In fact, Anand Patwardhan is my colleague. We have been working with Nivara Haq Suraksha Samiti, an organization from 1986, in Mumbai, working with Juki Jopis. We were both together there. I remember that when I came to Ashoka Hotel's lobby, I met Anand Patwardhan there. They told me that today is the 4th day of the function, and we all have banners in our hands. I said, yes, sir. I think Gautam Ghosh was there too. I don't remember the whole story.  We took all the banners. We were protesting peacefully. HKL Bhagat came to know that he is protesting here. He didn't leave the beach. He came from the back. Why did he come from the back? The photo opportunity was ours, that we were protesting in front of HKL Bhagat. He left. Obviously, our enthusiasm was reduced. I have no idea when this happened. Because the beach was kept in front of me. I was so angry that you didn't allow us to do the right thing. It happened spontaneously. We didn't get any part of it. We thought that we would choose this opportunity. There was nothing like that. Just that we were not allowed to do the right thing. So, the anger that came out of it, that was the moment. When I was thinking about my other side, do you think that the idea of life, or the idea of life comes from the ideology, what do you think is the meaning of that? I think that the environment where I grew up, I have always believed that art should be a part of a social change. Art should be used as an instrument for social change. Obviously, my father was a member of the Communist Party. We lived in a commune until the age of 9, which was called the Red Flag Hall. So, this was completely different from the environment. When you look at the subject, the language was different. The vocabulary was different. But the same thing, the world view, was talking about it, which was saying that the strength of art, we should use that as an instrument for social change. That found resonance with me. During today's times, I feel that the environment is very important to us, that through art, we can discuss with people, we can keep our own views. And in this way, they can go to the whole world. I remember that the protest songs in that time, as a child I used to hear, even today, the same effect on me, they are stuck in my blood. So, there is a direct influence of theatre and a subliminal influence. And that subliminal influence of gender justice, social justice, against fundamentalism, religious fundamentalism, all those things just get into your system. So, for me, I feel I am where I am. Because I was exposed to a certain kind of atmosphere. If I had been born in an industrialist, or in an industrialist hope, maybe I wouldn't be who I am today. No matter how young people are, no matter how young and young are, what kind of atmosphere we create, where this becomes the rule rather than the exception. Mr. Javed, I would also like to ask the same question, that the atmosphere we are talking about, this atmosphere should not be said. The progressive atmosphere that one is talking about, should become the rule. So, for you, a subliminal personality, not just on an individual level, but the idea, we often say, that a subliminal is not just a person, he is a thought. What is the meaning of that, of his life, of his death? You are absolutely right, that a subliminal is not a person, he is a thought maker. And that is why, without meeting him, I could never meet him. I am very close to him. And what Shyamana just mentioned, this happened in the 30s, in the 36s, there was a very big conference in Lucknow, which was presided by Monshi Premchand. And he was given a message, by Rabindranath Tagore. In that, there were all the languages of India, writers, poets, it was a movement of all the languages of India, which is known as the Progressive Writers Movement. And there, this was discussed on a very conscious level, and this resolution was passed, that our pen, our writing, on one side, is the British government, it should be against it, for a religious freedom. And on the other side, the inequality, the injustice, with the weak, with the farmers, with the workers, with the women, it should be against it. So, many writers took this bill out, and did the same. The family I belong to, on either mother or father's side, these were the people, on one side, Majaz, on the other side, Jatsar, they were both fathers, they were both part of the Progressive Movement. So, their friends were also the same people, whether they were the writers, or the writers, or the writers, or the writers. So, it happened that this literature, we have read since childhood, this is Jana, and in the school college as well, this was my mind, I became friends with those people, who used to think this way, to talk to them. So, this, Sabdar, he was a progressive writer, and a worker, his whole work, is very important. So, sometimes, we have a traditional literature, which came from feudal era, which came, from other times, its language, in it, the aesthetic feudal period, stays in it. Its expression, it can reach somewhere, to some extent, to some extent, to other people. So, somewhere, this too, despite all the efforts, in the writers, this might be a handicap, that this, the common man, could not reach his poetry, his stories, but some people, who went ahead with it, they changed their language, they changed their expression. This was the next step, this too, but this is the next step, that when they said, the other things, which are aesthetic, they are still in their place, now we have to talk about what any person can understand, the other aesthetics, will be seen later. So, how did they express the common language, the common way, that you can see it in the good, bad plays. So, this is the same thing, this is not different, this is not against it, this is its natural and logical next step, that what we have learned from our ancestors, how did this reach us all? Okay, but if you allow me to ask a question, which I think is very important for them too, but it seems that when you talk so directly, because you want to reach people, then the common way, you use such an easy language, then you cannot call it an art. How did you decide this generation? How did you decide this generation? Who did you decide this generation? The people who have decided, are they okay? It is necessary that, if I am saying, as much as I have said and you have understood it, and you have no idea about it, then it will not be an art. And then there is a statement about the boarding process. But if you start thinking about it, and you think about it, then it is meaningful, then it is an art. And there are different forms of art. I mean, our idea should not be different. That is wrong. You cannot do a high art. Yes, there are different forms of art. This is also a form, and this form is also a very effective form.  There is medicine in it. If there is sugar, then there is nothing. But there is medicine in it. They have sent the medicine. You must be standing on the street and talking about it. If you had the right of a woman, then there would be very few people. But when you make a small story, people listen to it. There are weeks on absurdity, which are in our traditional values. And then while sleeping, where does it reach? How does it reach? It must be appreciated. It is being talked about in this way. But I have to play the devil's advocate. During today's time, when we talk about street theater, and the technical advances that have happened, or we cannot afford them, or we do not understand its need, I think we should think about it again. Because yesterday when Mala was playing, there were so many things that I could not hear. And I was sure that the people behind could not hear. So why do we not use cordless mics? Not cordless mics. Why? Because with technology on our side, the point is that we need to reach out to as many people as possible. Why is that a consideration that is not brought on the table? Actually it is. Because this kind of questions have always been asked before us. But one distinctive feature of Nukkar Natak is that there were many people yesterday. It was a special occasion. There were many people. But in the name of it, where people live, work, when we play, more than 300-400 audiences do not need this kind of communication. Unfortunately, in our country, for its requirements, the kind of things that we need, we do not get them everywhere. We have done a via media that we did last year, Abhishek Majumdar directed for us. He does not play Nukkar Natak. We do it in the open. There is also a song in it. It is a good song despite the name of Sabdar. It is a very good song. We have used a limited technology effectively. This is also very important that many Nukkar Natak groups cannot do that you include other artists in your work so that they can learn from you. But you have to enrich your work. This is definitely a big question in front of us. If there are some things that are not free of technology, then you do not know which Nukkar Natak group can do this. You have to push towards it. No, I am not doing it differently. I am going ahead. I do not have the permission to do it. But the question is whether Nukkar Natak is free of technology or not? No, no. Where is the freedom? No, no. Something happens everywhere. Let me tell you. Sir, this is against our principles. This is a good drama that has reached the audience. So, if you run on a battery, you do not need electricity. Yes, we have used it. If you are speaking and it is not like everyone speaks, then 300 people listen. So, if you have this facility, then it is of no use. No, absolutely not. We have been trying to change it. So, there is Nukkar Natak is not pure if you have used it. The theatre is not pure. Actually, in a lake in Sabdar, there was an article about the enchanted art in which the theatre was on fire. The entire park was there. Auditorium, serics, and lights, and all of that. The theatre is a story. It is a living story between the living people. So, what is the world of it? The world is a good story. Now, this is a good story. You can call it in the auditorium, in the open, but it does not read in the auditorium. So, in Sabdar, it is very clear that there are many Nukkar Nataks who think that we do not act in a good way. We are against Nukkar Natak. We do not act in a bad way. We do not act in a good way. We do not act in a bad way. We do not act in a good way. We do not act in a good way. That is correct. That is correct. So, in Sabdar, it is written and the way they did it, and the positions they have taken through their books, through their Nukkar Nataks, they have a chronicle of this book. So, if I come to you that in this book you have not read it then it is available outside. You can take it. The book is about Sabdar's life and his death, but not only about them. There are more than one protagonists in the book. The story begins with Sabdar, but then it is in the center of the book. And in the book, which is a part of the story, I wanted to know what is the Nukkar Natak or what is the politics and the drama. This is said in Sabdar and in today's time to bring all these things back to the public domain through a book. So, in the 70s and 80s and in the trade union what were the relations between them. There was not a single incident. So, there are all those books in the book. I think that the book is very small but its canvas is very big. There are many things in it that are being talked about and it is a matter of knowledge. So, why do you think that it is important to talk about these histories at this moment. Progressive. Why is it important to read and write about these histories and to know them? I think that what we are living in and what is happening to us is a very scary face that is in front of us. If you are a little familiar type of person then there will be a lot of trolls about your mother and sister that will happen. There will be a lot of threats and then there will be a lot of people. So, in such a situation where it is important to put a restriction on thinking I think that we formally say that this country is a democracy. We are in a democracy. Is democracy today? There are no elections. But what does democracy mean? Democracy means that after every 5 years there will be an election and the one with the most wealth will be successful and the one with the most sweets will be successful. So, I think when we talk about democracy then democracy is something that is a part of life and not just about the elections but also about politics. This is our relation of every day in our society and what we talk about and if there is no democracy then what is democracy? Democracy every day we have to fight and this fight is not done in Parliament or Assembly. It is done there. But on the streets and not only on the streets there is a school a college a house a kitchen a bedroom democracy is a important thing and this is how democracy is made I think in such a environment when today a young generation say that India is the youngest country in all countries the youngest country is said to be our country so among these people this thought I think that democracy is only about what is democracy here about the road about our homes about our schools and colleges and here the people who have fought for democracy they have a government and not just government government is a kind of symbol and in the life of government there is a culture a century of life and about the century of life it was not possible to write from a book but I have tried to write as a sign and all the members and all these people have been a part of it I have tried to write about those members in 1986 in Delhi city you cannot think in Delhi city there was a march of committee and communal harmony 30,000 people would march in old Delhi there was a brochure when I was researching I was surprised by thinking that I was a student at that time I saw that brochure I was not surprised today I am surprised that the messages that were in brochure the greetings that were in India the Chief Justice of Supreme Court Jamia Melia Islamia Jawaharlal Navy University and Delhi University the greetings that this work is going on today I cannot think today how many of us have come from and I think about that march how it happened that 30,000 people would march on the streets only 70,000 people would organize it how it happened 70,000 people when the march was held in 1989 we had to march on the streets till gate we had to march on the streets we had to march on the streets why did this happen we had to leave it on a head or we had to say that it was a goon and it attacked us but who was this goon doing it for which movement which movement was trying to suppress which movement was trying to suppress so if you don't understand 1988's art and what is the impact on the industrial environment of that art you don't understand then you understand that the murder of the Chief Justice was only an isolated incident so I think what I have tried to do is to bring all these stories together and the life of the Chief Justice and this is my last point really that what I have seen and what I have been talking to Mala what I have to know is that a huge part of the life of the Chief Justice is to work every single day which nobody can see but the important things are very important which are not standing idle I would like to tell you that the space we are sitting and the way we are talking it is not possible to talk about this era I mean the question and the answer and the way we are talking about it and Janam has seen a era which was in 1975 and the work he had told so I would like to know what was the thought that the era which was growing rapidly that the progress of the Soviet movement and one is that part and the other is that the era of Daman and the way we are looking at the attack on the art what is the difference or is Daman the difference is of course there is a difference the era of 1975 the era of emergency there is a difference there is a difference in every aspect in my opinion during the emergency what happened was it was the same thing that it was suppressed but it was not suppressed that is why it was obviously its protest and it was because the specific thing of Janan Atmanj was that we were a very young group and many of our people went bankrupt at that time when the emergency was declared in Delhi so we actually didn't do anything during the emergency except we used to meet in between but during that time we used to think that we have to do something what we should do that was the thing but I think whenever Daman happened and more than once in 1992 in 2002 when Babri Masjid was going away we had heard in radio that we were having a meeting and we virtually tried to make an overnight drama we have to do something and we did I said we had to do something and we have to do something creatively and through theater because we are the people of theater giving statements going to solidarity march that is the thing but through drama we have to keep something and I think now not only us but other artists so many people come on the streets and in their art not only during the specific Daman but in front of that the same question is raised in the drama that you in the name of nationalism or in the name of identity the things that are raised how much we are seeing in the drama so I think somewhere the political thought is at least spread among the artists there was a time in the 40s there was a progressive movement in Uphan because in front of us the British government the full legacy of Ipta somewhere there was a Tutan or Bikrao but now I think whether it is a struggle but there are a lot of people who are protesting who are creatively protesting but I want to ask a question to all the people who are protesting do we suggest because on us it seems like they come with a flag for everything and say what is wrong what is wrong when you for instance if you are talking about Narmada if you are talking about Andulan so how many people have come to know about that and Narmada and Andulan you will have to stick to that only protest by itself is not going to use whatever, however flawed you have a solution listen to it is it about staying with the problem or is it about solving the problem we have to be with the solution not with the problem absolutely we have to solve the problem and that is why we have to say what is wrong and where the government has been there is a creative response in Kerala the local democracy they have prepared that it is right that if there is a short history a novelist he will tell that in society this is going on in short history this is not justice it is with justice or with a woman or with a minority what is the solution social structure social economic structure how to change it is not necessary to understand it and it is not necessary to tell it is enough to point out let's see who can do this so every time the solution is so difficult and it is not possible we know that disparity is increasing how to reduce this disparity you will not be able to understand it is not a poet it is an economist we can sensitize people from their place from their novel like this but the second thing is equally important what is our story that whatever we believe we make it a religion whether it is left or right or center or up or down in that slowly any kind of wisdom any kind of philosophy any kind of code of conduct gradually becomes our caricature in that something within progressive movement when you analyze it with magnifying glass then you will know in progressive movement there are some rightists and some leftists what are these rightists these rightists are fanatic about progressive movement what do you mean you are writing a word you know you are writing a word he is a poet he wants one day he will write one or two he will not leave he has started business in child labor what was in this movement how did you say this is a reactionary thought then slowly gradually it starts to shake in that it goes on and on like I said you do not work you put on a mic so this is a problem so there should not be a religiosity in this keep it open and do not close the door especially the development and the environment these are two different schools and one of them is in the figure of pressing what is wrong the fact is that you need both things so in this you should have this flexibility to understand how the development is and how the environment is and how to work together there are many things which become either or other they should not be either or other this is also something and this is also something see how these two can be together but our natural perhaps instinct especially the causes these are very dangerous there is no cause there is an opportunity to get a cut in that cause we should be saved from it means you have an example I do not want to take the name of the group someone was doing very good job so they wanted to have a big conference in that city from different parts of the country they called for a delegation now a serious matter has been decided and how it happened and we have limited the fact of trust a rich friend a very rich businessman I met him I mentioned that this is such a thing and the problem we are facing is that he has a very good cause people are getting paid for very good work so once you do a job I will limit them I will give money at least if I don't do this then I will help a good job now he is a businessman so he has a 5 star hotel I I will tell you where he is in the 5 star hotel all the delegations come and arrange for everyone and he said all our people and all the people who were there in the 5 star hotel you will not be able to do anything now this means this is a contract but it also symbolizes leave the symbols one is the need to wash it what happens in the 5 star hotel what happens except that the tea is 200 rupees what else the rest is tea it will be a waste eat more or the table will be fine take care of yourself a person will not be able to do anything take care of yourself take care of yourself now this is a rule the fear is at what point you start getting co-opted it is on us no but it becomes keep it on your own but that is why I think there should be a top brass in any organization because they can always save us we know that that is the ideal which is silly even to expect but you know that it will not co-opt and if you don't compromise then you should have a consciousness I think it is a little different but we have to co-opt we also have to I want to say it very well I think it is for a lot of people it seems that we will not be able to think then keep it on your own look you will not understand what to do what to do what to do we have to keep it on our own otherwise we will have to make a wrong decision and there was a house its name was really pattern it was a bank and rubber so it was about 40-50 banks were looting in the 40s so they asked why do you loot a bank they asked why do you loot a bank they said so so now you need money for every job where will you get this money what happens people are like us but some work has been done economically they did not have the courage to work with the principles they did not work with the principles but somewhere in their conscience that we are doing this now they want to reduce the weight of their conscience if they are hungry then why are you refusing why are you doing this what happened to you only one thing like you do not eat tobacco you know I have refused no but that is why you need established that I did not take I will not do it I will not do it I will not go to the head so it is not no holds barred no holds barred you will not do it but as far as possible use people for yourself do not be afraid I have a question I have money I do not have money I do not have money the question is the organization the organization has called the delegation the question is the question is if you do not work then you will be in a loss I have a small response I have only one the question you are asking if we go somewhere and someone gives us a good food then we will eat they are helping us if we eat there is a 5 star but where you started that there should not be a cutter now tell you an example I will not take your name I am an activist there was a meeting on the first or second floor there was a mall there was a meeting there was a meeting I was not coming I was not in the mall I was not in the mall now what is this I am not in the mall I am not in the mall I am not in the mall what people think what people look up to you what people think then slowly you will send that girl to the burqa what people think what people think but this is a real incident that she said I am not in the mall you have kept the meeting you will have to go through the mall I cannot come I think this is not a cutter it is a little stupidity a cutter is stupidity that is true but because of that I only know despite all this you are right we get ideological we get ideological we get ideological but somewhere I think what we believe what we believe we believe in what we believe what we believe I am talking about a better world but what I believe is with someone else or in their work or in our creative output I think there is a an image of the artists of these things the nature of the art whatever their point of view left or right is not the point clarity and honesty is important that is the belief and we believe in a better world the way we are we all believe in it this is our information it is not mentioned in the name it is good progressive they used to talk about their wife and in their poetry they used to talk about their wife they used to talk about their wife and they used to talk about their wife they don't understand now this kind of speech you are talking about yourself you are talking about yourself you are talking about yourself yes yes yes, yes, yes we believe in it we believe in it we believe in consciousness if we read the news of the work Because you have to have your inroads in the society. Wherever your inroads are, wherever your contacts are, you will have them. So there will be nothing left. So in this we need different kinds of people. Different kinds of people.  You need every person. And who is with you, who has given us this hotel, he was a self-made man. Now why did he spend this money? What was the need for him? He didn't even come to that meeting. He didn't even meet anyone. His man came and paid the bill. What was the reason for him doing this? He didn't want me to be happy. He didn't want me to be happy. He didn't want me to be pleased with his work. What was the need for him to do this work? It has decreased. You will meet such people in the bureaucracy, in the police, in the hospitals, in the doctors, who are living their lives but somewhere they have a corner that they think that this is the right person. So he helped you. Now you are ready and you are going to be rich. So he came to you. Now you are ready and you are going to be rich. So these people, where we have taken so many principles, we are not going to touch this. We will touch everyone as long as it is for us. I am very much tired of this. If we leave everyone, then we will not be like ourselves. Then what will happen? My father used to say that I will take money from the government and I will talk against the government. We have created a studio and we are fundraising. The idea that we should do a circus theatre festival in Mumbai whose idea came from Shwana Ji. We were very clear that we will not take the sponsorship from anyone. But we did the cultural fund because it is available for everyone. And apart from that, we have some friends who are from the outdoor publicity company. It is not an MNC. They helped us for so many years. So that is a kind of consciousness. I think there is that negotiation and that is also necessary. But this is right. It is not a cut. It is a cut. So Shwana Ji told me that she will take money from the government and I can talk against her. But if we look at the current situation, the government who is working with money from the government is making a lot of mistakes. It seems to me that they are making a lot of mistakes.  The government gives money to the same governments who are doing such things. Both of them are doing such things. No doubt. They will finance them. Those were different times. How can we deal with this? I am from a very rural area. My work is like that. I get so frustrated looking at things that the government is making mistakes. Only mistakes. So it is good. Save the daughter, teach the daughter. And on the other hand, the situation on the ground is very bad. That frustration means a lot. I think it is very important to draw the line. How will the money be used? So there should be certain no-negotiables. And then some should be with discussion. One can go through. I am not a company because I am on mic. I don't want to take the line. Very, very, very big company. Which is very philanthropic. But of course, they have a thought. They are thinking about what to do. So the big NGOs should take money from them. So there was a very strong, strong faction that said that they should not take it. Because ultimately, what Mar... Triza, please tell us. I wrote a poem. Yes, exactly. The title was Madhav Triza. It is in Tafesh. Yes. The good thing is that I am not in Tafesh. If I had been in Tafesh, I wouldn't have been in the camera. Madhav Triza, I don't deny your courage. The courage is great. Know how dry your lips and eyes are. Know how tired your body is and your wounds are. On footpaths, on the wrong path, old man.  They get the courage to live in your shadow. Know how broken a helpless person is. Know how helpless a helpless person is. They get the courage to live in your shadow. They get the punishment of their own being. They get the punishment of their own being. This is not the right thing to do. This is the right thing to do.  Hey, Madhav Triza, I don't deny your courage. I am standing alone. I am just going to live for my own sake. I am asking you this question. Why didn't you ask this? Who changed these changes? Why didn't you ask this? What power does the human being have to take away the rights to live? Why don't you ask this? Why didn't you ask this? Why didn't you ask this? Who took away the bread from these hungry people? The economic system?  Why didn't you ask this? Why didn't you ask this? Why didn't you ask this? Why didn't you ask this? Why didn't you ask this? Why are you asking for charity? Why is it like this? One, you are hurt from the unknown. The other, you are not hurt from the oppressor. Yes, yes, yes. But the truth is, what should I ask you? If I ask you, you will be responsible for me too. The one whom I regret. It is better if I remain quiet. And if I have to say something, then I will say this only. I am Arteza. I do not wish for your blessings. I have always thought that our generation has never met Sabdar. We used to be friends in the picture. We have seen Sabdar in our pictures. So I always think that if Sabdar was here, what would he be thinking? What would he be asking? Maybe he is asking something else. Maybe he is asking something else about his picture. Absolutely. Definitely. Can you imagine what he is asking? So one more question, if I have time. But I would like to do it from the book itself. When we talk about Sabdar, what Sabdar used to think in the last 4-5 hours, what he used to think about these things, and what he did with them. When we read the book, as I said at the beginning, there is a pattern in it. So I wanted to know that when he was writing the book, the role of an insider, outsider and outsider, because it is not just biography. It is not written from the book. It has been lived for a long time. You can read it yourself. So if you want to talk about the writing, please tell us a little about the writing. The positionality that we are talking about. In scholarly terms. I can't answer scholarly questions. No. I would like to say that the first thing I thought about this book was about 25 years ago. At that time, I tried very hard to get it right. But I didn't see it in Malak. Even when I interviewed Malak, he understood it very well. After that, there was a lot of time. I kept thinking that I have to write this book. But overall, I couldn't get the voice of it. Last year, it was a different thing. Last year, it was a different thing. This jacket, this sweater, this is my uniform of 1, 2 and 3 Janmari. This jacket or sweater, that day, I wore it. You wore it earlier? Yes, I wore it. So you are still in doubt? I wish. I wish. I wish. I wish. I wish. I wish. I wish. I wish. I wish. Man, you are so big. You are only short. His zip is not even comfortable. Okay. Anyway, you had your demoralized dress already. Okay. So last year, actually, when I was removing my coverage from 1 Janmari, I had to leave early. We leave at 6.30 at night. When I was taking it out, I saw this jacket and sweater, and I said, this jacket and sweater have become a part of my diet. And till the time I don't get tired, till the time I don't get finished, I remember that I thought that I am a part of this story. And why am I going through this? Every time I tried to write it, I made it like a traditional biography. And then I realized that this is not possible. Because I can't write. That is not possible for me. It is impossible to write about the subject. So writing about the subject, I have to talk about myself. It was inevitable. It was necessary. I had to do it. And that is why this story... The people who read this book, I don't want to talk about my own book, but just to say that I have written a real-life story. And my ambition is that people who don't read books and who don't read a lot of books, they can read this book. That is why when I wrote in English, the language was very simple. And it was written like a novel. And like a plot in a novel, there is a plot in it. And that plot is the life of the subject. And in that plot, there is a young man who started from somewhere, reached a place, then he had problems, he had difficulties in crossing those difficulties. He saw them, he crossed them. And when there was a time when he was ready to make a big move, it was at that time. So this is a very dramatic story in itself. And it is almost like a novel. And the characters in it, there are many of them. Arun, Vijay Kalyay, Malatukhach, he is very central in that, and I am also. So this was not an option for me. I had to write this. I had to write it like a story. I had to write it like a novel because I want my book to be read by young people. And I had to write it in a language that would communicate to young people. 20, 22 years old, 18, 20 years old, the young man, after opening his book and reading the first page, he did not feel that this was a very heavy life that he did not have. So there is no theory in this book. Everyone has used it somewhere. But this is not the story that I have told. This is what I am trying to tell. And before that, I would like to tell you that the young man sitting here, his translation is so beautiful in Hindi. And I know Hindi very well. I know that it is a very deep appreciation that there are many parts of that book that are more famous in Hindi than in English. So this is why I would like to tell the friends here who know Hindi, that I would like to tell them that they will also take a lot of time in Hindi. The money is also given in the name of God. What is the meaning of that? There is no meaning. Yes, there is no meaning at all. I would like to tell the young man to listen to the conversation. He has a wonderful experience that I have been with him for the past 2-3 years. He does not read any text for the first time. No matter how tough he is, he keeps his eyes in front of him and the way he speaks, he keeps speaking. Which is really, really amazing. This is why. Thank you. I would also like to ask you one thing. You said that I could not write. I have not thought about it. You could not even write before this. I have not read your book, but I know a little about writing. Writing is a journalist and writing is a difference. There is an incident today and a journalist will publish it in the newspaper and it will be published. But when it comes to writing, there are two conditions. One is that you need a distance that comes with time. And the other is that despite the distance, you do not have an ambivalent quote. When you are very close to the picture, you do not see the distance. You will have to go away.  Now you have come out of it. Otherwise, you were a character. How do you see the whole story? When you come out, there is a danger in it that the relationship is broken and the emotional connection is not connected. The emotional connection remains the same and is distanced. A man can only write. He cannot write before that.


In this video, we will be talking about SN1 reactions or nucleophilic substitution reaction unimolecular. We will talk about the mechanism. We will also talk about what do we mean when we say a step is a rate determining step and also talk a little about the factors that affect the rate of this reaction. So let's go. Whenever we talk about nucleophilic substitution reactions what we essentially mean is a nucleophile y- would come and replace some x- right? For that to happen, x- needs to be more stable than y- right? Else, y- won't be able to replace it. X- would attack back and get its place back. And how can we determine this? Using the electronic effects right? So whatever knowledge we have gathered from the electronic effects unit, we can use that here and apply that to understand whether x- is more stable than y- or not. Coming back to the substitution, there are two ways it can happen. Either rx bond breaks first, x- leaves, there's a carbocation formed and y- attacks later. Or y- attacks and x- leaves simultaneously. It all happens in one step. Today, we'll be focusing on this one. Let's look at the mechanism of an SN1 reaction now. The bond between the carbon and the leaving group breaks. Leaving group takes away the set of electrons of the bond and we get a carbocation and x- as a result. This carbocation is then attacked by the attacking nucleophile and we get the required product. So the reaction happens in two steps. In step one, the carbocation forms. In the step two, the carbocation is attacked. So do these two steps occur at the same pace? Or is one of them quicker and one of them slower? In the laboratory chemists tried various ways to understand which of the two steps was quicker and the result was the second step was faster than the first one. The breaking of the cx bond was slower and the slowest step is called the rate determining step. What do I mean when I say rate determining step? Let's take an example to understand this. Let's say I'm a water bottle manufacturer and I make water bottles in a way that there are about a thousand caps produced per hour while just 50 bottles produced per hour. If I want to increase the rate of production, what should I focus on? I should be increasing the number of bottles that have been made. There are a lot of caps made anyway per hour. What should I be focusing on? I should be focusing on increasing the number of bottles made per hour so that my net production per hour increases. So what did I actually focus on? I focused on the slowest step. So whenever I want to increase the rate of a reaction, I will have to focus on the slowest step. I will have to think about ways to increase the rate of that step so that the rate of the overall reaction increases. Let's recall a little about the rate of the reaction from chemical kinetics. The rate of a reaction is equal to the rate constant multiplied by the product of concentration of the reactants raised to the power something that may or may not be equal to the stoichiometric coefficient. Rate is equal to k, rate constant, multiplied by the concentration of one reactant raised to some power multiplied by the concentration of the second reactant raised to some power. If the reaction occurs in a single step or is an elementary reaction, these powers become equal to the stoichiometric coefficients. And the order of the reaction is the sum of the powers to which these concentrations of reactants are raised. Let's now apply this concept to our mechanism of SN1 reaction. Since the slowest step is the rate determining step, the rate of the reaction would be directly proportional to the concentration of the substrate only since the nucleophile has not attacked in the first step, right? And it's raised to the power 1 which is its stoichiometric coefficient. What would be the order of this reaction? The order of this reaction is 1. Now, since this equation of rate has only and only the substrate involved, so the rate depends on the concentration of the substrate while it is independent of the strength or the concentration of attacking nucleophile. So, what matters to me? What should I be focusing on while talking about the rate of an SN1 reaction? Clearly, the nucleophile hasn't attacked in the rate determining step. So, it doesn't matter. The substrate matters to me. It's concentration and also the strength of this Cx bond because for the rate to be higher, I want this bond to break quickly, right? And therefore, the carbocation stability and the x-minus stability also matter to me because if they are stable individually, the bond will break quickly and the rate will be higher.


Do you need an antivirus program on Linux? That's the topic for the day. Many new to Linux users, when they first switch from especially windows over to Linux, they start looking around their new Linux distribution. They just installed Ubuntu or Linux Mint or Fedora or whatever Linux distribution they just installed. And they immediately start looking through all the programs that are available on this distribution. And they start looking for an AV program, an antivirus program. And typically you're not gonna find one on most Linux distributions. They don't ship with antivirus programs installed because it's really not necessary on Linux. We're gonna get into that a little deeper, but obviously Windows users are used to antivirus being a way of life, right? You're constantly scanning your system. You have this active scan that's always going on on this Windows system looking for new viruses that somehow magically appear on your computer on Windows. And a lot of Mac users, one of the interesting things is Mac users typically don't run antivirus programs either. Many years ago, one of the big selling points for the Mac operating system was the fact that unlike Windows, Mac was kind of immune to viruses that all these viruses that are out there in the wild, they're typically written, of course, for Windows machines. They're written in such a way to infect Windows computers. So these Windows viruses, they really don't work on Mac OS and they don't work on Linux. And of course, the reason so many viruses target Windows is because Windows is the dominant desktop operating system, but more and more users out there are running Mac. More and more desktop users are now running Linux.  Here in the last few years, Mac OS has really started to focus on viruses and antivirus programs because more and more the Mac OS is actually a target for some of these viruses that are out there in the wild. Now on Linux, we're still a little more obscure, right? We're still a much smaller percentage of the desktop market share that really viruses are still not targeted at us. And I would say 10 times out of 10, if you ask long-time Linux users, do you need to run an antivirus? The answer is always going to be no. You won't find really anyone in the Linux community running an antivirus. You can go ask in a forum or a subreddit, a Linux Discord channel, the IRC channel, hey, do I need an antivirus on Linux?  Now it's possible that as Linux becomes more and more popular on the desktop that we may need to rethink this, the same way that the Mac guys had to rethink their stance on viruses, that it wasn't necessary to have antivirus. In the future, the Linux community, we may need to revisit this at some point, but for right now I would say you definitely don't need antivirus on your Linux system, but there are several things you should be doing on your Linux system to greatly increase the security of that system. By far, the most important thing you can do on your Linux operating system to make it secure is to update the system. Make sure you do regular updates and it doesn't matter if you're running a stable distribution, long-term support release distribution, or if you're running a rolling release distribution, they all have different kind of models of how they push updates out to the users. Some distributions push more updates out to you than others, but regardless of the distribution and regardless of its release schedule, every single Linux distribution pushes out critical updates for security as soon as they're ready. So make sure that you don't go more than a few days or a couple of weeks without actually running an update just in case there's some critical kernel vulnerability out there or some major issue with a web browser or something that could actually cause your system to be insecure. Make sure you're actually updating that machine on a somewhat regular basis. I'm not saying that it's critical that every single day you get up and running an update, but I wouldn't go more than about a week or two without running an update regardless of the distribution I was running. Another really easy way to secure your Linux operating system is make sure you have a firewall enabled and that could be through software such as UFW, the uncomplicated firewall or whatever firewall program you wanna run or you could actually do it with hardware, you could set up a router as a firewall. However it is, you wanna do this, make sure that just any internet traffic that's out there can't actually connect to your computer. That's probably one of the easiest ways to actually secure a machine is just to deny all of those outside connections, most of which are just hackers typically just trying to bang on your machine and see, hey, are you gonna let me in? Speaking of hackers trying to get into your machine, you should actually restrict user access on your machines too for increased security. I've done videos about this in the past, typically especially with things like SSH. If you often SSH into your machines, you remotely connect to your machines, make sure that you have SSH keys set up for that rather than passwords. Also make sure that only certain users can SSH into a machine. Most people will tell you to actually disable root access via SSH, that way no one can ever SSH into a machine as the root user. This means that a hacker now has to guess an actual user other than the root user that exists on your system and that just, again, it's just an extra level of security on a machine and that's really easy to set up. Also for security and for privacy reasons because honestly the most vulnerable a machine is is actually from real life people actually accessing your equipment or sometimes just stealing a piece of equipment such as a laptop. Make sure that you have disk encryption enabled. Most Linux distributions these days allow you to do disk encryption during the installation meaning your files, everything on that hard disk is encrypted, no one can read it unless they have your password or your pass key to unlock the disk encryption. That way if somebody steals that laptop from you they can never access anything on that hard drive without the key. I would also strongly recommend that you should always use a password to actually log into a machine. Many distributions allow you to just automatically log in without being asked for a password again for security and for privacy reasons I strongly recommend never to actually use that feature. Make sure you have to enter a password to get into your machine. Also make sure that password is strong make sure that password is unique. So if you're doing all of those things that I just mentioned honestly your Linux machine should be rock solid secure. There's no reason to be running an antivirus program on that Linux box but could you run antivirus on a Linux machine if you wanted to? Sure, there's antivirus programs out there that run on Linux. There's, I know there's at least three or four off the top of my head that do have Linux versions available. There is one free and open source antivirus program available on Linux. It's called Clam AV. I did a video about Clam AV. I wanna say about four or five years ago now. It's an older video but check it out. It's still relevant. Clam AV free and open source software it's available in every Linux distributions repositories. One thing to know about Clam AV if you choose to run it. It's not like your standard like Windows antivirus programs that are always running in the background constantly scanning for new viruses that crop up on your machine. Clam AV doesn't work that way.  So Clam AV runs every week or a month or whatever it is that you set it to know that the scan scanning an entire file system takes a while. So it's not something you really want happening all the time on a machine. The other thing is when you run a program like Clam AV, it will come up with positives but they're typically false positives. They are harmless files on your system that are not actually viruses. So you have to be careful. You don't want to just blindly delete the things that it detects on a file system. And if you're having Clam AV actually scan email directories so if you're having it scan all of your Thunderbird emails for example, and you're one of those people that have thousands or tens of thousands of emails just hanging out in your inbox. Just know that a lot of that stuff has a ton of viruses in it and you're going to get all kinds of positives on your email, but just know all of those positives they're all Windows viruses, right? That's what's going out in email as spam and as these attachments that are dangerous. These are viruses designed to attack Windows machines which is great that you've detected them and you may actually prefer that you have that running because especially if your Linux machine actually connects to other Windows machines for example, in an office setting that may be a reason why you choose to run Clam AV on your Linux box. Not to protect your Linux machine but to protect those Windows machines that sometimes you interact with. But as of right now, do you need to run antivirus on a Linux machine? Should you be running antivirus on a Linux machine? I would say as of today, no, it's absolutely not necessary and to be honest, it's probably more hassle than it's worth. Peace guys.


Can you hear that?" Susie said to her husband, who was dead asleep. He didn't answer. She shook him again, hoping she didn't have to be surrounded in the darkness alone. Still no answer, not even a grunt of anger. There was a buzzing sound. The dreaded noise annoyed her every day this week. Why was she the only one who could hear it? She didn't have a clue. Taking the blankets off, she decided to listen for the sound to see where it was coming from. Slowly down the hall, trying not to make a peep, she glided gently along the walls in the dark. Miss Susie. A man's voice said in a low calm tone. Susie came to a complete stop. Her heart beat faster as she sensed someone in front of her. It was like a slow cool breeze, but she couldn't make out any solid objects. Squinting, she still couldn't see if anyone was in front of her. The breeze still came towards her. She could feel her body shiver with each hit of the mysterious wind.   His head evolved from the air into a man not from this earth.  He floated above the floor by several inches. When he smiled, his sinister teeth caught the glimmer of the moon.  She didn't whimper, though. Her fear took over, making her almost paralyzed. The man's hand, long and disfigured, came pointing towards the door of her and her husband's bedroom. With all of her strength, she looked towards the doorway. She didn't see anything until she felt something hit her head and her eyes closed. Two months later, their daughter came into the house. She had brought along her boyfriend. He never told me what happened to your parents. He said smiling and holding her hand. She smiled, but it was an empty one. She looked down, not sure what to say. They died over two months ago. It was a big tragedy. Apparently, their house was robbed and they got caught in a robbery gone wrong. Her voice twinkled with sadness. He nodded in sympathy, not saying another word about it. She knew what she told him was a lie. But how could she tell him that her parents left the house and had gone somewhere, not even telling anyone where? To top it off, the house was completely destroyed after they're leaving.  They entered the house side by side. All the furniture was there, but the walls were bare.  I'll wait here for the U-Haul truck with our stuff in it. That's right, she thought. They had brought beds and tons of boxes. She nodded and headed towards the darkness that filled the once happy home. She walked through the hallway, imagining what happened the night they decided to leave. What could have caused them to? As she was walking along the corridor, remembering all the good times she'd had as a child, things began to look different to her. Stopping, she squinted at the wall. She gasped and tried finding a reasonable answer. Although nothing could hide the fact that it was indeed scratch marks along the side of the wall, cats, someone running with scissors, vandalism, rational explanations kept flooding her mind. It's such an old place. Maybe it's vandalism. Kids must have picked the lock, snuck in, and used a knife or scissors to scratch up the walls. She thought aloud, smiling to herself. Nothing to worry about then, she added inside her head. Next, she headed towards her mother and father's room. With a hint of sadness and doubt, she opened the door to find nothing or no one in the room. Before now, she'd opened this door millions of times, seeing them smiling at her and feeling the love run through her body. Now, all that runs through her body is the sadness of never seeing her parents again. Hey, Chels, it's here. Brad called her from the front door. She immediately shook the daydream away, but couldn't help to feel that something had been there with her. Following her boyfriend's call, she was confronted with two other men taking down the boxes and the bed. Hours later, the truck had been emptied. They thanked the two men for their hard work and paid them $20 each. Upon unpacking the boxes, there was one marked with a strange symbol. What is it, Brad? She said, noticing that he was motioning for her to come where he was. What's this? He asked, sounding excited. She shrugged as she examined the mysterious mark. It looks to me like an ancient symbol or something. He looked at her with wondering eyes that said he wanted to open this thing. She looked at him and said, if you're thinking about opening this thing, then forget it. It looks weird and evil. I don't want to unleash some demon thing or the devil. He laughed as soon as she finished.  She gave him a sarcastic look and continued with her packing. Later on in the evening, she'd fallen asleep. Brad looked at the unopened strange box that carried the mysterious symbol with curious eyes. If Chelsea's asleep, then it'll be perfect because she won't know, right? He thought as he grinned to himself. He grabbed the box and headed to their used to be Chelsea's parents' bedroom, but now it's their bedroom. He closed the door gently and without a second thought of regret, he opened the box to find a simple laptop. It must be Chelsea's old laptop, he thought as he held it in his hands. He could feel something trickle down his spine.  He looked to see the window and thought maybe there might be an opening in it. He opened the laptop and the last thing he saw before he faded to black was the Google homepage. It must have been midnight since it was still dark when Chelsea opened her eyes to hear a faint buzzing sound. My phone? She said surprised but worried if someone was calling her. She checked her pocket, but it wasn't coming from her phone. Well, it's got to be Brad, she thought, as she held the wall in the pitch black hallway. Brad, Brad, she called in a semi-scream, semi-whisper tone. Suddenly the buzzing stopped.  She awoke in the morning to find she was alone in the house. Maybe he went to the store, she thought, as she got dressed and made breakfast. She ate her meal and thought about the buzzing sound again. She assumed it was Brad's phone, but he never puts it on vibrate. It suddenly slipped out of her mind as she was faced with more unpacking. She was in the middle of putting away dishes when she heard a slight sound. It was like a high-pitched breathing, only low and drawn out. She looked around the corner, but every time she did, it would stop. She soon figured it was nothing to worry about. Later that night, as she was getting ready for bed, she heard it again. This time, it was much, much lower. She looked around the room to find nothing strange or anything that could make that noise. She continued to comb her hair, ignoring everything. Suddenly, she realized something was missing. Her boyfriend, he hadn't come back since he left this morning. She also realized that she hadn't even seen him leave. She called the police, but they said that they couldn't do anything until the next day. She nodded and thanked them. She hardly slept through the night, playing scenarios of what could have happened to him. In the middle of those thoughts, she had fallen asleep only to wake up to the same buzzing noise. She got up and listened closely. It couldn't have been the neighbors because they weren't around. It couldn't have been a cell phone because she turned hers off. She wondered if it was the alarm clock she had recently bought. She unplugged it and the buzzing stopped. She was relieved it was only the alarm clock and she fell back to sleep. Later, around 3 am, she was awakened by the same buzzing sound. She got up and looked at the alarm clock. It was off. But where was the sound coming from? She got up and checked the whole room to find nothing. There was a thump. She immediately turned around. Upon closer examination, she saw a laptop. Maybe it's Brad's, she thought aloud, trying to reassure herself. She reached slowly for it and suddenly there was pain along her arm. It burned and she got her arm back to find a large scratch. It could have been from a nail on the floor. She eventually got hold of the laptop and put it on her desk but she was very tired and fell asleep waiting until morning to check that thing out. As soon as she got dressed, she sat at the chair next to her desk. Opening the laptop, it didn't seem different other than it not having any brand symbols. The only symbol on it was the one in the lower hand corner. The same one that was on the box. Then she thought back about Brad wanting to open that box. The laptop came to life and showed a normal window screen. There were two accounts on this laptop. The first one was called First of All, the second titled Secondly. She decided to click on the first one. It opened up and nothing seemed to be odd unless you count no programs and a plain black desktop background odd. She finally found a text document. She opened it and read aloud hoping it would calm her nerves. First of all, I'd like to thank you for purchasing this laptop. It means so much to me that you'd go out of your way for the person you hate. As one of the nine satanic statements say, he represents vengeance instead of turning the other cheek. Now, let me explain what will happen to the person you despise, much like a voodoo doll, but the total opposite. You give them this or hide it for them to find.  You have exactly five days to cast the spell. She stopped reading. Sadness filled her stomach knowing someone had hated him. And then she felt something tickle her spine and grew to become something sharp. She felt the pain in her lower back sharpening until she became numb. Don't worry, my dear. A low calm voice flushed over her. You'll be all right soon. The walls spun out of control as her eyes fluttered and stayed shut. The police were soon called by a friend who visited them and hadn't heard any signs for the past five days. They barged in and saw nothing and no one. The walls were naked without any decoration. The rooms, each one hollow without any furniture. The only thing that remained was a simple laptop in the middle of the master bedroom. The policemen examined the laptop and found a text document was opened. No words were written down. He logged off, but before shutting down, he logged into the one titled Secondly. Curiosity got the better of him and he was confronted with a nice family portrait. An elderly couple with a young lady holding a young man's hand. A text document suddenly appeared. It was titled WhomYouWishToCurse.Text. It read simply, The Newton Family.


We are in the advanced trading strategies module and in this course What we are going to do is look at Futures trading from a hedging perspective. We are also going to look at a new type of a trade We have options on futures so far. We've looked at options on stocks We've looked at options on indices and now we are going to look at options on futures So for example, what I have here is the ES future contract So this is the SMP E-mini index futures So we're looking at the option chain for the future So the big difference is that the underlying asset in this case is the futures contract So it works a little differently It comes under the category of the futures market and you can see that the SMP futures Itself the slash ES has has this options chain right here and you can see that we have expiry in three days We have expiry in nine days and ten days and 24 days So in general the futures contract actually have a lot of options again You'll see the implied volatility numbers over here. You can see that the implied volatility of the front Series has about 21% and then the back series it keeps increasing So this is actually quite interesting because these Contracts they trade on a 24-hour basis. So this is the only place where you have options that trade on a 24-hour basis So you have the E-mini SMP 500 index futures the slash ES and if you wanted to trade options On the futures market. This is what this is where you would come and so if you look at the June series it has 24 days to expiry and We can look at the options and this looks like a regular options chain But the only difference is the underlying asset is a futures contract. So that's a big That's a big big change and now these options also have all your Greeks and you have your deltas gammas Thetas and vagas also


So Billy, thanks for joining us after a victory over Black Bull this Tuesday. How'd you feel about victory? It's always important to win those games in hand really. Yeah, I think it was massive for us and obviously the boys knew the importance of the game. It was our game in hand and we wanted the three points to climb the table. I felt it was a professional performance by everyone and it was a bit gritty and scrappy in the second half but we stuck together and that was the main thing and the main thing at the end of the day was the three points. So I felt first off we was a very good team. We worked the ball well, we kept passing it and then we went into handsome and we needed to. Hands was great and I'm holding it up, flicking it on. And the main thing was obviously the three points, yeah.


Let us look at a simple proof of the Pythagorean theorem that is that in a right triangle the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the legs. Let us make this shape. We can do this by taking four copies of this triangle and rotating it 90 degrees counterclockwise to get the blue triangle and then the green one and then the orange one. The question is, is this nuke shape a square? First of all, the sides are equal which is good and we just have to check whether the interior angles are right. Well, since these are all right triangles, the sum of the other two must be 90 degrees and since this green angle here is congruent to this one, the sum of this orange angle must be equal to plus this one must be equal to 90 degrees. That applies to every corner of the square. Now, is that yellow shape inside a square? Well, all we have to check is well, we have to check two things that these angles are right and since these are all right triangles this angle must be right. And what about the sides? Yes, the sides are the same but what are those dimensions? Well, this length here is a this little piece here is b. So this side must be equal to a minus b. So we have a square of side a minus b. Hence, the area of the large square must be equal to the area of the four triangles plus the area of the yellow square. Well, the area of the large square is c squared. Well, the area of each triangle is a times b over two, we have four of those for so four times a b over two is equal to two a b. And the area of the yellow square, the side is a minus b. So it's a minus b squared. We do a quick computation here. This is equal to a square minus two a b plus b square. And these two terms collapse. And we get that c squared is equal to a square plus b square. Thank you.


Hi, my name is Josh for those of you who know me and I happen to be a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints We're also known as the Mormons and this is last week one of the church leaders Give it talk. His name is the elder David a bednar And he spoke about using social media and sharing the gospel with other people and he said right now It's been good. It's kind of been more of a trickle But he challenged us to change that from a trickle to a flood to flood social media with positive Uplifting content. So I just started thinking about that. I thought, you know, what's going on right now in social media right now the ALS Bucket challenge, which is awesome people porn buckets on their head to create awareness and also to You know get donations to help people fight this daily disease, which is I think that's awesome And as I was thinking about that, I thought it will be so cool when someone eventually Does like a Book of Mormon challenge where they share scriptures in the Book of Mormon and Encourage people to do the same thing and then it kind of spreads like wildfire And then something hit me like Josh, why are you waiting it for someone else to do that? Why can't you start it? So here it goes this is the Book of Mormon and As members of the LDS church We believe the Bible to be the Word of God and we do read the Bible in addition that we also have the Book of Mormon Which is it's another testament of Jesus Christ as it states here and it's a dealings It's an account of God's dealings between Him and his people here on the earth and one of my favorite scriptures. I want to share with you guys We'll just take a second. It's in 2nd Nephi. It's chapter 32 verse 3. I'll share it with you real quick It says angels speak by the power of the Holy Ghost Wherefore they speak the words of Christ Wherefore I sent unto you feast upon the words of Christ For behold the words of Christ will tell you all things what you should do. I Love that scripture because when I think about it, I think about feast when I think about feasting I think about Thanksgiving. What do you do with Thanksgiving?   No, that's not a feast Right a feast is load on the mashed potatoes load on the turkey. Give me two rolls, you know And you're like I'm gonna have a feast. Okay, and I think for the scriptures We're supposed to do the same thing the words of Christ. We're supposed to feast on them So when we read our scriptures, maybe you don't do it at night laying in bed Just like hurry and trying to squeeze in before we go to sleep if we feast on the words of Christ We're sitting down. We're paying attention Maybe we have a notepad off the side to take notes And we're really paying attention so that the scriptures can change our lives. Anyways, I love that scripture I hope it helps you guys bring some hope and comfort to you And I I have a testimony as they say that the words of Christ really will tell you all things what you should do I've been blessed in my life from following the scriptures contained in the Book of Mormon So thanks for watching before I go. We got to do the Book of Mormon challenge, right? So I wanted to call out a few friends. So a couple of those people are Heather Hansen Nate Hales Kelly Newman Chris Paulson Dave Yates Josh Nelson and Mike Whitesides. You have been called out to do the Book of Mormon challenge So you have 24 hours to share a scripture from the Book of Mormon on Facebook. Thanks for watching Hope you guys have a great day


American and Estonian soldiers took time out from training for some friendly competition.  Estonian artillery school student Raido Udu enjoyed the opportunity to take part in some non-traditional training. So today we had an Airsoft tournament, first against ourselves, and the winner squad got to play against the Americans. And it was great fun. It taught us a lot about tactical movement in this little bush here. And playing against the Americans was a great lesson to us all. It was a once in a million experience for us Estonians actually. We usually don't see American soldiers here. It's the first time. And we're really glad to have this option. Reporting from Tapa Estonia, I am Army Sergeant Jason Alvarez.


In entertainment news now, music superstars Beyoncé and Billie Eilish will perform their Oscar nominated songs live at the 94th Academy Awards ceremony on March the 27th. Beyoncé will sing Be Alive, a song she co-wrote for the movie King Regent, about the father of tennis legends Venus and Serena Williams at the film Industry Honours on Sunday. In 2005, the singer performed numerous tracks in the best-song category on the live broadcast, including Learn to Be Lonely from the feature remake of the Phantom of the Opera.


In the music industry, what experiences do you feel like you've learned? I would definitely say to not be naive. A lot of people got their own agenda. And I feel like I had to go through a lot of ups and downs for me to realize that.  Yeah, so... Okay, so what was I guess one person you feel like you gave you good advice moving forward? Some advice that kind of stuck with you moving along in the industry. I would say my manager is really cool friends with Future. And one time he said to me, if this ever feels like work, then this ain't for you.   And ever since then, I made sure that I don't make sure it's like not a stressful thing to me. Like I'm just here, you know? So what steps did you have to take to like make that transition? Is it like the pressure right in? Is it the pressure with beats? I would say more like patience and like just really like accepting certain things for what it is and not being so like mad or just holding things in, you know? I'm not about what people's like perception of things or just mad.  I hope to see more.


In this lecture, we will study about this synchrotron radiation source. This is a class of synchrotrons used for tapping some radiation and these radiations are used by various experimentalists. So, we see this kind of accelerator in this lecture. And charged particle when subjected to some kind of acceleration, it emits electromagnetic radiation means an electromagnetic wave is generated on the acceleration of the charged particles. And using basic electromagnetic theory, we can obtain the power radiated by a charged particle when it is subjected to some acceleration. And this is Lienard formula for the power. Here gamma is the relativistic gamma factor d beta by dt shows the acceleration of the particle and beta shows the speed of the particle. So, you can see here in this formula that radiated power depends on cross product of the velocity and acceleration. This is the velocity and this is the acceleration. So, cross product of two vector quantities, it means what is the angle between the velocity and acceleration of that charged particle, radiated power depends on that. And this is an important remark about this formulation and how this cross product term can be understood, we will see it. Now for obtaining the power, we have to calculate the d beta by dt means acceleration has to be calculated for the charged particle. And because we are working with the extreme relativistic cases means we have to use relativistic formulation for obtaining the acceleration. So, we will do that. Now momentum of the particle is given by Cm gamma beta, this is the relativistic momentum, where beta C is the velocity and m gamma is the mass and relativistic gamma factor. Now if we take the derivative of this momentum, we will get d beta by dt also means some acceleration because dp by dt in Newtonian mechanics from Newtonian mechanics, we know that it will be the force and force is directly proportional to acceleration. So, we will get acceleration using this relation. So, dp by dt, if we differentiate it dp by dt here gamma and beta both will be differentiated, C and m are constant. So, it is outside the bracket, then d gamma by dt and beta. Here you can see that we have used vector notation over the beta because we are talking about vectorial characteristics of the velocity and acceleration. We are interested in directional characteristics of these two vectors that what are the angles between velocities and accelerations in different cases. So, that is why vector notations are used here. So, beta plus now beta will be differentiated, so gamma d beta by dt. Now this d gamma by dt again can be put in the form of beta. We know that gamma is equal to 1 over and root of 1 minus beta dot beta, this beta dot beta, again it is in vector form it will give you the beta square. So, if we differentiate gamma, it will get we will get d gamma by dt beta dot d beta by dt means velocity dot product with acceleration over 1 minus beta square raised to power 3 by 2 and this denominator is actually the gamma cube. So, this d gamma by dt becomes gamma cube beta dot beta dot this beta dot is d beta by dt. So, we can write now dp by dt using this relation here we can write down dp by dt is c m gamma cube this gamma cube can be taken out the bracket then inside the bracket they will be beta dot d beta by dt and this beta is already there. So, this is here plus because we have taken gamma cube outside. So, at the place of gamma this will be 1 by gamma square and d beta by dt. So, this is the change in rate of change in momentum and it gives us the acceleration. Now, we can convert this 1 by gamma square also into the 1 minus beta square. So, this is now our complete formulation of dp by dt. Now, you can see in this formulation that if velocity and acceleration again are in dot product means again dp by dt also depends on the direction of the velocity and acceleration. So, now we can consider two cases the first case in which velocity is parallel to acceleration means velocity vector and acceleration vector both are having the same direction and the other case in which both are perpendicular direction. So, when beta is parallel to d beta by dt means acceleration is in the same direction as of the velocity in that case beta dot d beta by dt the cos 0 it will be 1. So, it will be beta d beta by dt and again beta. So, it will be beta square d beta by dt now because velocity and acceleration both are in same direction. So, beta cap is written for the directional curve. So, now we can take d beta by dt you can see beta square this term will be cancelled out by this term and we will have c m gamma cube d beta by dt beta cap. Now, d beta by dt can be written down as a by c a is the acceleration. So, d beta by dt beta cap is acceleration vector divided by the speed of light because beta is v by c. So, d beta by dt will be dv by dt into 1 by c and that c cancels out with that. So, we will get m gamma cube event. Now, you can see here one beautiful thing that dp by dt is not simply m gamma a as we did earlier when the acceleration was in the perpendicular direction to the velocity. And I always cautioned you that this is only valid means we can write down dp by dt is equal to m gamma a vector only when velocity is perpendicular to the acceleration. Now, when velocity is parallel to acceleration we get gamma cube here. So, this is a remarkable result from the relativity. So, now you can see that d beta by dt can be written down as 1 by c m gamma cube dp by dt. So, this d beta by dt will be used in the formula of radiated power. Then we will get what will be the radiated energy when acceleration is taking place in the same direction as of the velocity. The second case, in second case we know that in second case in which we are considering that velocity vector is perpendicular to the acceleration vector. So, dp by dt this term will be 0 because of the cos 90 and only this term will be there. So, dp by dt c m gamma dv by dt. And here you can see if you will put again d beta by dt as dv by dt into 1 by c this c and c will be cancelled out and you get dp by dt is equal to m gamma. This shows that when we used correctly the formula of acceleration by multiplying just by gamma when acceleration was in perpendicular direction to the velocity. And in this case we know that acceleration can also be written down as v square by r. So, now again we revisit the formula of power radiated and now at the place of d beta by dt we will put the results. Now again we consider two cases when beta is parallel to acceleration. In this case we already obtained the value of acceleration d beta by dt and that was 1 by gamma cube. Here it is in square. So, 1 by gamma cube square means 1 by gamma 6. So, this gamma 6 gamma raised power 6 will be cancelled out. And you can see that now formulation does not have gamma. So, formula depends on dp by dt itself and dp by dt can be written down as d e by dx. So, at the place of dp by dt why I am writing d e by dx because when acceleration is in the direction of the velocity means we are talking about the linear accelerators. And in linear accelerator how much energy particle is getting in how much distance that is much more important. So, we are writing d e by dx the place of dp by dt. So, we get dp by dt is equal to power radiated is this thing. Here now you can see that how in how small distance how much energy you are pumping to the particle that gives you the radiation. If a large amount of energy is changed within a small distance then a large radiated power can be come out. And this is the case of prehistor long radiation where electron stores in the material and it loses a large amount of its energy in a very small distance and we get the prehistor long radiation in that case. If beta is perpendicular to the d beta by dt means velocity and acceleration are perpendicular. And in this case when we will put the result of d beta by dt d beta by dt can be put as v square by r and v square by r. When we put it you will get beta square c by r at the place of d beta by dt. And here you can see that because of 1 by gamma square here is gamma raised to power 6. So, gamma raised to power 4 will be there means radiated power depends on gamma and strongly depends not only depends strongly depends because there is the gamma raised to power 4 means it depends strongly that how the power is radiated when acceleration is in perpendicular direction to the velocity means very high energy particle because of this high gamma can radiate significantly. Now we see these two cases in more detail from the accelerator point of view. So, let us talk about the first case when beta is perpendicular to d beta by dt means linear accelerator this is the case of linear accelerator. Here you right now you can see that power depends on d e by dx and d e by dx depends how much electric field we can generate practically. If we consider even the 100 mev per meter of d e by dx it is a huge number still linear accelerators are far from this number practically linear accelerator can reach up to 30 or 40 mev per meter. However, at high frequencies of operation 100 mev per meter can be realized. But no such accelerator right now is operating with such high gradient. But still if we consider that high gradient then the radiated power is still is in the order of 10 raised to minus 15 orderly. If we consider electrons because here it is a mass of a square of that particle. So, if we take light particle radiated power will be moved. So, in this case electrons will generate more power and even in the case of electrons we are getting only 10 raised to minus 15 volt means linear accelerators do not cause the radiation from the electrons significantly. A very tiny amount of radiation is there in the case of linear acceleration. This is insignificant. Now we consider the case when acceleration is perpendicular direction to the velocity. This is the case of synchrotron. In synchrotron because of the dipole magnet there is a centripetal acceleration and centripetal acceleration is in the perpendicular direction to the velocity means in synchrotron this kind of situation is generated. This is the case of the synchrotron where beta is in the perpendicular direction to d beta by d t. Now you can see here instead of gamma raised to power 4 I have written here e by e0 raised to power 4. This defines something as we raise the total energy of the particle e radiated power increases enormously. And again here you can see that e0 is in the denominator is the rest energy of the particle in the denominator means if a very light particle is there means very small rest energy of that particle if that particle is radiating that radiates more. Now how much radiation in the will take place means how much energy of an electron will lose or charge particle will lose in a complete turn in the synchrotron. So definitely energy can be obtained using the time integral of the power because power is d by d t. So energy will be p d t and integrate over the t revolution. Now instead of d t we take the length circumference of the accelerator. So this d t can be converted into d s by beta c. So integral is over the closed integral over the circumference and now put this value here in this integral and at the place of d s you just write down 2 pi r r is the bending radius of the dipole in synchrotron because this radiation takes place only when there is centripetal acceleration means this integral will be non-zero only in the path of the bending minutes in all other places it will be zero. So contribution is only due to dipole moments. So this is the curvature of radius of curvature in the dipole moment. So finally you get the result q square by 3 epsilon 0 beta q by r e by e 0. So again you can see similar to the power energy also depends on the beam or particles energy raised to power 4. This is the radiated energy and this is the particles energy. In case of electrons if you put e 0.5 ml and beta close to 1 and charge on electrons and the value of this permittivity of free space epsilon 0 then you get formula e in kev is equal to 88.4 e raise to power 4 in gv here kv e kv is the energy in the radiated electromagnetic field and this e is the electrons energy on. So this is a simple formula for the electrons. Now this radiation which is emitted by the charged particle or electrons during the centripetal acceleration is very useful. We will see some of its characteristics in the later slides. This is fantastic that some dedicated synchrotrons were built to tap this radiation. So in electron storage ring, storage ring means a synchrotron which is operating at constant energy mode. That electron is storage ring in which electrons keeps revolving for many hours and on each pending these electrons radiate and this radiation can be used by different experimentalists. So this kind of accelerator is known as synchrotron radiation source. This radiation is known as synchrotron radiation. It is also known as magnetic brainstorm because in the case of linear acceleration we saw that the radiated power is known as brainstorm radiation. Here we are getting the radiation from the magnetic fields. It is sometimes known as magnetic brainstorm radiation but more general word is synchrotron radiation. Now in the beginning of the accelerator era when accelerators were built and electrons were to be accelerated after some energy the electrons loses a significant amount of energy in the form of electromagnetic waves. Means we want to push the electrons and we want we give the electrons the energy and this energy is lost in the form of electromagnetic waves by the electrons. So this was a bottleneck at that time and this was a nuisance that oh this radiation is occurring and this was a byproduct. And this was basically a header for achieving higher energies in the case of the electrons because we are pumping the energy and it is losing the energy in the form of electromagnetic waves. Later on it was found that this radiation has very very fantastic properties and can be used extensively in different kind of studies. So dedicated SRS were formed and here from each dipole magnets there is a radiation is coming out and by making some optics for that radiation radiation is brought up to the experimental stations and then these radiations are used by different researchers. Then there were modifications in the magnet design and some new kind of magnets were designed to modify the properties of these synchrotron radiations. These are Wiggler magnets and undetermined and also ring of low emittances has been built. So this was the third generation of synchrotron radiations which is still present here instead of tapping the radiation from the dipole magnet there are other kind of magnet which actually modifies the properties and return radiation from these magnets Wigglers and undetermined. These magnets are placed in the straight section of the synchrotron and when electron passes through these magnets it radiates intensively and now new generation is ERL X-ray field. This is the fourth generation and mainly these sources are based on the Linux. Now we see some of the properties of the synchrotron radiation. Why synchrotron radiations are so important? Synchrotron radiation you can see in this plot the level of brightness of this synchrotron radiation. This is our usual lab X-ray sources where electron impinges on a cathode and we get the bramestron radiation for our experiment. Now you can see that it enters to 10 photons per second per solid angle. Inserting bandwidth this can be obtained using these X-ray tubes. This is the most powerful X-ray tube available on the base dog rotating anode and now you can see that five order mode this is not only the five times five order mode radiated brightness can be obtained from these synchrotron radiation sources when we use radiation from the dipole magnet and even five orders more than this can be obtained using the modifier magnets like undulator and wigglers. So synchrotron radiations are very very intense compared to other sources when we use it for our experiments. So this figure shows that this red part is the trajectory of the electrons. Electrons are going in this way and this dipole magnet bends the path of these electrons and as electron enters into the field of the bending magnet it feels centripetal acceleration and it radiates. So in a complete fan of path inside the dipole magnet electron radiates and this radiation fan comes out. Now after making some optics for these photons or the electromagnetic wave up to the experimentalization experiment can be carried out using these. Now in this figure you can see that this blue line shows the electron orbit in this synchrotron. So this is the plane in which electron rotates and suppose an observer is here so whenever electron comes here in the tangential direction of this point radiation is sent and the cone of radiation which is formed by the electrons here has an opening angle of shadow means when electron radiates it radiates in a cone and the angle of that cone is shy and this shy angle where i is as 1 by gamma. Now suppose we are using a 2G EV electron V. 2G EV means gamma will be gamma will be 2 into 10 to 9. This is 2G EV divided by rest mass energy of the electron that is 0.5 into 10 to 6. So it will be 4000. So opening angle will be 1 by 4000 radian. So very very very small opening angle means it is a very very collimated beam. So first property is that it has very high brightness. The second property is it is a very collimated beam very narrow cone is made by the radiation and this is a wide spectrum. The emitted radiation has wavelength ranging from visible light to hard exercise means it covers a wide spectrum. The user can put a filter according to the earwish and they can tap the particular frequency of choice or if some experimentalist wants complete spectrum then it is also there. It is also polarized light. Polarized light means when electron rotates in this plane and radiates the electric field also lies in this plane. So this is a plane polarized light. So if any experimentalist wants a definite polarization that is there. It has a pulse restriction because we have seen that RF field makes the bunches the certain duration of the RF period is used for the acceleration and in that duration only electrons remains there. So bunching of the electrons takes place due to RF. So electrons has a clean pulse structure and that is why the emitted radiation also has pulse destruction. This is well calculable properties also. Now you can see the spectrum of the emitted radiation. So here you can see this is the frequency and this is the some factor which describes the intensity not the intensity some factor. So this is intensity on the median plane means when angle shy is zero what is the radiated intensity this curve shows that. So and this curve as curve this shows when we integrate the intensity in the opening angle shy this is the total this s actually indicates the total radiated power integrated and this shows only on excess radiated radiated flux. So now you can see that we can choose one wavelength here or one frequency above which divides the radiated power in two parts. One is P1 and other one is P1 and this is the omega c. So P1 is equal to P2 if we choose omega c in such a way that P1 becomes equal to P2 this is known as critical frequency or critical wavelength. It shows a general characteristic of the emitted radiation. So this can be calculated critical wavelength using this formation and you can see that if we increase the energy e of the electron beam lambda c decreases means higher energy accelerator emits harder x-rays more shorter wavelengths. Suppose a 2.5 gb accelerator is there and in the same circumference if we raise the energy 4 gb then lambda c will be lower down means shorter wavelength will be there higher the x-rays