Right, hello everyone again, sorry I introduced myself a little bit prematurely. So in the UK we have something that's called Better Birth which came out a couple of years ago which I think you probably will all have heard of and it had seven arms to it and one of the arms was Continuity of Carer which is something that isn't really achieved in a big way across the UK which is a shame. Things are changing, there's been a lot of talk, there's change in the air and as a student midwife I can see in my own trust that they're shifting towards a more woman-centred and individualised care pathway which is hopefully going to include Continuity of Carer.  Where are you Vicki? Whereabouts? Okay so you're in New Zealand too so in New Zealand I suppose for a lot of us we look at New Zealand as the gold standard for giving women great continuity of care and that you take a lot of responsibility for women's care. Yes do you have a microphone on Vicki? If you go up to the red telephone singing at the top of the screen and go through the process you could get access to the speech. Yeah Vicki's going to do it I think and that should apply to all of you and then you can have a proper discussion it's very slow if you write it down in the chat room so have a go. Just click on the red telephone singing at the top there and choose instead of the headphones the mic and then you'll be able to talk. Is that working Vicki? Can you hear me now? Oh hello yes hi Vicki. How are you? All the way across the other side of the ocean? It's magic isn't it? This is amazing. Congratulations on your new job. Thank you I'm very excited. Yes fabulous oh you'll love it working with women is absolutely brilliant and I'll tell you if you can get a caseload job working with that continuity of care model it's just fantastic. Yes well I mean that is my that's my plan although the trust doesn't have a place at the moment but the government has said that they want at least 20% of women to have Continuity of Care by next year so they are going to have to start doing something about how we deliver care to women and I'm hoping it's going to go in a sort of Continuity of Care model way. I mean there's lots of there are lots of pockets in the UK of brilliant models that provide women with exactly you know caseload in care and it works but it's I don't know why it's not rolled out across the UK so how does it work in New Zealand? Well usually they go to their GP find out they're pregnant get a list of midwives some of them they know some of them they don't I've been in New Zealand for 20 years I'm Australian and it's definitely a better system than Australia and it's usually word of mouth so they just bring you up and then you start right from minute one and you look after them all the way through you do all their anti-native care organize all the blood tests the whole lot you do care planning where you plan how you they want a birth like usually we do home births water births in the hospital out of the hospital in intensive care if they need to so we can do high-risk patients as well and we do six weeks postnatal in their houses. Six weeks gosh very good and do they have scans how many scans do they have as standard in their pregnancy? It used to be two but now because of the grow programs it can be five. Right okay more intervention isn't it and so if a woman needs obstetric care does she see the obstetrician and also yes they can they do parallel care and so I can send for a consult just a one-off consult or they can actually be taken over by the obstetrician they have clinical responsibility of the obstetrician and then we do our primary midwifery which is the breastfeeding and the other measuring the funders and all of those visits and if they completely get taken over we still have that opportunity to be midwives supporting the secondary women that are taken over by the obstetrician. And do you work in teams to provide the care or do you just work alone? We work alone but we have there's about four midwives in this I only work in a very small hospital and we have the backup of another midwife so there's sort of four of us working loosely together if you have days off or but we're all workaholics. Oh yeah so you're always on call for your women? Yes yeah I think that's I think when you say caseloading to midwives some midwives in the UK they they think well that's going to be my entire life taken over and they worry about burnout and how they're going to cope but there are models in England where you're on call for 12 hours rather than 24 hours and you're in charge of your own off-duty so you're in control of the hours you work. If you have a good partner in New Zealand that can work very well where like I'm you know I go to Australia I'm going to Ruritanga this year and went to the midwives conference in last year in Canada and so you can get time off you just got to make sure you look after yourself from that point of view and have a good partner. Yeah I'm just reading Laura's comments I recently learned if you're working with midwives you share the same values yourself you can make it work yeah that's so true so Laura can you use your microphone can you talk to us Laura because you're a student in New Zealand aren't you that'd be really interesting can you do me. Hello hi welcome. Hi. So are you a first year did you say or third year? I am yes you're a first year so what's how does your training work so your midwives New Zealand midwives work in a quite different way in the UK so us midwives, student midwives in the UK we're based in hospitals and we get my particular course meant I case-loaded two women and that for me was like a like an epiphany I thought well this is how I want to work and I provided all the care for the women from start to finish like a no-brainer that there was best thing for the woman it was best thing for me but it doesn't work like that for everyone here so do you do lots of case-loading in your training in New Zealand? Yeah so part of first year we have five follow-through women that we follow right well not necessarily right through what we find at the start of the year and we follow them through their antenatal care their birth and their six weeks postnatal care so we do an assignment on that so we have to do five to six women a year in first year that we find ourselves and then second year we partner up with a community midwife and that's where we get our follow-through through that midwife and I think we have about the same amount I think it's about five or six women that we follow through as well and then I think third year it's fairly much the same but it's a it's a larger number of women that we follow through each year and that's in addition to all of our placements in the hospital gosh so you do five or six women each year yeah I think I think that's I think that's what it is I think we have to have a total of 40 it might even be more than that but it might be even a total of 40 um follow-throughs that we need to have by the time that we apply for registration at the end of third year and that's not just birth managing the birth that's actually providing the care from the start yeah it's actually um being part of that continued care and being from postnatal birth and um sorry internatal birth and the postnatal period so gosh so in the UK we have to get 40 births to qualify but that is literally just attending the woman at the birth in the hospital yeah I think I I think yeah I know we have to have about 42 qualify it might not be that many follow-throughs but we are encouraged throughout the entire degree to um there we go 25 oh sorry yeah yeah so we are encouraged for the whole whole degree to for um to do that continuity of care that's amazing so Linda what happens if the birth to be in uni for lectures uh I study almost um courses here in New Zealand we don't actually have to go and physically sit in lectures we do I live in Wellington and Targo is down on the South Island which um so I do all of my study from home and I have weekly group sessions at the hospital so all of our study is blended learning we do it online we do it face to face and we get together um every few months um to do intensive blocks so births come priority so if we do have a woman who's in a birth um that's top priority um doesn't matter if you're going to be on an online class or at an intensive um obviously except for exams um but birth if you have a woman who's going to give birth and you're on call from 37 weeks and she goes into labour you go type things that's um that sounds so sensible so we have to attend lectures I mean actually that the course could be delivered online thinking about it quite successfully a lot of our studying is self-directed anyway but um we aren't allowed to miss lectures for the birth which seems crazy with our we only caseload two women and we're only allowed to go to we're not allowed to go now on your leave and we're only allowed to go attend the birth if it's within um term time and we're on shift which um it's quite restrictive especially as we only caseload two women you think that you want to sort of prioritise that over everything else yeah absolutely I think they've done it really well here so and do you have a good um retention so once qualified do midwives tend to stay in the job in New Zealand do you know um I'm not sure if the exact statistic there's a lot of movement going on over here because even though we've got a great system it's not funded properly by the government so um I know that there is a big amount a lot of midwives leaving the profession at the moment just due to the stresses and because they're not getting paid what they what they should be being paid but I think there's a lot of passion coming through the course and I think the course destruction the way to keep that passion up while at the same time keeping us realistic about what we're getting ourselves into but um I think yeah we're lucky in terms of the system we've got we just need it to be funded properly so that midwives aren't burning out and not being paid a pittance you know so I think that's the um concern in the UK from a lot of midwives is that we're not paid very much and the expectations of caseloading mean that you're doing a lot more work for not very much money so are your government listening to you we hope so there's lots of marches going on at the moment well there were last week leading up to today um so all we can do is wait and hope and I think we've got about two weeks before we hear about the budget so we're all waiting with a big breath at the moment okay yeah and um Zaira is it Zaira or Zara can you use your microphone Zaira you're a third year student I think is that what it said just wondered what your experience had been of your training and having access to so many caseloading women you don't have a microphone okay um that's no problem you can type an answer if you don't mind um I just wondered your opinion so having gone through three years of caseloading have you coped with that training have you got to a point where you felt you couldn't cope or it's too much to do the pressure to caseload so many women over three years I'm just interested to understand what pressures are on your students having that kind of setup because from my point of view it sounds perfect but then I was thinking well there's quite a lot of women to actually caseload when you're still training yeah the assignments are a pressure aren't they so looking after the women is great but there are lots of assignments because it's I assume it's an honours degree in New Zealand like it is in the UK since 2009 it's been an honours degree so there is a lot of expectation on academic ability as well as the clinical aspect of the job but I have to say I feel as though everything I have learned has come from working on the job I mean obviously you have to do some academic aspects it's not honours in Scotland oh that's right that's that's those it's not honours here yes that's not going in so Linda what's the difference between an honours and not honours then is there less academics work to do well it's just um it's just a basic degree in Scotland yeah I wonder what the honours bit means though oh and and well it's taking it to the next level in the um whatever you call it sqa is the Scottish version the educational framework honours is like a it's an extra year isn't it taking it to dissertation level we don't do that here in Scotland although we do do a direct masters right so you can go on to a masters from that degree well no you can go straight into a masters without having done your midwifery first but that's just a we anomaly and it's nothing really anything to do with this yes we also don't have students having to get their uh get money and all that we still give them a bursary I think the struggle is if we went to honours it might become like you having to get your own money and not get a bursary so if you want to go down that but anyway that's like the side there yes it's because you said UK and it wasn't like UK sorry yeah you're right I think well Scotland leaves the way in most of these things doesn't it we need to look more to how Scotland are running their degree I think um definitely so direct entry in New Zealand Laura um do you mean you do three years training and then you enter into midwifery practice you do not a nurse first is that what you mean yeah that's right you're not you don't have to do um you don't have to do nursing before you go into it so I mean you can but you still have to go through the um the three years you can get um recognition of prior learning for some aspects but it's um it's still a three year degree that you need to do yeah and is there then much opportunity for going on and doing I mean do most midwives go straight into the job um I don't know the stats on it but I believe so and then we do have um I know a lot of my mentors and a lot of other people that have recently graduated you know they like to think about doing their masters it's something that I'd love to do because I eventually want to educate as well so yes Australia is hi terry Australia is direct entry you don't need a degree in nursing they have double degrees oh that's interesting so so how does that work terry you you is it longer to do a double degree so in Australia are you a are you a student midwife terry or are you a an educator can you turn your microphone on four years versus three years that's interesting sorry you are a I don't know how to turn it on so I think you can click on the phone at the top the icon and click on it and it should go red and that means that you can talk into the the um microphone on your laptop or computer uh is it working hello yes all right hi hi hi terry you lovely to speak to you so introduce yourself are you a student or a yes um I study part-time midwifery yeah in Australia and um in Australia you can either do nursing which is three-year degree and they also have I think they have honours as well um I'm sure they do um and all you can do midwifery uh and some some universities allow you to study nursing and midwifery part-time and some also offer double degrees um why you need that I'm going to doesn't offer the double degree so I would have to do two separate degrees um if I wanted to do both for instance um to be able to turn a health nurse you do you need a double degree and a master's um what's the maternity health nurse what do they do uh in New Zealand the New Zealanders will be familiar with a blanket nurse it's um the nurse that you see after you have your baby um it's like um when you bring the baby for home from the hospital and the community nurse will come and check up on the baby and then you have like the couple of weeks check and then the six months check and then the one year check etc right so it's like a health visitor I guess in the UK yeah yeah it must be like that um yeah so to be a paternal child health nurse I think that's what it's called you do need a double and you before you're accepted into masters if you wanted to go down that path you have to serve a certain amount of hours with the nursing and midwifery before you're eligible to do that master's okay that makes sense I think doesn't it to get some experience under your belt yes but otherwise you can just be a midwife or just be a nurse if you don't want to do the double degree okay and what's your experience of continuity of care right in Australia is that something that's on the agenda they uh it's um because I'm from New Zealand I'm used to the way um the nursing I'm sorry the midwifery is there whereas it's kind of like community nursing is in the midwives will deliver the babies within families and friends etc or you've got the midwives at the hospital in Australia it's not like that um you mainly use the midwives at the hospital um and they've just in Victoria where I am they've got a clinic here that um so one of the first to be approved for private midwifery where the midwives can um see you before like while you're pregnant and then go with each other hospital to have your baby and then afterwards they follow you up as well post birth so that's kind of like caseloading must be yeah but that's um relatively new in Australia that type um because this is my first year here um studying in uh in Australia here but um I know that Australia is a whole that's something they're working towards so they have that constant care because otherwise it's um every time we do see a midwife it's a different midwife so it's not the same midwife whereas in New Zealand you'll have that one nurse oh sorry one midwife the whole time so they know your case they know you but that's not how it works in Australia you get whoever is on when you go to your visit to the hospital so did you say that was a private a privately run system did you say it's private in Australia we have private and public in New Zealand they don't have public sorry I don't have private they only have uh public so you wouldn't need insurance to deliver your babies in a private hospital in New Zealand but in Australia you do have private hospitals um and public hospitals but what they've done is um I forgot what they're called I think they're my midwives I can't remember their name they're a private clinic but they have an arrangement with a public hospital so they can deliver your baby there even though you're going to them the whole time yeah okay so Laura's commented that Australia has pockets of private midwives that do case load but as a whole they don't yeah that sounds similar to the UK so here we you tend to have the same communities you tend to see the same community midwife um so all the antenatal care is given by the same midwife hope to be usually and also that same midwife can give you post-natal care after the birth but the lack of continuity lies in the fact that when you actually are having the baby you're going into hospital and it can be any one of whoever's on shift working on labor ward you wouldn't have met them before yeah and midwives are lovely and they're really good at building that bond and that rapport quickly with women to build up that relationship but how lovely to have to have the woman that's looked after you all through your antenatal to deliver your baby and I think that's what we're trying to work towards yeah but it's going to take a humongous effort and vision and change to alter how we work in the UK at the moment there's little pilots across the country which have worked but I'm just wondering how so if you think Australia want to the driving force in the UK is that the better birth thing said that it's safe for care if we have better continuity said coming from the government there's a massive push on safety and reducing still birth rate and inter-part of deaths and that sort of thing so and all of the evidence is showing that if you have continuity of care you improve outcomes for baby and month. They might say the midwife is familiar with everything like your history and just a just consistency they can notice stuff whereas if you're having to explain yourself every single time you might something may be missed you never know because you're just having to explain everything all the time and women get sick of repeating this story over and over and over again as well and yes you're obviously risking missing something so do you think it's on the agenda in Australia? It definitely is because I think when the Epping branch so I can't remember the name and I did it initially it was like a bit of a trial and it worked out successfully and I believe they began rolling it out a bit more I don't know if it was their franchise or whatever it was but I know it was extended a bit more so I think that is something that they are working towards in Australia. So Laura said that it's called My Midwives? Yeah My Midwives is the one and I think Laura if it's Laura from Epping I think that's her name I follow her on one of the pages that I'm on if she's the Laura that works for that company. Right. No that's not me I'm just here for Laura. No but I am Australian I moved from Australia a year and a bit ago to do my training here so. Oh right yeah. So Laura you're Australian and you're training in New Zealand and um yes yeah Harry you're a major citizen so I couldn't do my training in Australia. Okay so with what what were the drivers was it to do with how the New Zealand Midwives work Laura that made you want to train in New Zealand? Well my husband got an amazing job here so that was a big driving force and I'm used to start my training in Australia the year before last but um as it turned out you know the world works in weird ways and you know this is one of the best countries in the world to train as a midwife so yeah I just I'm very lucky to be training here absolutely yeah yeah so you made a good point about the fact that Australia doesn't support midwives as an autonomous profession. Yeah. Whereas in New Zealand they are so yeah in New Zealand are they so are midwives self-employed? Yes yes they are. Right whereas in Australia they're employed by a trust uh by a hospital yeah and there are midwives here that work at the hospital as well so yeah that's right when you come like in New Zealand at the moment there's a massive shortage so a lot of people have to rely on the hospital staff but it's it's a really bad shortage in New Zealand and people are struggling to find midwives so okay so there are some staff that work only in the hospital in New Zealand and they are employed by staff and they're not they don't have the autonomy autonomy okay that's really interesting they still are autonomous like they can still um prescribe and um within their scope and and that sort of thing but the the government yeah they're known as as an autonomous profession rather than having to work non-autonomously okay and so in New Zealand if a woman wants a home birth but she's high risk how do you manage that? I think it might vary I think it varies I'm not familiar with myself I know they have done it um but maybe Laura might know a bit more than she's in New Zealand. I think Vicki might know a bit more she's the qualified midwife in an autonomous part of New Zealand than I know does home birth so yeah so Vicki have you got any comments on high risk women are they allowed to make because choice is a big thing in the UK at the moment as well giving women choice for where they want to birth and following that up um is that the case in New Zealand? I would definitely send her maybe for an obstetric consult and um some midwives it depends on your experience and it depends on whether you live in the back of your living if you lived in Broken Hill or something like that I'd probably not do twins at home maybe not do breezes at home but but some midwives have that confidence and I mean I've delivered um like quite big BMI people down in um a primary unit um and was very successful but there's certain other big BMI's that I certainly wouldn't do at home or in the hospital so I think in New Zealand there's a partnership model there the woman wants a certain thing and then the midwife um can actually work out whether they're actually confident enough to do that um and obviously I have good support in this area so um you know you can it's not you're not a failure when you come in from a home birth to a hospital um I mean I have them all booked in at the hospital anyway um and I would do certain ones that I'd really encourage um women to be at home and that's where you empower women to really enjoy their birth um process for the for the um their journey for that for that nine months that you're working with them so you can do high risks at home but um like you know previous seizures at home if you've only had one seizure then that's a little bit more dodgy where I'd probably do maybe a second after a second vaginal birth maybe I would do that depends on how far from my base hospital I would be as well that's really interesting and do you think um um how happy I mean it's difficult to gauge but are our midwives in New Zealand happy with the way they work so it sounds like it provides an amazing service for women and I'm sure the women love how you provide case loading but are the staff car coping um the midwifery population is divided like the Australian midwives we're just talking between the hospital midwives and your independent midwives and of course there's a bit of competition between the two but then there's also um great collegial support where when I come into the hospital they know exactly how I work I know how they work um you know like to me actually just being with the woman and whether I deliver that baby or not so the hospital midwife might do that if they end up with epidurals then I will stay with my women all the way through and um yeah but I think the increased acuity with the increasing gestational diabetes the hypertension the obesity uh increasing diabetes insulin and all that type of thing it's really putting a strain on the hospital midwives because there's they're delivering more in the secondary services whereas the primary units and the home births are getting less in number and you're getting to have to be a bit more game but you also work in partnership with women and if they really really are determined then sometimes that's part of it that they can um be determined uh to to birth wherever they want to really um as long as it's safe testing and how do students work with you so they caseload their own women do they also have you as a mentor so I think the students um like in first year they might do five weeks with a hospital and five weeks with an lmc the lmc being the community midwives and then the second year they would do again their practical stuff would be all the way so there's like you do a birth but then there's another continuity paper where they have to do an anti natal visit a delivery or birth or whatever you want to call it and then um your post natal visit so they're the continuity so teaching them that um if you meet the meet the woman when they're anti natal then they obviously birth better I'm in a lot of the girls that I have don't want epi drills and they don't want to go to the bigger centres and all that other thing so it's just fantastic that um and if I work with a student like their third year placement I think is about um 17 weeks is one of their continuity papers so then they have to do all my clinics all my post natals and the whole lot so they actually get a really good opportunity to meet the women all the way through and so they will know them so that's actually really really good that those students will know them it's pretty rough on a student to not get paid and to have to be working with me for 17 weeks because I'm pretty busy yeah but what an amazing experience and I mean although when I I only caseload two women and I managed to be I did the whole thing for both of us at the birth of both and it was a really incredible experience um come out and visit me in New Zealand for six months I'll I'll help you I'll learn a little bit gosh I would absolutely love to I have three boys and a husband and a dog um so I'd have to I'd have to try and convince them I don't think I could leave my house uh five sorry I've been given a five minute warning okay thanks Linda um I think my point is coming from a student perspective in the UK um caseloading for all of us you talked to any students that have or sorry not the UK England because I'm from England um speak to any students coming from England that have caseloaded it's been the best part of their degree they've loved it and then we get into our jobs and we don't work in that way anymore and it's so frustrating so there is a big push with Better Birth to try and implement um a system that works and that doesn't burn midwives out that does that and I just are there any tips anything I guess um you're really experienced um sorry was it Terry who was I talking to or Vicki is it Vicki um you're really experiencing it is there anything that you would change about the system the way it works in New Zealand to make it better for midwives um obviously to work with partners that are similar minded and similar that's where you know if you're working together I mean you know you always go somewhere with with your friend and um the midwives I work with um become good friends and I think that's the main thing is to support each other and all the way through so that's from a positive point of view and and also um working with the women empowering them knowing that you're making a difference with everything in the whole um yeah and just look after yourself as women I mean midwives are women we don't look after ourselves we've got three kids a cat and a dog and and we do everything but you know we've really got to look after ourselves and that's what midwives day is about I think yeah and have that support from each other and um build relationships with each other yeah so funding is a real issue isn't it it's a shame so do students in New Zealand or do you think it's your you cope any students out there what was that can you repeat just asking the students whether they feel as though they are treated fairly as students and that they cope with their workload with the way it runs with lots of case loading um I would say that we've been tremendously supported by the midwives I mean granted I've only been in it for five months but um I feel tremendously supported by the midwives that I've come across um because they know that there's problems facing the profession and they just you know they want to see it fixed as much as they want it fixed so um yeah there's there's I mean New Zealand's a very small country so I think I think there's a really good camaraderie here and I think students as a on a whole generally speaking are very supported by the midwives out there that makes all the difference doesn't it so you have good mentorship from do you have the same mentor all the way through no we change mentors but we do have weekly sessions with a midwife a registered midwife who is our main mentor for the first and second year and they're just incredible they're a huge support but um yeah like I said it's a small country so we are supported by the profession definitely that's great to hear and is that the same in Australia would you say Terry? Yes we um the way that university all of our lecturers and tutors and um they're all either qualified midwives or nursing because um we a lot of our classes are shared with other disciplines within the health science area um but yeah very very supportive even for placements and just everything I feel so far um that they do go out of their way to really help you learn and make it a really good experience so yeah I'm pretty happy with the mentorship over here. Do you have the same mentor for do you have continuity of mentor because that's another issue in the UK? We have a set person that for instance we have like the course coordinator like she's a midwife um and then we will have a separate person for placement and it's the same person um and then like the lecturer usually there's the main lecturer um and they'll have casual lecturers but overall we'll have the same lecturers or tutors throughout the whole course before the semester. That helps. Yeah exactly they become familiar with you as well so that also makes it easier. Great well I think we're almost done it's been I'm so thrilled that we've had um students and um midwives from right across the other side of the world it's just technology's amazing isn't it um and this is the lovely thing about the um International Day of the Midwife that we can all share our experiences and we can learn from each other. We've just had a new um person join us Lynn I think we're just finishing up but you probably hear this on here it can you can you listen in again Linda? Yeah and about an hour's time it will be um the recording will be on the website in the event. Oh great. But you've got a couple of minutes if Lynn has any burning questions. Yeah so where are you from Lynn? You can activate your mic by clicking on the red button. No questions you're just listening. Are you from the UK? So if anyone would like to share their Twitter handle or username I'd love to follow you and a big fan of um social media. So um writing a Twitter username in the chat box that'd be great if you are on Twitter. What's your um what's your campaign called? Get your tweet out or something. Get your tweet on. Oh there you go I was almost right I mentioned you yesterday at the thing I was doing down in England. Oh did you? Thank you. Yeah I got 110 more students following you which we would love wouldn't you? That'd be amazing yeah. Yeah I'm passionate about using social media to bring everyone together collaborate. Totally that's what my presentation was about yesterday. Really? Yeah when it was to a multi professional team as well so uh and it was all about how we should be using social media more to to record things like this um so that people not only those people who go to conferences who have to pay for them obviously um hear a presentation but you actually everybody has a chance to listen to the presentation so anyway sorry. Yeah get your tweet on. That's great but I think I've done this um any last minute um questions or anything before I kind of finish off this session with a couple of slides? No I want to thank everybody for coming as well because actually this has been a really good discussion and it makes me think that next year we maybe should have more of these instead of presentations you know like a a conversation between two people you know it's much more interesting than listening to sometimes than listening to one person giving a presentation you get a set of questions and then you can ask them and they give the same information but in a far more interactive interesting way I think so we should try that. Anybody fancied having a go next year just tell us. Yeah there you go so make sure you've got this in your diary for next year now and make sure you follow the blog or are on our mailing list or whatever so that you hear about us call put now call for abstracts and we could do something like that I think that would be fabulous as well as cafes but you won't be a student next year though will you Charly? I'll be a fully fledged midwife. You're on mute I'll mute you that's grand and did I hear that you've got a job already? Yes I've got a job where I wanted to work so I'm really really thrilled.  Quite right as well it's a big debate actually it's a big discussion up here in Scotland as well where people don't really fancy being on call all the time but they're not being very realistic about yes she can so I want to thank Charly anyway for being a fabulous facilitator in this student cafe and to all of you for coming and sharing in with this and I'll just move


Hey guys Ken Ross here, and I'm a business consultant that specializes in reducing cost for businesses by looking at their essential Expenses and today once again today I'm gonna actually interrupt what I was planning on doing which is actually talking a little bit about AT&T and Some of the things that have happened to me But instead I have to shift back to my favorite subject which is Verizon wireless now I don't know if you have been paying attention to your inbox lately, but they sent out an email on Sunday at 10 a.m. Probably a good time for most business owners to not be open to explain that they are Adjusting the economic adjustment charge. So let's get into it Okay, so it says here dear Verizon customer effective January 11th 2023 the monthly economic adjustment charge now if you've been paying attention to my channel I've talked about this charge already. I introduced it when I got the email last time which was also on a weekend I believe it was at the same time 10 o'clock on a Sunday They talked about adding this charge to everyone's account and now they're going to adjust that charge even more So let's continue on The economic adjustment charge for smartphones and data devices will increase from two dollars and twenty cents to two dollars and 98 cents per line the charge for basic phone and tablet devices will remain at 98 cents Our number one priority is to provide exceptional service to your business and consistently deliver the quality and reliability That you expect from Verizon wireless now Here's the problem I have with this statement Nothing really here has changed what in the economic climate has changed that is making you Up the charge now which was two dollars and twenty cents Which is something that's very unprecedented in the sense that I don't see other carriers doing this And I said at the beginning I thought other carriers would start providing this chart or adding this charge to people's accounts If it's something they could leverage But Verizon seems to be the one leading the way and they haven't wavered on it And they're not telling us what they're doing with this money. So keep that in mind. Let's read on Fully invested in your success. We work every day to maintain competitive prices Often by absorbing increases that we incur the current economic conditions impacting business worldwide Continue to mount and despite our best efforts to mitigate further and impact We intend to offset a portion of these costs by implementing an economic adjustment charge Now if you went back and you you checked out my last video on this this particular paragraph this particular Information is exactly the same as the information that was provided before they didn't change any of the verbiage They haven't expounded on that. They didn't say we're going to continue to include These charges going forward or we look forward to getting rid of these charges in the near future once this this or this happens it's very concerning right for me and as a Verizon wireless customer, I want further explanation. I want to understand what it is that you're doing to give me more success Let's continue on last. It says thank you for trusting in us and choosing Verizon business as your partner We remain committed to delivering outstanding network performance Service excellence and value your business sincerely the Verizon your Verizon team This is shocking to me. I Already couldn't believe that they added the charge But then to double down and add more to this economic adjustment charge It's really showing that businesses are kind of put in this place where we are Brought to the slaughter here so that they can continue to provide quality service What we haven't gotten and what we don't know is why? What is what is this money going towards? What is actually causing their service to be? impacted when the first economic adjustment charge came out I had to evaluate my Service I had to evaluate which lines I had and where they were at I did some analysis and I actually removed one of the lines from Verizon wireless And now I'm to the point where if you're going to continue to increase this charge And you have this avenue to just send out an email and increase everyone's bill Then I should probably seek to find other Options I should go and find another replacement for Verizon wireless That's actually more economical and the services is just as good if not better because other Vendors right now aren't adjusting their charges. They're not including this adjustment charge They're not Increasing it for that matter either for most people that are in this situation who have seen these charges They don't know what to do and I think really what it would require is for you to actually call Verizon wireless If you have a Verizon wireless business rep explain to them Hey, I've been getting these emails. You're sending these emails at very different times You know during my business hours that where I don't actually Receive them in a timely manner during business hours when I'm doing things and that's concerning to me It's like you're trying to hide something I want to understand what it is you're doing to increase my service and see what they say if you were to ask me to speculate Verizon is losing customers and the only way they can continue to maintain a good lead on 5g and some of the other initiatives they have is to ask The current customer base to pay more money so they continue to invest in those areas rather than Investing in their customers by providing them better service, you know by giving them more towers that in their area or even going to relax some of the Caps or limitations on some of those things. I don't see Verizon coming out and making those claims I see them coming out and copying and pasting the message that they said before And increasing our charges so that they can have an avenue to adjusting For these losses that they're that they're seeing so with that that's what I have for today Please reach out to me if you'd love to have a conversation about the economic adjustment charge I find this very fascinating And ultimately it's one of the reasons why I continue to be a Verizon customer But I should probably just find some good friends who can't leave Verizon and get these charges on a monthly basis And and put their hands up and say I don't understand I don't know why they continue to do this, but we're not getting much information and and we're a customer of them so With that yes, please put your your comments down in the comments section below What do you think of this charge? And what do you think if let's say you don't have Verizon and you have someone else that? AT&T or T-Mobile or anyone else if they started providing this charge what would what would you do right in that instance? I know what I'm going to be doing as a result of this So with that Stay tuned to this channel. I have a lot of things to unpack here I'm going to talk about a lot of different things when it comes to 5g and and internet and where telecommunications is going but I find this very interesting and Would love to hear what your thoughts are and we can we can go forward and have a dialogue there So with that please share this video with others let other people know Hey, this charge is coming down if you own Verizon business lines and Follow me on various social medias. I have all my links in the description there below and check out my website I'm Ken Ross calm and until I see you next time. See you real


I'm Monica Vargas, Cal OES Public Information Officer.  Eight months after the butte fire and the valley fire in Lake County, these counties continue to move forward with making their communities whole again. The road to recovery is often difficult and faced with challenges. Cal OES staff have worked tirelessly to provide resources and support to local government and its residents in their time of need. The resources, financial, human, even emotional are just not resources that we have in our back pockets. So knowing that there is an agency like Cal OES who is there who can provide those services to the counties across the state of California, all 58 of them, it's a great security to know that there is someone like that that you can call on who can come in and help when things are just too big for us to handle on our own. Removing debris from more than 70,000 acres was no easy task. It took the coordination from agencies such as Cal OES and Cal Recycle working hand in hand with local government. Extreme terrain called for extreme engineering to pave the way home for survivors in rural mountainous areas. So the home site is returned back to the homeowner in such a manner that they can either rebuild or sell it. Lake County is also approaching a milestone. Their last haul of debris is within sight. It was a miracle and a lot of effort I'm sure on the part of the fire department. Cobb Mountain Elementary School Principal and fire survivor David Leonard is one of many ready to return home. This is my home or this is future site of my home and former site of my home. And we're here in Cobb. So this is almost nine months past the Valley Fire date of September 12th. And it's been a slow, slow rebuild process. With debris removal now complete, folks like the ones behind me can now move forward with rebuilding their homes and their lives. From the Butte Fire Burn Area, I'm Monica Vargas, OESNews.com.


the other types of equilibrium and basically how the line intensities can be understood to some degree. So in a normal story of plasma spectroscopy we understand that a photon that we eventually register on our device is somehow created in plasma, then it may propagate with reabsorption, remission, which is certainly the subject of opacity and relation transport that I am not going to touch today. However, we'll do this. And then it leaves plasma volume, comes to our experimental device is somehow registered. Of course, you have some instrumental effect, some photons are lost here and there, but I'll try to talk about what actually happens here, how photons are produced and how they are emitted. So as Ahim Kunso mentioned on the first day, there are different words that they use to define this particular quantity, which is here is just the energy emitted due to a specific transition in atom or ion from unit volume per unit time. And here I just defined this product of three quantities. One is the photon energy. Then this is the transition probability of Einstein coefficients. Photon energy of course has some energy units, let's say Joule. This one has units of inverse second. And the third factor here is the upper state density or normally we call just level population. Now of these three parameters that tell us about line spectral line intensity in opticality in plasma, the two parameters on the right are almost purely atomic parameters. That is, they do depend slightly on plasma properties because both energy and transition probability as we perfectly understand the result, for instance, calculation. You take two wave functions and some operator in between and of course the wave function as we understand can be modified by plasma, but generally we can more or less safely assume that these two remain constant for very large range of plasma parameters such as densities and this is what we'll assume for the future, but the level population is very strongly dependent on what actually goes on in plasma and this is will be the focal point of everything that follows. Now before we come to discussion of level populations, let me remind you that atomic processes are characterized by their corresponding rates, basically number of processes per unit time and of course we can split them into collisional and radiative or non-radiative like authorization. Collisional rate is normally defined for a projectile heating, let's say our atom and ion and result in some reaction as first of all integral over distribution of velocities or energies for the projectile with some distribution function. For electrons it's normally Maxwellian but not necessarily in many cases electron energy or velocity distribution plasma deviates sometimes very strongly from Maxwellian distribution. Of course then you have the cross section which is an effective area and that's why its units are centimeter squared for this particular elementary process. Of course you need to get into taking into account the velocity because the faster they move the more collisions we have and of course everything depends also on the projectile density, electron density for electrons and so on so forth. The integral itself is called the rate coefficient, it has units of centimeter cubed per second. The radiative rates certainly have just units of inverse second and of course the lifetime associated with a particular radiative process is just one over a and this is something that we will be using later on. Now another important thing that we certainly should remember before discussing what happens with population distributions and other quantities is the scaling of various atomic parameters. Let's take a look at z-scaling where z is the spectroscopic charge. It's ion charge plus one and of course for very large ion charges for highly ionized system they're almost the same but generally it's physically more reasonable to use to discuss scaling related to spectroscopic charge. So starting with radiative processes the transition probability is proportional to the product of the oscillator strands and energy difference squared. For transitions within the same principle quantum numbers the energies, energy differences normally scale as you remember we had that expansion for non-rotivistic system of energies. It starts with z squared then z, z or z minus one. z squared is responsible for energy differences with delta n larger than zero but the z term is responsible for what happens within a principle quantum number. So delta e goes at z, the oscillator strength can be shown to actually decrease as one over z and that's why the transition probability for delta n equals z transition from this formula obviously goes as just z. You go to transitions between different ends delta e looks like hydrogenic and therefore it's z squared. We know that for hydrogenic ions oscillator strands remain the same basically z does not depend on z and therefore the radiative transition probability for delta n equals z transition shows very strong behavior z to the fourth. Now if we look at how a value changes with the principle quantum number let's say we consider transition from high end to some lower end and then we go higher and higher it drops like one over n cube and if you look at total radiative decays from a principle quantum number within hydrogenic ion it still has the same z to the fourth dependence but the total sum of all possible radiative rates from hydrogenic level decrease even stronger as one over n to the four and a half. Now these dependencies are written for electric dipole typically the strongest transitions in atoms forbidden transitions other multiples which are magnetic dipole, electric quadruple, magnetic quadruple, electric octopole, magnetic octopole and so on so forth. They even have stronger dependencies than z to the fourth and obviously this means that you go to higher charge ions and forbidden transition becomes stronger and stronger and stronger and therefore much easier to see and measure. Now if we're talking about collisional transitions for which we have several types dipole allow or optically allowed optically forbidden spin forbidden for the strongest of those which are optically allowed and they happen between transitions that can be connected radiatively the cross section behaves differently from the a value and normally it goes like f over delta e squared. Now again looking at already known dependencies of f delta e on z we can figure out that cross section actually decreases with z and the gate pretty strongly z minus cube the rate coefficients behaves certainly differently. Now v of course is the velocity or in this case let's say average velocity of the electrons that come to heat our atom but to produce higher ions we need certainly electrons with higher energy and therefore we can kind of assume that we goes approximately as z or maybe a little weaker than z so therefore the rate coefficient changes maybe slightly a little less strongly with z than the cross section so let's say z minus squared for transitions between different ends cross section goes as one over z to the fourth the rate coefficient z minus cube and cross sections collision cross section strongly depend on on principal quantum number. This is very important point because this simply means that you go to higher ends and you try to figure out how balance between radiative and collisional processes changes you may see that going higher collisions become more and more important and on the other hand radiative process become less and less important and this will change the whole population dynamics for higher ends. Okay so starting from the complete thermodynamic equilibrium this is situation when all components of our physical systems are in equilibrium which means that principal detail balance is valid here in other words each direct process is exactly balanced by its inverse so if we have excitation by some kind of particle it's exactly compensated by the excitation by the same part and the same goes for all other physical processes such as ionization it's inverse three body recombination, photonization, photo recombination, ottonization, dielectric capture, radiative decay, spontaneous flux, stimulated is compensated by photo excitation and this was Einstein's logic when he basically defined all these Einstein coefficients in his analysis of radiation in atomic systems. Now typically in plasma we have four or maybe you can say three systems those are of course photons, electrons, atoms and ions. Thermodynamic equilibrium means that all of them have the same temperature characterized which is that is radiation temperature and electron temperature and ion temperature is the same and we know of course the equilibrium distribution for each of these subsystems. For photons it's Planck, for electrons Maxwell, populations within atoms, ions are distributed according to Boltzmann Exponent Formula, populations between atoms and ions are distributed according to Saha equations. Now it's generally useful to have this energy scheme in mind when you consider all these physical processes so let's say this is our atomic system and we have a number of bound states and then of course the ionization potential for an ion and then we have continuum state with let's say positive energy so this is the energy scale. Basically all these distributions and all these processes are related to electron movements within subsystems of this energy scheme that is Boltzmann of course corresponds to what happens here between bound states, the formula is very well known of course, I'm not going to discuss it. Saha simply corresponds to situation when electron goes between bound and continuum states and of course Maxwell distribution describes what happens in the continuum so all these parts of thermodynamic equilibrium Maxwell, Saha and Boltzmann corresponds simply to processes that happen within the same unifying energy scale simply by talking differently but bound free and free free so to say transition for electrons not for photon. Now talking about photons of course we very well know how the Planck distribution looks like and probably the easiest object to see Planck distribution with photon is our sun so what you see here is two curves the gray one is the black body spectrum for the temperature of 5777 Kelvin and the yellow is the extraterrestrial solar spectrum irradiance which looks very much like black body and certainly we know that sun gives us more or less close to perfect black body spectrum. McSullin is also known it's rather common in real calculation to move from velocity representation to the energy representation and of course when you take into account the velocity in the rate coefficient you remember it's V times sigma times cross section and when you move to energy representation it becomes square root of E times McSullin distribution for energy it's also useful to remember that actually this parameter peaks at the electron temperature and therefore this is where we have the largest number of electrons for particular McSullin here's temperature 200 eV and this is where most of the reaction actually happens because you have the largest number of electrons here. Okay, Saha distribution as I said before Saha corresponds to station when electron moves between bound and continuum state so of course for instance most common physical processes that are associated with establishment of Saha distribution are ionization and three body recombination which corresponds to this formula with parenthesis draw but also you can consider another pair of processes that is authorization and electronic capture you heard yes about that organization from Stefan Friedscher and electronic capture is just the inverse process when electron approaches charge ion and get captured coming to some relatively higher orbit and one of the atomic electron is excited so the loss of energy here is exactly compensated by increase of energy by the bound electron therefore energy conserves. The formula for Saha distribution that is in this particular case the ratio of total populations for the next ion z plus one to the ion with charge z is of course the ratio of total partition function which are defined as sum of statistical weight with exponents here of course you have some factors that are related to the continuum characteristics of course electron temperature must be sitting there you have the standard Boltzmann factor of ionization potential of a temperature and importantly you have this factor one over electron density and this factor is certainly important because if you have a Saha distribution and your electron density increases with all other parameters then you will have a kept constant you see that basically it results in increased recombination and it goes up you have more and more ions with charge z as compared to charge z plus one so in many plasmas which are not in Saha equilibrium the situation is opposite you increase depth of energy density and your ionization actually increases but inside it is the other way and you can certainly understand it from for instance comparing ionization and three body recombination. Electron impact ionization is of course proportional to the first power of electron density you have just one electron coming in and kicking another one out but in three body recombination you have two electrons coming close to your atom and therefore the probability or rate for this process is proportional to electron density squared so you increase the density this is first power this is second recombination becomes stronger ionization balance shift to low ionization stages. Now one of the primary questions that we normally want to ask is which ion is the most abundant under this particular conditions in plasma. In other case let's say we have situation when this ion with charge z and z plus one have about the same populations of course the others will be going down it simply follows from all the Saha formulas it turns out that for Saha equilibrium typically this happens when electron temperature is much smaller well much maybe a factor of five or even a little higher smaller than the ionization potential of this particular ion and we'll see some examples that this is really the case. Now so the complete thermal or thermodynamic equilibrium is reached when we have complete balance between photons, electrons and let's say ions and this situation almost never happened. There are some indication that there may be complete thermodynamic equilibrium in the interiors of white dwarfs but on our planet in terrestrial conditions this is not the case and the reason is that photons decouple easily they easily escape they very quickly interact with other particles and therefore more common situation is that photons are becoming completely separate part and the plasma is characterized with the rest of our particles electrons and ions and this situation is called local thermodynamic equilibrium which simply means that our matter photons are the field but electrons and ions are matter distribution here follows Saha between ions Boltzmann for bound state within ion and Maxwell of course for electron. Now the typical now if photons decouple basically means that radiation effects are much smaller than particle and certainly you can think that this would happen when density of electrons is much higher and therefore collision rates are much stronger than radiative rates and there are conditions derived by different scientists they may differ a little bit but this criteria basically describes what density corresponds to situation when you have Boltzmann distribution established within your ion for instance and Hans Green derived this condition long long ago assuming that collision rates are at least a factor of magnitude factor of ten order of magnitude stronger than radiative rates so if you consider something like hydrogenic ion and look at the strongest radiative transition which is the resonance line between the first excited level to the ground and then carefully write down formulas for a value for collision rates you can derive it yourself that you need pretty high densities which follows from this formula to reach Boltzmann distribution so for instance if we are talking about neutral hydrogen and electron temperature which enters here is to EV you need electron densities on the order of 10 to the 17 or higher in order to provide Boltzmann distribution of population between the atomic states you go to a little higher ions so for instance we are talking about carbon 5 which is 4 times ionized carbon with typical temperature of 80 electron volts in this case the density increases by 5 orders of magnitude so you just ionize your matter a little bit and to reach Boltzmann distribution you really need higher and higher density and you see that this density changes per strongest z to the 7th. Saha criterion shows about the same dependence on z again just from these formulas it follows that for hydrogen 10 to the 17 carbon 5 3 10 to the 21 to get the bottom line here is to get LT you really need higher densities especially for charged ion and especially for highly charged ion. Again for neutrals 10 to the 17 4 times ionized 10 to the 22 you go another order of magnitude for your charge from 4 to 40 and it goes through the roof becomes exceedingly high. Now what's good about local thermodynamic equilibrium regarding calculation of ion intensities good point is that we need practically no atomic data well only energies statistical weights to calculate the populations. We just take the Boltzmann formula and this is what done. Now from here it follows that the intensity ratio of two lines is a very nice function of temperature only and therefore if our plasma is an LT which means dense plasma we can get electron temperature just looking at the ratios of two lines or you can take more than two lines and plot intensities of several measured lines on a plot that is normally called Boltzmann plot so basically since our intensity is product of population transition probability and energy which goes like ratio of statistical weight to partition function Ae and exponent if you take log of this ratio it becomes a linear function of the level energy and just looking at the slope you can easily derive the temperature. So this is an example from one of the recent papers and there are many papers that use this technique guys measured I think that was I think neon. Several lines took this ratio log and here you have nice linear distribution that immediately tells you that the temperature in this particular case is 14 and a half thousand Kelvin's with relatively small error of plus minus 3 Kelvin, 300 Kelvin's only. So if we look back at what happens with Saha LT again we can see that the temperature can reach Saha LT condition when collisions are much stronger than radiative properties. Saha is established between ions, Boltzmann within ions and since collisions again decrease with Z you remember cross section goes one over Z to the fourth and radiative process increase with Z it means that high and high densities are needed for ions to reach Saha LT conditions. Now can we find some tools to easily calculate Saha LT spectra? Yes we have such a tool at our database let me show you an example. So again you go to the NIST Atomic Spectra database line form that we saw on Monday. I was talking about crocheting diagrams, other criteria but here is this little part on the left that is called dynamic plots. These are plots that you can generate and Saha LT spectrum is one of them. Now again to generate Saha LT spectrum you need only energies, statistical weights which are 2J plus 1 and transition probabilities and this is exactly what we have in database. We do not have cross sections because from the beginning the NIST Atomic Spectra database was about spectroscopy not collisions but this is enough to get some spectrum. So let's take a look. Carbon, okay let's start from scratch. So let's take something like iron first five ionization stages and let's take the range of equivalent particles comes from 300 to 500 nanometers because we need not too high temperature. Okay we select Saha LT spectrum. We need not too high temperature to really have these ions most above so let's take maybe three electron volts. The density 10 to the 20 should be alright. If we want to build not spectrum as simple bars but widened profiles we can use this option for Doppler broaden spectrum but here we should put relatively high ion temperature let's say 200,000, 20,000 electron volts so the profiles are really wide. Okay let's see what we get now. Iron has quite a few lines so it takes a little while to get the data so you see it shows that we have 2057 lines and of course you need lines that have information about transition probability so otherwise you will get no results and here at the bottom at the end of this long output table you see different options for the plots so if we look at the PNG file you see the Saha LT generated spectrum. In addition here on the right you see the calculated distribution of population over ionization stages so at this particular density and this particular temperature iron 2 is the most populated, iron 3 has 26% of the total population sensor 4 and you can look at the spectra and use them if your plasma is really dense and close to Saha LT condition. Okay so let's move on. Now when we look at the spectrum one can we expect deviations from Saha LT? One is obvious we already were talking about the densities we really want density to be pretty high to reach Saha LT but you remember that Saha LT basically corresponds to the situation when you have a collaboration between direct and inverse process and if our plasma is non-maxwellian that is you have let's say bulk of electron have maxwellian distribution but you may have some hot tails or hot electrons then the distribution of electrons is non-equilibrium and therefore the distribution of populations in your atoms ions becomes non-equilibrium as well so you have deviation from LT in non-maxwellian plasmas if you have unbalanced processes if you have an isotropy in your plasmas external field so all these things results in various types of deviation from Saha LT. So Saha LT is high density what happens at the other side of densities. The other limiting case is of course the coronal equilibrium that corresponds to low electron densities of course the name comes from the studies of solar corona and if by any chance you are in the United States on August 21 you have a chance to see the total solar eclipse. The timing is certainly very good it will happen around 1 p.m. the shadow of the moon will enter the west coast I think around Oregon and then crosses the whole country the peak of the eclipse will happen around Tennessee Kentucky it's not too long only two minutes and forty seconds at the peak but still it's very worthwhile scene. Okay so what's the difference between coronal model and Saha LT approach. In coronal model we think that the electron density is so low that the collisions happen very early and therefore excitations and ionization only happen from the ground state so if this is the scheme of energy level in particular ion and solid lines show you possible all possible collisional excitation or de-excitation we let's say neglect everything except for direct excitation from the ground state and sometimes you also include metastable state that they're pretty well populated in atoms and ions. We remember that radiative properties do not depend on the electron density and collisional processes go as n e or n is squared and of course if your density is very small then collisional properties collisional process become less and less probable than the radiative one. Now because collisions are indeed important here in the sense that this is the real way to move electron from the ground state to excited state coronal model does require a complete set of collisional cross-sections and this is the difference from Saha LT where we don't need cross-section we need just Boltzmann formula and that's it. Now generally speaking here we only need excitations and we can neglect the excitation but in general case do we have to calculate separately excitation processes and de-excitation and the answer is no if we know excitation we can immediately derive de-excitation and this derivation of connection between these two types of cross-sections can be illustrated by the principle of detail balance. So let's say we have a two level system excitation de-excitation and in equilibrium what comes up is exactly equilibrated but what comes down. So we neglect all radiation just for illustration of this connection between excitation and de-excitation. In thermodynamic equilibrium these two levels are connected by Boltzmann formula or their populations and therefore substituting Nj and Ni in here we get connection between rate coefficients for excitation and de-excitation they are just connected with the exponent. Now each rate coefficient is an integral over Maxwell distribution the difference is that for excitation we have excitation threshold and therefore the integral starts from the threshold delta E. For de-excitation electron with any antigen as small as it can only be can approach the atom atomic electron goes down gives the excess of energy to the passing by electron therefore here the integral starts from zero. We can do substitution of the integration variable in this form so that finally we have connection between excitation and de-excitation cross-section in this formula and this should be valid for any value of temperature there was no real indication what kind of temperature it is in this derivation which means that the integrants must be equal also and therefore finally we come to this very nice connection between excitation and de-excitation cross-section and therefore it means that if we have excitation we can immediately determine de-excitation cross-section or even rates if we rate coefficient if we need them to be calculated. Now what happens with line intensities on the coronal equilibrium? Again we can rather easily calculate the intensity for two level system in the balance equation what comes from the let's say ground state to the excited level and this is population of the ground state times rate times excitation rate is exactly equilibrated by the radiative decay from the upper level which would be its population times radiative rate. From here it follows first of all that the population of the upper level is proportion to electron density and because coronal equilibrium is characterized by low density it means that the populations of excited states in corona are typically very, very small. You remember in Boltzmann you just have delta E over T and T can be different which means that the difference between let's say ground state and first excited is not that small but here we have basically very small factor electron density which tells us that if we look at the total population of an ion it's really only the ground state under coronal equilibrium that has any substantial population all other levels have very small population but from here even more important conclusion follows. Now the intensity of the line is a product of level population, radiative transition probability and energy and these two factors are exactly what we have here therefore we can just substitute them with ground state population and excitation. Basically this formula tells you that under coronal equilibrium the intensities of spectral lines actually do not depend on radiative transition probabilities and this sounds quite natural. Let's say we have two levels and collisions happen very early because the electron density is low so electron goes from the ground state to the upper level and the next collision will happen nobody knows when in very large time so therefore this long, long time between collision is actually larger than the typical radiative lifetime so the electron will always have a chance to drop down in the midi-forten therefore practically for each collisional excitation we will have one photon and therefore the number of photons which actually is the intensity is directly related to the number of collisions. Now this is of course simplified a scheme of just two levels. If we have more than one possible radiative transition from the upper level of course we have to take them into account. At the end we have a branching ratio entering the intensity of each particular line from the upper level but the idea basically is the same. It's really the collisions that are important for determination of line intensities under coronal equilibrium. Now in SAHA LTE the most abundant ion is produced when temperature is significantly lower than ionization potential for coronal equilibrium lower densities the ratio is less, the ratio is smaller so you need temperatures that are typically a factor of three only smaller than the ionization potential and this condition is actually valid for light and medium elements in the periodic system like nuclear charts let's say smaller than 30. Probably we'll have a chance to look at what happens at higher z's but for astrophysical purposes at least from where the coronal equilibrium comes this ratio is generally quite valid. Now the ionization balance in coronal equilibrium does not depend on electron density. You remember again in SAHA we had this factor one over n e density increases we have more and more recombination shift ionization balance to lower ionization stage this is not the case in corona why? The main processes that establish ionization balance in coronal equilibrium are electron impact ionization which is proportional to electron density and photorecombination and dielectronic recombination both of which are also proportional to the electron density. The three body recombination which generally is present here is proportional to n e squared and because n e is small we can completely neglect it for coronal equilibrium and of course n e simply cancels out and therefore the ratio of population between two neighboring ions and also the total ionization distribution becomes completely independent on electron density. Now we already know what happens for SAHA at high dense so let's say we are looking at the log of the ratio of population between two ions z plus one and z again the ionization proceeds mainly through electron impact we have both photorecombination photorecombination dielectronic recombination three body recombination pushing balance to low z we remember that SAHA has one over n e dependence at higher electron densities corona gives us concentration at low density question is what happens in between now certainly you would at first thing that ok these two curves are connected by smooth curve here but this is not really the case actually when you increase density moving from coronal condition to higher electron densities. First you produce more ionization and this happens simply because the excited states become more and more populated. You remember in corona the population of each excited state is proportional to electron density and of course it's negligible if density is very small and therefore if we consider ionization in corona it's only direct ionization from the ground state maybe metastable that contributes but density increases you excited states become more and more populated and suddenly they start contributing to ionization particularly because the ionization potential from those states is much smaller than ionization potential from the ground state and therefore cross section SAHA therefore rate coefficients and rate are higher and therefore there is always range of electron densities where excited state become contributing to ionization and then of course at the end at higher densities you reach SAHA condition and the whole ionization balance changes to typical SAHA behavior ok we have few more minutes before the break so let's discuss few more things. Now we already learned that radiative processes and collisional processes depend differently within an ion. Radiation transition probabilities drop when we go high in N typical is one over N cube and on the other hand collisions become stronger and stronger when we move high in N again this is bound state continuum so if we even start from coronal condition when radiative processes are much stronger than collisional for lower bound state moving up in this tower of atomic states we will definitely reach situation when collisions become as strong as radiation and then collision will become much stronger than radiation this simply means that in any plasma if you go sufficiently high in principal quantum numbers you will reach situation when distribution of population between this level switches from corona to LTE that is to Boltzmann. Now where it actually happens depends on several factors of course it depends on electron density because you always have electron density factor for collisions it depends on ion charge it's very weakly depends on electron temperature because certainly the main collisional transition that establish Boltzmann distribution here are transition between neighboring levels and for them energy difference is much smaller than electron temperature so you can for instance use this formula again there are several different formulas that try to describe transition from coronal distribution for lower bound states to partial LTE p means partial here for higher bound state this is one of the formulas also derived by Grimm and you see that the dependence on temperature is really weak it's 1 over 17 power for electron density for electron temperature for density is just slightly higher but still you can use it to see but the bottom line here is that there's always part in your atom ion that will be in LTE and those are the higher levels okay it's exactly 950 and probably this is a good place to stop for 10 minute break and we will continue with collisional radiative model after that.


Here's how a teacher might use I-do, we-do, you-do in a science lesson about growing a plant from seed. For the I-do section, the teacher demonstrates and explains how to plant a seed in a cup. The teacher takes a small cup and fills it with soil, plants a seed in it, and then waters it. For we-do, the students follow the same process along with the teacher. Then they place all of their cups by a window. For the you-do, the teacher could say, now each of you can take a seed home and plant it yourself.


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Good morning, everyone. On this Monday, the 4th of March, we're looking at the Dow. There's a 10 o'clock Tiger Financial News Network market update. Down 65, yep, 65. At 39,024, the S&P was a little week earlier. It's come back. It's now down 5 at 5131, all-time high on Friday in that Chapman Wave inside track repellent zone. We're looking at the QQQ. Let me just get this right. There it is. Down a little bit from Friday. It's down just $1 at 444.66, having made a leg D on Friday, all-time high. Let's just go to the IWM to see. Is this coming on strong? Yes, it is. It's up $1.28, $207.16, a new recovery high. It's a multi-year high, actually. We're looking at the S&P up, let's see. It's up $283, $223.37, all-time high. Watching this really closely, I can't believe the number of round numbers I'm looking at. What does it mean, after all? Looking at the bonds, bonds are now down half a point at 119 and 1930 seconds. Gold's had a real nice move from Friday. Even today, it's up 11. It's a $2107. It's about to test that left-side high that we were talking about yesterday. That was the high. Let me get it right now before we go to the break. That was the high of the 28th of December of 2117, 2117.6. That was the continuous contract high. We've hit 21.0 today. This is pretty good action. The dollar's not really pulling back much. It's down just a penny, just one tick, that is, at 103.85. Crude oil. Crude oil had a very strong move. Land deeds may be making a peak deed today at 79.70, down 26 cents. Still doing very well, considering that it's pushing above the 200-period moving average. We're going to be watching this. We want to watch 77.50 as key support this week. I wonder if it can even touch 82 for grotties again. We'll be back in a moment for the Tiger Technicians Hour. Check out my opening cold and newsletter. See you in a few minutes.