Welcome to JSA TV, where we're covering the latest stories, trends, and innovations from leaders in global connectivity, real estate, the channel, and the networks within. Buffy Hierarchetus of JSA and joining me today is Kelly Danzinger. She is with Informa Tech, the leading international events, digital services, and academic knowledge business. They are headquartered in the UK. But obviously, Kelly is here today with us, live from Channel Partners 2024. She is also a longstanding partner of JSA's. Kelly, welcome. Well, thank you. It's always a pleasure to see you. And we love and appreciate the support that you give to the world's largest channel event every single year. So thank you so much for being with us. Absolutely. It is our honor and our pleasure. So let's just dive right in. And we're so excited to talk about the MSP Summit, the largest channel partners event to date. Here in Las Vegas, why don't you tell viewers a little bit more about the show and what they can expect and what's in store. The floor just opened. Yes, absolutely. So we just kicked off the main show floor of Channel Partners Conference and Expo, where there's over 300 exhibiting companies here. We have over 7,500 registered attendees. We're, as we've been growing this event, and we added the MSP Summit three years ago to this event, we are now seeing a shift in our audience that's almost a 50-50 split between IT service partners as well as telco agents. So you're really seeing the Channel Unite here at Channel Partners Conference and Expo, which is really exciting. And that's a theme, right? It is Channel Unite. Channel Unite. We are united. So super excited to be a part of this event this year. So what are some of the topics that are being discussed? I know right before we went live, we were talking a little bit about AI. Oh, yeah. A lot about AI. But I think you have some amazing insights that you can give our viewers about how the channel, and this show in particular, is approaching and discussing AI. Absolutely. So I think AI is impacting every single one of us in our personal lives. Absolutely. It is, I mean, AI has been around, generative AI has been around for a long time, but it's really been in the past, I would say, 12 to 18 months that it's become a household term and something that we're seeing our children using.  And I'm like, you need to fact check some of this stuff. But that's what we're seeing here at this event. Every single conversation, every keynote, whether it's a question asked, it's just organically coming up because it is impacting all of our clients because the partners now are getting asked by their customers, can I trust this? How can I use this? What are some of the business benefits for us to use this? So we are the first channel event this year, and possibly at all, that has ever covered what is a scalable model for AI? And how can the partners be upselling this to their customers in a way that they're showcasing the value of outcome for their customers? So there's so many different ways to go about this, but some of the things that you're coming up with that you'll learn about in our AI symposium, which we have going on this week, are trusting the sources, making sure that what you're hearing is credible and factual. And then how are you securing this? Businesses want to know, do I be scared of this? Is this going to destroy my business? Or, and from the vendor standpoint, they're talking about, they've done a lot of research and a lot of implementation of their products and services on how it can really create better business outcomes and at a fraction of the cost. So there's a lot to be learned and I'm excited about our AI symposium myself because it's something that I think that's the top of mind for all of us.  So what an amazing idea to bring this AI-specific symposium to this conference. And the channel's obviously a dynamic growing environment.  In this environment for a very long time and we've seen it grow. I mean, even the show, just with the numbers of exhibitors and attendees year after year. I mean, what do you see as some of the biggest opportunities for the channel in the year ahead? Yeah, so I mean, the opportunities, obviously AI's huge for the partners, but it's the collaboration and the coming together. We talked about this this morning on one of our keynote presentations and the question I asked our panelists, are you seeing a change right now with MSPs and agents, your partners, are you starting to see them work together? And the answer to that was yes. Years ago we were talking about there was gonna be convergence, right? Now it's not convergence, it's collaboration. And it's all in the name of how do you better serve your customer? And that's the end game. So the big opportunity right now is to have those conversations. And this event fosters that because we bring, we're the only event that brings the entire channel together. And when you're looking at it in a partner split, an audience split that's almost 50-50, there's a lot of opportunities for the collaboration, the conversation. And a lot of these partners are serving the same end user customers. So how do we work together to provide a seamless outcome for our customers? That's amazing, collaboration. Channel United here from Las Vegas with one of the best in the industry, Kelly Danzinger. So thank you so much, Kelly, for joining us. Is there anything else you wanna add today? No, just thank you so much for having me and I wish everybody here a fantastic event and we really appreciate your support. And thank you viewers for tuning in to another episode of JSA TV, live from Channel Partners 2024. Stay curious, stay connected, stay united, and happy networking.


This study found that providing preconception nutrition education with regular follow-ups can improve knowledge and adherence to the iron folic acid supplement IFAS, intake among women in Ethiopia. This intervention is short, simple, cost-effective and has the potential for adaptation development to a large-scale implementation in the existing healthcare system in Ethiopia to prevent neural tube defects and adverse birth outcomes among women who plan to get pregnant. This article was authored by Anteneh Bahanei and Tefra Bailatu.


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I'm Corbin. I'm Rick Instagram Twitter I'm on juicy content. Juicy content. I'm a patron official Twitter account Ranveer doesn't but he talks to the thing You know you're watching Anyway, uh today, uh, what are we doing right? I don't know. I'm either at least I'm not pooping in my pants. That'd be entertaining I disagree with Wholeheartedly that would that would draw a lot of attention. I'm gonna do it. No, uh today. It's a new I'll have to so molly. I would I poop for you. I do molly all them teaser I believe it came out a little like a week ago. I'm sorry. We missed it. I apologize It's called muddy. Ah, uh, put in your pants. Yeah, it's with uh, dr Pragebhaal Jovkin and redan Krishna Muddy is India's first off-road mud race right on Movie directed by dr Pragebhaal under the banner of pk7 creation starring Jovan and redan krishnan lead roles. Excellent. So off-road mud racing Malyalam film mud racing on foot or mud racing in vehicles because we've got mud racing here for like Like spartan races, but they're what are the mud mud mud runs mud runs. Yeah. Yeah, I've wanted to do one of those I've done spartan. I've done it twice a mud run. I've done the warrior dash And then there was another one. I've done spartan race, but I haven't done. Yeah, they're fun.   Nope. Yeah, you did We all did everybody poops your pants It's teaser Great job to the entire team that did all of the editing and the sound and put that all together in the cinematography Also, that's how you do for uh that kind of putting their names in the yeah there because they're why that was so good That looked really good. Look really good like in terms I don't know what it's outside if it's about a race and mud if it's 90 minutes of that I'll have a great time. Yeah, and it but the cinematography was gorgeous like this made it look like A beautiful like almost tourism. Yeah for like a mud run, but with beautiful cinematography and jeeps Like And it's a Mali album. So, you know, it's probably going to be a A really good uh high artistry Because that's normally what we've gotten from them and I bet I bet someone pooped the pants I thought I recognized one guy. I thought that was the guy from love. The main guy Really? Like but I it doesn't look like it is i'm i'm i'm looking on the I think it was just he had a beard and I I mistook mistook him for um I thought I recognized somebody though, but yeah, a lot of these look like New people. It's like this is like their only credit. Well, maybe they're mud racers and that's why they got them and they use real actual mud racers Muddy is an adventurous thrilling movie that has several breathtaking moves Which has brilliantly done by our artist without any dupes. Yeah, so they're these are legit mud drivers Like for example when you see mud race that the mud race is choreographed by Choreographed what is this entire thing just about the cinematography because that would be fantastic Like the star. This is the cinema talk. We've had films like that before. Yeah, and like the cinematographer is this star KG isn't that what they said in the yeah, yeah, yeah, okay No, I thought you meant in the credits clearly in doctor. No But I okay, when does it come out? When does it come out because this looks really good? I would definitely watch this just based off of that. I'd be like this looks fun and it looks good Is a combination of a revenge action thriller adventure family drama humor and I love I love To see this on a big screen. I don't know that we'll get it here mud racing and stunts were filmed Realistically by the artists without any dupes. We have captured the adventures and interesting locations Which aren't framed in any movie till date also the real mud race event with modified vehicles was conducted For a few days. I love to give you all this information. So it looks like they just had mud racers Yep, do this and they filmed it with drones and they filmed them doing it Yeah, they filmed them doing a thing which it reminds me if you see Captain Phillips with Tom Hanks Which you should if you haven't seen it good film There is this isn't giving any spoilers away But there is a point in the film where Navy SEALs are incorporated into the film and they are actual Retired Navy SEALs so they're not gonna give their secrets away, but when you see them doing their thing That's actual Navy SEALs. You're seeing doing their thing. Yeah. Yeah, I was impressed I would definitely have the teaser.  That looks really good. So let us know what else you didn't know about this Is that like a big thing in in Kerala? The mud racing? Cool me your pants. Yeah The mud racing like this vehicle mud racing. I guess it must be it's a big thing all over then we have mud Stuff here. It's very redneck thing to do down south not racing but like mudding No, it's just you just take your truck. Yes, very very common from Texas all the way across to the east coast in the south Very common if it's a rainy day, you'll see people in their trucks going out and finding a spot with mud in it and just Yeah, it was big in Texas. Yeah, very big but anyways, let us know what else we know down Oh


During Northern Strike we have coalition firefighters here and they did a single-story structural fire With we smoked it up During the incident. We didn't have any victims or anything like that. We just wanted them to establish command run the incident and Be able to mitigate any type of risks that were associated with the fire at the beginning of the day We mixed up all the crews put them all on trucks and we said you guys are gonna get calls today We're not telling you what it is or what the call is going to be You just got to be prepared for everything like a normal firefighter would be and it is dark You can't see anything and you can't hear anything It's real difficult to hear the radio when you have all that equipment and gear on and when you're going in there You're basically feeling along a wall to try to find stuff Well, one guy stretching out trying to find victims on the ground It's kind of cool because you're seeing multiple countries Who don't know each other's tactics have to work together as a team Figure out what the incident is and then try to mitigate it and then after we're done We give them immediate feedback on Hey, this went good. This was bad This is what you need to work on next time when we do this again Try to fix these key things to make it better So I think individuals got to be able to calm in the middle of of a storm But also have the adrenaline and the push to go in there and try to save someone I think the Alpena CRTC is a great place to train. We have state-of-the-art training center here Now that we're a part of the NADWIC it opens it up to all services to train here and do different exercises I really think that more people that come here the better trainer will be and a better help the mission And a better help our coalition firefighters to make them a better fire department


Hello and welcome. Now to get to some practical examples. First of all, I will show you, I will show you the 80 slave assist in the... So if we send a simple 80, it should reply with okay. If we send 80 plus question mark, it will list all the commands. We need 80 conf first. So I have prepared a simple command that will transmit the or set the radio to 860 megahertz, spreading factor 12, etc., etc. Basically you can find all these parameters in the tconf right here. So it's defining coding rate, etc. And now if I do 80 plus ttone, it should transmit the unmodulated signal. So now if I add the cube monitor, what I would do if I had a clean dashboard, I can simply click import in here, select the file to import. I would go to my repository, find the WL package, projects, nuclear WL applications, lower one, lower one 80 slave. And here, as I mentioned, is the cube monitor folder. And here we can find the JSON that can be loaded into the cube monitor. So I will click cancel because I have everything imported. It will look just exactly like this, with the exception that the serial ports are not configured yet. I have them configured right now, but just for a showing purpose, I will change one of those and I will click deploy. And now I can hook up the dashboard, which is the graphical interface of the flows. Yeah, so basically I'm transmitting from this one the tone and the other one is receiving and measuring the RSSI. So as you can see, we have minus 16 dBm, which is very good signal. And I can also switch that. So 80 stop test. Now to configure it again, and this time I will measure the RSSI on this one. As you can see, I have minus 17, 117 dBm, so that means basically anything is received. And if I start here the transmission, I should get, yeah, I have a value of minus 14 dBm. So that is basically what the cube monitor is accessing. And now if I, this is the very basic test. So you have RSSI test and continuous wave test. So you can use one Nucleo and your PCB as the other board or just anything you need. If you need to measure it on then more precise equipment, you just generate the tone and that's it. So now I will switch my second port. So I will close this one. And now to configure this one, I need to click deploy again to have the changes. Click the dashboard. And now I should have both of the Nucleos connected together. And also show you like this. Now we can do a very simple test. I will reduce the power because they are right next to each other. So we have a bandwidth of 125 and a spreading factor of 12, conging rate 4 from 6. And as you can see, it's performing a very simple packet error rate test. So one board is transmitting, the other one is receiving and it's counting how many was received and what are the parameters of the signal connection. So we had a very strong signal, good signal to measure ratio and packet error rate is also zero. So good connection. I can also modify the parameters to have a higher bit rate. So it will perform faster now. You can also configure to use multiple frequencies. So it's transmitting only on 863 megahertz, but by step it goes higher. Now if you are also interested or if you are not interested in Lora, this flow also provides the very same tests for the FSK modulation. So you can test the very same things in here. The last test is a simple TXRX. So basically it's a fusion of the two I showed before. So one board is transmitting, the other one is receiving. So I will lower the TX power and start the boost. As you can see, one is transmitting, the other one is receiving. And now we can play a little bit more because if I cover the antenna, it should go a little to a little worse signal. Or if I add something more interesting, it should go even lower. And you can see how the radio is performing if you cover it, if you shield it, or whatever you need in your application. So what the note should we stand? Oh, it is disconnected just now. My cable is not very good. It goes lower. This is basically most of the application. There's also a little theoretical part that is the Lora airtime. So we can count or theoretically calculate how much time on air the transmission would be. So with the spreading factor bent wide, etc. As you can see, if I reduce the spreading factor, we will be faster, only 328 milliseconds, for example. So very simple application to quickly calculate the time on air. And the last part is the AT command. So basically, these applications also including a terminal. And you can also see what is sent to the device. So as I was configuring it manually, here is also the same command to configure the radio. There are some tone tests, and then some data comes in. This is all from my site. Thank you for your attention.


His Excellency Narendra Modi Prime Minister, let me start by congratulating you and the people of India for celebrating 75 years of independence. I also want to express my admiration for your strong leadership on handling the pandemic. India has continued to expand its profile as a major global power, also by providing vaccines and other medical supplies to so many countries. So it's no doubt that India will play a critical role in leading the exit from the pandemic and in driving global economic recovery and post-pandemic course. Highlighting says India is expected to grow by 8.5% this year. India has also been at the forefront of thriving global action and climate change and green transition by leading global movements such as the International Solar Alliance, your landmark and Jamerit pledge at COP26 and through national initiatives such as the National Hydrogen Mission. For over 40 years, Mr. Prime Minister, I have always been a strong believer in India and even more so in its fourth industrial revolution. With its young population, technical powers and a knack for innovation, India has the potential to shape the global agenda, particularly by assuming the G20 German ship next year. Prime Minister, it is amazing that in 2021, in the middle of the pandemic, India has had 44 new unicorns and this is a testament to your nation's spirit of innovation and entrepreneurship. I now welcome His Excellency Narendra Modi for the State of the World Address at the World Economic Forum's Davos agenda. Prime Minister, the floor is yours. Good evening. On behalf of 1.3 billion Indians, I convey greetings to luminaries from across the world who are participating in today's session of the World Economic Forum. As I speak to you today, India is fighting cautiously and vigilantly a new wave of the COVID pandemic at the same time. On the economic front as well, India is moving forward with many results that give us hope. Today, India is not only full of enthusiasm about it being the 75th anniversary of its independence, but is also infused with self-confidence, having administered 1.6 billion vaccine doses in just one year. Friends, a strong democracy like India has given the entire world a gift, a beautiful gift. It has given the world a bouquet of hope. This bouquet has the unwavering faith of us Indians in democracy. This bouquet has technology to empower the 21st century. This bouquet has the temperament of Indians and the talent of Indians. The multilingual, multicultural environment that we Indians live in is a very big strength, not just for India, but for the entire world. This strength teaches us to not just think of ourselves in times of crisis, but to work in the world's best interest. During the COVID pandemic, we have seen how in keeping with the one earth, one health vision, India has saved millions of lives by sending essential medicines and vaccines to several countries today. India is the third largest producer of pharmaceutical products in the world. It is pharmacy to the world. Today, India is among those countries in the world where doctors and health professionals are winning everyone's trust thanks to their sensitiveness and expertise. Friends, sensitiveness can be assessed during a time of crisis. However, India's capabilities are at this time an example for the entire world. It is during this crisis that India's IT sector has worked day and night to save all the countries of the world from a very difficult situation. Today, India sends out a record number of software engineers into the world. Over five million software developers are working in India. Today, India has the third largest number of unicorns in the world. Over 10,000 startups have been registered in the last six months. Today, India has one of the world's biggest secure and successful digital payments platforms. If I just speak about the last one month, over 4.4 billion transactions have taken place on India's United Payments interface. Friends, the digital infrastructure developed and adopted by India in the last few years has today become a great strength of India. Technological solutions such as the Arogya Setu app for tracking COVID infections the COVID portal for vaccination are a matter of pride for India. The online facility that India's COVID portal gives us for everything from booking slots for vaccination to generating certificates has attracted the attention of people from many developed countries. Friends, there was a time when India's identity was its licensed rule. The government controlled most things. I understand all the challenges that have been related to doing business in India. We are making continuous efforts to solve each of these challenges. Today, India is promoting the ease of doing business. It is bringing government intervention down to the minimum by simplifying and reducing its corporate tax rates. India has made them the most competitive in the world. In just the last year, we have done away with over 25,000 compliances by carrying out reforms related to retrospective taxes. We have been able to regain the confidence of the business community. Several sectors such as drones, space, geospatial mapping have also been deregulated. Big reforms have been carried out in India in the area of outdated telecom regulations related to the ITU and BPO sectors. Friends, India is committed to becoming a trusted partner for the world in the area of global supply chains. We are working with several countries on creating paths to free trade agreements with them. The capacity Indians have for innovation and their ability to adopt new technology. The spirit of enterprise can energize each of our global partners. It is therefore the best time to invest in India. Entrepreneurship among India's youth has today reached new heights. Whereas in 2014, there were just a couple of hundred registered startups in India. Today, their number has grossed 60,000. Among them, there are over 80 unicorns of which over 40 were created just in 2021. Just as expat Indians are demonstrating their skills on the global stage, the same way. Friends, Indian youth are totally ready and eager to work with you to take your businesses to new heights in India. Friends, India's commitment to deep economic reforms is another big reason why today India has remained the most attractive destination for investment. During the COVID pandemic, while the world was focusing on interventions such as quantitative easing programs, India was strengthening the path to reforms. The biggest projects to modernize digital and physical infrastructure were given unprecedented impetus during the COVID pandemic itself. Over 600,000 villages in the country are being connected through optical fiber. We are investing in particular $1.3 trillion on connectivity-related infrastructure. We have set ourselves the target of generating $80 billion through innovative financing tools such as asset monetization for our development. In order to bring all stakeholders on one platform, India has also started the Gatisakti National Master Plan. Under this national master plan, we are working in an integrated manner on infrastructure planning, development, and implementation. This will also give new impetus to seamless connectivity for the movement of goods, people, and services. Friends, India that is on the path to self-reliance is focusing not only on making processes easier, but also on incentivizing investment and production. It is following this approach that today, production-linked incentive schemes valued at $26 billion have been implemented in 14 sectors. Our $10 billion investment plan to build the fab, ship, and display industry shows how committed we are to making global supply chain smooth. We are moving forward with our resolve to make in India and make for the world. Today, apart from in telecom, insurance, defense, aerospace sectors, there are unlimited possibilities in the area of semiconductors as well. Friends, today, India is making policies and taking decisions not only for the present, but keeping in mind our targets for the next 25 years. During this period, India has set targets for high growth and welfare and wellness for all. This period of growth will be green, it will be clean, it will be sustainable, and it will be reliable as well. In keeping with our tradition of making big commitments for global good and fulfilling them, we have set ourselves the target of achieving net zero emissions by 2070.


I'm presenting the work that Nature Conservancy has been conducting in San Felix since 2008, 2009, in a region called San Felix do Xingu. This is a map of the Brazilian Amazon. San Felix is highlighted in yellow. It's a quite big location, roughly the same size of Portugal, and it's located right in the border of the so-called arc of deforestation, which we have kindly renamed arc of grain development. And why San Felix? It has huge scale and roughly 8.4 million actors. It has diversified stakeholders, so conservation units, small holders, medium and large holders, indigenous groups, and very high deforestation rates historically over 1.7% here. And at the same time has still very large forest remains. And the main drivers of deforestation and degradation is mainly cattle. San Felix do Xingu is the municipality that has the biggest herd in Brazil over 2.2 million heads. But also beyond cattle ranching, we also have illegal appropriation of public lands, illegal logging, and inadequate governance. So put that together, we'll have those huge deforestations index that I just mentioned. And as a result, in 2008, this municipality was included in a priority list of municipalities in Brazil. I'm not sure if everyone is aware of this, but it's known as the blacklist. It's issued by the Brazilian environmental ministers. And once a municipality is included on that list, it faces some sanctions from the economic point of view for producing and for selling the products, besides being very bad press media, which is something that brings people to think about their current situation. The Conservancy was invited for the region in 2009 after the municipality was included in the blacklist. And to be honest, we were not very well received. For those of you who read Portuguese, it's written in that sign, we are workers. We need to be respected. So that was the day we actually arrived in San Felix. There were literally hundreds of workers, rural workers, speaking up against the visitors that were NGOs, environmental NGOs. There were federal and state agencies that were visiting to dialogue regarding how to get the municipality removed from the blacklist. So it was clearly a social clash that was happening in that location. And a first fundamental step was the development of a pact, a pact to end illegal deforestation in San Felix that was forged with many local and state and federal institutions, including producers' associations, meat producers, NGOs, municipal and state governments. And it was a pact that established goals and methods to get the municipality out of the list, which included, of course, reducing deforestation drastically. And it was also formed a commission of the pact composed of 22 institutions that monitors the progress and make suggestions for decision-making regarding how to drive the development of the municipality. This table provides a summary of the strategies that were agreed among the stakeholders. You will notice that the total area, it's 11 million actors that's different from the 8.4, and there's a reason for that. If you're curious to hear about it, you ask me later because we have a shortening time. But we have mainly settlements. We have conservation units, indigenous lands, and private lands, small, medium, and large. And for each one of these land tenure types, a number of strategies were developed and are being employed. A fundamental step after setting the coalition was to develop and implement what it's known in Brazil as Cadastro Ambiental Rural, or Rural Environmental Registry. It's a simple concept. It's like an ID of a property.  So the same concept applies to a property and has the geographical boundaries of that property, as well as an assessment of the environmental conditions of that property against the current Brazilian legal framework or the forest code. And why is this so important? Because it allows the deforestation attribution. So it's no news that Brazil has a good monitoring for deforestation in place. That is almost real time. So there's the deter, there's the produce. So we've known for many years where deforestation is happening and how big it is. But we could not, as a country, identify who was responsible for that deforestation. So by linking the data from produce, the deforestation data with the data from the land registry, we're now able to make an overlap and identify the responsibles and provide attribution to whomever is compliant or not with the legal environmental legislation. And this graph indicates the evolution of car in the municipality. The lighter line indicates the area, which has been put inside the public system, the monitoring system of the land registry. And the darker line indicates the number of properties. So we have roughly 3.8 million actors in the system and over 7,000 properties included in the system in that single municipality. This was a response, if you will, of the deforestation over the years. So it had over 79, roughly 80% of reduction from the average of years before. However, the command and control is not enough. It has short life. The usual cycle of opening a forest in Amazon, especially when you're dealing with the cattle ranching, is that you open the forest, you put grass, use it for five, seven years. Without any sort of management, the soil gets degraded. The pasture doesn't grow anymore. The producer moves to a new area in order to maintain his livelihoods. And to address that, we put together a project, our initiative that is a bunch of projects together called Sustainable Beef from Farm to Fork and includes big players of the issue, such as Marfrig, which is a second largest beef industry in Brazil, one of the biggest also in the world, and also Walmart. So we're dealing with different aspects of the production chain to enhance the way cattle ranching is done and also to improve the policies of the companies that buy the production in order to remove the illegal cattle or cattle related to deforestation. And that's mostly for medium and large producers or landholders, because they're the one who grow the cattle fat. We're also dealing with the small holders, mainly with cocoa, also working throughout the production chain. In this case, we're working with a local cooperative with the Cargill, which is a very big buyer of cocoa seeds and state agencies that provide technical support for local producers and idea is to use cocoa as a crop to restore the graded lands. In addition to be an alternative for a ranching is also being used to restore the graded lands. And also small holders take part in the cattle chain production by producing the cows. So the small holders produce the cows and pass along to the medium and larger. So we're working with different stakeholders which in the same supply chain as well. And we have a jurisdiction approach. So we're looking not only the private lands and there are many indigenous lands in that location. And we're working mainly with two of those lands, Trincheira Bacajá and Apiterewa and basically following what the recent Brazil national policy for indigenous lands management mandates which is to develop management plan for indigenous lands to support sustainable development, conservation, patrol and so on. And so we implemented that and also development agreements between the indigenous groups and the farmers and ranchers which are surrounding them. Historical conflicts are high in that region but we've been able to provide some good examples of good neighborhoods among farmers, ranchers and indigenous folks as well as big companies that are locally operating, mainly miners, huge mining companies. We are providing a guide of good business practice for companies whenever their business relate to indigenous folks. And one, it's a conceptual work but one of the locations where the concept is being applied initially it's in that location related to the mining sector and ranching as well. Some of the major challenges. So we need to consolidate the multistakeholder approach mainly regarding indigenous participation. There's a commission that includes the diversity of stakeholders locally. Indigenous participation is still weak so in order for us to have a real territorial approach we need to reinforce and make sure there's a proper indigenous preparation and officialize if you will some forms of governance that includes the diversity of stakeholders locally. Also what we call social deforestation is the deforestation that comes after family agriculture for subsistence mainly. Last year it accounted for roughly 50% of the overall deforestation in some Felix and it's characterized by small plots of deforestations less than 10 hectares. And that the overall social deforestation contribution to some Felix has remained somehow stable over the past decade. So we have an overall decrease of deforestation but the parcel, the contribution of social deforestation has somehow remained stable. And so that's a huge challenge and many, many more producers than the large ones and a number of strategists to deal with that. The command and control or the land registry system it's a great thing but it's not done, it's not finished yet. So there's still a lot of capacity need to be installed to monitor and monitor progress and local capacities, regulations, so it's not done. So it's again a big challenge. The strategy of improving ranching and cocoa as conservation strategies for some people is sort of natural approach but some orders, especially some government agencies but also donor agencies is sort of a new so we need to ensure we have efficiency demonstrated in order to advance that agenda further. Land titling again, aligning with the results of the study. It's a big bottleneck because in order for producers to make the transition from the current production system of cattle to the new one more sustainable there must be capital available for them. Capital comes from the credit lines. Credit lines demand lengthen your titles. Those producers don't have the titling. It's a big problem in the Amazon as a whole and that's in region as well. So without the title it's hard to access the credit. So we need to solve the credit and the land issues together. Once we have solved that we need to have capacity to implement technical systems for improved techniques at scale. This is not available yet. And finally solve environmental, I miss an over there, solve environmental liabilities at scale either by restoration or compensation. That's it what I have for today. Thank you so much.


I think we can start. The plan for this morning, ladies and gentlemen, is that we continue with the sociale marked Vetschhaft, political economy. I made a typo on my slides last time. So I apologize for that. I forgot the E, sociale. And I think there was a complication about or here with the C, I put the C somewhere else, Vetschhaft economy, social market economy. This is what we've been talking about, economic policymaking. But this morning, I'll look at the social part of the sociale part of the social market economy. So we've talked more about the economic aspects of social market economy. So this morning, I'm planning to talk about the social policy aspects of social market economy. But just to be on the safe side, let's look at this very quickly. We're talking about the market aspects here, combination of competitive economy, market economy, and the generous welfare state, which we shall be talking about this morning. And policies are generally interactive and supporting the markets. We have a flexible system in which we have regulation. But the state provides framework regulations, small amount of nationalized industries, so collectivization is much less. Although we have bio-ECD standards around average or a little bit larger or higher than average public employment in the public sector, we have a smaller amount of nationalized industry. And we have what's called cooperative federalism, which I shall be talking about when I talk about governance and policymaking. Bank-centric model of economic development. This is an example of stakeholder capitalism. So each, the industry, let's say I gave you the example of a glass industry, glass factory, side by side with a bank. Let's say we're talking about the city of Bielefeld in Germany. So Sparkasse, Bielefeld, Savings Bank of Bielefeld, side by side with a glass factory there. Let's assume that this is the case. Each has a stake in the life of the other. Or the bank has also a stake in the life, in the future of the glass factory. And there are joint appointments in the executive boards. And this is an example of what's called networked or coordinated capitalism. At the firm level, there is all kinds of coordination. High wage and also high welfare, high benefit system, but extremely competitive system. We talked about the German apprenticeship system, the Meister, and the apprentice. So vocational training is very important in this political economy, in this system, which fosters high skill development. So skill development is very important. Highly skilled workforce means that we have a higher productivity, a higher labor productivity, but overall total factor productivity, but overall productivity is much higher than elsewhere. Works councils, these are not unions. These are firm level institutions in which we have workers voicing their, articulating their interests to the management. And a comprehensive R&D research and development strategy. We talked about what research is and also development. Development was once again all about inventing a marketable product once the research stage has been completed. And we've got the Bundesbank, which has been providing a stable, conducive ground for economic development. So for the industrialization drive, post-World War II, the German economic miracle. So easier fiscal policies, but tight monetary policies. So macroeconomic policy is solid, sound, overall, very low levels of budget deficits. When we talk about budget deficits, ladies and gentlemen, what do we refer to? Budget deficits. What was budget deficit? Budget deficit, come on. Good morning, good morning. Budget, whose budget are we talking about? It's the government's, right? It's the government's budget. So government's budget is composed of receipts, taxes, and expenditures. So budget deficits involve less expenditure is higher than, OK? So we've got, during the post-World War II era, low levels of budget deficit, despite easy expansionary fiscal policies. But at the same time, we also had very low inflation rates due to the tight monetary policies the Bundesbank has been following, has been designing and implementing. Behind these ideas were, remember? OK, let's see. The hyperinflation experience of the 1920s, early 1920s. So you have to reign in. You have to control monetary expansion, so monetary base. So you have to be, the Bundesbank has been quite conservative in its posture in terms of implementing monetary policies. So this was the economic aspects or market aspects of social market, social market economy. So now let me delve into social policy aspects of the social market economy or social market economic system as we've seen in the German political economy, as representing the German political economy, especially during the post-World War II era. So second half of 20th century. We've got a generous welfare state. Remember we talked about social insurance? Or we talked about, we didn't talk much about social insurance, we talked about the welfare state. Remember, there were many programs that make up the welfare state. And these programs, in some political economies, it's a more social insurance-based programs. Social insurance. So what were the welfare state programs once again? I know we've had quarreled about this a few weeks ago. So what were the welfare state programs? You may look at your previous notes. I'm just kidding, Ali, please. Health care is one. Come on, guys. Pensions is another education. OK, let's assume that this is part of the welfare state, which is, in fact, part of Sena. Child care, disability programs? Very good. OK.  OK, I feel much better now. So all of these programs are supposed to protect labor market participants, i.e. employees, from risks in the labor market. What are the risks? One risk is pregnancy, so maternity benefits. Or another risk is we may feel sick. We may get sick. So health care and sickness programs. Another risk is getting fired. So that's also another risk, which is so unemployment benefits. So the state provides socialized insurance. Another risk is we hope that we reach retirement age, and we hope that risk materializes. We all want to retire at some point. We all want to be able to be retired. Or we all want to be able to retire at some age. So if and when that risk hits, if and when that risk materializes, the system will protect us against the costs associated with this. We will not be able to participate in the labor force. Or we may get involved in an industrial accident, what's called an industrial accident. Accident on the job. So we may be receiving disability benefits for some time for an extended period of time, god forbid. So all of the system, it's called social insurance system. It's socialized in the sense that the state is involved. It's collectivized. It's insurance because we all pay premier to the system. Let me explain this. I'm not sure whether I explained this in detail to you previously. So what we do is that we have our employees, employers, let's say, and employees, so workers. Let's say Gizem makes, let's say, $2,000, or 2,000 euros a month. Or let's say, 2,000 Turkish lira a month. Some of this will go to, this is Gizem's gross monthly salary. Some of this will go to, go back to, the state in terms of taxes. So let's say, among the 2,000 lira, let's say, give me a tax rate, I was going to say, out of 2,000 lira, if you say 1,000 lira, the tax rate is 50%. Come on, give me a tax rate, 20%. So that makes 400 lira deducted for personal income taxes. On top of this, there may be other deductions this time. The other point here is that there's going to be another lump sum which is collected for the social insurance purposes institution. And we have, in Turkey, we have the Social Security Institution, which is called the Segeka, Social Güvenlik Kurumu. So let's say another 300 lira go to Gizem's account in the social insurance system or social insurance institution. So it makes, so netwise, it's come down to 1,300 lira. So what happens is Gizem's 300 lira go to here. Gizem's employer, let's say, Bilkent University, puts in another 300 lira, goes into Gizem's account. This is Gizem's account. And the state also puts in another, let's say, 400 lira. So 300, another 300, and in another 400, that makes 1,000 lira accumulating every month for every 2,000 lira Gizem earns. Out of this account will be paid Gizem's retirement pensions.  It won't be Gizem's account, but from the collective social or socialized account. OK, so this is the social insurance system in a nutshell for you. So the German system has its roots in the Bismarckian era, so 1880s. It goes back as late as that, as early as that. In fact, everything starts with industrial accidents, then pensions, then health care, then this, that, and the other. And by the post-World War II era, by the end of World War II, we see a full-fledged, comprehensive social insurance system running in place. So all of these, oh, I gave you some hints over there, generous welfare state social insurance. I hope you didn't see that, and then we're answering my questions. Health care and employment pensions, and all that. This was the outcome of a negotiated settlement between major social forces of the time. OK, so so capital and labor. Remember collectivist consensus? We talked about consensus era in Britain, then also in France. So this was the outcome of that particular era, the consolidation, the crystallization of the German welfare state system known as the Wolfer Staat. So then comes the institution of democratic corporatism, sometimes known as neo-corporatism, to distinguish this system from earlier forms, early 20th century forms of authoritarian forms of corporatism. So in this system, we have interest intermediation between three players. So we have the state. We have capital, let's say, employers. And we have labor as employees or workers. So we have a tripartite system of interest intermediation. The state is also part of this system. It's a system of negotiation among privileged, organized actors which have access to this governance system. So employers are organized under business associations. And employees, workers are organized under, which are called in English. Thank you. Unions. So these are privileged actors, collectively organized and mobilized. And they bargain with the state on matters that are related to industrial or working life. Let's say health and safety at work, occupational safety, occupational licenses, collective bargaining in terms of, let's say, minimum wage laws, which we never had in Germany, a nationwide minimum wage law. But the wages have been quite high. So it's a bargaining system. It's a system of interest intermediation, interest articulation among privileged actors, organized collective actors. It's a stable pattern in the sense that it's institutionalized. Its lifetime, you know, is not short. So you know that next year you shall also be convened to this tripartite system of bargaining, negotiation, cooperation, coordination, and consultation. So cooperation, coordination, consultation, bargaining, intermediation. These are the keywords that really define democratic corporatism, which produce negotiated outcomes. Because these are outcomes of negotiation. These are outcomes of coordination, bargaining, and cooperation. And this is quite in contrast to other forms of interest intermediation, such as pluralism, which we never really talked about. I may have briefly touched upon pluralism, pluralist modes of interest intermediation. This is, as you can see, among collective, institutionalized, organized actors. Some institutions have privileged access. So the state acknowledges that this is a networked society. These are my business associations. In fact, this is my business groups. Or these are my employees. And representing you, the group of employees, is one of your friends. And let's say a second friend of yours. There are two different sectors, let's say, in this economy, which are the most competitive. And I acknowledge them as representatives of you. And I acknowledge these three who sit in the front, representing my many workers in different segments or sectors in the political economy. So I provide access to them. So one, two, here representing business. And then another three representing labor. So one group, or group one, group two, group three, we negotiate. We consult one another. We coordinate. And we arrive at negotiated outcomes. In contrast to this model of privileged access, institutionalized privileged access to me as government is what's called pluralism, in which I do not pick and acknowledge privileged actors. I do not privilege any actor. So it's less of a networked society. It's less of an organized society, such as in the case of the US and or Anglo-American countries, Anglo-Saxon countries. Britain is another example in which we have pluralist forms of interest intermediation, where agents are not collective or organized. Agents are more optimistic, more individualist, acting in a more individualist way. And I negotiate with whomever is the most powerful among you as agents. So there is no privileging. There is no collective or semi-permanent institutionalized regime-like institutional links between me and particular actors in society. Whomever is powerful will help say the last word. So this is the pluralist system of interest intermediation, which is in contrast to democratic corporatist or neo-corpitist ways of making policy, taking decisions through all kinds of negotiations, consultations, coordinations, and cooperations. So in a networked society, only in a networked society can we speak of organized, collectivized actors in which we have privileged access to the system of interest intermediation as well as policymaking. Is this clear? Any questions? All right, so there have been some challenges since the 1980s in the system. Higher unemployment has been one area of problems. Crisis, 1980s, late 1970s, world economic crisis had ramifications for Germany. Power shift, alternation from a coalition, CDU, SPD, we'll talk about this later on, to conservative government under Helmut Kohl. Plus, 1990s, costs of reunification, which have seen rising unemployment. Rising unemployment in a system as such means that the state's resources are being used for unemployment benefits. So unemployment benefits have been increasing in response to rising unemployment. And also, vocational training systems, apprenticeship programs could not effectively absorb the Western apprenticeship program. The Western vocational training programs could not effectively absorb what was coming from the East, workers coming from the East. So there were some problems with respect to coordination and all that. Costs of unification or reunification was also important. So infrastructural costs meant that the state's resources had been quite limited. So this was another problem. And sustaining corporatist institutions was another problem with respect to responding to all of these shocks in about a decade or so. So world economic crisis. Plus, reunification. And by this time, the European Union was consolidating. We had European economic community, European Union. Germany was, or has been, one of the local motives, motor forces in the system. The single market program, competitiveness was very important with rising costs. So your industries had to be extra competitive in a given single market. The single European market program was supposed to be completed by about the early 1990s. It was called the 1992 program. So there were demands for increasing competitiveness. But at the same time, the German economy was struggling with ramifications of the economic crisis. But not only that crisis, but also the exogenous shock of reunification. So there were much tensions during this period. Social cleavages. We generally talk about social cleavages, inequality. When we talk about political economy, as we've been doing so for the past three cases, this is the fourth case. Ethnicity has been a complicating issue. Racism, xenophobia, especially in response to the world economic crisis of late 1970s. So throughout 1980s, the Gastarbiter, the guest workers, who were warmly welcome just two decades ago, late 50s, early 60s, all throughout 60s, all throughout 70s, were feeling that they weren't welcome anymore. Because of immense pressures in the labor market that many felt with rising unemployment, many native-born felt that the Turks, the ex, what was called back in the 80s, Yugoslavs, the Italians, were stealing our jobs. Then they realized that these were stealing, were getting the bad jobs. But before the time they felt this, there were many incidents in Germany in which there were many Turks, Turkish Gastarbiter, were lit on fire, for example, in Zollingen back in the 1980s, which was a massive incident in German history. During the 1980s. And on top of these pressures came reunification with all of its shocks associated with it, which meant that unemployment further increased, states' coffers in the vault, so receipts, payments, expenditures, taxes, imbalances, so cutbacks, a reunification tax, a poll tax of 7.5% on citizens. This all meant that the pressures had been increasing, which many scholars associate with rising xenophobia, rising racism and all that in the 1980s, 1990s, and tech shortages of 2000s, the dot-com busts. So again, another recession back in the 2000s. And by the way, early 1990s were years of recession in Europe that had struck Europe, not only German reunification, but also this was a time of economic bust. Things looked meager. Unemployment had been high all across Europe. There were some banking crises up north, which had ramifications for all across Europe, too. So 1980s were years of crisis. Early 90s were years of another set of crisis recession. Early 2000s, again, recessionary years, Indian softwares were making up to the headlines, getting green cards, getting licenses to work permits, to work in Germany, whereas the native-born population were feeling that they couldn't compete with foreign-borns. So that added to all this. Please. Germans? Uh-huh. Well, first origin, remember we talked about Prussia, which was a patriotic system. It was a nationalist system. The state system was fostering nationalism. And Napoleon's defeat of Germany then came World War I. Germany defeated. The world's superpower, industrial superpower, got defeated in about less than 20 years again. So early 1900s, 1800s, early 1900s, defeat, massive boom after World War II, interestingly, under Weimar Republic, then came Hitler. World went into a recession, depression, 1929. Germany didn't. Germany was booming. Continued to boom. So massive economic growth, late 1930s, war again. Defeat again. So one defeat after another in less than 150 years. Just imagine the guilt in the psyche of an average citizen and also the war guilt attached to it. I mean, defeat, I'm sorry. Imagine the defeat as well as the guilt. So this is one way of more of a probably psychological reaction to all that. I'm not an expert on this. But when I read about all this, what I make of it is just imagine all kinds of consecutive defeats in a matter of three generations or five generations. And this meant that one shock after another, economic shocks, 70s, 80s, 90s, that this was xenophobia, like the Gastarbata, no more welcome anymore. So all of these really added to xenophobic elements. And we saw 1980s skinheads on the streets, sympathetic to Hitler's ideas, ultra-right ideas, nationalistic, overly ultra-nationalistic ideas. So I associate some of this to late Prussia, so Napoleonic defeat, feeling backwards, catching up, in fact, superseding everyone. By 1900, Germany was the industrial leader of the world. Just imagine, Industrial Revolution had started in mid 1700s in Britain, then scattered. Germany came into the system much later. 1900s, late 1800s, scramble for Africa and East Asia, no more markets, no more raw materials. Everything was cannibalized by other imperial powers. So Germany could only catch whatever it found in terms of its colonial imperial past. But then in a matter of less than 10 years, 15 years, or 20 years, right after being the superpower of the periods, industrial-wise, industrial stronghold-wise, industrial locomotive-wise, it found itself defeated. And the Treaty of Versailles, I told you about, we talked about this, the conditions for war reparations were so grave that it was this data and the other that the Germans felt, OK, this is not fair. And then re-industrialization from scratch, almost scratch, re-industrialization, because when you look at even after World War I, Germany was devastated, physically devastated. So re-industrialization, an economic miracle when the world was going through economic depression, late 1920s, early 1930s, Germany was booming, miraculously booming, later under Hitler's reign, and then defeated again. So massive defeats brought with it all kinds of guilt, which probably had to be steamed off in one way or another. I mean, these are, I personally feel that these are reactions to all those political, military, as well as economic defeats of the period. So this is how I explain it personally. I've never studied these aspects of xenophobia, reactions against the Gastarbiter, what were the individual level reasons behind all of that that happened. But I tend to associate them with all of these defeats and the guilt and the shocks that German political economy went under. So that would be my short answer to that intense question. Gender-wise, men still dominate both management in German firms and also unions. So it's a man's world. This is the Western part of Germany, whereas in the Eastern part of Germany, things were different, greater social rights, economic rights for women. Also, abortion rights were much liberal in the East as opposed to the West. Anyone who's seen Goodbye Lenin, the movie Goodbye Lenin, a few of you. So remember the protagonist's mother who was a teacher, who was a leader, who was a model, who was an ideal woman figure in society. So German women have been, Eastern German women had more access to all kinds of economic social rights than in the West. But when you look at German lands in history, we've got a conservative welfare state. So women's rule had been relegated to the house. In fact, there were wartime posters, actually early 1920s, 1930s, which relegated the role of women to Kinder, Kühe, and Kirche. So Kinder is, again, help me, children, Kühe, kitchen, so the house, the foyer, and also Kirche, so church. So women's rules as mother and wives mostly confined to the house. So we have a quite conservative system in which we had lower levels of labor force participation among women historically. But this has been changing massively. And now we have about 2-thirds of all German women participating in the labor force. Gesundheit. And finally, generational gap, demographic pressures meant that the elderly, the German population is becoming old, it's aging. So imagine a workforce. We have an increasingly smaller population, part of the population, younger, who are more productive in terms of participation or contribution to the labor force, but also into the domestic economy In addition to this, we have larger expanding population, share of the population, expanding of the older workers and also the elderly. So we call this, we measure this ratio in demography and also in welfare state studies, what's called the dependency ratio. Excuse me, the older's, the elderly, it looks at the size of the elderly population, those outside of the labor force as a share of the active labor force. And this ratio had been increasing in Germany. So less and less number of people or lower and lower shares of the workforce or population had been producing, but an expanding elderly population who had been not contributing to the labor force and in production, therefore. So with those of you expanding and these of you contracting, shrinking, we have a higher dependency ratio, which means that we all thought that the German system was like a time bomb in the sense that it would explode someday because there are less number of people contributing into the social insurance system and more number of people relying on it. And in time, this is not going anywhere either. So it's not a matter of now, it's a matter of the future, meaning that these guys are aging and they're expanding and these guys are young, they'll be aging and they're shrinking. This meant incoming resources are shrinking, outgoing resources are expanding. That was why, back in the 1990s, we thought that many European economies were going to be facing pension time bombs because you'll be requiring pensions, these guys will be producing for you. The younger workforce will be producing, contributing with their productive powers and these guys, an expanding share in the population would be using all the resources that they had been producing and these guys had been shrinking and those guys had been expanding. So this was a metaphor that we used back in the 1990s of a pension time bomb, which didn't really happen to the extent that the doomsayers predicted because of rising productivity in due parts to rising productivity, technological advances, but also lower levels of exit from the labor force. We thought that the older workers would be exiting from the labor force, but this hasn't been the case at least to the extent that we thought it would. Any questions on the political economy? OK, let's take a break then.