without medical attention. In all cases where drug abuse is indicated or suspected, medical advice should be sought. The stimulant abuser is particularly dangerous. Uppers pull out the stops, and he is emotionally unstable. Always be ready for sudden, unpredictable bursts of violence. Many symptoms of drug abuse are identical with symptoms of common illnesses or drunkenness. Only a doctor can make a final, reliable diagnosis of the cause of those symptoms. But there may be times when you'll be forced to make a judgment, and that responsibility is an important one. It leaves you no choice but to become an expert on the subject of drugs and drug abusers. The knowledge is available, and the rest is up to you.


The Narcissist knows nothing about you. They act like they know you so well.  But this couldn't be further from the truth. The truth is The Narcissist really knows nothing about you. They never took the time to get to know you. They never paid attention to you. They never asked you for information about yourself. So how could they possibly know anything about you? Whenever you had a conversation with a Narcissist and tried to give them information about you they never listened. They just hijacked the conversation and started talking about themselves. So how could they have learned anything about you? When you first meet the Narcissist they project this fantasy or image of perfection onto you. They are projecting these exaggerated traits of their false self. Everything they wish they could be, they see you as an extension of them and they are also using you to prop up their false self and the illusion that they are trying to portray. But everything that they are projecting onto you really has nothing to do with you. It's completely exaggerated. No one is perfect. We all have flaws. We all make mistakes and then when the Narcissist begins to devalue you that's not an accurate view of you either. They see things in black or white. In their minds you're either good or bad. But in reality there are both good and bad parts of us. The person the Narcissist thinks they knew in the beginning was not us. It was nothing more than a figment of their imagination. Just as when they devalued us that was not us either. Both of these characters that they created in their minds had nothing to do with us. It was just something they used to regulate their emotions and boost their false sense of self-worth, self-esteem and self-importance. But it had nothing to do with us. This was all going on in their minds and that is why if you ask the Narcissist they will say that they know you so well. They might even say that they know you better than you know yourself when they really know nothing about you. Really it's typical for the Narcissist to say that they would know you better than you know yourself. In their minds they are all knowing, seeing and they have insight into the actions and thoughts of everyone. When in reality they just have an exaggerated sense of their own abilities because the truth is they don't know anything about you. They never took the time to get to know you. They never took an interest in anything that you had to say. They never took an interest in anything that you were doing because they didn't care. They were too preoccupied with their own thoughts and feelings. Their own interests and needs. And that's just what a Narcissist is. It's an individual who is self-absorbed. Someone who is absorbed in their own thoughts, activities or interests. Pre-occupied with their own feelings or situation. Which means that they don't have the capacity to even get to know you. They don't have the time of the motivation. They would have no motive for doing that. Because it wouldn't benefit them in any way. Unless they were going to use it to manipulate you. And even if they did have the time and the motivation to get to know you. To really connect with you at a human level. And evolve in your purpose, passion and feeding your spirit. Even if they tried to engage in deep meaningful conversation. And develop an emotional connection with you. They wouldn't be able to do that either. Because they lack empathy. They lack the ability to understand and share the feelings of another. They cannot share your feelings or experiences. They cannot imagine what it would be like to be in yours or another person's situation. They cannot put themselves in your shoes. So how could they ever be able to connect with you? How could they ever get to know you? The Narcissist pretends to know everything about you. But really, they don't know anything about you. They never took the time to get to know you. And even if they did they would not be mentally or emotionally capable of doing that. The best that they can do is to pretend like they know everything about you. They have to do that. Because otherwise if they were to accept that they don't know you. It would mean that they are the problem. It would mean that they have failed at something. And therefore they are not good enough. They are defective. So they pretend.  From the love-bombing phase to the devaluation. And even after the discard when they assassinate your character and start a smear attack throughout it all they really believe that they know you. They've created these warped definitions of you in their head. And once you've figured out who they really are then they try to get everyone else to adopt those same negative perceptions of you. Which isn't even you. It doesn't have anything to do with you. It's just something they've created. Just as they did in the love-bombing phase. A narcissist cannot get to know anyone. All they can do is interact with the imaginary hero or villain characters in their own minds. Thank you for watching. I hope this video resonated with you. Please like, comment, share and subscribe. Click the button click the bell icon to receive notifications for my future videos. If you like to donate my paypal link is in the video description. Coaches and inquiries you can email me at www.gmail.com Thank you for watching and I'll talk to you soon.


Gweithio, dymiannod am ychydig chi'n amser a oeddiwch i'ch ddau'r forum, a ond byddech chi i chi'n gwaith yn ymddangos ar gyfer cyfraen iawn cinsiwnol, allan y rhaglen oedd y cinsiwnol yn gweithio eu gwahion, ac yn yr wynedd.  Mae'r mynd i'r mynd i'r genlyniad ar gyfer y maen nhw'n un gweithio o'r arfer o'r adroddau a'u adroddau ar gyfer yma, ond mae'n ei ddweud yn gweld i gwirioneddol iawn, a dwi'n gweithio'r adroddau, ond mae'n mynd i'n gwneud i hynny ac mae'n gweld i weithio arall yn y sylfin. Mae gweld i'r gwirioneddol iawn am sut efallai'r cyfrifiad, ac mae'n teimlo i ddod amseriaid yma yn Nofarnig iawn yn Europaol, ond rwy'n cael ei roedden nhw'n byw. ac mae hi yn gweld yn cymhysgol ag y gwn yn ymddangos, afall ythdyn nhw ddweud. Ac mae gael ei organ i gwych, ond mae'r gymhreid yw gwaith yma a'i gwn ddiolch gwych. Maen nhw'n mynd i wneud bod y ffodus ac yn ymddangos, a yw'r gweithio ym mwyn pethau'r gweith, a fydd y gwerthu'r cyfysig i chi yw'r gymhreid, ac mae'r gweithio'r gweithio a'r cyffredin hwn dros y bydd. Mae pwysig ryw ymddangos yn yr oedd yn ysgol o'i gweithio yn ôl. a mae'r ysgol yn y dyfodol yn hollol sydd ymgyrch yn ymgyrch, ond yw'n ddim yn fwy o'r ymgyrch, yw'n dweud? O'r ysgol yn ei gyfnodol yn y dyfodol maen nhw yw'r unig am y maen nhw, ond mae'n ddim yn ddoch chi'n ddangos i'r ysgol ym Mhath yng nghyrch, ond mae'n ysgol yn ysgol yn ymgyrch yn hynny. Mae'n rhai o'r ysgol yn ddweud. Yna'n rhai o'r ymgyrch yn ysgol, ac yn ystod y gallwn ei wneud yn y blynyddoedd. Yn y gallwn ei wneud o'r cyfnod ychydig yn y cyfnod o'r cyflwyno a fydd ymweld yma, ac yn ystod y wayf yn y cyflwyno a chael ei wneud yn ei gweithio. Yn ystod, rwy'n meddwl yw'n ddweud am y ffiythau storid o'r 15 ymgyrch yn y cyflwyno a'r cyflwyno o'r cyflwyno'n hynny yn ymgyrch yn ymgyrch yn ymgyrch yn ddweud, The domain will be the rise of the internet and spread to mobile phones. Both of those are, of course, outgrow of the digitalisation and the revenue taking, the rise of the microprocessor and so on. Essentially, technology in newspapers and in magazines was a small subject. er mwygoel i chi'n nhw'r dweud, i'r gyfrannu yma ar gyfer, ychydig yna y cyfrannu'r stori, o f embarkydd yr hoffa wedi bod y cyfrannu a'r rhan! Ieb credu bod y cyfrannu llywos yn llwyr Donald, Ieb'r rhai mae'r lyhym yn gwybaith yn cael y telegraf gan y tejfnod, mae'n cyfrannu ar gyfer y cyfrannu, a rhaid i chi yw, yr oedd y cyfrannu cyfrannu e'n cyfrannu tîm. Allwn言 llawerghanosrodd ddigonio, o ardal gwaith eng princess without oblivion, i meddiad codi, mwy wneud cyfrwyng gyrus, gofod o gyruchoedd cofadio, a ddigonio mynd, rydw i ond ti'n gynebydd gyr Sebastian Llyf. Mae'r dweud yn awgol mewn yr d Holster Sulwydd ac ydy'r cyflog wedi llawer yn y gwasanaeth, fel yn ymgyrchol ychydig, ond mae'n fwy o gynnwys, ond mae'r blynyddoedd hwn i gael dyn ni gyda'r rhaid, a dyna'n gwybod i'w rhaid yn cysylltu'r dynnigoedd. Mae ddyn nhw'n credu ddarparu'r maen nhw'n gael y gallu ei gyangfant yn fwy o'r fewn. Mwysilio gan ychydig o'r teulu i gael dynnu'n gynnwys wathon ni'n gwybod ni'n dynnu'n gwybod yn y cyflog yn y gynnaeth i theulu. Mae'r gwirionedd i'r unig hwnna supposex yn rwy'r ymddiol, ac mae'r gwirionedd yn grafio ar y jarnol yn 1994. Rwy'n deisiael i'r internet o'r البawdd o'i mathai iechydig. Mae'r roedd y firnedd yn haynog, ac mae'n angen i'n gallu yn ganddach! Rwy'n credu i'r internet o'r mae'r rwy'n greu ar gyfer y cyfosig, ac mae'r cwmwneud o'r bwysig iawn Uwgol. Mae'r swyddog yn rhan o'i rydw i'r swyddog o'r ymddiol. 100 oes hyff materion ar arweinio ar y plant yn y peri yw'r anferwyd. Yn rhaid i gyddonatio, ond eich cyfnodd wedi gwneud digwyddau y Llywodraeth wedi bachon hynny yw'r anferwydiau yn y gwneud sy'n unig cyfnodd. Mae fynd i wneud am rhan o'r anferwyd y Llywodraeth ac yn oed yn gyfwybronig. Rlyniad y Llywodraeth wedi gwneud bachon ei wneud eich llwythau, isiol, gan siaradau efo enw yn ddod – felly mae'r ffrifonau cyfioedd yn hyd yn ei ffwrdd. Felly ydych chi'n gondoli ar gyfer y dyfodol ydyma gfu, yn 1995 ydym ni'n amgylcheddau yma mewn cyfioedd mewn cyfioedd Cyffredinol. Mae'r idea was that the internet was a new start rather than the United States of America was a new start. You didn't need to have the same rules online as you have in the real world. Well ultimately that has failed. We do have national laws applied to the internet. We have compromises in most areas. If somebody sells you something on eBay and they don't show up… ond ydych chi'n fwy fath y prosesau i ddefnyddio ar y tîm. Felly, y gallwn ysgol i ddechrau'r prosesau yma yw awgrydd, ac mae'n fywr o'r cyfeilio ar gyfer cyflawn ymgylcheddau. Ond, mae'n fflawn i ddechrau, mae'n gweithio y peth yn dweud yn y ddweud, ac mae'n gwybod yn gwybod yn ddechrau. Felly, rydyn ni'n dweud eich cyflawn i'r rhan o'r cyffredinol, mae'n oeddechrau'r proses yma yw ddechrau'r cyffredinol, Ond o'r wych chi'n gweithio'n gweithio, fel y dyna'r gyflaen, gyda'r ddwybarth fydd ac fydd yn ddefnyddio'n gweithio. Rwy'n rhaid i'ch gweithio, mae'r cyfrifiadau o'r ddweud yma ym Llyfrgellur arno gyflaenol a'r cyfrifiadau sydd yn Gwyrddon, a'r fforddiau y Llyfrgell, rydyn ni'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio. I don't think anyone still thinks that the Internet is some machine in a room that we turned off. I don't think people think that anymore. Another very widespread misconception in the early days of the Internet was an inability to distinguish between the content that was put up by users and the companies that were delivering that content to other people. So, if I looked onto the Internet and saw somebody saying something new about me, who would I sue? Would I blame my Internet provider? Would I blame their Internet provider? Well, no. We understand now that the person that you blame is the person who has posted this, and you have to get used to much more expression on the Internet, but you can't really hold the providers of the pipes responsible for what flows through the pipes. Again, this was something that people really didn't understand in the old days. They really thought that when you bought Internet access from a company, they were standing behind everything that came down that pipe. Of course, they're not.  Of course, there are still many debates that are unresolved about the Internet. There's a rather boring one about net neutrality, and everyone has a different definition of net neutrality, so I don't think that one will ever go away. There's a question about something with behavioural targeting, which is a way of targeting advertising. It has its defenders and its critics. Then, something we're hearing a lot about is Google Earth, and the use of Google Earth by terrorists, say, they look up the shape of a compound on Google Earth. Is this Google's fault? This is very similar to the early debates, I think, about the Internet. Of course, it's not Google's fault if they provide high-resolution images of things. Those images do a lot more good to the pie. My favourite example of this is the alarm clock. If you want to build a bomb and use the alarm clock to make it go off, does this mean that we should ban alarm clocks? Most of the alarm clocks are not used to make bombs go off, so this is the sort of analogy that needs to be pointed out more often. Similarly, bad people use electricity and mobile phones. Does that mean they should be banned, though? I think there's still work to be done explaining these sorts of things, and we are the people to do it. The spread of mobile phones is the other really big technology story of the past 15 years, and it's affected far more people than the rise of the Internet. About half of the world's population now has a mobile phone. The really important thing about them is that the Internet generally supplemented other forms of communication in the rich world. We already had fixed-line phones before the Internet came along. Mobile phones, by contrast, are often providing access to communications for the first time, particularly across the developing world, and that has far greater impact because it puts people on the communications grid. I have argued consistently in the Economist that the real digital divide we hear a lot about is usually defined to be that most people in the world don't have access to the Internet through a PC, but I think the really important divide is access to communications in general, and the phone is the main way that's being extended. So here is a boy in Africa who has a phone made out of mud. This is what he aspires to having a phone in Africa, is now the fastest growing region for the spread of mobile phones. The reason this is such a big story is because of the direct economic impact of the problems. They substitute for poor infrastructure, so they can save you a wasted journey or make up for the fact that there's no possible service. So there's an example of the shopkeeper in Afghanistan. When he goes into his house in the country, when he goes to Kabul to buy supplies for his shop, anyone who goes to the shop will find that it's closed, and they will have wasted their journey. But if they text it first, they can find out whether he's going to be there or not. Another good thing is price discovery in market access. The customer example there is fishermen in Kerala, and essentially they catch their fish off the coast, and they then call markets along the coast to see which markets are still in need of fish, because if they drive to a market and all the customers have already bought the fish, they won't be able to sell them. And it will be too late to drive to another market to go down the coast with the market before the fish spoil. So there's a lovely natural experiment that's been conducted in Kerala where the extension of mobile phone coverage has led to a fall in the price of fish, a reduction in the wastage of fish, and an increased profitability for the fishermen. So every morning wins, and that's the sort of thing that extending communication does. And there are some very exciting new things that mobile phones are doing with mobile banking and money transfer and so on, and the poster child there is an MPC in Kenya. And it's very interesting that this is a technology where the developing world is far ahead of the developed world. Almost nobody does this sort of thing with phones in the West, and in fact we could learn a great deal from the experience that MPC has in Africa. Here's my favourite statistic on this, which we published first in the Economist in 2005. An extra 10 mobile phones per 100 people in a typical developing country leads to an extra 0.6% of points in GDP growth. And this is a favourite statistic of Bill Clinton, he loves to quote this one. But that sort of puts it like a white, what a lot of anecdotes also support. Well, why does this, what does this mean for tech journalism? Well, this is again a field where I think it's very important that the issues and the arguments are well explained. All governments claim that they are in favour of growth and in favour of connectivity, that many governments have policies that actually prevent the spread of these technologies, or don't do everything that they could to encourage it. And mobile phones are a very good example of this. Governments don't really have to do anything for mobile phone networks to appear in their countries. Private firms will build them if they're allowed to. And there's this great ticket for the world bank, $230 billion was put into telecoms infrastructure in the developing world in the decade from 1993, and even more will have gone in since then. Those are not the usual big western firms, the usual suspects, and also a lot of those companies were afraid of doing business in Africa, in Central Asia, in the Middle East, and so local champions have popped up instead. And the key to all of this is deregulation and issuing licenses so that competitive operators can enter the market. If you consider Ethiopia and the Democratic Republic of Congo, for example, they both have about the same GDP per capita, it's about $100 a month, I think. The DRC has a mobile phone penetration of 10.5%, and Ethiopia has a mobile phone penetration of about 1.5%. And why is there this difference? Because it's not that the people in the DRC are richer, and it's simply because there are four operators competing in the DRC, and there is only one, the government monopoly in Ethiopia, and it's very badly run, they ration the SIM cards, there are riots when they issue new ones, it's hopeless. And if you allow competition, you will get more investment in infrastructure, and you will get lower prices, and you will get greater adoption. And perhaps the best example of this is Somalia, where there is no government to speak of, and the mobile phone penetration is 7%, far higher than in Ethiopia. So, actually, that shows you, I think, that the government can get in the way here. In Somalia, the operators even got together and formed their own regulator, because they needed to control the allocation of the spectrum, and there was no government to do it. So, I think that shows you that the wrong government policy can actually be worse than not having a government at all when it comes to promoting the spread of communications technology. Many governments in developing countries have also imposed luxury taxes on handsets, if Ethiopia has done that. This is the idea that, since only the rich can afford mobile phones, a good way to tax the rich is to tax mobile phones. This becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy, because it then means that poorer people can't afford them. But if you actually encourage the spread of mobile telephones, it can be a big contributor to government taxes, and in fact, it's the largest contributor in many developing countries. It's 14% of tax revenues in Afghanistan. So, done right, mobile telephones can drive the economy, can benefit the government, can benefit people. It's all a matter of getting it right. Now, unlike the internet, there is not a thirst to have this explained. So, people were coming to us at the Economist and going to newspapers that said, we don't understand the internet, please explain it to us. In this case, this is a mobile phone, this is something I think needs better explanation. And sometimes people aren't asking things to be explained to them, but it's very important that they are. And it's a case where technology overlaps with economics and regulation with development, and I think reporting it accurately is more vital than ever. So those two examples, I think, show you how technology journalism has become much more important than it used to be. It's no longer just writing about new gadgets. It really does touch on issues of a global importance and it's very important that we get it right. So I'm going to go over quickly how we do things at the Economist. I'm not saying that we get everything right and I'm not saying that all publications should do it the way we do it, but people do seem to like the way we do it. When I speak to scientists and technologists and say I'm from the Economist and I want to write up your work, they're often very pleased that they're very keen to talk to us, partly because we get it right, we explain things properly. Very often it's because our explanation allows them to show their friends and their family what they do. We explain what they do in terms that can be understood, and very often they like that. Also we keep them up to date with developments in other fields. There are so many fields in science and technology now that it's very difficult to keep track. We provide the service of looking across all these developments and saying to people this is what we think is really important. So essentially I think we try and do three things with our coverage. We try to be broad and we try to place things in context. We try to be deep and we try to do things in a more detailed way and we try to be a filter. So being broad, essentially we try to look around the story, provide an overview of the field, look into other industries and do international historical comparisons. The idea in all of these cases is to avoid hype and to avoid the idea that one of the new figures is going to save the world or change everything, so that's all sorts of problems. I think it's much more credible if you put things in context. So for example, what other companies are doing such and such, whatever new thing it is, how long has the idea been around? What is new? If you've covered technology for a number of years, you will see the same stories coming around and around, but it's always such and such is going to be the next big thing. There are lots of technologies that have struggled to get off the ground and maybe they will eventually, one technologist once said, it takes 15 years to have overnight success and I've certainly seen some technologies like biometrics or fuel cells have been about to take off for years and not really done so. Video conferencing is another example. People are always saying, yes, it's being much more widely adopted and now maybe it is, but it's taken a long time. So I think when presented with a piece of use from one company doing one of these things, it's very important to look at how many other people are doing it and how long they have, what's really going on. It's also very useful to, I think, compare industries. It's very interesting to compare how clean technology is developing now and how that compares with the dot-pot boom from several or eight years ago. Airlines and telepons have a lot of common, both networks, and you've got low-cost airlines and you've got low-cost telepons, people have tried it. So I'm very interested in these sorts of comparisons between industries and I think they can help you to evaluate whether a new technology is really important to them. I'm also very interested in international comparisons. This is something we specialize in at the implements. So those examples I just gave you about mobile phones, you can understand how these things work and what's going on much more easily if you compare the situation in one country with the situation in another. And if a new policy is introduced and the government says this is going to do this, that or the other, you can say, well, is that true? How has this worked in other countries that have tried this policy and so forth? So we're very keen on this sort of cross-border comparison at the Economist. For example, how did 3G work in Japan playing with the first country to have 3G? And I went there and nobody at all was using the video telephony feature on the phones. And it was obvious that no one was going to use it. And now lots of us have these 3G phones and almost nobody uses the video telephony feature. So it's one of these examples of a... We're going to see the future in a particular part of the world. Broadbanded South Korea was another example. The government made it cheap and everyone adopted it. And that told you that the only reason they weren't adopting it in other countries was that it was expensive, not the policy. There weren't new applications that had to be invented. They came along later. So these sorts of comparisons can be very helpful. And my favourite example of comparison is for evaluating the value of a new technology is historical analogies. And the one I'm most associated with is that between the telegraph of the 19th century and the internet at the end of the 20th century all sorts of claims were made about the telegraph when the network was built in the 1850s to the 1870s. People said it would lead to world peace and there were hackers and there were offline romances and there were all sorts of things that have subsequently happened on the internet. And that, I think, provides a very useful set of tools for evaluating claims that the internet will lead to world peace. I don't think it will. When it comes to the depth of our coverage essentially we try to go one level deeper than other news organisations. We think our readers have an appetite for an extra level of detail and that it can be provided without having to use more complex language. So this is the example of a paragraph about how lithium-ion countries work. I'm not going to read it out, but going in, I think, and fine-tuning this paragraph that explains the detail of the technology is one of the most enjoyable parts of the technology journalism. And a big part of it, I think, is finding the right analogy to simplify something in a way that helps people understand it but does not offend experts in the field. Very often the way to find that analogy is to actually discuss it with the experts themselves. Here's a very nice example from the world of mobile phones which I cooked up with Roberto Padovali at Qualcomm. So there are three main ways you can sprinkle mobile phone calls through the air and one of them is rather like people at a party taking turns to talk. Another is like people speaking at different pitches so you can distinguish different speakers. And another is like speaking different languages and that's the technology that we're all using today that's used in 3G. Another thing we do is we boffinise the stories which means we send them to the experts or at least we send the paragraphs of explanation to check that they're accurate and this is good because more accuracy means that people are more prepared to talk to us in the future. And when boffins start to try and steer our coverage and if we're critical of a particular approach and they think that's unfair of course we have the right to ignore their comments if we choose so we are not giving them approval over our copy we are merely asking for their comments and I think that can be very helpful in technological explanations. But I think one of the most important things we do is to ignore stories. Some things just aren't important. There are very often stories in the newspaper about a miracle cure or something or a new breakthrough in the treatment for cancer or something like that. These things very rarely come out and I think they're misleading. They can make individual journalists look good to their editors but in the long run I think they undermine your credibility. So very often not covering them is a service to your readers and that's what we do. Another form of filtering is deciding given the enormous level of spending on public relations in technology what's really important and when PR firms put a company forward to talk about a particular thing you really have to be able to decide whether they are the best qualified company or really the most accessible and good PRs I find will admit that their clients actually have rivals and they will be retent to cover fields rather than companies so instead of writing about a company that makes fuel cells we will write about the field of fuel cells and that will involve several companies and good PRs will be prepared to accept that and say yes to the other people that this field are, these people will accept that they will have to be mentioned as well. The other way we can go through is just by running very few stories the ones that are vital not necessarily the ones that are urgent so we have to be able to decide what's really important. The funny thing is when we ask people if they want more technology coverage they want the technology to be longer they say no and it's because they want us to be the filter to keep the amount that they have to read down to a sensible level. So where is technology journalism going now? The interesting thing is something changed in 2006 our readers who had previously when we polled them about what they wanted from our technology coverage instead of saying they wanted more about the internet started saying they wanted more about clean technology, energy technology and we saw this coming not least because when the economy started in the 1840s we incorporated something called the railway monitor this was a publication that covered the railways in Britain and they were the dot com technology over time there was a huge investment bubble and a huge crush on railways and this is because technology fashions changed there were railways all over the place in Britain still but we don't write about them very often and the internet is becoming a part of the infrastructure like the railways that we will use every day but will become invisible and we will only notice it but it stops working so energy is clearly the next big story in tech journalism history I think because fixing climate change is a tech story this is a view of what's happening from a brother a music and cynical venture capitalist writing in Harper's magazine he says each bubble needs to be bigger than the last one in order to absorb losses of the last one so he predicts that the next bubble will be an alternative energy or energy in around 2013 I think that's probably a fair bet and there will be a big crash but what we know from the internet is that it's after that crash that the technology really starts to be adopted properly anyway what this means is that the definition of technology which has prevailed for the past 10 years a tech industry meant a computing and teleports industry that's no longer true so technology journalists need to start learning if they haven't done so already about batteries and fuel cells solar panels and ethanol all these other forms of technology and this is what I've been doing for the past 5 years also and it's all fascinating stuff so I think technology journalists need to be ready for all this stuff that's coming the fight against climate change will involve lots of different technologies there's no silver bullet there's no single answer there will be a portfolio of technologies this is called the all of the above solution so we need to know about all of them and we need to be familiar with them so we could explain them to our readers there are lots of again just as with the adoption of mobile phones and the internet there are lots of regulatory debates that I think technology journalists have an important role in clarifying and helping to explain trade versus carbon tax as a means of holding down emissions the debate over biofuels whether it's possible to produce biofuels without impacting the food supply the correct way to subsidise clean technologies why is it that the country with the most solar panels in the world is Germany which is very often ugly it's because of subsidies genetically modified crops very controversial in Europe but I think probably have a very important role to play in maintaining food production as the climate changes and something that's really come up the agenda in the past six months or so is geoengineering and this is enormous engineering projects that try to change the climate but in a good way back to the way it was before this is hugely controversial and it's an overlap between technology and regulation plenty of explaining to do then plenty of work for technology journalists and I think biotechnology will be part of the climate change solution I think GM crops there was a paper this week about changing the colour of the leaves so that crops that are growing reflect more light back into space this could have an enormous impact on the climate change on its own and there is also talk of producing hydrogen and ethanol from artificial lifeforms biotechnology is also something that technology journalists need to get their heads around and the good news I think for tech journalists who might be writing about computing and studying computing and so on is that actually both of these new fields rely heavily on a foundation of information technology and information technology will underpin the revolutions in clean technology and biotechnology and that's because with clean technology you need to do things like build solar cells out of silicon and you need to have smart grids and you need to have a lot of software to decide how your electric car is going to charge and similarly biotechnology has become heavily reliant on databases to analyse DNA personalise events and so on so technology journalists who I think have been covering what's happened in the past ten years have a head start on this sort of thing overall I'm optimistic about the future I think if we as technology journalists do our jobs right we can help make the world a better place help to explain things, help to ensure that the right policies are implemented and that technology can have the greatest possible benefit for the greatest number of people so I'm looking forward to the future and I hope to see you then thank you for listening at this point we're going to take some questions from the audience we're going to have people passing lights so please raise your hand if you do have a question also if you'd like to submit a question in writing please write it we'll have people collecting the questions and we'll bring them up to me and I'll ask them to Tom to start off they can be in English and Arabic as well and please if you do have a mic we ask that you can directly to your question to start off the conversation I'm going to ask you a question Tom Cutter is just a liberalised telecoms market we're going to have competition with both mobile and landline so what can Cutter expect based on your experience and what should the journalists of the room be looking for? Well Cutter is an unusual case compared with the experience of liberalisation in other countries because the mobile penetration is approximately 100% already so in Ethiopia liberalisation is desperately needed simply to get more phones into the hands of more people and realise the economic benefits here the phones are already out there but they could be cheaper and there could be more options there could be more services that are available elsewhere and so liberalisation I think should bring down the price two operators really is the minimum you really want to have three or four so we did the same though we had an opening and then I think it was a mobile phone that was the competitor and both phones has a very good track record going up the mobile market wherever they go so I would expect to see prices falling and that's what I want to hear how does both phones expect to do that and what new services they're going to introduce on broadband it's a matter of actually getting access out there so that is the field where the metrics we're looking at is the penetration of the broadband connections the average speed and so on so those are the things that ought to improve if you have competition and in other countries they have so that's what should happen here are there any stories that you can journalists on your broader deeper coverage that journalists should be looking for as they start to cover the liberalisation of the markets and the marches that we're going to select for software and are there stories they should be looking for that are in the open deeper well there is an enormous debate about the best way to introduce competition and essentially you can go along the route of saying that the competitors have to build their own network completely or you can say that the incumbent monopoly provider has to share part or all of their network and I'm not sure which approach has been taken in Qatar but there is a essentially there is a big debate about which of those approaches is better we have come up with the probably the most elaborate solution which is expected to be adopted elsewhere in Europe and it's where you actually separate the monopoly incumbent into two pieces and you get one of them to run the wholesale network and so on we don't really know if this is working or not but I think the point is that whatever model has been chosen here you can look to other parts of the world where the same model has been adopted for a good idea of how it should play out and if it's not going as well as you expect then maybe you should be considering other models and maybe you should be pointing out that in this country where this model was introduced things have worked better so I think that's the sort of role that the technology journalists can play and that very often happens in America for example where it is a common complaint in the newspaper that America is falling behind in broadband and they point to Japan and they point this out to Korea and even parts of Europe and say why isn't it that we are we are falling behind but they are constantly pointing out the successes that other countries have had and so really I think that's the important role that the journalists can play Do we have any questions from the audience? Siwallu soffa cwm bachoron by suwallu, alla atachad anna a'r soffa allegatronia robomag ta'r arwad i'l agweithio'r techyddiol fydd y ddwyll hwnnw anel kethir ystafell fydd hi'w hidell al wgthgwyll y tiam bywys eich eich eithaf i Internet yw hefyd o'r unigolwg a bydd tyindoddiad o'r hefyd o'r tyfnid o'r hefyd ychwan ôl a'r amlion bydd wnaid o'r eich qitaeth o'r Eithaf eich teiglwg sfolwch cyfoel gynoes ac o'r ddwyllifeid a bydd tyfnodd amlion착wch i'r cwym hwnnw i wneud y cwym i rhai oherwydd o'r allan of the field of technology journalism, in the sense that that is about the impact of technology of the practice of other kinds of journalism, of political news journalism. I think in the field of tech coverage itself, it's really a matter of analysis and that's something that you need the views of people who are close to the subject, but you also need the expertise in the subject. Yna chi'n ystyried gyda'r llefion nifer, i wnaeth gyddo i ddechrau gyda'r llefion yng ngucir cyffredig a chylywodd ac y gallwn gweld y Gwyllai Iledd a gwellifer. Felly, mae ydych chi'n gweithio ei hoffa'r llefion i'w gweld yn y cenderdd y mae'r llefion cysyllt. Let's take a question first from the crowd. The student at the training in Mellon, we have numerous students in the room. What would you advise students who are considering technology and journalism as a career in terms of their academics and also extracurricular activities as they prepare for the career journalism? I would say that you need to have a grounding academically in the actual technology and in the physical sciences. I did engineering at Oxford which has been extremely useful and many of my colleagues and the economists were traders biologists or by-large they actually studied science at university. In Britain it's slightly unusual because we tend not to value formal qualifications in journalism very highly. It's different in other parts of the world in America most journalists will do some sort of postgraduate study but I think it's very important that that comes on top of a formal training in the technological subjects because it's very hard to pick that stuff up later. So my advice would be to actually study something like that first and then move from that sideways. The journalism is easier to learn than the science basically. That would be the first thing. The other thing is just to, I was involved with student newspapers at Oxford and they really are a useful learning experience so you can then move on to internships at publications like the Columbia School of Newspapers. You are very interested in that. We have several internship programmes that are very valuable sources of employees for us. We are very often subsequently higher interns and in order to evaluate somebody at that stage in their career you want cuttings and that means very often cuttings for student publications. That's very important to have done that. Very often they are already freelancing for other publications too. It's never too early to start doing that. Great. Any questions from the audience? Thank you for your informative lecture. You mentioned that the internet will not need peace in this world. I agree with you that the internet itself will not make peace, but the user of the internet can make a lot of things with it. My question is what are the qualifications to be a technology journalist? Technology mid of what? Thank you. What are the qualifications to be a technology journalist that you must have to be an effective technology journalist? I think you need to understand the subject and you need to be able to, on the one hand, you need to bridge the gap between the interested reader who is not an expert and the experts and I think that the art is to explain things in a way that the general public can understand but that does not offend the experts, so we don't misuse the terminology and so on. For example, there are very technical definitions of words like power and energy. They mean different and force, they mean different things. If you are trained as a scientist you know that and you can then write an explanation that is comprehensible to somebody about how something worked that doesn't have the scientists who have done the work frambling and tutting and I think that is ultimately the qualification you need. Now, some people will get that, some people are able to do that, some people learn to do it and some people are trained to do it but really how you get there doesn't matter. I think our role is to bridge the difficult subjects, whether it's regulation or actually how the technology works with the general public who will be the users and the consumers and the voters or whatever who decide what spreads. So I think that's the most important qualification to bridge the gap. Tom, you talked about access to technology in developing nations, in particular mobile phones. What's your view of the movement in some developing countries of the access to computers, so the low cost computers, the $100 computer as they call it. Do you see that as something that can really take hold or perhaps my view of it is one thing to give them a $100 computer you've got to connect it to something interesting and to something useful. Where do you see that movement heading? I am very skeptical about the $100 laptop. Not because I... Clearly mobile phones are the first step and access to the internet through more advanced devices with bigger screens is what comes later. But the $100 laptop project in particular is engineers trying to solve a problem that is not an engineering problem. A carpet bombing Africa with computers is not going to make much difference. You can't use a computer if you can't read and you can't use it if you haven't got electricity or if you haven't got the rule of law and the shortage of computers in Africa and other developing nations is a symptom of other things. So the people behind that particular project are disciples of a philosopher called Seymour Pappard and he believes that if you give people computers they don't need teachers and I just think this is nonsense. I think you need teachers and you need schools and you need books. And later on you can do the computers but just to try and short-circuit development by doing lots of computers is just sin. So the great thing about phones, mobile phones is that they spread on their own. They already cost less than $100. They cost $20, the cheapest ones. And they have very clear benefits. In fact you don't even need to be able to read and write to use one. So in parts of the world there are text message interpreters who will send and receive a message for you so they can read and write and of course to talk on the phone you don't need to be able to read and write. So I just think a phone is the technology with the greatest potential to advance development and once people are wealthier they can start to do things like buy computers. The other funny thing about the $100 laptop is that the project has failed.  But it sort of succeeded because it forced other companies to make very cheap laptops and these very cheap laptops, the netbooks are now the fastest growing parts of the market and people are buying them, they cost a bit more than $100 but they're spreading on their own through market courses. You don't need to have people from MIT telling you how to do things. The market can do this. Right, we're just going to take one more question and I'm going to take it from the audience. Sorry that we're running out of time. Don't worry, continue to ask your question. We're going to, Tom's going to join us for lunch and we'll also have a coffee break where you can ask your question directly on them. This question comes from one of the VR professionals in our group. We have a number of them here. What do you think the relationship between VR professionals and the media is going to be like considering the new trends in emerging technology especially things like the media? I remember, I read a debate online saying will blogging kill VR or will PR kill blogging? I'm not sure either of those is true but I think the role for PRs to connect companies to journalists is less important than it used to be in the sense that you can find companies and contact them directly much more easily. So I think it's a challenge for the PR community to decide what that means there really therefore. And as I say the best companies are those who acknowledge that yes they are trying to put forward a view of a particular company but that view is much more credible if it is framed in the context of what else is going on in the same field. So the PRs that I have the greatest respect for are those who are not afraid to admit that but I think it's a difficult time for PRs and I'm very pleased with it. It's not my job to make their lives easier because their lives are getting harder. PRs often say to me how can we get stories into the economies? We don't say what our future stories are going to be for example which makes it very difficult for them and they say that makes our lives very difficult and I say well I'm sorry it's not my job to make your life easier it's my job to do the best coverings that we can. I think they face a challenge at the moment. Thanks a lot star. Thank you.


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