Now I'm here to take all your questions. So let's sound off and see what you got. If you got to take off, that's fine. The thanks for stopping by appreciate it. And I'll see you on the next one. And let's get into Q&A. What do we got?  Thaddeus, hope to see sales recover as well. Yeah, my girlfriend has most of her crypto on there. It's not me. Like for me, like I just follow my rules and just didn't leave it on there. Did I leave someone sells you? Yes. I leave someone sell on Voyager. Yes. Was my life savings wasn't the whole portfolio. That was the thing. Wolfman. I hope it turns out in the way that people get their money. Sure is a serving situation. And that is from here. Wolfman contacted me via DM and said, look, man, I'm just able to bet 51 years old single dad and I have 25,000 Voyager. All my savings are in this pandemic. What can I do? Wait. It's the only thing we can do. There's no recourse right now. There's nothing to do. Civil action, civil lawsuits. I believe there's even a clause in that, uh, Yula and user license agreement from Coinbase that, uh, it's a band together for a civil lawsuit. I don't think it's, uh, it's legally allowed, but I could be wrong. Again, don't trust me. Take a look and there's nothing much we can do right now and, uh, hope that these other places come in and swoop up and buy them out and we can open up for withdrawals. But again, when the trust is gone, it's gone and that's it. What I think probably will happen is everybody's going to take a big, everybody's going to take a haircut, whether that be 5%, 25%, 50%. It's going to take some time, maybe a year or longer.  Hopefully in a year it's worth a lot more than what it is now. Let me go from there.  Did they know they were degenerates? Three arrows capital? Probably not, but it is what it is. And here we are. Let's see. Alpha, uh, alpha, alpha ping. Most chapter loves are on 6th, F1 and Chapter 7. That is true. I don't know, I don't know the statistics, but we go to Chapter 11. It's not great. However, if you get a multi-billion dollar company like, uh, Moellus and whoever was global, maybe there's a little bit of hope. Can't say. Wolfxman. Thanks guys. I'm a disabled, a vet, single parent. Just like we talked about these are the people that it hurts to hear these stories. And it hurts to hear the stories on when Celsius happen now when this happens. So that's why the rules are in place. Rob also good one. Hodel sets. This is so Hodel sets. Is also saying had the same question and he put up, let me see if I can find what he holds. That's I got you. I'm going to answer that question. Where are we? Uh, let me bring this up. Oh, here it is. Ah, here we go. Perfect. So let me share my screen. So Hodel sets brought up this point. Gary at Hodel sets. Hey, Rob. Remember this? And I was like, yeah, I do remember that holding Voyager for massive passive income. And this was over a year ago and I talked about how great it was to gain yield from Voyager. That's true. And here's a question for everybody. There's a question for you. I'm not going to be mean, but I have to ask you the question. I've used Voyager for almost two years now and it worked. It did what it said was supposed to do, which was I could buy crypto. I could sell crypto and I gained yield. So I just need to ask everybody, did that never happen when you use Voyager? Okay. So that's not the case. Remember those not your keys, not your crypto.  I'll admit where I wear my shortcomings, which was I should have been beating this in everybody's head. These rules and if they got sick of them, they can go, but I didn't and I'll rectify that now. But this is what happened before and this where we're at. So and then to answer Hodel sets question, Rob, how much do you, how much money do you get paid for Schilling's Sweatcoin? So absolutely zero. And also I don't get paid for any of these places to show them. They are affiliate links, but I say that in this and all the time, there's links in the description. Affiliate links, you don't have to use those affiliate links, but if you do, you get a perk. And if you don't want to, you can go right to that, that site. Have you heard me say that before? Same thing. So Sweatcoin, they don't pay me a dime. And actually Sweatcoin is a free app. It is a free app you can use to download and get Sweatcoins, Sweatcoins, whatever they're called. And then in September 12th, you get a token generation event where they airdrop you, Sweat. Not in the U.S. That'll come later, hopefully, but off that. And then lastly, I will be investing a ton into them because that makes sense to me. They have a revenue profit and all that stuff because just like you, when you came here for YouTube, did you see an ad? That's their revenue model. That's where they make money for ads and things like that. So hold on to that. So I hope I answered your question. I'm sorry. I was a little bit short with you. Okay. Let's see. Yes. Josh, we'll make sure you go over in detail of the U.S. D image bomb bank. I believe I did that. One step outdoors. Chapter 11 worked out okay for Apple. It did, but again, hard assets and whole sense assets to Gwen again. Sandman, no, I'm not leaving.    I think I talked about a project that I use a lot and a crypto exchange that I used a lot. And when I found out that they were not on the up and up, there was problems with Celsius and the three O's Capital Contagion. Also the Voyager and the issue with collateral. I let everybody know again, you can find those videos very simple. Just go to June 12th and you'll find the Celsius video and June 22nd and you'll find the Voyager video. So, Rob Cronz, one sponsor of people. Thank you. I appreciate it. Austin says, I'm okay with Voyager holding my crypto till they get things fixed. Yeah, me too. And I have a lot, but it's one of those things. As long as I can keep the coins I have and get them back later, though I do keep most of them. I gotta ask you guys, this is a question. This is the situation we're in, not the ideal situation, but what if this takes two years and then we hit another Bitcoin halving and then maybe another bull run and then at that point they release all the tokens, all your crypto. I wonder what that would look like with people like, yeah, it's pretty awesome. I like that. Or if that's like, yeah, they screwed me anyhow because I had it for so long. Linking with Naze, with Nas, sorry, man. I lost so much my Voyager. I wish I could take it off the exchanges. If you didn't study the history of past crypto exchanges collapsing, you really haven't been doing your own research. Yeah. You know, the longer I'm in, the more crusty I get and the more of a Bitcoin maxi and things that I've become. It's just because it's just safer. Unfortunately, been watching for a year now. I believe I make my decisions. Still robbering some news. Sure. Fellow mods. Okay. And then holy smokes. Bronco. I have over 400,000 locked in Voyager. I hope you are a multi-millionaire. Nah, too late for cold wallet. Slayer says, how much behind the scenes as James complained about Aida having a higher mark up than Solana after his Aida will never pass Solana. We talk after the shows. He doesn't seem to. I mean, he, he does say like he's, he James does say is like, you know, I hope they, I hope they can get faster in the TPS seems like, uh, I could do some really good things. That's exactly what he says. Looks like they could do some good things. I mean, he's not like bad a shape about it. I was from above. I will be on his show. Did I say Thursday? I think it's over with Voyager. Let me know when the exchange isn't survived. Yeah, potentially so. I hope not. But you know, we talked about the great merge yesterday. And for some of, for crypto to really make it. Um, some places have to die. Projects have to get swept away and we have to clear out for the future. And I got to tell you if, uh, if Voyager is one of those places and you had another place to sweep them up, what if in the future it's just Binance, FTX and Coinbase. And that's it because everybody else just fails to do all this crazy lending and they didn't have, and they spent unwisely. If that's the case and they buy the stressed assets and of course then people take a haircut and what would that look like? Just three exchanges or maybe like a Swift X in Australia. I don't know was your X in India. But, uh, yeah, we'll see. Yeah, this is the part that sucks the, the messages and the emails and I feel bad for people because like I can talk about my journey, but then, you know, people say, well, I just didn't do this or didn't do that. Oh, it's a great question. I trust capital. Where are they? So I just, uh, we're going to have them on in a week or two. But remember, I trust capital. Now here is one thing. There is no DeFi plays by trust capital. There is no lending. There is no three arrows. Capital nonsense. There's no Luna, Tierra BS. The way they make money is again, the trades, the 1% that you can trade in your Roth IRA account. And that's it. And they're not like, you know, making huge amount of money or there's a regular business and of course, as far as like custody, they use coin based custody, which is the same that micro strategy that Michael Sailor used to contain their Bitcoin and other. Well, just Bitcoin, but that's what they use. So that's just it. Who will be around the future? Have to flush out. See, and then this is a good point right here. Hell they go. Ah, so there's all these different comments that keep coming in. Are people afraid to use a ledger? Not your keys, not your coins. The first thing you learn in crypto. It's true, but it just goes over your head. And this is why like I can almost guarantee in a year or a year and a half from now. People will either kind of put this in the back of their mind is not. Not an issue.  I mean, you'll remember a little bit, but not that stinging feeling. And then in a year, people will like, ah, it's okay. You know, and then of course, when new people get in the crypto, that's all right. So I'm going to keep that those rules up there as long as I'm around. That's BF as a magician. Oh, and also people are afraid to use a ledger or something. I think they are. And I think the problems is just just the basic education. Like how do you set that up? How does that look like? What do you do? How do you? How does it work in the ledger? Where are my Bitcoin? Why can't I touch it? That type of stuff, right? You know, as a website, it's 100% free. I made it free. It'll always be free. Dan teaches crypto module to safety. I go over how to not get screwed over by scammers. How do what's a crypto wallet? What's a public and private key? How to use your nano ledger and then also also the MetaMask wallet. How to transfer crypto assets? I don't know how many times I'll just keep saying it until I have no subscribers and no one wants to listen. But that'll be that for the long haul. So yeah, it's a good point. What do you think about BlockFi? Also rumors swirling about them getting bought out and things like that. Zach Prince comes out and says, no, it's not true. It's not going to be sold for 25 million. It's 240 million. Again, if you have crypto on any exchange or any place that you don't have control of your private keys, time to take it off. Period. Ooh, I like that. Maybe coin-based need to die. Have you tried Adelaide? It's way faster. Yeah. Well, Adelaide was always fast and that basil hard fork, they're in the test net phase. I think at the end of July, then it goes live in the main net. So that's the whole thing. It's supposed to help increases for dApps, increase the TPS and I think cheaper transactions and CoinSpot. They've been around for ages. They're safe. Don't trust anybody. I don't care anymore. Crow scalping people trying to remove Bitcoin. You know, as far as I saw, I saw a statement from their CEO saying that they had no 3AC contagion. So that would be interesting. Crypto is a scam. I'm on Coinbase. Flare would be a good place. I just removed 2Bitcoin from. Okay. I don't trust capital. That's a good one. Yeah. I'm just going to say the right. If Voyager wants to survive giving back most of the users assets will be crucial, crucial long term. So here's the thing though, would you still trust them? Like if they came back, would you use them like to buy and sell? I'm just asking. There'd have to be some big provisions in there. I just don't see it. Unfortunately. Yeah. Educate. Rob, thanks for repeating solid advice. We're running the loss. Consider that the price you're less and learn more and more. Thanks. So you do more advertisements for cold storage. Yeah, I should. I'm afraid because of so many people using it. It's going to get hacked. Ledger's never been hacked. However, ledger has had a data breach. Don't forget that. But that's a difference between the data breach and then stealing your crypto. So yeah. DNB says the right. Don't trust verify. Any chance. Kubin buys Voyager. Well, they are in partnership for the Dallas Mavericks. Hmm. I will say that's an interesting thought because we just did a video yesterday about Mr. Wonderful, Kevin O'Leary, about his platform, Wunderfai, how they just bought out like their third exchange in Canada.   Shark Tank. Mark Cuban's a shark and he partnered up with Voyager. I think this would be an excellent opportunity. For that billionaire, Mark Cuban, to own his own exchange just like his buddy, Kevin O'Leary does. Hey, Mark. Kevin's beating the pants off you in crypto. Maybe you should step step in the arena. Exchanges are like guns. It's a good point. Guns don't kill people. People kill people. Exchanges don't take your money. People take money and risk management. Yeah. Most kept crony of the yield. I did too. But after I saw those stories and then I was like, I got to take this stuff off. Got my lawyer this morning in the mail. Great. Watch the videos. Yeah. Junk Bond says cold storage is important. Yes. But why is no one talking about diversification all in on any project is crazy? Yeah. I don't I haven't talked about this in quite some time. But like I don't know if people think that I just invest in the crypto only. I think that's a recipe for disaster. Let me show you something and bring this up. I can find it. I can't say that. Ah, here we go. So this would be like my diversification, right? So I keep 5% and I trust 5% of cash and that's fluctuating. I'm keeping more on cash. 25% wasn't USDC. Now it's going into cash. And the USDC, I mean, you can have it. I have a bunch on ledger because it's USDC is an Ethereum based ERC 20 token. You can also I also have some on MetaMask. So that's it. 5% is in masterworks. I think a little diversification 50% is land. 20% roughly is in real estate. Actually, that number went up a little bit. 10% is my Amazon business. 15% is in staking and so on and so forth. And I also have played a little bit of the stock market, but just like the basic basics. Like I buy Amazon, I've had Amazon stock for a while because I have an Amazon business. So I thought, why not? And Tesla and Mara. And oh, I stocks of Airbnb because I'm an Airbnb. So like this is my diversification strategy and some go as one goes down, one goes up, one goes up, one goes down. So that's just how it is. All right. Yeah. I think this is a good point. People are so used to the safety of banks. They treat exchanges the same way. And I have to tell you, it's the same thing. Like I was just thinking about this yesterday. I'm like, this is the first time when you would ever be able to take, if you had a good amount, a massive amount of money and actually take control of it digitally wise. Hold on. Sorry. So like if you went to the bank and go, if you had a hundred thousand in the bank, so give me a hundred thousand dollars. So we don't have a hundred thousand dollars. And they'd have to, you know, they have to scrounge that up later on. And then you say, okay, well, transfer it to my wallet. Like we talked about, we don't do that. You can transfer it to another bank, but of course the other banks, another bank. This is the only time in history where you can take possession of cash, of revenue, of currency, of money and actually have it in your possession and outside of the other system electronically. And you could transfer $10, $20, $20 billion to anybody you wanted to without any authorization, without any type of third person, and you can do it without any questions or observance. This is the only time. And to me, it really hit home when I was thinking about this whole thing with Voyager. Now I can, you know, you can do these things, but again, if you're at like Wells Fargo and you're like, Hey, I want to take my money off. Like, sure. Here's, you know, here's 500 bucks. You can take that, but we don't have anything else. We don't have a hundred thousand, $200,000 or whatever else it is. And if you want to transfer it, it's just another bank. It's the same system. So sure. Short glitches. You do that. Create a YouTube channel for my others. That's a good idea. Is Gem and I safe to DCA? Well, look, you got to buy it from somewhere. I'm going to do a video though on Lightning Network. Using the Lightning Network to buy Bitcoin and going that route. But of course, if you're into other cryptos like myself, Ethereum and Cardano, you're going to need an exchange somewhere, but does that mean that you have to leave it on the exchanges? No, we just talked about. Yeah. Alameda objecting re-organization plan with Voyager. Yes. That was one of the parts in there in another section. I believe it was Alameda. No, it wasn't Alameda. It was Thriro's capital. They denied the reorganization plan. And of course, Alameda, they could have came in and been one of those 60, but they said no, time frame doesn't look good. Yeah. DMB says ledger database. Again, that was the people who bought a ledger just like how you're, this wasn't, this was like the personal information like your name and your email and stuff like that, which happens all the time in the, in the web 2.0. Great question. Time and hands investing. What a great pick. What's your advice to people who are new to crypto and are scared away by this?  You can take a look at mine. Maybe they work for you. Maybe they don't, but you have to understand that for investing, there's all options that are out there. If you want a more safer, if, if volatility and the disruptions aren't your thing, this is not place for you. This is go maybe take a look at the S and P 500 put in $10 per year and just be safe. And that's it. I'm exaggerating a little bit. However, if you take a look at where all the biggest gains are, and I know this is kind of degenerate way to say it, but it's really in all the new technology. A lot of people that invested into the dot com bubble, a lot of people got wiped out because they invested in everything and there was only a handful that actually made it. So these are the ones when I talk about what to invest into, take a look at the things that have been around for quite some time. Just go to coin gecko, go to coin, no coin market cap dot com forward slash historical and you can take a look at 2011 2012 1340 all the way to 2022 to today and just see what's been in the top 20 for the longest time. That's a good place to start. And of course, scared away by this. This is very simple. You can like we just talk about you can custody any of your crypto that you want to, you don't have to leave anywhere doesn't have to be there just like banks. You know, banks aren't foolproof as well. They've had runs in the banks, but that's why the FDIC insurance is in place. Of course, I understand that. However, look globally at the different banks that are out there and the high inflation rates. You can get out of that system. You can get out of system right now with crypto. That's just something I would say look at that first. Baynard. Who's Dan? I'm Dan, but my name is Rob digital asset news. It's an acronym. Did you talk about Voyager being scammer? So Freddie, I don't think Voyager are scammers per say some of their statements were very disingenuous. I will tell you that with that FDIC and the thing that Paul Barone talked about. But again, this is not going to be popular, but see what it is. When you use Voyager over the last however long it's been around, were you able to buy and sell crypto? Were you able to take and take a look at the documentation behind it? Were you able to gain yield that they pay you that yield? Okay. All those things are true. Maybe maybe not for you, but for me, it worked out until it didn't. And then of course, when that happened June 22nd, talked about it and took it all off. They did what they said they're going to do. That is blend to the wrong group. Bunch of degenerates. Don't sue me. I got to stop saying that. Three O's capital, but it is what it is. Yes. Shocked how well you pull yourself when dealing with those more messages you get. Marty, it's just like. It's like Plato says one of the one of the Stoics. Be kind to the people that you come and counter with because you never know the battles there. Engaging in. So.  What is it?  It's just me, me trying to listen and go and understand. I get it. But this is, this is where I come from. Yeah. I was going to put the first time I use a ledger.  I was, I was asking bricks because I was like, man, I just transferred like 10 grand. And like a hope and a whim, but it always works. And then also. I don't know. I did a video. It's right here. Let me see. Yeah. There's a video where it's called firmware update. And the first time I did that, I almost passed out because it stopped working for a bit. And I was like, what the hell? So watch this video up here after update your firmware because sometimes just blanks out. But again, if you have your mnemonic phrase, it doesn't matter. You can just get it right back. That's what I did when I came from Puerto Rico over to here. I forgot my ledger. I just bought a new one. It came here. I redid the mnemonic phrase and then boom, off I was up. And of course, I started to take things off Celsius. So that's that. Yeah. So ledger doesn't import many coins. It's possible to find out how to hard wall. I could do what it takes to research. Yeah. And then here's another thing like if ledger only supports it does support a lot, but if there's like, if you're getting some really crazy coins out there, that's why we have the video on MetaMask because again, and this is why I like Ethereum when not a lot of people do it's because everything's built on Ethereum essentially. So in MetaMask, you can have the Binance Smart Chain. You can have Polygon. You can have Ethereum and most of those coins are going to go right through Ethereum. That's it. Yeah. Yeah. I've been called worse today. Uh, do you think about it? I will crash. Of course it will. If you can sell it somewhere. What do you think about Kukwin? I saw that there was some slowdowns and withdrawals and there were some issues, but seemed like it's still operating. People are getting withdrawals. But again, is it a centralized exchange? Then you know the answer. Yeah. That's a green screen. I'm here. My mom's basement. Smoke Shack. Nexo does look okay. And they're in talks for a merger with, who was it? Just talked about this yesterday. Oh, I think it was Nexo and Celsius, but not for sure. Don't quote me. Watch yesterday's video. Dougie says, I kept putting off setting up my own wall until I got a good PC and procrastinating getting a hard wallet. If I can get extra money again one day to invest, I won't make that mistake again. Exactly. And you know what? This also, Dougie's got a good point here. And also comes down to just staying on top of stuff. You know, there was this thing that I talked about called zero exchange. I thought that probably pretty good. So I put some money into it and put some more money into it. It's more money into it. And then I just didn't pay attention to it. And they had this token swap event. I just missed it. And now I have like five figures. Dollar wise worth of useless coins and they're worth like a penny now. Maybe two pennies. I don't know. And it was just because I didn't stay up to date. That's on and whose fault is that? That's my fault. That's what it comes down to. So yeah. So Dougie's, you know, don't make that mistake again. I won't make that mistake again either. Don't trust anything. Something's changing. So Noah says correct me if I'm wrong. What's up Gabe? My USD invoiders held by the Metro commercial bank and I say if the Crippers I have are unsecured and possibly lost forever. Noah, watch this video again. Go and watch or if you have Twitter, go to hat news asset. And there was a video. They just put out Metro politics and commercial bank put out a snippet and they said, look, we are FDIC insured. We are FDIC insured. And what voyeur does is it passes through to Metro politics. And so if something happens to us, then that's where legally you have ramifications. But if something happens to Voyager, you don't however on that flip side, Steve Erlich, the CEO did say this today. It's important to know that as part of this announcement we are confirming that customers with USD deposits in their accounts will receive access to those funds after a reconciliation and fraud prevention process is completed with Metro commercial bank. So that's what I got and that's what it is. So hopefully it does work out. Yeah, you think Binance staking is worth it? If it's a Binance smart chain, sure. And that's the thing. So like people will say, well, what about, what about the yield and keeping things on there and then limit orders? That's why I'm like, look, the goal for me is always 0% exchanges, but does that always happen? No, that's why on Celsius, I lost 3% of my portfolio because I had things over there and I was gaining yield and I got stubborn. However, if we get the closest to 0%, I think it would be a lot happier as opposed to like we just talked about some people losing $300,000, $25,000. Their life savings, that is not what I'm talking about. I'm talking about 2%, 3%, if at all, anything. Sandbox is pumping and pumping. Yeah, I think it's because there's been some big plays for Meta, aka Facebook as they start to move into the metaverse and people associate Sandbox with metaverse and yeah, that's the thing. There's a $500,000,000,000 Alameda loan to Voyager and it's like, that's a lot of liquidity right there, but there was some provisions for that liquidity and I don't think that Voyager is able to meet that at this point. That's why I'm thinking that Voyager is going to, or I mean, might step in. Yeah, amazing. When doge a dollar? I don't know.  Have you, have you flipped against Voyager is still bullish on the token? Obviously not. Remember, I did say was it December 7th, 2021? I think it was December 7th, December 6th, 7th. I said, Voyager token is going to 30 bucks. I said that did not delete that video. You can go watch it right now and I went from 29 cents up to $3 then $5 and then $7 within three weeks. Then a crash back down to like three and now it's not going with anything. So, of course, if you're going to listen there, you probably made some pretty good gains and hopefully it took some profits along the way. But no, I do not think Voyager, the token is going to go up anytime soon. And people are going to keep asking this question and I'll keep responding to it. Also, you know, I used to recommend blockbuster. Just saying. I don't know how far back people want to go, but I'll go back as far as they want to and I'll show up every day to answer these questions. All right, I pulled all my crypto off Voyager two weeks prior to them stopping anything and everything was telling where it should be up to YouTube and everyone that was telling Voyager should get off YouTube again. Again, were you able to buy and sell crypto on Voyager? Were you able to gain yield? Did you take your crypto off Voyager? I mean, I'll say it all day long. I'll stay here for three. I'll stay here for three more hours. There's a video on YouTube with someone taking a ledger apart and hacking his ledger shot. Yeah, I saw that one, but that was I saw that exact video and you have to understand that was before there was an update to their firmware and you could do that. But it was like two years ago or something. This is funny. Mark human betting zero for three in crypto. Yeah, he had to have some problems with like iron finance and things like that. Thoughts on staking a ledger. I saw that was an option. I'll probably have to take a look at it and do a video, but I try to get the team from ledger and from I've heard the people that are the company that's making that happen and none of them. Neither of them wanted to come on. Maybe I just didn't make my point clear. What's the expected price of sweat coin? When do I have no idea? I just like the app.  So Kevin O'Leary is a big time show. Well, of course he is.  See, I'm that guy.  So I'm going to talk about it. I like Ethereum. I like Voyager. I like sweat coin. I like all these different things. I like Cardano and that's it. People like your shill like, well, yeah, because I invest into it. What am I going to invest in something and not talk about it? That's it. Again, some people don't like me for that. They think I should just talk about Bitcoin, which is funny because all the people who are big in the gold are like, why do you talk about Bitcoin? You shop on gold and all the people who are all about equities like, why do you even talk about gold and crypto? You should just talk about equities. Can't win. That's just what I like. Ah, yeah, my camera shaky. Sorry. It's because I keep pounding the desk. Yep. Thanks, Mullet. Yep. Expensive. Hello, hundred air. It's funny. Yeah. So the CEO can sail away with no one's your money. Don't think that's going to happen. You have to rebrand. Yeah, trust is gone. You're correct. Should I leave my money on Coinbase caveman? What have we been talking about for the last hour? Come on. Oh, Moonbell is going to beat me. Thanks for showing sweat coin. It's all today on the element, which means he's going to beat the pants off of all of us. Yeah, everybody likes echoes. Ah, yes, Benjamin. I was going to once you push this few months. Yes, and the month before that and the month before that and the month before that. So let me ask you a question. When you use Voyager, were you able to buy crypto? Were you able to sell crypto? Did you gain some yield? Did you take it off? No. I don't know what happened. I had not your keys, not your crypto, right? On June 12th, I believe we did a video on Celsius. You can look at in the video section where I talked about June 12th, something wrong with sales.  Then June 22nd, we talked about Voyager and said, you know what? Something wrong with, uh, with Voyager.  Then on top of that. Bop, bop, bop, bop. There's these things called rules that I'm always talking about. Did you know that you shouldn't invest more than you can afford to lose? It's true. I know it's crazy to think. Did you know that everything's a scam? And if you don't like scams, you're probably in the wrong place. Treat everything like a scam. You'd be a lot better. Don't leave anything on exchanges. Because we just saw it out on the Celsius with Voyager and there's a litany of more to come. So nothing should have left on exchanges.  You have the ability to do that. And if you don't and don't really know, it's okay. Neither did I at some point. Just go to danteachescryptor.com. It's 100% free. I built it free. I made it free. It'll always be free. And in chapter two, I tell you exactly how to use it. Don't use leverage. That's for me. You can use leverage, but these are my rules. 25, 50, 100x. Not a good chance. Take profits. It's a good idea to take profits along the way. So let's see. Where did it go? And that's it. So hope I answer your question. I know it's going to get annoying. What happens if FCX buys out Voyager? People keep their assets then. That would be a whole part of the restructuring process. If FTX comes in and says, you know what? I think they'll be pretty bad form to say we're going to buy Voyager. We're going to absorb that and we're going to take all these cryptos, these assets and absorb them into the FTX platform and not give anybody their funds back if they want to keep Voyager over. I think that would look pretty awful. You would probably have to take a haircut of how much gets taken and how much you're able to get back from what you actually put in. That's just how I see it. Just store your private keys in multiple places. That's a good point. If it's your only a private key, nobody will be able to figure out who's it is. They can't use it. Grandma's Addicts. A DVD. Let's see. It's a good point. Make sure you buy your Ledger from Ledger. Don't buy it off Amazon. Yeah, because what people will do is they'll sell it on eBay or Amazon and they'll have access to the mnemonic phrase. You put your crypto on it, then they'll reset it after a couple of days and they get all your crypto. So Brian, I think if FTX buys out Voyager, you'll get your crypto back. The percentage of how much you get back is up in the air though. But again, this is all a restructuring process for Chapter 11. Yeah, that's true. You should you buy something. You should be able to do whatever you want with it. Very true. Oh, really? That was the other way on. Trasor is for beginners. Ledger is for the more tech savvy. So deeper are you're the first guy who is trustable enough to get me into crypto and I came tell you the number of times I heard you say take profits and not you're keeping it covered in the amount of risk. Would you use USD in the Solana network? I don't know. Well, yeah, I mean, USDC came out and said that 80% is backed by bonds and 20% is by fiat cash, I believe. So I like USDC. I just don't like using on a theorem since the gas fees. So maybe Solana, the interesting big Solana is cheap. Michael says maybe make a video on claiming FDIC insurance on our accounts of Voyager. Could do it. So that's just it. Well, let me take back the 500 million loan. Well, if they can't, if they default on the loan, that's that's where things get tricky. Because if you got a 500 million loan or I thought it was for 15,000 Bitcoin plus 200 plus million and USDC and a cash equivalence, I always forget, but they have to pay that back over time. And if they default, then of course now then they go into illegal proceedings and just awful from there. So if it was me, I'd be like, well, if I'll mean research wants to buy anybody, maybe that was the down payment that they gave them for the company. And let's see. Somebody said, now I need to figure out how to get StormEx and decentralized exchange just down the wallet. That's what I have. I have StormEx wallet and I put it in that wallet. I have control of the keys and I stake everything there. Damn it. Thanks, Piper. Let's start out in some mods. Let's see. Hold on. Let me pull this up. Let's start out in some mods. Well, there's one. Congratulations, Piper. Nice. Who did I? All right.  Damn it. There's so much. There's so many comments coming in. Lumix. I'd be the worst. That's cool. There's a lot of mods in there. Okay. Wrench army assemble. All right. That's what we got. Great. So a lot of new moderators. Thanks for stopping by. Look guys, it's an hour and 18 minutes. I got to get going. So I know that probably wasn't like the greatest information you probably want to hear. I'm pretty sure you want me to hear that. Okay. In two weeks, this is going to happen and you'll be able to take your crypto off and that's where it is. But it's not the case. It's going to take a little as usual. Things are a little more complex and there's things happening behind the scenes. Once I figure everything out and I know I will let you know and that's how it works.  Subscribe. I would recommend the subscription or at least follow me on Twitter or something because like these things, you can't just let this go and let this slide. These are your investments and it's important that you stay up to date as much as possible from as many people as possible. You don't want to listen to me. I got a list down description of all the people I listen to like a Simon Dixon like a coin Bureau like best dancers and like into the crypto for all those guys. So at least listen to somebody to keep you up to date with the news. What's going on and go from there. So that's it. But thanks everybody. I appreciate it. And Jarkie. Sorry. I always mess up this gentleman's name. Jarky Bridgerton. Sorry. Thanks for the super sticker. I appreciate it. All right, everybody. Go enjoy the day as much as possible. I'll see you in the next one. Adios.


Good evening, one and all on behalf of Beyond Law CLC and through recruitment associates. We welcome you all in our endeavor to legal empowerment through resource persons who can actually give us better light on the aspects of law and beyond that. Section 319 CRPC has always eliminated the mindsets and also triggered off a lot of issues. After this larger bench judgment on Sukhpaal Singh Khaira v. the state of Punjab, there have certain guidelines which have been laid down for the purposes of Section 319 CRPC which they say that to understand any aspect it is always better to understand through an audio video mode rather than reading it. I don't say that you have to dispense with the reading. It has its own facets to understand the aspects. And once you have a speaker like Murthy Denaik who is a senior advocate from Karnataka High Court that right path, right guidelines, I believe that after this session will help the viewers to understand these aspects in a much, much illuminated manner. Before we request Mr. Murthy to share his insights, I will request Trivikram to say a few words because Mr. Murthy is from his place but though they say that all divisions are only in the mindsets, the balls are only in the mindsets, it's only the questions especially after the COVID. How do you Trivikram? Good evening Vikas Chitrath sir and good evening Murthy sir. Mr. Vikas Chitrath has said it all. I am really running short of words to say anything about Murthy sir, several reasons but I can only say that we are going to have a very enlightening session in which we are just anticipating. With this sir, once again on my personal behalf and on behalf of Beyond Law and CLC, I extend a very warm welcome to you sir, over to you. Thank you. Thank you Vikas Chitrath. Thank you Vikram. In fact it's quite some time I had not spoken on the platform of Beyond Law CLC I think last I spoke in November on the topic sameness of FIR, in fact Vikas Chitrath has been requesting me for various reasons I couldn't make it, anyway thank you once again and I must also congratulate Vikas and Beyond Law CLC who have continued on day to day basis this webinar series and it is very useful to all of us. Now coming to the topic straight away of today's discussion that is 319 CRPC and more particularly the focus being on the judgment of the constitution bench of the Supreme Court in Sukwal Singh Kera versus state of Punjab which is reported as 2023 1 SCC 289. Since before I deal with this at judgment we will have to briefly refer to the provision that is section 319 CRPC. As you all are aware 319 deals with summoning of an accused as an additional accused if during the course of trial or inquiry there is some evidence which is brought before the court and in such circumstances the court is empowered to summon a particular person as an additional accused he would be summoned and asked to appear and face the chart. So broadly 3191 deals with summoning of an additional accused, the word employed there or rather the impetuous is on the word evidence if you would closely read 3191 of CRPC it says it appears from the evidence that any person not being the accused has committed any offense for which such person would be tried to get and then of course 31923 and all speaks about the modalities of summoning and if he is before the court then he would be he can be reminded to custody if he is not before the court then he would be summoned etc. all those modalities. Now this word evidence fell for consideration before another constitution bench of the Supreme Court in Hardeep Singh which is reported as 2014 volume 3 SCC page 92 it could be relevant to broadly deal with the law laid down by the Supreme Court in Hardeep Singh's case because the present case or the present judgment in Superal Singh Kera has a close relation to the judgment of Hardeep Singh. Now in Hardeep Singh the honorable Supreme Court was considering the vital point as to at what stage can a particular person be summoned as an accused the because the focus was on the word evidence meaning thereby evidence that is elicited by a witness during course of an inquiry or trial hence exhaustively it was dealt with and the Supreme Court ruled that for the till the evidence is recorded that is evidence on both and it can always summon an additional accused immediately after filing of the charge sheet or the conflict more particularly when it is when an investigation is upon is conducted by a police and a final report is filed in terms of section 173 CRPC then the learned magistrate would proceed to take cognizance at a section 190 after applying his judicial mind then itself the concerned court has jurisdiction to invoke 319 is what is held in Hardeep Singh and various other aspects have been considered in fact the points formulated in Hardeep Singh would read it does for the benefit of the viewers I would quickly read in fact in paragraph 117 of the SEC report it is reported does what is the stage at which power in a section 319 CRPC can be exercised and whether the word evidence used in section 3191 CRPC has been used in a comprehensive sense and includes the evidence collected during investigation or the word evidence is limited to the evidence recorded during so this was answered and it was held that section 319 CRPC significantly uses two expressions that have to be taken note of that is one inquiry to trial as a trial commences after framing of charge an inquiry can only be a pre-trial inquiry in 201 202 CRPC and the case of inquiry templated was read is coming and also to add an accused whose name has been shown in that sheet sorry I was saying some voice is cracking just check out the net part you can ask your associate to check meanwhile yes the signal is slightly weak okay I think now it is better now it is okay now it's better yeah let's see I'll ask people to put it in the chat in case is there any problem yes you can also tell me yeah so these were broadly the questions formulated in Ardeep Singh and it was answered to the effect that you need not wait till the evidence is recorded on both and accordingly it was disposed of and the important feature of Ardeep Singh's judgment is the Supreme Court dealt with the aspect of or issue of as to when a trial commences it was held that trial commences once the charge is free and not before that and prior to or anterior to the framing of charge all the stage would come within the realm of inquire so this was held by the constitution but however in one of the cases subsequent to Ardeep Singh and Ardeep Singh holds the field as far as this issue is concerned however various safeguards have been mentioned therein and the earlier proposition to the effect that one should not mechanically summon a person who is not either named in the FIR or not named in the charges altogether one should be slow and circumspect in summoning such a person because he will be relegated to the rank of an accused hence one should be very careful and unless there is sufficient material to indict a particular person and summon him to face it charge then one should not summon such a person is what has been held in Ardeep. Subsequently in one of the cases the Honorable Supreme Court had the occasion to examine a judgment of the year 2002 that is Shashi Khan Singh versus Tarkeshwar Singh wherein it was held that a person can be summoned even after completion of trial hence to throw some light or to get more clarity on the point as to when a trial culminates or to put it differently when does a criminal trial come to an end and can a person be summoned after the completion of trial hence in this backdrop the present judgment which is the topic of discussion that is Super Singh Kera versus state of Punjab came to be decided the brief facts it would be necessary to dwell and refer to the facts of this case here the petitioner was summoned in an FIR which was registered by one of the police station in Punjab for various offenses under the NDPS IT Act, Arms Act etc the charge sheet was filed against 10 accused persons originally and a second charge sheet that is an additional charge sheet was filed there also the present appellant was not named hence one thing in both the charge sheets the present appellant that is Subwal Singh Kera was not named as an accused in the trial convinced in respect of these N accused or rather 11 accused and ultimately the trial proceeded and after initial recording of the evidence the prosecution filed an application under 311 for recalling two witnesses which came to be allowed and their evidence was recorded during the course of recording of their evidence the said witnesses spoke about the present appellant and hence on that basis the prosecution filed an application under 319 CRPC saying look here there is material against the present appellant and also the application was not only filed against the present appellant but it was filed against five accused additional five accused saying that you exercise your power under 319 summoned them they sought summoning on the basis of evidence of those two witnesses and another witness that is PW1 that is what is gone out from the judgment of the Supreme Court so on the basis of these evidence of these three witnesses the prosecution sought summoning of the five accused it is also important to note that out of the 11 charge sheeted accused one was absconding hence the trial was going on in respect of only 10 accused as far as one accused is concerned the trial was split up or rather the case was split up it was bifurcated and was subsequently renumber separate number was assigned to the other case in respect of the absconding accused and in that background the when the application was filed under 319 what was spending was the main case that is as far as 10 accused persons so the learned sessions stage after completion of the trial in respect of these 10 accused persons acquitted one accused and convicted the remaining nine accused and the order of sentence was also passed on the same day that is order judgment of conviction holding the nine accused guilty and acquitting one accused as well as sentencing them was done on the same day because this is very crucial because it revolves around the sentencing part which I would deal with a little later on the very same day that is on the day when the judgment was passed and the order of sentence was also pronounced the learned sessions stage allowed the application filed by the prosecution under section 319 and summoned the appellant to face trial so it was in this background the appellant assailed the said order by filing a revision petition before the high court and the high court was pleased to dismiss the revision hence the the appellant approach the supreme court and hence the supreme court was dealing with the issue which ultimately came to be referred to the constitution of five judges the what prompted the two judge bench to refer this to the constitution bench was the decisions of the court which I referred to earlier that is shashikant Singh versus Tharkeshwar Singh which is reported as 2002 volume 5 SCC 738 and the decision of Hardeep Singh so in that as I told you earlier in Hardeep Singh the supreme court had only dealt with and authoritatively held that the trial commences once the charges are framed so the actual stage at which the trial is said to have been concluded was nowhere dealt with in Hardeep Singh's case hence that prompted the learned judges of the supreme court two judges of the supreme court to refer the matter to constitution bench and the three points were formulated broadly the first point which was referred which was formulated and point of reference was whether the trial court has the power under section 319 CRPC for summoning additional accused when the trial with respect to other co-accused has ended and the judgment of conviction rendered on the same date before pronouncing the summoning order to whether the trial court has the power under section 319 CRPC for summoning additional accused when the trial in respect of certain other absconding accused is going on is ongoing or pending having been bifurcated from the main trial three what are the guidelines that the competent court must follow while exercising power under section 319 CRPC so these were the three points for consideration that were formulated and ultimately it was referred to the constitution the constitution bench heard this matter for good number of days and after hearing all the learned councils appearing on both sides and also hearing the amicus who was appointed to assist the court came to a conclusion and ultimately an authority to pronouncement has been passed now before I deal with the actual decision of the court it would be necessary to broadly touch upon the submissions put forth by the learned councils more particularly the learned senior advocate for the appellate because the appellate was assailing an order of the session squad by which he was summoned under 319 on the date when the sentence was pronounced which was confirmed in essence confirmed by the High Court of Punjab hence he was before these people so broadly the contentions put forth by the appellate's council was that 319 in this case was invoked when the trial had already concluded and even the judgment and order of conviction and sentence had been pronounced and hence nothing was pending with the trial court and hence it could not have exercised the power under section 319 CRPC because 319 mandates that the power should be exercised only during trial and hence once the trial had concluded the session squad did not have any jurisdiction to exercise power under section 319 was the main limb of the argument put forth by the main limb of the argument put forth by the learned council for the appellate and also it was argued that it was in violation of section 319 CRPC and more particularly paragraph 47 of Harjeep Singh's judgment that is the reason I broadly refer to the judgment of Harjeep Singh because it has a direct bearing on this case so paragraph 47 was pressed into service and it was argued that the power under section 319 has to be exercised before pronouncement of judgment so this was the main submission that was put forth and additionally it was also contented that the accused is to be summoned only when a trial is alive so a fine distinction between a live trial and a trial which has concluded after pronouncement of judgment and in this case it was judgment of conviction and also the sentence had been passed so it was argued that once that exercise was undertaken the learned sessions did had become punctus officio hence he could not do it likewise the learned amicus curie was also the same opinion but however he had his own reasoning and broadly if I have to touch upon the gist of the contentions urged by the learned amicus it was contented that before taking cognizance under section 190 CRPC and after pronouncement of judgment the court has no power under section 319 CRPC and in view of Harjeep Singh the trial court does not have the power for summoning additional accused when trial with respect to other accused has ended and judgment of conviction has been rendered on the same date likewise the learned advocate general for the state of Punjab learned it's all the additional sources that it all were heard as I told y'all earlier but the hearing in this case was in fact it was live streamed and it went on for good number of days the state naturally it had to support the order of the learned sessions did so it was contented on behalf of the state government that 319 was introduced by the legislature with the sole intention or with the sole object that no culprit should go scot free and in order to bring home the guilt of actual accused this provision was introduced in the CRPC hence one cannot dilute the intention of the lawmakers and hence it supported the order passed by the High Court likewise the various other additional advocates general of various states were heard and even the learned additional sources until was heard and finally the Supreme Court has in paragraph now if you would take the SCC judgment it has referred to in paragraph 14 it has referred to the section in its entity and then has also referred to the 41st report of the law commission just to examine the intent or the intention behind the introduction of section 319 CRPC so all those reports have been of the relevant portion of the report pertaining to 319 has been called out and also the relevant paragraphs from Hardeep Singh's judgment has been called out and it also referred to Shashi Khan Singh's judgment in paragraph 18 of the SCC report you would find the reference to Shashi Khan Singh's judgment see in Shashi Khan Singh it would be necessary to briefly mention the facts of Shashi Khan Singh's judgment there the his brother that is one Shashi Khan Singh was murdered and trial proceeded against one Chandrasekhar Singh when the evidence was recorded it was found that Tarkesh Singh and two others had also committed or participated in the offense of Shashi Khan Singh hence the learned additional session stage exercise power under 319 in order to issue a warrant of areas so that they may be tried to gather with Chandrasekhar Singh the accused who was already facing trial the set summoning order came to be assailed before the high court by way of a criminal revision petition and it was pending for some time and during the pendency of the said criminal revision petition the trial against the main accused that is Chandrasekhar Singh came to be disposed of and he was convicted by judgment dated 16 7 2001 so the question which arose in the case in in that context was in the case of Shashi Khan Singh was whether the trial in the case in which additional accused were summoned under section 319 CRPC including Tarkesh Singh can proceed in view of the phrase who to be tried together with the accused contained in section 319 subsection 1 CRPC because the trial against the other accused had concluded with the order conviction the honorable Supreme Court held that the trial can commence as against these two accused by virtue of the summoning order so in this backdrop the honorable Supreme Court the two judges bench thought it fit to refer it to the constitution bench and as I refer to the three points for consideration they were the points of reference which were preferred so on that basis the honorable Supreme Court dealt with entire aspect revolving around 319 CRPC commencing with 232 that is acquittal 235 judgment of acquittal or conviction and copiously dealt with chapter 27 of CRPC wherein sections 253 and 254 are placed 253 and 354 are placed as you all know 353 of CRPC deals with judgment and 354 deals with language and contents of it hence these provisions were copiously considered and then in para 27 of the SCC report there is an observation to the effect that the in essence the Supreme Court has held that the trial can continue exhaustive guidelines have been laid down and before that reference has been made to the earlier judgments of the Supreme Court wherein three honorable judges had decided Ram Narang versus Ramesh Narang that is 1995 to SCC 513 and Yakub Abdul Razak Meman versus state of Maharashtra that is the the Bombay bomb last case that is the first Bombay bomb last case 2013 SCC page one and has laid down the guidelines so first it has answered the questions that were referred and you would get it at paragraph 38 in paragraph 39 the Supreme Court has bifurcated the answers which I would deal with one by one firstly the for the benefit of the audience I would once again read the first point of reference that was whether the trial court has the power under section 319 CRPC for summoning additional accused when the trial with respect to other co-accused has ended and the judgment of conviction rendered on the same date before pronouncing the summoning order so the Supreme Court has held that the power has to be a power under section 319 is to be invoked and exercised before the pronouncement of the order of sentence where there is a judgment of conviction of the accused and then it has held that in case of acquittal the power should be exercised before the order of acquittal is pronounced hence it has bifurcated that is if the accused who has already faced trial is convicted then the power under 319 is to be exercised if provided there is an application pending or if the court soon motto finds that there is evidence against additional accused or other persons who are to be summoned as additional accused by invoking the provisions of 319 CRPC then it has to be done before the sentence is pronounced as far as the accused who have faced trial if now the second scenario would be if the accused are acquitted accused or if it is if he is a soul he or she is a soul accused or if there are number of accused if he or she is acquitted then before the judgment of acquittal is pronounced power under 319 has to be invoked and further it has been held that summoning order has to precede the conclusion of trial by imposition of sentence in the case of conviction. So, in a sense the Supreme Court has held that the trial will conclude the moment the sentence is pronounced because there was certain discussion that once a case is posted for judgment then the trial comes to an end and hence 319 cannot win this is what was sought to be argued hence the Supreme Court has clarified that the trial will come to an end after imposition of sentence hence it says that the summoning order should proceed the conclusion of trial by imposition of sentence in case of conviction and it also says that if the order is passed on the same day it will have to be examined on the facts and circumstances of each case and if such summoning order is passed either after the order of acquittal or imposing sentence in the case of conviction the same will not be sustainable. So, sine qua nonis or to put it differently the outer limit or the outer period by which the court can exercise its power under 319 is one in case of a conviction before the sentence is pronounced in case of an acquittal before the judgment of acquittal is pronounced if anything done after these two contingencies it is unsustainable in the eye of law. Now, coming to the second point for consideration that was formulated that is whether the trial court has the power under section 319 CRTC for summoning additional accused with the trial in respect of certain other absconding accused whose presence is subsequently secured is ongoing or pending having been bifurcated from the main trial to simplify the question that is formulated for the benefit of the viewers. The same point was with regard to the trial of an absconding accused. So, in essence the question deals with whether 319 can be for summoning additional accused when the trial in respect of the absconding accused whose case was originally split up from the other accused who were facing trial and whose presence was subsequently secured is pending and going on but is bifurcated from the main trial. So, here the Supreme Court has answered this question to the effect that the trial court has the power to summon additional accused when the trial is preceded in respect of the absconding accused after securing his presence subject to the evidence recorded in the split up bifurcated trial pointing to the involvement of the accused sought to be summoned but the evidence recorded in the main concluded trial cannot be the basis of the summoning order if such power has not been exercised in the main trial till its conclusion. So, it is very simple like in this case there were totally 11 accused of which one accused was shown as absconding hence the trial against him was split up or bifurcated trial against 10 accused commenced and it reached the stage of judgment. So, in such case if the court does not invoke power under 319 and if that case either ends in conviction or acquittal as the case may be then nothing can be done but in the split up trial that is a trial in respect of the split up accused is going on and certain evidence surfaces as against an additional accused then on the basis of the said evidence that was led in the subsequent trial can be made basis for summoning an accused but the court cannot bank on the original evidence even if there are some material against the proposed accused once the judgment is pronounced and order of conviction or acquittal is pronounced and in case of order of conviction sentence is also pronounced then the evidence of the first case cannot be made a basis even if there are some materials against the proposed accused. In the split up case having said that the basis would be the evidence that has been led in the split up case it cannot be combination of evidence of the first trial and combination of evidence in the second trial this is what has been held and accordingly point number two has been answered. Now point number three pertains to the various guidelines in fact exhaustive guidelines have been laid down which comments at paragraph 41.1 of the SEC report and they extend up to paragraph 41.12 meaning thereby 12 guidelines have been laid down by the Supreme Court. Now we will refer to each of the guidelines individually firstly it has been held that if the competent court finds evidence or if application under section 319 CRPC is filed regarding involvement of any other person in committing the offense based on evidence recorded at any stage in the trial before passing of the order on acquittal or sentence it shall pause the trial at that stage which means that if it is before passing an order of acquittal or sentence that is much before that stage then it can stall the trial is what has been held that that is guideline number one guideline number two is the court shall there upon first decide the need or otherwise to summon the additional accused and pass orders thereof which means once you stall the proceedings that is the further trial at a particular stage if a decision is taken or if an application is filed under 319 then you will have to first decide on the need to summon the additional accused then guideline number three if the decision of the court is to exercise the power under section 319 CRPC and summon the accused such summoning order shall be passed before proceeding further with the trial in the main case so before the court wants to proceed further with the main case it has to pass the summoning order because the first guideline says that you have to fault the trial second says you have to first decide whether there is a need third says you have to if you come to a conclusion that there is a necessity to summon a particular accused by invoking 319 then before proceeding with the further trial you will have to pass the summoning order now fourth guideline is if the summoning order of additional accused is passed depending on the stage at which it is passed the court shall apply its mind to the fact as to whether such summoned accused is to be tried along with the other accused or separately so the court has to decide whether they have to be tried along with the accused in respect of whom the trial has already commenced and it has proceeded or else it has to be the summoned accused has to be tried separately then guideline five if the decision is for joint trial fresh trial be commenced only after securing the presence of summoned accused meaning thereby if dino trial will have to be conducted if the court invoking powers under 319 comes to the conclusion that it would be conducive to hold a joint trial then a fresh trial will have to be ordered by or rather after securing the presence of the summoned accused guideline number six is if the decision is that the summoned accused can be tried separately on such order being made there will be no impediment for the court to continue and conclude the trial against accused who were being proceeded if the court decides that the trial can be conducted independently and there is no need for a joint trial then the trial can commence the trial which was faulted can proceed further guideline number seven if the proceeding paused as in para 41.1 above is in a case where the accused who had tried are to be acquitted and the decision is that the summoned accused can be tried afresh separately there will be no impediment to pass the judgment of acquittal in the main case it is very clear that the trial that was paused as held in guideline number one which was halted for the purpose of deciding the application under 319 or deciding the necessity for summoning continues and the accused who were tried are to be acquitted the decision is that the summoned accused can be tried afresh separately there will be no impediment for the court to pass a judgment of acquittal guideline number eight is if the power is not invoked or exercised in the main trial still its conclusion till its conclusion and if there is a split up bifurcated case the power under section 319 CRPC can be invoked or exercised only if there is evidence to that effect pointing to the involvement of additional accused to be summoned in these split up bifurcated trial as I stated earlier the basis for summoning the additional accused would be the evidence that is led in the split up case and the evidence that has been recorded in the main trial cannot be the basis this is the essence of this guideline number eight now guideline number nine is if after arguments are heard and the case is reserved for judgment the occasion arises for the court to invoke and exercise the power under section 319 CRPC the appropriate course for the court is to set it down for the hearing guideline number 10 on setting it down for re hearing the above laid down procedure to decide about summoning holding a joint trial or otherwise shall be decided and proceeded with accordingly guideline 11 even in such a case at that stage of the decision is to summon additional accused and hold a joint trial the trial shall be conducted afresh and dino proceedings be held and finally guideline number 12 if in the circumstance if in that circumstance the decision is to hold a separate trial in case of summoned accused as indicated earlier then two aspects are laid down a the main case may be decided by pronouncing the conviction and sentence and then proceed afresh against summoned accused be in case of acquittal the order shall be passed to that effect in the main case and then proceed afresh against the summoned accused hence friends these are the 12 guidelines additionally the two points for determination were also answered and I think with this judgment it is clarified and the cloud that was subsisting with regard to the aspect or regard to the question as to when does a trial conclude has been laid to rest now I hope with this judgment that is suppressing Kara if read in conjunction with Hargit Singh the law with regard to section 319 CRPC is well defined I don't think there is any scope for ambiguity hence for and with this being a constitution bench judgment which has been delivered after hearing exhaustive arguments and after considering all the long line of decisions on the set point and also on the other aspects of criminal trial will hold the field for a good number of years because according to me there is no scope for reconsideration for tinkering with any of the aspects so I think this would be of great help in deciding applications under section 319 at any stage thank you thank you sir thank you very much for enlightening us in fact I think I have overstepped by around 10 minutes that's okay that's okay sir as the reason I think we have very few questions with regard to the judgment but apparently we have something related to section 319 I think we'll take up one course by Mr Manoj Kamra sir please suggest remedy in case of refusal by magistrate 1 by 319 CRPC despite specific evidence in the audience you can file a revision petition or a petition under 482 so we can invoke 397 before the session spot or 482 before the on yes if it is an application filed before a learned magistrate that is in a trial which is being conducted by a magistrate then a revision can be filed to the session spot or if it is a case pending before the session spot then you can file a revision to the high court 397 rate with 401 or you can file a 482 application petition under 482 because a revision petition would be maintainable because this would not be an interlocutory order yes sir just a final order order of rejection to summon a particular person would be a final order because it determines right of a person and that is one of the test hence a revision or a 482 application can be filed both are yes see Harry has a question sir in the new judgment has the court deviated or held contrary to Hardeep Singh's case on any part no nothing see that's the reason I dealt with and broadly touched upon Hardeep Singh Hardeep Singh the points for consideration were totally different it had the emphasis was on the word evidence at what is at what stage can a 319 order be passed in fact that was one end of the spectrum so there it was held that even after immediately after taking cognizance you can invoke section 319 and you don't have to wait till the formal evidence is recorded so that is the first stage that is immediately after cognizance you will summon the accused so while examining the papers that is the stage of inquiry if it is upon a police report while you are examining the papers for the purpose of taking cognizance under section 190 if the court finds that certain other accused have been left out from the charge sheet then 319 can be invoked is what has been held in Hardeep Singh saying that you don't have to wait till the formal evidence and evidence includes the materials connected by the prosecution during the course of investigation and submitted along with the final report under section 173 2 so that is one end of the spectrum in Hardeep Singh so it had also held that trial commences once the charge is framed here is other end of the spectrum till what stage can you invoke 319 so it has been held that you can invoke 319 up to the before the sentence is pronounced or the order of acquittal is pronounced so these are two so there is nothing no conflicting views in both of them both will throw light on individual aspects they are not overlapping the points for considerations are not overlapping hence it would be ideal that the viewers refer to both the judgments and minutely examine because there is no scope for any ambiguity or confusion right absolutely I think that's all from my end one question is whether session in the high court has a concurrent jurisdiction with reference to filing of the terminal revision and yes 319 yes see not only 319 it has concurrent jurisdiction the very reading of the provision 397 401 and it has been held by the Supreme Court also that you can either approach the sessions court by way of revision or high court only thing is if you approach the high court directly you would be losing one forum because against an order passed in a revision though second revision is not maintainable under 397 3 you can file a 482 so revision is concurrent revisional jurisdiction of a session spot and high court is concurrent just like 438 and 439 the last question can a person placed in the column 12 in the chart sheet can a person placed in a column number 12 in chart sheet file a defamation case civil slash criminal against a criminal before the conclusion of the trial and is same and does it have any impact on the application file into section 319 if filed during the trial I think the question is too convoluted so it is better and it is it is besides the point I don't think there is no answer on presumption yes and it is very convoluted one can't understand so it is better we leave it yeah so thank you to victim for connecting us with Mr. Multinike and as usual his session was quite eloquent and people will have a lot of takeaways for the session and tomorrow friends you will connect at 6 p.m on a bird eye view of the Indian partnership act with special focuses on exams on judicial papers as well ADA and come secretary etc so do connect us at 6 p.m thank you thank you


Hello guys. Good evening. Yes. Oh, or a fine. Yeah. Yeah. If you want, you can upload to, uh, on class also. Uh, you have to check once tomorrow you can upload. Okay. Not today. Tomorrow you can upload. Okay. So where were we in the last class? Yeah, that's what today I'll do that and you can upload it tomorrow. Okay. Actually, I think we had done side last class, right? Yeah. Preparation and all. Okay. Have we discussed sodium peroxide and a two or two? Yeah. Preparation of any watch we have done so we'll have it in the properties properties of any watch. Yes or no. Done, right? Okay. Yeah. So next write down the next compound we have. That is sodium peroxide. All of you write down the heading and a two or two. Okay. Sodium peroxide we are going to start with. Write down. See, on industrial scale, it is prepared by the reaction of NA with O2. Like you see two NA plus O2, the temperature we use around 620 Kelvin and it converts into Na2 and O2 here. Atmospheric oxygen we are digging. It is heated with the air which is free from moisture and carbon dioxide. So it reacts with atmospheric oxygen and converts into Na2 O2. Some properties of this, if you see, usually the sodium peroxide is, you know, the pure form of this is colorless powder. Pure form is colorless powder. But due to the presence of superoxide, due to the presence of sodium superoxide. Sodium superoxide that is NaO2. It is faint yellow, slightly yellow in color. It is a powerful oxidizing agent. It is a peroxide. So powerful oxidizing agent, powerful oxidizing agent in contact with one reaction of example of the cell write down. You see, if it reacts with 2Cr OH twice plus the peroxide ion 3O2 2 minus peroxide ion is this. It converts into 2CrO4 2 minus plus 2OH minus plus 2H2. One more important property of this is NaO2 gives this O2 2 minus ion. You see, Na2 O2 we have, it gives 2Na plus O2 2 minus. So this O2 2 minus we are using here. Yeah, done. Third property, you see, third property is Na2 O2, Na2 O2 in contact with moist air turns white, turns white due to the formation of Na2 CO3, due to the formation of Na2 CO3. If you look at the reaction here, the reaction is 2NaO2 Na2 O2 plus 2H2O. It converts into 4NaOH plus O2. This is the first step. Next step is NaOH reacts with CO2 and converts into Na2 CO3 and H2O. So because of this presence only, it becomes white. Another point, Na2 O2 is diamagnetic in nature. Na2 O2 is diamagnetic in nature. One very important reaction of this is on reaction with cold dilute H2SO4, cold dilute H2SO4, it gives hydrogen peroxide, it gives H2O2. If you look at the reaction here, Na2O2 plus H2SO4 gives Na2SO4 plus H2O2. This one is cold and dilute. One second, Brugha. Previous slide, right? You haven't written? This is the one. See, with cold dilute acid, it gives hydrogen peroxide. If acid is hot over here, hot concentrated, in that case it eliminates or it evolves oxygen gas. On reaction with acid, it evolves oxygen O2 gas. So the reaction is Na2O2 plus H2SO4. This gives Na2SO4 plus H2O and oxygen gas releases. So this property you must remember. Right on the next compound we have sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO. See, I'm doing only the important one, okay? NCRT you have to revise and these chapters are like you have to mug up, right? There's nothing to understand. So you have to memorize things, correct? So I'm doing the important one, but NCRT thoroughly you have to go through. Okay, line by line you have to study. Sodium bicarbonate is NaHCO3. We also call it as sodium hydrogen carbonate. It's also known as sodium hydrogen. This is the common name of this one is we also call it as baking soda, okay? Common name is baking soda. How do we prepare it? It is prepared with the help of Na2CO3. So what happens? We take Na2CO3 and we dissolve this in a saturated solution of carbon dioxide. So we have CO2 and H2O and in this you dissolve Na2CO3. It converts into two molecules of NaHCO3. This is the preparation method we have, okay? This reaction is reversible also means if you heat this sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3, two molecules of this, if you heat this at around 6 or 375 Kelvin, it converts into the formal product which is Na2CO3 plus CO2 and H2O. Hence we always say that we also say that on heating sodium bicarbonate evolves carbon dioxide. Some properties of this, you see, it is a crystalline compound. Exist in powder form. We also call it as crystalline powder. It is a crystalline powder. Its solution is alkaline in nature, alkaline in nature. Why it is alkaline? You can understand. I'll discuss this first. You copy down this. Okay. Now, why it is alkaline in nature, you see, it is a salt, right? NaHCO3 is a salt. How does this salt form? If you take an acid, a base like NaOH and an acid, suppose I'm taking H2CO3, right? This acid, if you remember, it is a, it is carbonic acid, carbonic acid, weak acid it is. Okay. This is hydroxide, a strong base. So when this reaction takes place, mono-basic acid, if it behaves, it forms NaHCO3 and H2O. I said mono-basic acid, it behaves. It doesn't mean that it is mono-basic acid. H2CO3 is a di-basic acid, but it forms NaHCO3 when it behaves as mono-basic. Yes, it behaves as mono-basic to form NaHCO3. So this salt, you see, NaHCO3, it is a salt and we say it is a salt of a strong base and weak acid. Since base is strong, so this will have the basic property dominating here. That's why the solution is alkaline. Okay, one last compound we'll see for sodium, it is sodium carbonate Na2CO3. Na2CO3 have various hydrated forms. Na2CO3, this is the anhydrous form we have. So it is various hydrous and anhydrous form. If you look at this example, if I simply write Na2CO3, so it is the anhydrous form we have. If you write Na2CO3.H2O, it is monohydrate form, monohydrate. If you have Na2CO3.7H2O, it is heptahydrate form, 7H2O. Heptahydrate, if it is Na2CO3.10H2O, it is decahydrated form. And the most important one is the decahydrated one because this we call it as washing soda. Then, okay, the preparation one method we have that is Solve ammonia soda process. Preparation, name also it is important. The process name is Solve ammonia process, ammonia process or we also call it as Solve ammonia soda process. Both are same thing. Ammonia soda process, write down in this process, write down in this process, CO2 is passed through, passed through. Brin solution, brin solution means water plus salt. Brin solution saturated with ammonia, saturated with ammonia. And sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3, sodium bicarbonate forms. So, the reaction here is we have NH3H2O and CO2. This gives NH4HCO3 plus H2O, ammonium bicarbonate. NH4HCO3 is ammonium bicarbonate. This ammonium bicarbonate in the next step, this first forms NH4HCO3, then it reacts with the brin solution. Brin solution means water plus salt we have. So, it takes NaCl from the brin solution and it converts into NaHCO3 plus we'll get NH4Cl. We'll get NaHCO3, this will precipitate. This NaHCO3 will heat strongly and it converts into Na2CO3 plus H2O. You know, till here it's fine but the problem is what? That this Na2CO3 that forms, it is highly contaminated with ammonium salt, right down here. It is highly contaminated with, contaminated with ammonium salt. To remove this contamination, what we do? To remove this contamination, we allow this to react with aqueous solution of carbon dioxide. So, it is purified by blowing carbon dioxide through its aqueous solution. So, what we have next? This Na2CO3 further in the next step, it is allowed to passes through an aqueous solution of CO2, which further this converts again into sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO3. And then when we heat this strongly, this converts into Na2CO3 plus H2O plus CO2. So, this after this step, the sodium carbonate that we get, it is fairly pure, okay. So, this is the way we prepare NaHCO3 here, properties you write down. It is a white crystalline solid, exist as decahydrated form. Its temperature based reaction is very important. Look at this reaction here and for this reaction, you need to memorize the temperature. For example, you see if you have the decahydrated form Na2CO3.10H2O and if you heat this below 375 Kelvin. Or 370 Kelvin. It converts into monohydrated Na2CO3.H2O and 9H2O will eliminate here. Further, if you heat this, temperature is more than 375 Kelvin. It converts into Na2CO3, the anhydrous form and water eliminates. So, this anhydrous form is also known as soda ash. Write down this soda ash will have few reactions here, important reaction. Write down soda ash or write down like this Na2CO3 on reaction with, on reaction with silica. Silica is SiO2. On reaction with silica, it forms sodium silicate. The reaction is Na2CO3 plus SiO2 converts into Na2SiO3 plus SiO2. This is sodium silicate, sodium silicate and it is also known as water glass, water glass or soluble glass. Copy this down, we will discuss some compounds of potassium, only one or two, not much. Write down next, some compounds of potassium. The first one we write down here, potassium hydroxide, COH. See the preparation of potassium hydroxide you see, it is prepared by the reaction of slag lime that is CaOH whole twice with K2CO3. We will see how to prepare potassium carbonate also. It converts into CaCO3, it precipitates out and forms 2KOH. It can also be prepared by electrolysis KCl, aqueous KCl actually. So the reaction at, it is similar to the electrolysis of NaCl. Okay, so at cathode, the reaction is 2K plus plus 2H2O plus 2 electron, it converts into H2 plus 2KOH. At anode, the reaction is 2Cl minus converts into Cl2 plus 2 electron. This is what we get at cathode. Then, and one more thing is properties very much similar to NaOH. Okay, so we have the same thing here. Next write down potassium carbonate, K2CO3, K2CO3. This we also call it as potash or pearl ash, also known as simply potash or pearl ash. Write down, it is prepared by, it is prepared by heating potassium nitrate and carbon. So if you look at the reaction, 4KNO3 plus 5C converts into 2K2CO3 plus 3CO2 plus 2N2. Okay, this is one method. It is also prepared by carbonation of caustic potash, which is the reaction 2KOH plus CO2. Carbonation is nothing but the reaction with CO2. It forms K2CO3 plus H2O. Then, one last compound we will see here, that is, we have a general name, we call it as ALMS, A-L-U-M-S, ALMS. Yeah, write down ALMS. So what are ALMS? ALMS are the compounds, and they are the compounds which are the mixture of, mixture of potassium, sulphate, aluminium sulphate, potassium and aluminium sulphate. I did not do anything pradyum, since noise from your site was coming, I muted you, I did not unmute you actually. Yeah, that is for, I think I muted you, that's why you got the message. Anyways, not a problem, so you know it. Right, so ALMS are what? ALMS are in general, these are the compounds of potassium and aluminium sulphate, right, which is dissolved in concentrated water. Right, this kind of compound, we also call it as double salt. Okay. General formula you see, the general formula is, we can write down the general formula is R2SO4.MSO4 whole thrice, M2SO4 whole thrice. Dot 24 H2O, this is the general formula of LM, okay, where R is the, R is the monovalent metal, monovalent metal, like Na plus K plus and so on. M is the trivalent cation, trivalent cation, AL3 plus we can have, Fe3 plus and all these, correct. So if you look at the formula of Potash LM, Potash LM, the formula is K2SO4 dot AL2SO4 whole dot 24 H2O. Understood this, this compound is Potash LM, this kind of compound, we call it as double salt. When you dissolve this in water, it will dissociate in various ions, like suppose if you dissolve this in water, what all ions we get, could you tell me? We get here, in water it dissociates as K plus, I'm not balancing it out, just ions I'm writing it on. K plus you will get, you'll get AL3 plus, plus you'll get sulphate ion SO4 2 minus and water will be there, so water will write down as it is. Like this it dissociates. So this kind of additional compound dot, dot if you have, right. This kind of additional compound we call it as double salt, okay. Three types of compounds basically we have, simple compound like NaCl, S2SO4 type. The second is this and third one is complex compound, which we'll discuss in class 12. This compound is Potash LM, formula also they have asked many times in the exam, so you must remember the formula of Potash LM. Okay, so this is it for this chapter, next we are going to start with group 2, that is alkaline earth metal, okay.