Let us discuss the answers for the recently conducted main examination. So, I am going to discuss the questions related to economics. So, I am going to discuss the following questions. Now, let me start the discussion for the question number 1. Now, the question number 1 is, so as written on the board, this is the question, faster economic growth requires increased share of manufacturing sector in GDP, particularly of MSME. Comment on the progress, sorry comment on the present policies of the government in this regard because this is the question. So, how we have to approach the question? The question is very simple, faster economic growth requires increased share of manufacturing sector. So, we just give a small introduction about the contribution of the manufacturing with respect to the faster economic growth. So, here we all know that in our country, we are getting a nearer to 30 percentage of the growth from the secondary sector, from secondary. We all know that secondary sector master income is broadly classified into the secondary sector income comes from manufacturing, it comes from construction, comes from mining and quarrying, fourth one electricity, gas, water supply, other utilities. So, all four combined is called as a secondary, but the question is about the manufacturing. So, in the India's secondary sector master income, manufacturing contribution is 15 percentage.  India's manufacturing sector's contribution to the overall GDP of secondary sector is 15 percentage. So, this is 15, 15. So, overall is around 30. So, secondary sector is around manufacturing is around 15. Then this provides almost job to 12 percentage of the overall employment structure of our country.  Then the look at the next part of the question, share of economic growth, sorry, past economic growth, requires increased share of manufacturing sector in GDP, particularly of MSME. So, in manufacturing what is the role of MSME? So, according to the economic survey data, we find that in manufacturing, if the manufacturing is contributing 15 percentage in the secondary sector, then what is the, so overall is around 30 percentage, manufacturing is contributing 15 percentage. Within the manufacturing, the two contributors are there. One is large companies also contributing to the growth of manufacturing and small companies are also contributing. So, the MSMEs they are contributing nearly to 40 percentage of the overall manufacturing. The overall manufacturing is around 100. Out of the 100, 40 percentage is coming from the MSME, which means the so called large companies they are contributing 60 percentage. MSMEs they are contributing almost equally, in equal to the large companies. In this angle you give just, you based on the words which are given in the question, you frame an introduction based on your choice. So, you have to approach the first part in this way. Economically try to validate or try to add some economic figures to validate the statement or to give some value addition to the, to your answers. Then you step into the, this part of the question. The question is about the comment on the present policies of the government in this regard. So, we do not write about the old measures and all. What are the current measures we have in India for supporting the MSME? In those, with respect to those measures, we have to give our comment, because it is about comment. So, we should not write only about the measures, we should comment on the measures. So, what are the measures first you can list out, let us understand, you can write or while writing the measure itself, you can give a comment. This measure will lead to this impact in the economy or will provide this benefit to the MSME. In this angle you have to draft or you have to frame your answer. For example, we have many measures. Now, if you take the measure number one, we have the measure number one called as the public procurement policy. You all would have heard about public procurement policy. So, under the public procurement policy, what is the, what is the policy approach followed by the government is, under the public procurement policy, government says that if any one of the government undertaking government departments or any government ministry or if any central public sector enterprises, so any government entities when they buy anything from the market, 25 percentage of their purchase should come from the MSME. So, you have to buy minimum 25 from MSME, then risk you can buy from MSME also from any players also. So, it is a kind of policy approach which gives, now what is the comment? So, this approach gives a minimum or minimum assured demand to the MSMEs. As we are giving the minimum assured demand to the MSME, they can do some decent business in the economy. So, this will ensure the minimum economic growth of the MSME. Like this you have to comment on the impact of the measure. You give your comment, what benefits they will derive out of the measure. So, this is about the first one, public procurement policy. Then recently we all have come across the classification, revision of the MSME. So, what is the revised MSME classification? We know that earlier we had the classification separately for the manufacturing and for the service sector. But now we are having the same classification both for the manufacturing and the service sector. We do not have any separate classification for manufacturing entities and for service entities. And then now we have revised the classification to the upward level. For example, earlier if the values were around, for example, maximum, for example, we take the micro and then small and medium. So, we are starting from the level of 10 lakhs and then 25 lakhs and then 2 crore and then 5 crore like this, we had some limit. But now we have revised up to the level of 250 crore turnover. And investment level also, we have increased the investment level to 50 crore. You all would have known about the classification and all. Less than 1 crore for micro, less than 5 crore turnover for the micro and then less than 10 crore investment for the small. And then 50 crore turnover for the small and then 50 crore investment capital can be invested. The company will be called as a medium. Up to 250 crore turnover, they will be recorded as the medium company. So, this upward revision, this policy change of the government or decision of the government to revise the MSME. Gives the flexibility to the MSMEs to be in the MSME category even though when their business progresses, when they improve the capital. So, this will incentivize them. This will motivate them. This will encourage them to do more investments or put more capital. When they put more capital, it will lead to more capital formation, technological advancement. All these things will take on the, will happen in the MSME company. And this will ensure the economic growth of the MSME company. In this angle, you can write any sort of comment. So, but you must write about the comment. And then this is about the second point. Second point is about the revision of the MSME classification. Second point. Then third point. We know that how important a credit is for a business. For any business, there must be adequate credit must be given. So, but when the people when they go for a credit, the bank people considering the nation of the business, they ask for the collateral. And then some companies, they have the collateral ability. They are able to give the collateral and then they are able to receive the loan. But MSMEs do not have the collateral adequacy. So, they are not able to get the required amount of capital. So, here we have a scheme. We have a policy approach of the government. What is the policy approach of the government? Here the government says that. So, under the, we have a scheme of announcement based on the announcement policy of the government. We have a sort of fund called as a CGTMSC is a sort of fund which is operating in India. So, what is a full form is called as a credit guaranteed trust fund for micro under small enterprises. Let me repeat credit guaranteed trust fund for micro under small enterprises. So, what we are doing under the fund? So, under this we have constituted a fund in our country and this fund serves as a, serves as a collateral. So, when any MSME player when they go and ask for a loan, you do not ask any collateral to them when they, when you give them loan. So, when they fail to repay from this backup, from this fund, okay, government will provide the repayment to the bank. So, this will act as a collateral to the bank. The bank can do the business in an uninterrupted manner and these people can also, they can avail the loan, okay. So, without any hassles, they can avail the loan. So, we have, government provides them, do not worry, I provide them the collateral. So, this is one of the policy initiative which provides the uninterrupted credit flow to the business. In this angle, you can write, this is the comment. Then next one is, we all know that the modernization, mechanization, technology and all how important those things are for the business. But for example, if I am doing a business, when I plan to upgrade my business, okay, by investing on some technology, so the most important requirement is capital. I may have, I may not have. So, when I do not have the capital, then I may delay the decision to upgrade my business or to bring some technology. So, here, government, okay, comes in, okay, at this point, the government says that when a company, when you are planning to increase your, your technological level, or when you make some, when you increase your investment for upgrading the technology. So, here, whatever is the amount you are investing on technology, we will give you a subsidy of 15 percentage. Which means, okay, here we have the name of the scheme is called as a capital linked, okay, subsidy, okay, which means for the company which are doing the capital investment when you do 10 lakhs, then 15 percentage on the 10 lakhs. So, credit linked capital subsidy is the exact name of the scheme. So, credit linked capital subsidy. So, we are giving investment for the, investment support for the capital goods. Credit linked capital subsidy. When you do one crore, then 15 lakhs is the subsidy. 85 lakhs is your money. So, the companies, they are going to invest in their business. But here, the government is giving a much needed support so that they can, they can technological advance their business. They can improve their productivity, improve their production, improve their income, which will contribute to the growth of the company at the micro level and also the country at the national level. This is called as a credit linked because based on the credit, they differentiate the subsidy amount. Credit linked capital subsidy for the micro under small enterprises. That is an extreme called as a credit linked capital subsidy scheme, okay. So, subsidy scheme for the micro under small enterprise. Then, we know about the other initiatives and all, okay. That is, you know, for example, in the, during 1989, we passed an important act called as the SIDB Act of India and then we established the SIDB in our economy. So, SIDB was established known as a small industries development bank of India. So, SIDB was a statutory body is a, is a statutory body. And then SIDB promoted one more institution called as Mudra. And all these things are the very clear policy initiatives, intentions of the government. It clearly says that. So, I have the kind of institutional arrangement in the country. SIDB will provide loan to the small industries, all the, all small scale or all MSME. And within the MSME, special focus on the micro enterprises is given by the government under the Mudra Micro Units Development Refinance Agency. So, we are trying to provide the seamless financial assistance to the micro finance enterprises, to the micro enterprises through this institutional arrangement. Then we have the other thing, we have a kind of a portal, portal called as a champion portal. What is a champion portal? It is a one-stop solution we are trying to provide to all the MSMEs through the champion portal. So, they can register and then they can help the government support in the procurement process. And then for any getting any suggestion about the, about the business, what they are doing. And then for any grievance, okay, they can file the grievance also, grievance, the redress will be done through the portal. So, like this, it shows the clear policy initiative of the government where they are trying to support the small place in the economy. This is about a champion's portal. And then, okay, there is one more thing called as a, called as a foreign, the, the tender, foreign tender or the, for example, the disallowance for the business up to 200 crores, which means that when we are giving any business tender to the foreign players, up to 200 crores, the business tenders should not be given up to 200 crores, which means when the 200, within the 200 crores, the business project should be given only to the, to our players. So, in this angle, we have just, we have made the disallowed, the disallowance of the tenders up to 200 crores. This disallowance will divert the project towards our own players so they can make use of it. And then there is a clear policy approach where government says when the volume of the business goes up to 200 crores, give the business tender to the foreign people. So, for the other way, for this business, you just must, okay, that they make those business flow within our country. These are the clear intentions of the government of India, which shows that they are, they are always, okay, they want to support the micro, small, medium enterprises. And then which are, because they are playing the very important role, they are playing the very important crucial role in the development of our economy. So, for the faster and for economic growth, the manufacturing is very vital, especially the MSME plays very important role. And government has taken enormous measures and government will continue also during the future also.  And then I have just mentioned some of the measures. So, apart from these, there are plenty of policies, measures also you can write about, I have mentioned about those measures also. So, these are the points you can write for this question, 10 mark question, okay. So, it is writing some 5 or 6 or points is more than enough. But how you are writing the point, giving the comment and what the measure will, how it will impact the people in that way you have to draft your answer. Okay, now let us step into the next question, question number 2. So, question number 2, next question is, question number 2. What is the status of digitalization in the Indian economy, status of digitalization in the Indian economy? Examine the problems, examine the problems faced. Okay, so examine the problems faced in this regard and suggest improvements is the question.  What are the, how you have to give the introduction? So, we know about digitalization is a process of implementing the digital technologies in the economic and then social spheres of the country. So, how we are doing the, running the economy, how we are okay in the social angle. So, how we are transferring the, delivering the social benefits to the economy and then how we are governing the country in all the process. Or is in another angle in the business angle, which means in the corporate angle, in the individual angle and the government angle, how we are bringing digital technology, this process entire mechanism is called as a digitalization.  We have the kind of the report. Okay, for example, at the global level, global level we have a report called as a digital adoption index, which means that tells about the status of digitalization. So, that way that index is called as a digital adoption report. We have at the global level, released by the World Bank. So, under the digital adoption report, they measure the status of digitalization among the companies, among the corporates, how they have implemented digital technology. Then, within the people, okay, how the people are using the technology, whether they have the access and utility or usage of the services. And then, okay, they are considering the process or the status of digitalization among the government. In the e-governance process, all those areas, how the government is reaching the people. So, in this angle, you can give any sort of introduction. It is a process of bringing the digital technologies in the economic and social aspects of the economy, like that you can give. And then, following that, okay, we have the kind of the measure at the global level, digital adoption index. Digital adoption index, okay, not I, digital adoption index released by World Bank where they measure based on three-dimension. At the corporate level, status, digitalization at the corporate level, digitalization at the people level and digitalization at the government level.  So, you suppose status of digitalization. Then, and then you can give one more, you can write in this way also. So, the main, the impact, the digitalization, what it can do to the economy of the country is, it reduces the distance. Digitalization reduces the distance between the government and the people. Or it is the distance between a corporate and then between people. And between people and the people reduces the barrier. Whoever may be, wherever you are, you can reach other person through the digital technology.  Then the question is about the status. We know about the report says that Indonesia, India and all, they are the top performing countries. Almost 90% of the status we have digitalized. Like this, the report says, and then you can write our own India report about the penetration. So, more than 79% of the penetration of the internet we have in our country.  Then about your status, some numbers, the statistical evidence which you have, which you read in the paper, you give the numbers based on this report you mentioned, or based on the penetration of the internet, all those in rural area, urban area like this, you give a small introduction, based on the facts. Then you step into the second part. Examine the problems faced by the people in this, faced in this regard and suggest improvements. What are the problems we face? This question is a a general one, we all can attend. So, what are the problems number one? When we try to implement, the first problem is we have the problem called as a digital divide. Which means many people, the people they do not have the proper awareness. Awareness angle, we have the digital divide. Second angle based on the facility, based on the availability of facility. So, rural, the internet penetration is nearer to 80% in India. But when you take the, get into the penetration you find that it is more in the urban area than in the rural area. So, digital divide in the with respect to the availability of the facility and with respect to the kind of the knowledge, with kind of the knowledge what the people have. So, this is the first one. We have also examined the problem. So, what is examined the problem? The question is about the critical, it is examined the problem. So, writing about the problem, you should not stop. You should say that we have the digital divide. So, the things are not uniform. So, the things are not reaching exactly in all the areas because of the presence of the digital divide in our economy, like this we make a mention. Then you write about the second thing. The second thing is about the, along with the digital divide, you write about the cyber security. So, whenever we talk about the digital technology, we always talk about the cyber security and then threads associated with the digitalization. So, when you are trying to convert all the process into the digital manner, automatically comes the thread, cyber security. So, because of this, we are not able to do the transaction in a safe manner. The people who are trying to convert the transaction in a safe manner, the people, they are not able to have the trust on the digital transactions. So, the confidence is not getting created among the people. So, always we have a thread because of the digitalization. There is a second thing. You write the mention, then you examine. Then what are the other things? So, the privacy of the people. So, we know how important the privacy of the people. The people's privacy, data, all the other, the personal things. So, the privacy is getting compromised. Many information, to the personal information, healthcare information, financial information. So, all those things are easily hacked. Things are getting leaked. So, we have the privacy, the issues because of the digitalization. When you go, the distance is getting reduced, but this thread also we are facing. Like this, you write this. Then apart from this, what are the other things we are regarding? We do not have the proper infrastructure. So, infrastructure means the institutional infrastructure or technological infrastructure. So, because we do not have the adequate capital information or capital formation is not taking place. So, we do not have the adequate infrastructure to implement the digital technology. So, then this is about the challenge which we have. Then you can write about the next thing called as a regulatory. Regulatory complexities. Because most of the rules which we have regarding digitalization, they are outdated and they are overlapping with other sectors. We do not have the clear cut, exactly the current day relevant things we do not have. So, in this angle, we have some sort of issues which must be addressed. Like this, you can examine, you can write and then you just go beyond writing the point. Then you mention about the improvements. What are the improvements, for example cyber security, how to address the issue. We must invest more on advanced technologies. When you do it, when we just when we invest on advanced technologies, we could also give counter to the cyber threads. We can provide the safety to the people. Those are involved in the transactions. In this angle, you can write. The digital divide, how we can address the digital divide, what are the improvements. One is by improving the penetration. So, weaving in the focus to all the rural area. For example, step in this regard what we are doing. Bharat Net, you can mention. Bharat Net is a program which we are trying to improve our connectivity all areas. Then you can mention about the lack of awareness was a point, no digital divide. So, there you can write. Now the improvement now we are moving in the right direction. National digital literacy mission is a step in this direction taken by the government of India which will address the digital divide in the near future. Then about regulatory complexity how it can be addressed. So, by simplifying the procedures and then by introducing the e-governance measures. So, these things are automatically regulatory complexity can be lessened in the economy. Then you can mention about how that privacy angle. So, personal data production act of 2023 we mentioned. The improvement is now recently government of India has passed the act called as a personal data production act of 2023 is a step taken in the in this direction for ensuring the data privacy to the people and then business or other business and then the government of the country we are trying to protect the data. So, in this angle you can mention about these are the improvements like this you can give suggestions and then more and more investments more and more capital formation must take place in advanced technologies like blockchain technology we have to invest in the 5G technology we have to invest artificial intelligence we have to invest and then we to train our people also our human resource must be skilled enough to absorb the technology of technology. So, these are the things which could be which can be done so that India can exactly utilize the opportunity or we can exactly travel in the direction in which we are traveling. So, to do it to continue the process journey in a sustained manner these are the measures which must be undertaken by the government of India like this you give an answer this is about the question number 2. So, these are the 10 mark questions now we are going to step into the 15 mark question I think the question number is 11 take the question number 11 ok now this is the question we are going to discuss for which we are going to discuss the answer and the question is most of the employment in India is structural in nature examine the methodology adopted to compute unemployment in the country and suggest improvements ok this is the question. So, how to approach the question first we given introduction about unemployment, unemployment structural unemployment or if we can give introduction about the unemployment also you can write or you can write about the structural unemployment then examine the methodology, what are the methods we have to measure the unemployment and then about the compute unemployment in the country suggest improvements. In this angle, you… so first we would write about the structural unemployment then to write about the methodology what we are following Then you have to examine the drawbacks, drawbacks and then the plus of them, the plus and minus of the methodology. Then you have to suggest the improvements, what should be done. So, now structural unemployment means what is men-based structural unemployment, the introductory part. So, we write about, for example, in simple words, unemployment due to structural changes of an economy, we call it as structural unemployment. Now, what is men-based structural changes? For example, a country may move up the ladder. For example, country may bring some technology because of the entry of the new technology, may country will go, the production process will go to the next level. So, the process will go to the next level, but the people, their skills will be at the lower level. So, the business will require the kind of skills which may not be available with the people. So, structurally, technologically, country has gone to the next level, but here the people, they are at this level, with these people, who don't, people, those who as they don't have the skills, they cannot be employed in the companies. Companies, they are ready to give work, but the people may not be suitable for the profile or for the skill sets which are required by the company. So, the premise is mismatch of the skill set. So, in this angle, we have just defined the structural unemployment. So, it is the scenario or a situation of the mismatch in the skill set. So, this is about the structural unemployment. So, the people, they don't have the skills. So, the jobs may not be provided to the people. That is why they don't have the skills, means because the technology may be advanced or the people may not be updated or the educational policy or the kind of the skilling mechanism may not be adequate or may be inadequate in economy. So, like this, from this, you give a small, brief introduction about central. Then you get into the second part of the question. Examine the methodology adopted to compute unemployment in the country, suggest improvements. When we talk about the unemployment, the thing is, first, how do we or when do we call a person as unemployed? We call a person as unemployed when the person is eligible and willing to work. But the country is not giving the opportunity to work. Then we call the person as unemployed. The person who is eligible, eligible means above the age of 14. He must be willing to work. Yes, he must be seeking work. But he is eligible and he is willing to work, but he is not getting the opportunities to work. Then we call the person as unemployed. So, here the definition is, unemployment definition is, person who is eligible and the person who is willing to work, and when he is not getting opportunity, we call the person as unemployed. Then, how do we find that person as unemployed? For example, there are crores and crores of people out there in the country. For example, one person is eligible and the person is willing and then the person, he might have worked for some 30 days. Another person would have worked for 70 days. Another person would have worked for 120 days. Another person would have worked for 220 days in a year. So, here among these people, whom do we treat as the employed person? Because this person worked for 30 days, this person worked for 70 days, and this person worked for 120 days. Whom do we will consider as employed people? Because the question is about the methodology. So, here for this, we have the kind of methods. When do we call a person as unemployed? Based on certain number of days. So, when he has not worked for certain number of days, we call them as unemployed. So, for this area, we get the clarity when we understand about the methodology. So, what is the methodology? The methodology is we follow different methods. So, the first one is called the usual principal status. Under the usual principal status, here we call a person as employed when the person is worked for more than 180 days in a year. So, when the person found to be worked for more than 180 days in a year, we call the person as employed person. Then we have one more method called as the usual subsidiary status. Under the subsidiary status, a person worked for 30 days will be taken as a employed method. So, in the employment methodology, when we use the word, this data is taken based on the subsidiary status. Then we must understand that a person worked for 30 days is considered as a employed person. But so here, the person worked for 31 days is called as a employed person in the country. But in this method 180 days, so a person worked for 31 days, he will be considered as an unemployed person in the first method. So, these are the understanding what we must have. Then apart from these, we have other methods also. These two things belong to the same category. One category, here we ask the person, last one year, how many days the person worked? So, this is our last one year, how many days were worked? How many days the person was working? So, in this angle, we ask the question based on the answer, we classify the person as employed or unemployed. But second method is called as a current weekly status, current weekly. And in the current weekly status, what we are doing in this method, the reference period is here one year. Just we were asking the person, how many days he was working during last one year. But here we last the person last one week. Sorry for interruption. Now, in the current weekly status, what we do? So, here we take the reference for one week. We ask the person last one week what the person was doing. So, here we measure the unemployment or employment based on the reference period one week. When the person found to be working for one hour in the last one week, he is considered to be employed. Less not even one hour, then the person will be considered as an unemployed person. That is second method, current weekly status. The X1 is called as a current daily status. Here in these status, we take the data. Actually, here what we do? Here the one week is the reference period, here also. But here we take the, we take into assessment. Every day, each and every day, last seven days, how many hours the person was working on each and every day. So, one day more than four hours means full day work. And then more than less than four hours means off day work. In this angle, we take into account based on the number of hours worked on a particular day. So, these are the three basic approaches which we follow. So, based on this only, we find whether a person is employed or unemployed. So, these are the three things. Then using these approaches, we have some methods. These are the normal thing, what we have because we arrive at where a person is employed or unemployed based on this. So, we mention about, so we have the three kinds of measurement. So, like this, you mention about the current weekly status and then about daily status and then usual principal status. We just mention about all these things. Then these methods are applied by the two different agencies in our economy. One is NSO and earlier it was done by NSO. Now, we know that it is done by NSO and then Labor Bureau. So, using these methods, they are releasing two different data, unemployment data in economy. What are the data? So, that we must mention in the paper. These are the two kinds of methods. How do we arrive at the party whether a person is employed or unemployed? But using these usual principal status and subsidiary status, what are the two different data we have in the economy that we must mention in the paper. What are the two different datas of unemployment we have? One is the NSO. NSO is releasing the data called as the periodic labor force survey. This data is an annual data. Annual data is releasing. So, you have to mention NSO releasing the periodic labor force survey. Data is released in an annual manner and this data is a supply side data. This data is a supply side data. So, why we are getting into all these details and all? Just we have a look at the question. The question is about the examine the methodology. Otherwise, we need not write about these things and all. The question is about the methodology. So, the question is about examine the methodology. Not only that, just what are the, the question is not about what type of question. It's a way we have to examine. Examine the methodology adopted to complete unemployment in the country and suggest improvements. So, we are going in detail into the methods. Otherwise, these methods and all we should not write in the main censors. So, here we should write about the methods. So, here, so these are the things that we are doing in NSO. They are following the, using those methods, we are following the two different data. One is the NSO data, periodic labor force survey data and then this data supplies a data. What is meant by supply side? We take the data from the laborers. We take the data from the workers or we take the data from the people. We go to people, we ask the people how many days they work during the last one year or during the last one week, then based on the release the data, take the data. That is called as a PPL of us. In India, since independence, we were having only the supply side data in our economy. We were having only the supply side data. Understand that we want to learn about the new method. So, this is the method which we are having. But recently in 2020-21, Government of India introduced a new method. So, NSO, they are releasing one data. Now, recently one more data is released by the government. Their data is released by the labor bureau. Labor bureau is releasing one more data for this data. They have given a name called as a quarterly employment survey. So, releasing data. And the specialty of this data is, this data is not a supply side data. For the first time in our country, we are releasing data based on demand side. This data is a demand side data. What is a demand side data? Demand side data means here, we are taking earlier demand side data was not available here. But now we are taking data in the demand angle also. So, what is the meaning of the demand side data here? Because who demand the work? Employers. So, we take the data from the companies. We are going to ask the company, normally from them the data is collected. We ask them, how many employment opportunity, how many jobs you gave during last year, last month? How many jobs are vacant in your companies? Vacancies and then about the postings. So, and then about the people who are resigning the jobs. So, in this angle, we take the data from the companies and then we release that this number of employment jobs, the employment are given by the companies. So, the employment is seven percentage, employment is 10 percentage this month. In this angle, we get the picture about the demand perspective of the economy and this demand data is released by the labor bureau in two angle. How, what methodology they are following here? They are releasing data in two and two dimension. One is companies where less than 10 people are working, that data is released by informal data. They are calling it as informal data, which means less than companies where less than 10 people are working. Here, the companies where more than 10 people are working. So, that data is called as a formal data. And here, formal data they're collecting from the major segments of the economy. Example, from manufacturing, how many of the people are in manufacturing companies? So, about the demand driven data from manufacturing companies, construction company, from the companies those who are in the trade business or in the hotel's restaurant or banking services, financial services, IT and IT enabled services like this. We take the data from the nine sectors of the economy and then we arrive at the employment data and then about the vacancy and then all those things. Then these also less than 10. Then we combine to these both the data together and then release as the data as the quarterly employment survey. So, quarterly employment survey, it gives the demand perspective of the economy regarding the employment unemployment. This gives a supply-side perspective and these two things are based on the earlier method, usual principal status, current weekly status. Daily status we are not following. Okay, annual angle, we follow the first one called as a usual principal status. For the quarterly angle, we follow the current weekly status. Daily we are not following in our economy. That also you can mention. We are not following in our country. So, these are the methods we are following in this two different kinds of data. Earlier we are having only this data in our economy but now we are also having this data. Having the two data will help our policy makers to bridge the data deficit of our economy. Earlier we were having the data deficit. What was the data deficit we are having? We are having the demand side data which was not available. But now as we have the data, we are able to bridge the data in our economy. So, we do a supporting role to our policy makers. Then you can write about the last part of the question. What is the last part? Suggest improvements. These are both the methodology. Now we can write about the suggest improvements. What are the improvements? Though the data are released in demand angle supply angle, the frequency of data we are getting once in a quarter. Now only we are getting in quarter and that is also not regularly released. And then we are getting only in annual angle so that there is a time lag is there. But other western economies, they are able to release on a monthly basis. They are able to get the data on the data at a shorter frequency. But now we are not able to get the data in a shorter frequency. The duration is longer in India. This duration should be reduced in our economy so that this will become a vital tool to our policy makers. So, and then the reference period which we use is one year and then one week we take into account one hour, we must go there, we must adopt the current daily status also for that how we collect the data. This data collection mechanism must become more robust, must be more reliant and then it should be more appropriate. It must be more relevant. So, in this angle you just you can write some suggestions. After writing the suggestions and give a conclusion so in measuring the unemployment. So, earlier we are relying only on the supply side but now we have taken steps in the right direction by collecting data in the demand side also. Combining both data so India can measure the unemployment but there are some hurdles in data measurement also which must be addressed by the government in the near future. Like this you can give a conclusion. So, this is about the answer for the question number three. So, write about the sexual unemployment, then write about the methodology. So, usual principal status, current weekly status, daily status, then write about the improvements. What improvements? We get a data is getting a lagged manner. The data lag must be addressed, frequency must be increased in this angle then you give a conclusion. Okay, thank you, thank you. Okay, excuse me in between we had a technical glitch. Okay, now let us continue. Okay, so here we should write about how the care economy can be monetized with the help of SIG. So, SIGs, how the SIGs can generate the, can provide the income earning opportunities to the woman. You write about this at this point. Then you write about, okay, this is about SIG. But apart from the self-help groups also, how the woman they can become the entrepreneurs in the economy. How they can start their own business, how they can start their own enterprises. Not based on the SIG model, based on the individual model, how they can become the entrepreneurs in the economy. Here you write about the, how the woman entrepreneurship can be developed so that the woman they can come forward and they can start their own daycare activities. They can start their own education centers. In this angle, or they can provide the healthcare services to their people or how they can run the old age homes. Not based on SIG model, same economic activity point. But here you write us how they can be promoted as a own enterprise, self-employed entrepreneurs in the economy. Like this, you can write about the next point. And here also you can mention about the, we have a grant by the central government known as called as a Nari Shakti grant. How the Nari Shakti funds can be used for promoting the woman entrepreneurship in the economy. In this angle, you write about that point. Then in this way, you write about all these points. So when you write all the points, here this side you would have written some five points. So year later you would have written some four or five points based on differences. So totally combined together, these points are more than enough to complete a 15 marker in the examination.  So the women, they are the experts in giving the care services to the, in the economy. But the things are not properly rewarded. Things are not properly recognized. But when we convert them through woman empowerment, when we convert them into the monetized angle, say it will serve the interests of the woman and also serve the interests of the economy. In this angle, you can give a conclusion based on the way how you drafted your points. In this way, you can complete this answer. So with this, we are finishing our discussion on economics part. Thank you all. The part that we are going to discuss. First starting with the concept of artificial intelligence in very simple terms. So it refers to the simulation of human intelligence. So that the machines are programmed to think and act like humans. So here acting and thinking, it includes reasoning or thinking capabilities and then data processing altogether. If the machines are going to mimic the human intelligence or if machines are going to perform something that generally requires human intervention. If the machines are going to automatically perform something which requires human interference, all these are counted as artificial intelligence. It's a wide spectrum. There are different definitions available. They have to fill at least one or two definitions, at least for 30 or 40 words. And then followed by that, next one we have to discuss how artificial intelligence helps in clinical diagnosis. The first one, artificial intelligence helps in image analysis because radiography is individual stream of medical science wherein they take CT scans or MRI scans or X-rays and based on that they make a clinical diagnosis. wherein such image analysis is going to be revolutionized by artificial intelligence because AI, especially machines may be capable of processing more data than humans. And because of the image analysis concept is going to be improvised. Then the second one, predictive analysis which means even before symptoms occur based on the images or based on the data anomalies, the artificial intelligence may be capable of predicting any illness that may occur at a later stage. And then we will talk about natural language processing which means if you're going to provide the artificial intelligence model with a lot of clinical data, let's say patient data after anonymizing obviously, but if you're going to give the patient data to the artificial intelligence through natural language processing, it can derive a lot of patterns. For example, you're going to give data related to diabetes patients, a lot of data. Then it can derive what are the probable health problems that may arise depending on the data variations. So what if someone is having uncontrolled sugar and what if someone is trying to regulate the sugar? What are the possible health conditions that may occur for someone with uncontrolled diabetes and then controlled diabetes? So all such can be processed with the natural language process. And then about data integration, that is various data can be integrated and then based on that analysis can be performed. For example, a fitness tracker or chest traps that's capable of recording different fitness data, say heart rate or heart rate variations or change in skin temperature. So all such data can be integrated into a single model and based on which the clinical diagnosis can be improvised. And then treatment recommendations, even though doctors do this, the artificial intelligence also can give treatment recommendations or recommendations based on the input taken from the doctors. Because it's more like a learning process where in the AI model learns how the treatment is adjusted based on the anomalies. So based on that even artificial intelligence can start giving recommendations for the treatment. So these are the way by which artificial intelligence can improvise or drastically change the way by which medical diagnosis is going to help or going to work. Now coming to the next one, how the third portion, do you perceive it as a threat? So first we have to discuss what are the problems related to artificial intelligence, especially in the medical field. First I would say privacy concerns related to data security because a massive amount of data is going to be stored by the hospitals. So what if there are data breaches and what if sensitive data related to the individual leaks outside? This is the first and the primary concern related to artificial intelligence in the healthcare. Coming to the next one, concern that is, so patients may not be fully aware of what data has been given to the artificial intelligence. So even though you may be getting a concern from the patient, wherein the patients do not, generally do not have the control over how much data is exposed or how much data is given to the artificial intelligence. It's basically a thin line between learning and a lot of data being given to the artificial intelligence. So concern is going to be a main concern then followed by the bias and inequity. That is, the bias factor is applicable for all the field including the medical field because artificial intelligence is learning or AI models are learning only based on the data that we provide. So what if the data fed to the artificial intelligence models have a very high bias? Then there is a possibility that it can give wrong information also. The suggestions could go wrong. So bias and inequality will help to train the artificial intelligence systems. And if the data given to them are biased, then it can lead to misdiagnosis or sometimes it can even lead to wrong treatments. It can lead to misdiagnosis and it leads to wrong treatment because the training data, data mines, if the information is going to be right or wrong. And then the other concern surrounding artificial intelligence in medical field next is anonymization challenges. That is, even though you may be removing the name of the patient and everything from the record before feeding it to the artificial intelligence, still they are smart enough. Sometimes it can reverse track it to a particular patient. So in case of any data breach happening, the hackers or any other unlawful agencies may be able to get the actual detail of the patient. So anonymization challenges is there, especially in reproductive health care and other cases, this is going to be a greater concern. And then dependency on AI systems, that's because this makes the health system vulnerable because too much of dependence on artificial intelligence and machine-based systems. So in case of outage, say a server outage or say artificial intelligence model is not working, then a lot of activities can be hampered. So too much of dependence on AI is not always good. So it has to be used in an optimum level. And followed by that, you can conclude by giving the privacy concern there, but there should be a strict government regulation. And also the medical agencies or the doctor should be able to control what is the data fed to the artificial intelligence models. Like that you can give a conclusion and it can be concluded. Coming to the second question, several ways in which microorganisms can help in current fuel shortage. So they have given the term several ways, which means you can talk about bioethanol, biodiesel production, multiple things can be discussed here. First we are going to talk about bioethanol production. So bioethanol production, certain strains of yeast or certain strains of bacteria, they can ferment and especially broken food grains or solid waste from the market or what we call as lignocellulosic biomass. All these can be used for producing bioethanol. So bioethanol can be blended with normal petrol or even there are engines that can run on complete ethanol. You have flex fuel vehicles for example, recently Mardi Wagner or few companies manufactured the flexible fuel vehicle. So you can use it for mixing this E10 fuel or E85 fuel or even 100% ethanol can be. Coming to the next one, biodiesel. The main difference between bioethanol and biodiesel is first it depends on the microorganism used. So if you have a proper data then you should mention or otherwise you should not mention. For example, you take bioethanol production. So saccharomyces these are the class of bacterias generally used here for bioethanol production. We are coming to biodiesel production. So biodiesel production generally includes usage of microalgae. We can use yeast and also bacteria can be used. Where in generally here lipids are used for deriving biodiesel. When we say lipid it includes fats, cholesterol which can be found in used cooking oil. So you can you can use the used cooking oil and everything which can be used for producing biodiesel production. So it becomes at least a carbon neutral one. And then biohydrogen production. Hydrogen is a promising fuel. There are different methods by which hydrogen can be produced. So there are steam reforming and different methods. But here since they are talking about microbes you can write closed sodium. And then there are class of entero-bacter. These class of bacterias they are capable of producing biohydrogen through different fermentative process. And then methane production the most important one methane production again the vegetable waste. Generally whenever there is anaerobic respiration that is organic breakdown happening in deficient supply of oxygen or maybe absence of oxygen. Whenever anaerobic respiration happens it emits phosphine. Phosphine is a toxic gas along with it a lot of methane will be emitted. So these methane can be used as a fuel. Biogas production, biohydrogen production and then synthetic biology for advanced fuels. So the reason we have used synthetic biology here is we can modify the organisms. You can genetically modify the organisms. So such organism can help for better extraction of fuel or sometimes they can help for production of fuel also. So under the synthetic one you can write certain types of estercia coli or certain type of yeast can be genetically engineered or they can be modified for producing biofuels. And then one important thing here is direct microbial fuel cell. That is to know the basics of fuel cell if you want to write this. So when in fuel cell there will be a cathode and there will be anode. If you take a normal fuel cell on one side we will be feeding hydrogen when on the other side we will be feeding oxygen which is taken from the atmosphere. They mix together and then they start producing water. The moment of electrons will produce electricity wherein the byproduct or output of this will be only water. So similar to that in this case in case of direct microbial fuel cells microbes can be used for producing hydrogen and that can be used for operating the fuel cell. The biggest advantage here is the output is going to be only H2O. You are getting electricity by the moment of electrons and also the emission will be only in form of greenhouse gases and though that too very minimal amount of greenhouse gases. So direct microbial fuel cell is a potential application by which you can reduce the dependence on fossil fuels and then enhanced oil recovery. So these are new techniques where extraction of oil from the wells it can be increased by using certain microbes. This is not alternative technology but in the existing technology when you are trying to extract oil from the wells you can use enhanced oil recovery technique where in certain bacterias or certain other microbes can help for a increased extraction of the oil sources. I will show all the facts once again. First is about bioethanol production. We are using yeast, bacteria and everything for extracting ethanol from food grains. This one it includes lipids which means you use cooking oil and everything and then biohydrogen it uses Clostridium or Enterobacter and then methane it is from anaerobic respiration which includes solid waste or any other biomass and then synthetic biology like super bugs which is used for remediation of oil spills similar to that. We can design microbes which can help us to produce more fuel and then direct microbial fuel cell where you are making the electrons to move from one electrode to the other electrode but by using hydrogen which may be produced by the microbes and then you have enhanced oil recovery techniques where the efficiency of oil extraction is increased. So these are the methods by which shortage of fuel can be mitigated using the microbes. This is a 10 mark question we have given enough points where we have to compress and write it. I mean to the 15 mark question the option of electric vehicle is rapidly growing world wide. How do electric vehicles contribute to reducing the emissions and what are the key benefits they offer compared to the traditional engines that is the internal combustion engines. In this case ok. So here this is just a statement they are not going to write anything about this then. How do electric vehicles contribute to reducing the carbon emission? This is one question and then what are the key benefits compared to internal combustion engines which means first you should understand how the internal combustion engine works and then you have to understand how electric vehicle works and then based on that you have to make a comparison you can innovate you can put tabular columns diagrams or anything and based on that you have to explain it wherein the biggest portion of there are two parts to be addressed first one and second one. What are the key benefits and what are the differences? First we will learn about the differences when you take a normal petrol or a diesel based vehicle the engines they have pistons and when the piston is going to compress the fuel and air mixture it can be petrol or diesel when fuel plus air mixture is compressed the pressure increases and then the temperature increases and because of that the fuel burns the fuel ignites and burns so the combustion of the fuel delivers power generally we have four stroke engines wherein we have four different cycles so which the fuel is drawn inside and then the combustion happens so this power is delivered to the crankshaft and then it rotates the wheel this is generally how a normal ICE that is an internal combustion engine works when what are the things needed here first you need a engine and then you have to fill the fuel here fuel is compressed to burnt whenever the fuel burns you call it as an internal combustion engine wherein if you take electric vehicles you are going to store electricity in battery packs wherein these battery packs they are connected to the electric traction motors wherein these motors are almost directly attached to the wheels there are different methods by which they couple the motors along with the wheels but in most of the cases the motors are directly attached to the wheels like this so the primary difference that we see here is this contains this does not need a fuel refilling but it takes a longer time we are going to make a rough comparison internal combustion engines and the electric vehicles prefer to do it in form of a tabular column on left hand side we are going to have internal combustion engines right hand side electric vehicles we are going to compare internal combustion engines and electric vehicles in this case when we say the power train we call it as a internal combustion engine the power train for this is said to be battery first we will start with the cost that is initial cost it is going to be lesser for internal combustion engine cost in the sense we are talking about cost of the vehicle wherein electric vehicles are definitely costly you are looking for a good electric vehicle with at least a 500 kilometer range minimum you have to spend around 20 lakh rupees at least start on x1 for example so wherein internal combustion engines are reliable and also they have been there in the market for a very long time they have competitive pricing starting from 4-5 lakh you have internal combustion engines next one when we talk about specific energy that is specific energy of fuel how much energy can be derived from a fuel for 1 kilogram fuel in that case specific energy of fuel is high for internal combustion engines wherein specific energy will be low for electric vehicles coming to the next one the main problem here is it emits a lot of toxic substances which includes greenhouse gases another heavy metal sulphur all these will be emitted when in this case nearly or almost nil emission we call it as no-tail pipe emission which means in the exhaust pipe you are not going to have any smoke or any form of gas coming out maybe in fuel cell based electric vehicles you will have small droplets coming out that is all but other than that it is almost having nil emission coming to the next one next page when we talk about range usually I am just generalizing it based on the present market situation wherein the range of the internal combustion engines is going to be higher if you are going to fill one tank you can easily travel say 400 or 500 kilometers very easily wherein the range of electrical vehicles are comparatively lesser cost for the range is going to be lesser but when we talk about the cost per kilometer or the operation cost the operational cost for this one is going to be higher wherein the operational cost for electric vehicles is much lower if you take smaller vehicles such as the MG Comet and everything they promise that you can drive or you only have to spend 50 rupees per kilometer not 50 rupees per kilometer if you take a smaller vehicle maybe if you have a larger vehicle it depends on the electricity cost and everything but generally based on a weighted average for smaller electric vehicles you are going to spend only half rupees per kilometer maybe for luxurious vehicles you will be spending around 2 to 3 rupees per kilometer but if you take an internal combustion engine it is definitely going to be much cost here coming to the next one maintenance cost here the maintenance cost is high wherein here the maintenance cost is low because we are minimizing the number of rotating components inside and because of that definitely internal combustion engines have more expenses since you have clutch plates it is a gearbox and everything wherein in electric vehicles it is just a dial just shifting between the power output you know you put it in a sports mode or eco mode or city mode or something that is all wherein here the mechanism is more complicated especially in manual vehicles the clutch plates and different assemblies mechanical depreciation is much higher for internal combustion engine compared to an electrical vehicle and then one strategic advantage here is refilling time refilling time for any type of fuel is going to be lesser wherein here the recharging time is going to be higher wherein the in terms of efficiency generally this has lesser efficiency because if you have studied a proper physics there is something called as Carnot engine even for Carnot engine the efficiency out of the stored power the efficiency will be roughly around 30 percent 30 percent itself is maximum Carnot engine is ideal engine you cannot build a Carnot engine so remember Carnot engine is hypothetical it is only theoretical not actual engine so even for Carnot engine the efficiency is going to be somewhere around 30 percent but if you take electric vehicles the efficiency can be up to 80 percentage because of this no doubt strategically the advantage is more for electric vehicles that is why the mobility is slowly moving towards electric vehicles from the internal combustion engine so what are the parts we have addressed right now the first important thing so this one the key benefits they offer compared to the traditional internal combustion engine that part is addressed and next we are going to talk about how electric vehicles contribute to reduction in carbon emission for that first important thing is zero tailpipe emission since it is not going to emit any toxic gases including carbon monoxide or green or other green hose gases almost nil tailpipe emission you can write multiple things from here since there is no tailpipe emission India will gain carbon credit since we are gaining carbon credit this will help us to fulfill the commitments given under Paris climate agreement you can link it with the you know intended nationally determined contributions all these can be linked here and then high energy efficiency we have discussed now that compared to the Carnot engine or the ideal engines internal combustion engines the energy efficiency is going to be much higher and then reduced to fossil fuel dependence you can import reduced import of crude oil if the crude oil import is going to be reduced it is going to be better on the forex reserves also and then regenerative braking a very familiar technique from which we have been expecting question problems for a longer time wherein when you apply brake the kinetic energy is going to be reduced and it is going to be going to dissipate as heat in the brake pads wherein in electric vehicles when you take your legs off from the pedal then the car tires are spinning correct the spinning tire acts as a generator more like when you take the pedal from the accelerator your legs from the accelerator pedal I repeat when you take your legs from the accelerator pedal then the rotating wheel starts slowing down by running as a generator which means when you take your legs off from the pedal the wheel spins it generates electricity and that will be used for recharging the battery that is what you call as regenerative braking that is the energy lost during braking will be converted into electricity and stored back inside and that is why if you take electric vehicle to uphill you will lose range but when you come downhill with a strong region braking you will be gaining range it is more like a dynamo running wherein it gains more electricity regenerative braking is another advantage increases the efficiency also and then cost saving that is the initial setup cost may be high but for someone who regularly uses car definitely electrical vehicles are is going to be cost saving quite operation the biggest advantage compared to the diesel vehicles irrespective of the even the costly diesel vehicles after certain kilometers they start making noise because the diesel engines are larger and the compression ratio is also higher for the diesel engines and because of that they turn noisier over time wherein if you take electric vehicles since only the motor is operating which is directly driving the vehicle it is not going to cause much of vibration and it is also not going to cause any noise and then reduced heat emission since the engines generate a lot of heat the concept of engine oil itself is not here you do not have coolant or anything you have certain amount of coolant only for the battery packs so since the oil is not getting heated inside it reduces the heat emission from the vehicle which may transmit inside the cabin also and then health benefits because since you are reducing emission you are improving the air quality since air quality is improved respiratory disorders will be reduced that is burden on the government will be reduced so it has a lot of health benefits also if you are adopting a non-polluting or less polluting method of mobility compared to internal combustion engines no doubt it has a health benefit not only for the owner but for the general public also and then integration with renewable energy if you have a choice to integrate it with renewable energy then it is going to be even more beneficial it will have carbon negative or maybe carbon neutral method of transport right we have completed three questions coming to the fourth question what is the main task of India's third moon mission which could not be achieved in the earlier mission which means they are saying Chandrayaan 2 could not achieve certain objectives which was achieved by Chandrayaan 3 what are those objectives that is the first part of the question second one list the countries that have achieved this task second one you have to write few data related to that the third one what is the role of virtual launch control center at Vikramsara by space center which is located in Trivandrum and how it contributed to the successful launch of Chandrayaan from Sheree Kota so you have to write about three important ones wherein first we will talk about this what is the main task of India's third lunar mission Chandrayaan 3 we all know that Chandrayaan was mainly sent to demonstrate the lander and rover along with that we wanted to perform certain in situ experiments that is we wanted to test the soil composition we wanted to learn about the temperature on the moon and everything I put it in different points here the main objectives first one is engineering and implementing a lander which was named as Vikram and especially to make a soft landing on the surface of the moon the next one is observing and demonstrating the rover which was named as the Pragyan meaning knowledge and its drive capabilities on the moon and followed by that conducting and observing experiments on the materials available on the lunar surface this is what I told you in situ experiment so if it is in situ experiment what will be the exit to experiment if a if the mission is a sample and return mission that is if it is going to drill a sample or scoop amount of sample and then if it is going to return to earth we call it as exit experiment in this case the in situ analysis these three are the primary tasks of sunray and mission wherein all the three tasks are successful for now wherein still we are when we are recording this we are trying to establish one more connection with the rovers and landers which are inactive right now so please please update it but in any way when you were writing mains all the two were active because of that India's objective was successful and coming to the next one list of countries that achieved it when you talk about lunar landing there are certain facts that you can furnish here first one when we talk about landing the first landing or the first lunar lander is called lunar 9 this was sent by USSR the first lunar lander was lunar 9 which was sent by the former Soviet Union and then the first lunar rover was called lunar code which was also sent by USSR USSR has a significant or certain good records especially in lunar missions in fact the most number of lunar missions were sent by USSR here we have written it as most number of lunar missions but we are not talking about the success failure or anything generally most number of lunar missions by USSR then followed by that when we talk about the most successful country we have to talk about two things first is highest success rate in lunar landing the highest success rate in lunar landing contrary to the popular opinion it is not USA it is actually China because the written highest success rate rate means in terms of percentage China has sent three missions that is Chang'e 3 Chang'e 4 and Chang'e 5 all the three missions were successful so right now China is boasting 100% success rate in lunar landing but when we talk about most number of successful landings that would be USA so when they ask the question like what are the other countries that have achieved this speed since it is the main question we can put three or four significant facts first lunar lander Russia first lunar rover Russia most number of missions Russia highest success rate China most number of landings USA and altogether countries that had landed on moon only four countries Russia was the first to soft land followed by USA followed by China followed by India India is the fourth country to land successfully on the moon wherein if you talk about the attempts totally five countries have attempted where in Israel they sent a mission called as Berry Sheet it was the same year 2019 when we sent 102 Israel sent Berry Sheet this was a failure so out of five countries that have attempted four countries are successful right now India was the fourth country to perform successful landing near the south pole of the moon it is not on the south pole but near the south pole of the moon now two parts of the question has been addressed coming to the third part a minor part in fact what was the role of virtual launch control center understand virtual launch control center primarily it was operationalized or it was improvised during the covid time because we are not able to mobilize a lot of scientists during the covid time to a particular location so we like hub and spoke model we integrated multiple launch centers and multiple centers of Israel to a single point called as the virtual launch control center now what are the primary functions of the virtual launch control center so the role of virtual launch control center we can write four important roles here first one is it acted as all the systems that were present in Sri ericota including the launch vehicles everything was virtually simulated in the virtual launch control center understand the virtual launch control center is located in Thumba which is located in Trivandrum in Kerala we replicated or more like we created a virtual environment similar to the Satish Dhawan space center in Sri ericota and because of that the scientists were able to perform a lot of simulations using the replicas this was the first one second one it helped in better human resource management since all these things were simulated does not require the scientists to travel to different ISRO centers the bulk transportation of scientists were not required when all the tests needed were performed in the virtual launch control center and then all the anomalies were checked and based on that the appropriate actions were taken in Sri ericota so the simulation was happening in Kerala but appropriate actions were taken in Sri ericota that was the second one and third one safety in case of any unlikely events mission about systems or any other automated steps that has to be taken to fix the errors all these were tested using the virtual launch control system located in Sri ericota wherein this ensured safety of the mission and also it increased the confidence on the mission since we ran multiple checks before actually launching the mission it increased confidence of India in the third lunar mission coming to the fourth important thing it helped in real time monitoring of the entire program in fact the chandrayan 3 launch we had a lot of onboard computers which was performing the tasks automatically so how we were able to automate most of the task means first of all we simulated them and then based on that we built computers capable of handling any unforeseen circumstances and then we were monitoring it from the ground so most of the mission launching and everything it was automated so all these were achieved by the contributions from the virtual launch control center located in frumba so in fact this is this can be kept as a minor part maximum for 70 or 80 words you can write this this can be filled for around 80 words and then the introduction part along with the roles this can be filled for 250 words so this is how these questions had to be addressed thank you a good afternoon to all so we will discuss some of the UPSC 2023 mains question so GS3 environment questions so question one what is oil pollution what are its impact on marine ecosystem in what way oil pollution is particularly harmful for the country like India so it is around 150 words 10 marks so two sides so it has got three part what is oil pollution what are its impact on marine ecosystem and how it will affect India so the first part directly we can go to the question first part oil pollution it is nothing but any liquid form of an oil or crude oil or sort of a petrol that is spilled on an ecosystem by the human activity most of the time it is from the marine so marine oil spill but sometime it also includes the land oil spill also that leeches into the wetlands and apart from this oil spill can also happen oil pollution can also happen by natural disaster suppose some other somewhere the oil spill happen in some other country because of the tsunami or because of the cyclone also the oil pollution can happen that is a basic introduction can give and then what are its impact so come to the key points so the first and foremost impact I can say it is oil weathering see when the oil spill happens on a marine especially on the marine ecosystem the oil will obey the pascal of transmissibility it will travel for a long distance by that way it will soak it will form like a foam normally we call it as oil weathering that will block your sunlight that will also reduce your oxygen intake and at the same time that will also make the water dark under so by that way the ecosystem is affected number two the key point is it is the ingestion see many animals consume this oil normally this oil will contain some harmful chemical like pH polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon benzene formaldehyde even it also contains some sulphur so these are all very harmful so if you take a pH and all it is a carcinogen mutagen and teratogen and other also affects the system so in what way when it is ingested by a dolphin or whales or fishes in what way it affects it the one when it goes to the liver it enlarges the liver it also affects the cardiovascular system and it even it changes the respiration system from that finally eventually it will lead to a death so that is a second key point you have to write the third key point you can mention about the hypothermia normally when the organism is covered by the oil if you take any birds and all what happens you see the thermal transfer will get affected by that way the internal body heat will increase and finally it will enter into hypothermia by that way the organ failure will happen the organism will die that is a third key point you can go for the fourth key point you can also go for this the oil will also enter into the deep see most of the time the oil will float on the water but sometime what happens you see because of the pressure or because of the oil on the water surface go thinner and thinner will become lighter and some will enter into the deeper when it enter into the deeper the question is where it enters it goes by chance in the middle of the ocean so it will its impact is little different but whereas if it is in the continental shelf especially in the littoral zone that oil will go and affects the coral important ecosystem like mangroves and even seagrass pet and finally it will reduce the bio-diversity or it will completely shatter the bio-diversity so these are the key points you can mention about in the oil spill that impacts on the marine ecosystem the third part is in what way the oil particularly harmful or affects the country like India the first and foremost thing especially the oil spill happens near the coastal when you take Andamanicobar or Gulf of Mannar so whichever the major coastal ecosystem our coral reefs mangroves everything will affect will get affected and you know that 25% of the marine organism is directly or indirectly supported by the corals and if you come if you take 90% of the marine organism is supported by the coastal ecosystem by chance if the oil is going to be in the coastal ecosystem it is going to have a huge impact on our bio-diversity especially our Indian bio-diversity coastal bio-diversity that is point number one point number two our fishing will get affected because some of the commercial fishes definitely will get affected by this oil spill that is the second point the third point you can talk about the tourism so when oil spill happen naturally the tourism activity the tourism activity also will get impacted that is a third key point the fourth key point it also affects the power plant if you take many power plants take water from the ocean suppose if it is switched to the oil definitely when the oil goes with the water inside the power plants and all the power plant will the power plant the system the heat transfer system will get deteriorated that is another key point the last key point you can also see when oil spill happen when the oil spill happens also most of the time the environmental activists they go for a cleaning they are exposed to this oil this oil definitely will have as I told you it has got poly aromatic hydrocarbon benzene sulphur so these volunteer is also getting affected and final is when the oil spill especially in the coastal region when the air moves on it also enter as a air pollutant some of the particulate matter of benzene sulphur goes as air pollution the coastal ground well so definitely ground water leaching is also getting affected so these are the impacts we have on the Indian ecosystem or on the Indian country so finally conclusion what you can make is if you see the disaster management especially for the oil spill we are comparatively little weaker so right now we are developing bio remediation and all so in as there is and also there is no separate law or sort of framework to control the oil spill so we have a sort of a contingency plan and it is indirectly mentioned in the EP act so India has to strengthen its law especially for the oil spill so especially in terms of compensation in terms of prevention we have to go for and at the same time we also should strengthen in case of a disaster we should strengthen our disaster management techniques so these are the key points we can mention in this first question oil spill come to the second question comment on the wetland conservation program initiated by the government of India and a name a few India's wetland of international importance included in the Ram sars side so two part the first part is we have to explain about the national wetland conservation program so what are the since it is a 250 words 15 mark so you have to tell what are the basic provisions of this particular wetland conservation plan and comment you have to give a opinion so you have to tell what is the benefit of it and at the same time what are the cons and the second part we have to explain some of the Ram sars sides so at least minimum 7 if you are able to mention 10 Ram sars side there will be better or 5 Ram sars side with little elaboration also will be better so here the first one is when you come to the national wetland conservation program actually today we do not have this program in this name we have a program NPCA that is called national plan for conservation of aquatic ecosystem the reason is the national wetland conservation program has been merged with national lake conservation plan because many duplication is happening sometimes many wetlands or lakes many wetland lakes or wetlands so that is the reason in order to reduce the duplication in 2013 itself we brought a national NPCA that is national plan for conservation of aquatic ecosystem and come to the wetland so 2 or 3 benefits of wetland you can write about because wetland is a very important protective ecosystem it supports biodiversity it is a kidney function and also it is also called as nature supermarket so some 4 or 5 benefits of wetland we have to say because why we need to have such a program why we need to conserve so I will say that 4 points will be better the one is the it is a supermarket natural supermarket it is a kidney function and it supports biodiversity and also it is a very important protective ecosystem okay come into this program so the program concentrates on the holistic protection of wetland number 2 to make the state more vigilant about the conservation of wetland and number 3 the center will provide a guideline for all the states uniform guideline for all the states to conserve the wetland and number 4 is to give a priority for the very important wetlands especially like Ramsar sites and most important identify wetland and at the same time the next one is to monitor the program and also periodically report to the central government and keep on developing the particular wetland so these are the basic objective under this plan national NPCA so we have 2 type 2 broad perspective the one is the management action plan so how to manage or conserve the wetland and number 2 is on the research projects because we have to develop the research then only the wetland can be well conserved so this is a 2 major aspect now this program whatever the program we have the national plan for conservation of aquatic ecosystem it is a center state combined funding method so now come to the second one comment so comment part so when you come to the comment part so first if you see the advantages of this program anyway we have identified some of the wetland which is very important second is we have also by conserving that wetland especially on controlling the pollution controlling the industrial waste controlling the sea wage even conserving that particular wetland we have conserved the biodiversity in that wetland that is a second major one and we have improved the water quality because of the ground water quality is also improved that is it has you know done its kidney job function that is also another thing and through this program also in many wetlands we have made the community to engage and also we have increased the livelihood for the local community because the Ramsar criteria very important criteria itself is conserving a wetland is important at the same time the local people involvement the local people livelihood it should support so these function or these aspects was included in the wetland conservation program and apart from that we are also able to identify and make some of the wetlands as a international importance that is nothing but Ramsar and this program also very helpful for achieving our Ramsar objective which India has signed in the Ramsar in the UNESCO so these are the some of the advantages I will say because of this program so we have got more awareness and other thing now disadvantages so that is very important part so if you see wetland even though we have this program there are some disadvantages now first coming to the data if you see according to the ISRO there can be more than 2 lakh water bodies we may have across India and in this if you see a wetland portal India or India wetland portal it is identified anywhere around 1255 wetlands approximately we have but in this 1255 some of the significant wetland is only 1 through 115 that is covered under the program and 75 Ramsar sites we have so if you see anywhere around 1050 plus wetland there is no focus so we are not giving a focus for all the wetland that is one number 2 is collecting all the wetland especially you know the data collection of the wetland through the remote sensing is also little weaker we have and also identifying the biodiversity also it is not done completely there is a second thing we have the third one is uniform implementation by the states see all the states is not uniformly implementing the wetland if you see some states and all I can say it is very advanced especially like Chilika Ali Kandall the government is doing excellent job today Chilika lake sometime we call it as a model wetland lake and many wetland conservation activists says that all the lake should come it like a equivalent to a Chilika lake or all the Ramsar sites should come or all the Ramsar sites or lake should come like a Chilika lake because the reason is Chilika lake is well conserved so if you see that whether the same level of conservation is happening in all the states may not be there is a third important thing we have so we want the central government to insist state and the state government to take more responsibility on the wetland and the fourth one is whether regular monitoring surveillance is happening no it is not happening in all the wetland only in few wetlands regular monitoring is happening and then the very important thing is lot of exploitation of wetland still today many you can see many agencies or directly discharging the industrial waste into the wetland even the sewage is directly discharged lot of exploitation of wetland and the next is we are also converting the wetland especially for agriculture activity even some wetlands are given for development activity and all so that is another thing we find and more important is more pollution especially industrial pollution heavy metals is being discharged especially in the wetland recently we came to know that many wetlands many lakes has got high toxin level of heavy metal so these are not still controlled and apart from that only in few in Ramsar and few sites only the local people participation happens in many sites local people are not participated or sometime local people exploit that particular wetland so these are the some of the disadvantages we have in this program and the last part we have to explain about the wetland of international importance so here some of the important sites you can mention about Chilika Lake so one of the best site even today high yield of fishes we can find the Chilika Lake it is a model wetland Chilika Lake is a very good mangrove site which also have a high density of crocodiles we can find saltwater crocodile and apart from that nearby the Gahirmata beach which is very important for the olive ridley turtle the next one is the Kulleru which is very important for bio-divisity and we have one wetland Bhoj wetland even though it is a man made which was constructed very long back Maharaja Bhoj which is a land made dam but it is very important for bio-divisity especially for phytoplankton and zooplankton the next comes the Sundarban which is a very important mangrove site for Bengal tiger which supports a lot of libelyhood and apart from that the two which is in the Monterey record Lokthak lake which is a world only floating park in the world and Kalyadio National park which is very famous for cyber hindrance some of the few wetlands you can mention one or two line about the importance of the wetland also we can mention so these are the key points in the question number 2 the question number 3 the intergovernmental panel on climate change has predicted a global sea level rise of about 1 meter by 2100 what would be its impact in India and other countries in the Indian ocean region ok so it is nothing but the sea level rise because of the climate change so not necessarily have to separate for India and the Indian ocean so you can see there is a single thing even if it is possible also you can split it so first is you can refer to the IPCC a very important special report that is a special report on the ocean and cryosphere which has given more detail about the sea level rise even the AR6 report and also there is a recent WMO report also says about the sea level rise so if you see the data wise it seems that anywhere around according to the Ministry of Science India 1.7 mm per year it is increasing the sea level rise is increasing over the century that is the data given by the Ministry of Science and you can also find 3 meter sorry 3 centimeter rise in one decade so if this rate goes on it will be 5 centimeter rise you can find in decade which will result in approximately sorry which will result in it is 17 meter inland so 5 centimeter per decade which will result in 300 meter of inland loss so this is a basic data very prime data that is given by the WMO even by the Ministry of Science so first on is you have to discuss about what is the impact of sea level rise or what is the reason sorry what is the reason of sea level rise so I will say that the first 50% of the reason comes from the thermal expansion number 2 it is from the glacial melting number 3 from the Greenland and other Arctic and Antarctic melting especially from the Indian ocean side it is Antarctic melting now whether the glacial melting whether it is a main factor even the recent report says that glacial contribution from the glacial melting is not as high as what we expected it is comparatively low so it is comparatively it is only it seems that the thermal expansion and the Antarctic melting seems to play a major role in the Indian ocean rise ok come to the directly come to the park so what are the impact so we are going to find so we can break into many because India wise we have some of those and find that approximately kilometer of coastline so the impact is going to be very tremendous so first one broad you can make it as a broad heading and then you can little elaborate that will be better the first one is the coastal erosion when the sea level rises you know that the land loss will happen I told you know approximately we can find 300 meter of land loss will happen that will impact the coastal community in fact it will also impact the agriculture and it is also predicted that it will have we will find anywhere around 1500 square kilometer of land loss land loss by 2050 so these are all comes out of the coastal erosion the second is increased flooding increased flooding so the low laying coastal areas is going to get affected especially the deltas and all become more vulnerable and even the recent report told that Chennai, Mumbai and even Kolkata is going to be the highest vulnerability we are trying to find where more severe flooding will happen normally when the flooding happens you know that diseases and other parameters also increases parallely then comes the migration displacement and migration so as a IPCC reports that we will find lot of climate refugee engromigrant many people will get displaced even Maldives and other countries also going to have more impact maybe in another 100 years of time Maldives may not be there and Mauritius is also getting more impacted and the next one is the Saline intrusion Saline intrusion the salt water intrusion whenever the salt water intrudes you know that the ground well water is getting affected the drinking water is getting affected agriculture crop yield also will reduce and finally agriculture production is also comes down and in turn it will also affect your inland biodiversity ok the next one is threat to the infrastructures so normally when the sea level rise happens you can see the airports power plants even some of the roads buildings is going to have impact but even if the impact is also very less the maintenance cost also will increase more that is another impact and greatly it will affect the tourism and shipping industry and apart from that so it is not directly connected to the sea level rise when the sea level rise is happening because of the climate change marine heat waves also increases which will also have more concern for the biodiversity and also at the same time to have concern for the people living in the coastal region because of the more evaporation and more evaporation it will results in more climate change sorry more you know the extreme weather events also can happen and finally coming to the biodiversity when the sea level rises happen definitely you can see the fishing activity will get affected coral reefs of course directly or indirectly the coral reefs is going to have impact because the salinity level changes coral needs high salinity apart from that coral bleaching can also happen your fishing industry may also fall the total ecological balance will come down and finally the very prime producers primary producer for the ocean which is plankton also will get disturbed whether all the plankton wiped out no so it seems that the plankton level will change some plankton will reduce some other plankton will increase so always in a climate change we call it as a winners and losers so some will be winners you can see sometime the harmful algae blooms or harmful plankton may increase or bio luminescence plankton increase the natural plankton may decline so these are the impact you can find apart from this the impact specifically if you see the island countries like small island country Maldives and all as I told you it will change and the second thing is maritime disputes also can happen because when the sea level rises happen automatically the boundary maritime boundary will also change which is coming out of the UN clause that also have an impact and apart from that it will also have a thermohaline disruption so the thermohaline the heat and the saline because the salinity changes the heat changes because of the sea level rise that will also have an impact and many island country is going to get impact may island country is going to get submerged so these are the key factors that can come so finally when you conclude it so you can conclude that the under the UN after we will see since the sea level rise we cannot stop it we can go for some adaptation and we can go for some mitigation so the loss and damage fund has to be increased for the vulnerable countries especially in the Indian ocean most of the countries are poor country and developing country and apart from that more GCF fund should be directed towards adaptation mitigation for the climate change and very important there is something called our Indian Prime Minister has initiated CDRI the coalition for disaster resilient infrastructure so at least in the island country in the coastal region the disaster resilient infrastructure has to be built in the coming near future so these are the key points you can discuss in the the third question that is the IPCC question okay thank you to all Hello everyone I am Kanagraj faculty for agriculture so I will discuss the aggregate questions in our GS paper so first question question number three so how does e-technology help farmers in production and marketing of a veggie produce explain it so this question is about the importance of e-technology in agriculture for production and marketing so first you can give an answer structure for this question so an introduction a general introduction you can say the importance of the e-technology the role of ICT information and communication technology in agriculture so the leveraging technology is important for increasing food production at the same time to double the farmers income so we can give this introduction then we can address the question okay in two parts so what are the e-technology the sources available for increasing the production then second part of the question marketing so what are the tools available the e-technology options available for promoting marketing so we can give some specific examples in this question so for increasing production some of the the initiative is taken by the government so first one is national e-governance plan in agriculture NGPA short form national e-governance plan in agriculture so under this plan the national government is releasing funds to the state governments for use of modern technologies in agriculture for example for implementing artificial intelligence in agriculture IOT internet of things in agriculture and robotics use of robotics nothing but farm machinery in agriculture then use of drones in agriculture so for these advancement technologies the government is releasing funds under the national e-governance plan in agriculture so here in the production area we can discuss with it so what are the factors that promotes production so under this in every factor we can give one example the government initiative so this is for advancement in agriculture we can give the small heading for every initiative so advancement in agriculture for advancement in production so under the national e-governance plan in agriculture we promote this technology in agriculture then the second one income support to the farmers to increase production income support measure under the there is one famous scheme run by the Sunil government the PM Kisan under the PM Kisan the government is providing 6000 rupees cash ups to the farmers an annual basis to launch a PM Kisan app so with this app the farmers they can directly register in this app then increasing the production of horticultural crops so for the horticultural farmers there is a network project called hotnet hotnet so this network project under this project so financial assistance is provided to the farmers under the MIDH Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture so this is one of the major programs for the holistic development of horticulture so to provide to release fund under this scheme they are using a network project called hotnet so we can use this example for the increasing production of the horticultural crops then income support for the farmers sorry input subsidies input subsidies and application of inputs in agriculture so for increasing the production to provide to the farmers the guidance or the advisories to the farmers in case of input there is a app called Kisan Suvida so this Kisan Suvida app that provides that gives advisories to the farmers regarding the weather condition or the market prices of various commodities then the prices of various inputs in agriculture then some of the advisories are provided by the Kisan Suvida app and this is one of the important tool for the dissemination of information creating awareness among the farmers then in case of soil health management so this is also important for increasing energy production soil health management there is a soil health care app so the government establishes a separate soil health care portal so under this portal the farmers they can track the soil samples the soil samples given for the soil testing so based on this soil testing values they apply the fertilizers they provide inputs to the crop then crop insurance so in the crop insurance sector crop insurance area there is one project called S Tech and this is for actually in the crop insurance area the insurance companies they calculate the yield they calculate the compensation based on the yield estimation so for the accurate yield prediction so we are using the project based on the crop insurance scheme the Prime Minister then one more ICD tool available Kisan Sarathi Kisan Sarathi again this is one of the digital multimedia platform developed by ICAR the Apex Institute for Agriculture Research in India Indian Council for Agriculture Research so they developed a project called Kisan Sarathi so under this they provide advisory service to the farmers so these are the various ICD tools available the technology available to the farmers so in various actually the aim of in this question the content should be more diversified so here we discussed about the crop insurance sector in an income supporting measure then a soil health card then input areas so at least we can give an example at least one example for each category then we move to the marketing area so what are the yield technology tools available for promotion of marketing so again one more very famous scheme in the marketing area ENAM this scheme is actually implemented by the Minister of Agri-Farmers welfare but currently this scheme is actually running by the fund support is actually provided by the Small Farmers Agri-Business Consortium SFAC Small Farmers Agri-Business Consortium so the scheme was launched in 2016 the main objective of the scheme is to ensure the free flow of commodities and to network the existing APMC markets so the idea is to create a Pan India market throughout India Pan India electronic trading portal so that the farmers from Pan India can trade their products in the portal so that is the ENAM scheme Electronic National Agri-Business Marketing it ensures smooth flow of the commodities from throughout India moreover there is an interference of middlemen in the Agri-Business Marketing right then one more scheme AgmarkNet in the marketing area one more tool available AgmarkNet so this under the AgmarkNet program actually this is the integration of the Agri-Business Marketing scheme integration of Agri-Business Marketing scheme so under the AgmarkNet so here they provide support for the creation of agricultural marketing infrastructure creation of Agri-Business Marketing infrastructure then in the procurement area there is one famous initiative by the ICT so various of the private companies the corporate companies also involved in the procurement of the products ICT sorry ITC the Indian Tobacco Corporation ITC they launched the program called ECHAUPL so they involve under this program they directly the procure the products from the farmers then various corporate companies even in the Tata Chemicals they also involved the marketing of the products and various multinational companies and the food processing companies they directly procure products from the farmers so we can write again those examples under the supply chain management so finally one conclusion so after giving the examples under the production and the marketing area then we can conclude the question so the technology is important for the increasing the doubling of farmers income and this is the future of agriculture right so the government agencies especially the KV case, Krishu and Kendra's the agriage extension agencies their main role is to create awareness among the farmers regarding the use of these E-Technologies to promote their income so like that we can conclude the question then the big question area so question number 13 explain the changes in cropping pattern in India in the context of changes in consumption pattern under marketing conditions so explain the changes in cropping pattern in the context of consumption pattern under marketing conditions so this question is about factors affecting cropping pattern so what are the factors affecting the cropping pattern in India so here the question is very specific to the factors where are various factors affecting cropping pattern of the cropping pattern means the proportion of area under various crops in a particular point of time. Actually, cropping pattern, the concept is a dynamic one. It changes through the time and the space. So the proportion of area under various crops at a point of time. So simply we can say that the farmers, how they allot the land to different crops in a particular point of time, because there is a cropping pattern, right. So after giving this definition, what is cropping pattern? The introduction is we can define what is cropping pattern. And then we can say there are various factors affecting the cropping pattern, physical factors. Under the physical factors, we include the climatic factors, soil factors, so they come under the physical factors, then socio-economic factors. So the consumption pattern, they come under the socio-economic pattern, socio-economic condition, then technological factors, right. So we can classify into various categories, the factors of cropping pattern. Now so after giving this flow chart, so we can explain, again this question consists of two parts. So what are the consumption pattern? The consumption styles of Indian population, so they change into the cropping pattern. Then marketing factors, how they change into the cropping pattern. So regarding the consumption pattern, one historical example, in India the cropping pattern, earlier in the Punjab region, the north eastern part of India, so they are mainly, they were called wheat hot land, then in the eastern part of India is called rice hot land. But after the green revolution, the cropping pattern has changed from 1965 onwards, so based on the consumption, so the dietary, in case of North India, the stable food is wheat, in South India the stable food is rice. So you can see the dominance of rice cultivation in the entire South India, especially after the green revolution, the rice cultivation dominated in the entire South India, especially the east coast of India. So earlier, before the green revolution, the main staple food of the South India actually millets, but the millets were replaced by rice in the entire South India, then north eastern part of India, Punjab, Haryana, the entire IGP region, rice also introduced into those regions, so the entire north eastern part of India, north India. Now rice wheat based cropping pattern is a major one. So nearly more than 40 million hectares area covered under the rice wheat based cropping pattern. So this is one historical change in the cropping pattern. So recently, in the cropping pattern, there are so many changes based on the consumption pattern. For example, recently the awareness is very high regarding the consumption of nutritious food. So the farmers are focusing on the, especially the recent government program regarding the millets, international year of millets, national year of millets, and the government is implementing various schemes for the promotion of pulses also. So both the pulses and the millets are nutritionally rich products, so gradually recent time, the area under the pulses and millets are increasing in our agriculture, Indian agriculture. So it shows that, so the farmers are moving from the existing rice wheat based cropping system to nutritious foods, so this is one important change. Then especially on a specific example, in Rajasthan, the millets area and the pulses area are increasing from the existing cereals. Then again, especially in the dry land region, dry land and the rain fruit region, so because of the health consciousness, recently many farmers are cultivating the dragon fruit. Actually this is one of the exotic fruit, but increasing area under the dragon fruit cultivation in the dry land areas. Then again in the Himachal Pradesh, avocados and the kiwi fruits, so there are cultivations also increasing in the Himachal region. Then especially in the Arboni areas, based on the consumer demand, because in the Arboni areas, the areas around the Arboni centers, there will be more demand for the processor foods. So the food processing companies, the food processing industries, mostly the MNC companies are the food processing companies, so they promote the farmers, they engage directly with the farmers through contract farming. So they provide all the necessary inputs to the farmers to cultivate the crops for the processor foods. For example, the PepsiQ company, they entered into contract with the Punjab farmers for the cultivation of potato for making lace chips. Then many, the government is also promoting the food processing companies through a scheme called a mega food park. So under the mega food park scheme, the MNC companies, they set up the processing, the pulping industries. So these companies, they procure products from the farmers, directly from the farmers, the Goa, Goa, Papaya, Mango, so the farmers are cultivating the crops based on the demand from the food processing companies. Then the demand for livestock feed, one more factor and India is actually having the largest livestock farmer in the world. So to meet the demand for the livestock feed, in many different regions, the farmers are growing sorghum feed and the photographs. So sorghum feed and the photographs for the livestock population. Then the e-commerce agencies, so they procure products from the farmers, again based on the demand from the consumers, especially the allied consumers, the cherry tomatoes, and the exotic fruits. So they directly promote the e-commerce companies, they promote the farmers for the cultivation of these kinds of exotic fruits and the high value crops. So these changes in the crop demand occurs mainly because of the change in the consumption pattern. So we can discuss under the four of the headings. Then market conditions, it is an extremely important factor determining the marketing conditions. So export potential, again the farmers, they choose the crops based on the export potential. So this is one of the important marketing factor. For example, the cotton, cotton cultivation, so it is very common, very famous in the Maharashtra and Gujarat region. Apart from that, in other regions also, in the Punjab, so even the Punjab is a common area in the semi-red zone. So in Punjab also the farmers that grow the cotton and in Tamil Nadu in the southern parts of India also they grow, many farmers they grow the cotton cultivation because of the cotton has a high export value. Moreover, for the promotion of cotton, the government to increase the crop diversification, the government include the cotton crop under the scheme called crop diversification program and the cotton is also included under the national food security mission. So the unintentional areas, they also grow cotton because of the export potential and the government schemes. Then government policies and the MSP, so in many regions, the farmers follow the rice wheat basal cropping system because they get assured price from the government agencies, procurement agencies. So the MSP is also one of the main reason for the promotion of rice wheat basal cropping system. Our demand for, so recently the government is promoting oil sales and because of that, the oil palm cultivation in many areas, the farmers are cultivating oil palm and the government is running a separate scheme for the national mission for oil palm also, oil sales and this is mainly due to the import bill because we are spending huge amount for the importing of edible oil from other countries. So the government is actually running a scheme, national mission of oil palm. So it promotes actually it provides incentives to the farmers for the cultivation of oil palm and the oil seeds. So the oil seed base of the crop is increasing in India because of these reasons. So we can include these points under the marketing factors. Then we can write a suitable conclusion for this question, then question number 14. So what are the direct, indirect farm subsidies provided to farm sector in India? Discuss the issues raised by the world-renowned organization in relation to aggregate subsidies. So there are two types of subsidies in India agriculture, direct indirect subsidies. So the first part of the question, you have to explain the direct, indirect subsidies. So the direct subsidies are the direct income supporting measures to the farmers. So here on a just I told you the famous scheme PM Kisan, under the PM Kisan, the government is providing 600 rupees cash subsidy to the farmers for a year. Then the farmers they purchase inputs at a subsidiary's price. The subsidies available for inputs, they come under the direct subsidies. So the inputs, for example, for the purchase of seeds, for the purchase of fertilizers, and for the purchase of other aggro chemicals. So these products available to cheaper price to the farmers, that is subsidies to the farmers. So they come under the direct subsidies. Then the crop insurance scheme and the infrastructure development in agriculture, R&D, research and development in crop cultivation. So these factors, they come under the indirect subsidies. So you need to explain, so what is direct subsidy? Then after giving these examples and explanation, then we move to the next area, the WTO. So what are the issues raised with the WTO in the case of Indian subsidies? And then before that we can give some value addition in the introduction itself. So the subsidies actually the government is spending nearly 2 lakh crore last year. They allocated a 2.25 crore for the food subsidy alone. And the government is spending nearly 1.25 lakh crore for the, more than 1 lakh crore for the fertilizer subsidy. So this is a major burden. In case of subsidies, the government is facing severe burden in the extra care, in the government extra care. Right, apart from that, the WTO is also raising concerns regarding our India's subsidy system, especially our MSP system. So what is the issue with WTO? Especially the developed countries, they are questioning our subsidy system. So in the WTO, there is an agreement called agreement on agriculture. So there is an agreement on agriculture. So under the agreement on agriculture, there are three pillars of agreement on agriculture regarding export subsidies, regarding domestic support. There is one more principle called WTO, de minimis principle. Under the de minimis principle, the aggregate measure of support. That is AMS. AMS means the total measure of support in agriculture. So the aggregate measure of support, it should not be more than 10 percentage of the total value of agriculture production in any country. So this is called de minimis principle. So the total aggregate measure of support should not be more than 10 percentage of the total value of the aggregate production in any country. But many countries, even the developed countries and the USA and India, actually they are breaching this limit. So this is the main criticism of WTO. So many developed countries criticize India for breaching the de minimis principle because India's MSP system, under the new support system, in case of food subsidy, India is spending nearly 225 crore. So it is breaching, actually, the values breaching the de minimis principle. That is the main criticism by the member countries. So what is the issue with our previous system, our MSP system in WTO? Actually WTO classified these subsidies as here, trade distorting subsidies. So why they are called trade distorting subsidies? That is the subsidies given for the inputs, the direct income supporting measures to the farmers, the PM Kisan scheme, are the subsidies given for the inputs. Then our MSP system, minimum support price system. So where the government is, actually the WTO is criticizing our subsidy system because they are classified under the trade distorting subsidies. So how they distort the trades? So the international market, if you provide subsidies to the farmers, then it leads to underpricing of our products in the international market. So when the quality is same in the international market, then usually the consumers, they go with the product with the lesser price. So we can create a stiff competition in the international market because of this enterprising. Our demand for our products will increase in the international market. So our farmers, they provide a stiff competition to the other international players. So that leads to dumping off the Indian products in the international market. So this is the main criticism, the concern of the riser by the WTO. So that's why they are opposing the entire subsidy system. So the riser on that, they brought an agreement called the agreement on agriculture but the countries are not concerned. So far still the discussion is going on. So far no specific conclusion is reached in the agreement on agriculture. So many developing countries including Argentina, India, so they are opposing the agreement on agriculture because it is highly favored towards the developed countries. Then one more issue with our subsidy system, the PDA system. One more criticism by the developed countries. So in the PDA system, we procure food grains from the farmers at the rate of MSP, minimum support price. Actually we have excess stock in our food grains, again the buffer stock, we have excess stock. So after meeting our food supply demand, we export these food grains to the other countries, especially the European countries and the African countries at a cheaper price. This is the main criticism by the developed countries. Again we provide a stiff competition to the European countries in terms of wheat. So suppose if you export wheat to African countries, then the European countries also they produce wheat. So when compared to the European wheat, our Indian wheat are cheap in the African markets. So this is again a problem in the international market. So the main criticism is that with the help of the MSP system, we procure at a cheaper price from the farmers at the rate of MSP. Then instead of distributing the products in the food security system, after meeting our own demand, the excess food grains, actually the food grains are rotting our good owns. So in this case, instead of rotting our good owns, our main criticism is we are exporting these food grains to the European countries, third world countries at a very cheaper price. But actually this is the only allegation. So there is no proper fact or it's not true, it's not entirely true. It's the only allegation. So this is the allegation by the developed countries. So in this case, actually India stand in this case, we cannot abolish the entire subsidy system because we are running the system, the subsidy system for our meeting the India's food security demand, for the growing India's food security demand. Actually we are feeding, currently we are feeding the ethical population and we are running the world's largest food security program. So in this way we can justify India's stand. So there are two issues in the WTO. One is the developed countries are opposing the subsidies given for the inputs and another issue, they are opposing our PDA system. So we can support India's stand in the WTO issues. Actually we are opposing the agriculture. So in this question we can... So the developed countries and developing countries, they should form a proper agreement that should maintain the proper balance between the developed countries and the developing countries. They should promote the interest of both developed as well as developing countries. Right. 2023 UPSC mains question paper, paper 3. In this paper 3 we are going to discuss the disaster management question. This year in UPSC from the disaster management syllabus they have asked one question. Usually, if you see the previous year's questions of disaster management portion, 2013 two questions, 2014 one question, 15 one, 16 one, 17 one, 18 one, 19 two, 21, 21 two, 22 one, and this year 2023 we have one question. So usually there would be a one question from the topic of the disaster management area. As usually the UPSC have also asked the one question from that portion of the disaster management. Usually in the disaster management topic the question would be either in the disaster or in the portion of management. This year the UPSC have asked from the portion of disaster area that is dam burst. Previous years the UPSC have asked questions from the disaster area like earthquake, landslide, urban flood, commonly as flood. These types of area they have touched. So this year is with the dam burst. Okay. This is the question. The question is the seventh question in the Denmark's area with 150 words. So we see the question. Dam failures are always catastrophic especially on the downstream side resulting in a colossal loss of life and the property. Analyze the various causes of dam failures. Give two examples of the large dam failures. 10 marks in 150 words. So the area of question is regarding the dam failures. This is the area of question. What is the demand of the question? The demand of the question is causes. Various causes. This is the first demand of the question. The second demand of the question is examples. That is two examples we have to give it for them. So two examples we have to give it. And the third demand is we have to analyze this question. Third analysis. Let me see how this questions to be presented. First introduction of the question. So the question is regarding the dam failure. So our answer should be regarding for the dam failure. So dam failure. In how the question is being presented. It is presented in the form of catastrophic. Especially in the downstream side. Resulted in the form of loss of life and property. So our introduction should be a collective formation of all these three things. Dam failure. And because of the dam failure. How we form the catastrophic. Form the catastrophic. Loss of life and property. Life and property. That should be our introduction. So the introduction part should be the ensembling of the. Content what we are going to write it. That is what. What is the next demand of the question. The next demand is regarding the various causes. That is what they are asking. Various causes of the dam failure. So various causes regarding dam failure. So the forced and the foremost cause of the. Dam failure was the natural disaster. In the natural disaster we have to discuss about the. The first one flood flood. Along with the heavy rain. Due to heavy rain there would be a flood in. Many parts of the area because of the flood. The dam would unable to hold its capacity. If they failed to leave if they leave if they. Failed to open the water for the barrage. So because of that that would be resulted in the form of the dam burst. So which would be a catastrophic for them. So the first two would be for it be the flood and the heavy rain. The second one is the earthquake. If the dam falls unfortunately in the earthquake prone region. In case if the earthquake was happened it may affect the dam. Because of the earthquake the dam may have a burst. And because of that that would be catastrophic for the life. And the loss of property also. So that would be the second one natural disaster. And the second would be design and construction. The design and construction of the dam itself is considered to be. As a wrong one or would be a faulty one in some cases. And because of the faulty design and construction. And the dam in a period of time it may resulted in the form of a dam burst. And which would be resulted in the form of catastrophic for the life and the property. And the third one that would be in the form of the aging infrastructure. Many dams in India are constructed long time back. We have dams, we have a bank of Krishna Sahar. And we have a dam of Stanley reservoir. And we have a dam of the Armada. And many dams are constructed for a very long time ago. And because of these things the dams are aging. Because of the aging factor of the dam. The infrastructure what we have used for those dams are also become aging because of that. It lost its life period because of these things. Because of the aging factor of the dam. The dam may be in a poor condition. And because of the poor condition of the dam. The dam may be bursted. And that was resulted in the form of a catastrophic in life and loss of property. Poor maintenance. The dam may be maintained in a very poor maintenance condition. The dam may be maintained very properly. So a dam should be very properly maintained. It should be very frequently visited. And it should be properly checked or any cracks in the dam. There are many dams which have cracked over a long period of time. Because of the poor maintenance. And there would be a seepage of water from those cracks. And if we unnotice those things for a very long duration of time. And there would be a burst happened in that seepages on the crack. And that would be resulted in the form of a dam burst. And which would be resulted in the form of a catastrophic for the life and property. And the foundation problems. Next one would be the foundation problem. Some of the dams should be constructed in a very bad soil condition. Geological condition. The geological condition may not be feasible and the geological condition may not be satisfactory. But unfortunately because of some other thing they have constructed a dam in those area. Or in some cases where the geological factor may be changed in a subsequent period of time. Over a period of time what marshy land or water would be penetrated into that area. Or the soil would become very weak and the constructive area. Where the dam was built to become a very weak geological condition in a later period of time. So that factors also resulted in the form of the dam burst. Which would be resulted in the form of the catastrophic for the life and the property of the people. And the next one. Overtopping. Many dams would be capacity for having more huge water level. And above the permissible level the dam would have the water level. Because of that the dam would be hold beyond its capacity. When the dam is having water beyond its capacity. There would be water pressure inside the dam. The water pressure should be hold by the dam. If the dam is failed to hold its water capacity. Then the dam would be busted. So the over toppling and over inflow. Or also we can add the excessive inflow of water. In this we can add it as a excess inflow of water. Because of the excessive inflow of water of the over toppling. What would happen means the dam failed to hold the water capacity. And the gravity of the water. And there would be a pressure from all sides to the dam. When the dam unable to hold its capacity that would be busted out. So that would be resulted in the form of the catastrophic for the life and property. Spilling. Design. Error. In some dam usually in a dam the water inflow would happen. When the water was continuously inflow into the dam. The excessive water should be sent out of the dam. Or would be opened out for many of the irrigation for other purpose areas. Or agricultural purpose areas. In some dams the water would be spilling design would be erred. The water would not be spilled out of the dam in a very proper way. In if the dam have no proper way of spilling out of its water. What would happen means same thing what would happen in the excessive inflow of wat