Good morning class. It is good to see you again. Last class, we covered the basics about what a business organization is and what this course business analysis for engineers is going to actually offer you. So, it was kind of an introductory framework to this entire course in which I said in addition to defining what a business is, I had provided the 3 C's that actually is used to analyze the business. A quick recap of those 3 C's namely the code, the conduct and the climate and we concluded last class with code and I said that I would be beginning this session today with some introduction to accounting and that is what we are going to do this class. Now, I told you last class that in any business organization whether it is for profit or not for profit, there is a lot of activity that happens in a business organization. Activities or rather lot of work happens in a business organization and this work is done using resources, resources being men, material and other productive resources and when such resources are being used, we need to know some information on those resources. What type of information? We need to know what are the resources at the first place, to what extent are they available with us and when it was acquired what were the sources of finance to acquire these resources and how these resources were spent and as a result of utilizing these resources, what is the benefit to the business organization. So, we need to understand that all this information in different forms is required, could be the means of financing these resources, the extent to which these resources were used and the results achieved by using these resources. So, the information hence is critical not only for those who are inside the business organization, but also outside the business organization. So, in essence this information gathering is a big exercise by itself and now this information is about resources that are being consumed and who is going to use this information it could be the stakeholders, by stakeholders it means both parties inside as well as outside to the business organization. So, when we are going to capture this information we need a system that provides this information. In the absence of any system think about capturing this information there is one business organization x, there is one business organization y and for the sake of comparison let us assume that these are the only two organizations, but however in reality you have thousands and millions of organizations outside. So, information gathering has to be in a uniform has to be in a manner that is done at least to ensure that there is some consistency across various organizations in gathering this information. Now, a system that provides this consistency between two organizations x or y or for that matter a system that provides consistency to all the organizations when it comes to gathering this information is actually accounting. So, accounting in a very very broad perspective you are going to get into the finer definitions of what accounting is, but at a very broad general level it is a system that provides this information. So, this system provides the info that stakeholders inside and outside the business organization need and this info is about the resources that are being utilized in contact of business whether it is for profit or not for profit. So, the central piece to the accounting system is the information that is required. So, information is the key in this system. Now, when I am going to say that information is required I cannot just let it allow to hang loosely, because information by itself is a generic statement generic word it covers everything the fact that today is a holiday for my company is information, but accounting need not capture that. So, we need to know what type of information is actually essential for the purpose of accounting for which let us say information can further be categorized into two forms non quantitative and then quantitative. I am more interested in quantitative information, I am not interested in non quantitative information what could be non quantitative information it could be that the CEOs interview appeared in a newspaper or the visual advertisements of the organization is available press releases. This is also information about a business organization, but it is more qualitative or rather it is non quantitative and hence an accounting system need not really capture these types of non quantitative information. So, I am going to ignore for the purpose of accounting not that non quantitative information is not necessary, but for the purpose of accounting I am going to spend more time in collecting only quantitative information, because that is actually the required information. Now, again in quantitative information still it is a very broad terminology, still I need to segregate certain type of information that I need and then ignore other quantitative information that I do not need. In a very broad perspective I can say there is some non accounting quantitative information and then accounting quantitative information. Non accounting suppose the average work experience of the employees in a business organization is 45 years, it is quantitative, but then whether it is required from an accounting perspective no. So, as long as there is quantitative information that is non monetary put it this way then I can say that it is non accounting information. So, I am not interested in information that is non accounting though it is quantitative. So, I am interested in getting information which is quantitative, but at the same time is accounting in nature. What do I mean by accounting in nature? In that case I have to express this information in monetary terms. Now, what type of information would they be? Again last class I was mentioning that there are three two types of accounting, the financial accounting, the management accounting, the third accounting related quantitative information is the operational information. Now, operational information is accounting to a certain extent and quantitative as well, number of units of a product in the business organization sells. It is a definitely accounting information and quantitative payroll. So, this is again quantitative as well as relevant from an accounting perspective, but from a reporting perspective I would say that I am not really concerned though it is relevant information for accounting and quantitative. For the purpose of reporting I would restrict the information that I need broadly into these two categories namely financial and management accounting. Now, financial accounting as I said in last class it is actually more for the purpose of internal managers to understand to capture this information that we have been talking about as well as external stakeholders. So, this financial accounting is one form of accounting that captures information reports it in a particular form which is used by not only those internal to the organization but also other stakeholders in making judgments or making investment decisions or for whatever purpose they think they could use this best. And the other hand you also have management accounting which by enlarge is an internal control system where it is used more to plan effective usage of resources to implement certain optimization mechanisms to control the budgets. So, we need to capture some information that is required to plan, implement or control the internal business system. And remember last class I was talking about how management accounting hence would be dealing with various issues like fixed cost, variable cost, budgeting, variance analysis and all this is internally consumed because it is more to be used for the purpose of improving mechanisms internal to the organization. To provide a textbook definition of accounting hence looking at all of these terminologies I would say that accounting is the process of identifying, measuring because after you identify you need to measure and also communicate it in a proper format. So, identifying, measuring and communicating communicating what communicating I am using this word economic information this is synonymous with the quantitative accounting information that I explained before. And after doing this why are we doing this? This is after you identify you measure and communicate this economic information then the users of this information can take informed decisions or make judgments. So, hence this permits informed judgment and decisions who the users of this information. So, in a sense accounting identifies measures and communicates economic information to a specific set of user group who based on this information can take decisions or make an informed judgment. This in a sense is the broad principle or the definition of accounting. And those who practice the profession of accounting are called the charted accountants in our country regulated through the institute the ICAI or also called as CPAs elsewhere outside India. So, CPAs are charted accountants are the ones who are professionally engaged in the practice of accounting as a profession. I mean they are empowered to sign on financial statements on behalf of business organizations they do the auditing. So, they endorse that this information that we have identified measured and communicated is correct. And satisfies the various stipulations the norms and benchmarks and very much within the allowable framework of accounting standards about which we will be discussing later. But this profession of accounting is practiced by those certified professionals called charted accountants or CPAs. I told you last class that my endeavor is not to give you an orientation towards accounting. So, that you can appear for a charted accountants examination and clear that no. I am just going to give you some inputs. So, that you can appreciate and understand by the very look of a balance sheet or an income statement you can make some sense from the these statements you can make some sense from the annual reports of various companies. And it is only to that limited extent that I will be giving you some inputs on accounting.  Now, accounting is not a new concept even in 5000 BC you know we had some symbols that recorded transactions symbols used by those tribals recording transactions. So, the idea was to record transactions that were significant. And then as ages went by various civilizations be the Indian civilization of the Egyptian of the Mesopotamian whatever they are every civilization had its own ways of recording information that could convey that such a transaction has happened. But the most telling form of accounting namely the double entry book keeping trace traces its origin to the European zone probably somewhere during the 1300s. And then predominantly used by government enterprises because you know government was the was the agency that was engaged in business in those days. But after the industrial revolution took place even private organizations were part of the big enterprise as a result of which the users or the creators of this accounting statements or the financial statements were not just government agencies, but also private enterprises. So, post the industrial revolution we could see that there was a great need for accounting professionals because all these transactions which till one point of time was restricted with government agencies now were undertaken by private enterprises. And then proliferated over a period of time. So, today you can imagine how many government agencies how many private enterprises all of them doing business for profit not for profit and all of them engaged in utilizing some resources in their day to day activities which needs to be captured. And then you can understand the need for accounting professionals as well. So, accounting is hence in my opinion I told you last class is become the language of business any type of business any type of business it could be a government a private or whoever it is just become the language of business it could be a not for profit entity it could be a temple it could be a church it could be a university whatever they are all of them need to capture information using a particular language that provides some common understanding across all stakeholders who use this information in taking judgements or making decisions. But, that does not mean that accounting is a foreign language it is foreign to the limited extent that you know consider an American trying to talk English in the British way, wheat in America is corn in UK and corn in UK is maize for Americans. Football in India is football if you say football in the US they think it is the NFL or the American football it is soccer in US. So, accounting is a language which is foreign to the limited extent that a few words could convey a different meaning. But, majority of what happens within this accounting framework understands the language in a uniform manner except for these minor exceptions because different countries will have different reporting standards as a result of which certain terminologies will connote different meanings in certain geography. But, by enlarge accounting as a subject of study is governed by some generally accepted accounting principles. Now, let us understand what these generally accounting generally accepted accounting principles are.  It is kind of a general law a guide to action and these principles are settled as I told you before. But, across organizations within the generally accepted principles different organizations might record the same transactions in different way that I will give you some examples later for you to understand what I mean by this. But, at least at this point of time you must understand that though these are generally accepted principles there might be different interpretations as a result of which you find different organizations recording the same type of transaction in different ways. And these principles are not rigid it is not that they will never change these are man made principles because we make these accounting principles man made these are not principles that you see in physics or chemistry or other natural sign subjects. Hence, these principles may change but, when they change everybody will resort to these new changes and ensure that these principles are followed as and when changes are being made and these principles as I told you called the generally accepted accounting principles. And this is generally accepted universally accepted and the pillar the foundation to these accounting principles is the fact that these principles actually meet three very important criteria which actually in my opinion forms the very foundation on which accounting as a subject of study survives. Gap meets three criteria one relevance by relevance to the extent that the information that is captured is meaningful and useful to the user. What is the point if the price of if the if the market price of the building that I am going to acquire now is one million dollars. And in 1950 it was ten thousand dollars the fact that it costed ten thousand dollars in 1950 is no longer relevant for me the information that is relevant is that today if I buy this building it is going to cost one million dollars it can it the fact that it costed ten thousand dollars in 1950 is relevant in a different context but, in an accounting context it is irrelevant the second criteria that needs to be satisfied is that there should be some objectivity while we capture this information. To the extent that the information that we capture is measured and reported with no inherent bias in it. So, it should be an unbiased way of reporting the transaction measuring the transaction and communicating the transaction. And not only should it be unbiased it should also stand on its own merit which means that it should be it could be verifiable at a later stage. So, to that extent the principle must ensure that it is objective you cannot allow the rules of subjectivity to intrude these principles. The third one is feasibility to the extent that the entire exercise of identifying measuring and communicating information is implementable no undue complexities when we are going to do this. So, to that extent the accounting principles must ensure that there is relevance that there is objectivity and there is feasibility when we are trying to identify measure and communicate this information this economic information. So, the generally accepted accounting principles ensures that these three foundational pillars is not overlooked at any point of time. I will just give you a small example for you to understand this better. Apple as a company the book value of Apple shares let us say is 10 dollars today 10 dollars book value of Apple shares. So, today it is trading in the market for let us say 200 dollars, but when you look at the balance sheet of Apple you would find the stocks value that it is book value. Now, are you going to tell me that it is an error in accounting because the market value is 200 dollars and that the balance sheet is not captured the market value. No it is not an error in accounting, but a principle of accounting that says that when you capture such stock values and reflected in the balance sheet it has to be at its book value and not at its market value. We are going to see a lot of examples when I going to talk about this, but please have in mind that relevance objectivity and feasibility of the three corner stones that actually guides practicing professionals to ensure that the information that they capture is done in a proper manner. Now, why are we capturing this information? We are capturing this information so that we are able to come out with some financial statements and the three most commonly used financial statements balance sheet, the income statement or the profit and loss statement, the cash flow statement. These are the three main financial statements that we would be trying to construct based on the information that we have captured and I am going to spend a lot of time in understanding what these individual statements are, but for the purpose of today's class it is enough for you to understand that balance sheet is kind of a status report, kind of a stock report that actually highlights the financial strength of an organization. The income statement and cash flow statements are flow reports, this kind of a status report while these are flow reports. What do you mean by this? Water in a reservoir at one point of time, the stock or status, the amount of water that flows through the reservoir over a period of time, let us say a day is a flow. You can understand that there is a difference between status and flow. The status or the stock report is kind of a snapshot, you take a photo, the snapshot while the flow report is like a motion picture, you take a video. So, balance sheet is kind of a stock report that immediately says, this is the financial strength of the entity while the income statement and cash flow statement are flow reports that analyzes transactions over a period of time and provides information on the performance of the entity, how profitable they are, how did cash come in and how did cash go out. So, there is this level of difference between these three statements and when we try to create them ourselves after we actually understand the accounting principles, then you will begin to appreciate the essence of these three statements. Now, why do we actually create or why do we construct these financial statements? Financial statement objectives, why do we need such financial statements? Any answers? These statements are useful for present or potential investors or creditors so that they can take investment decisions or take credit decisions based on what this balance sheet or income statement provides as signals. So, it is useful for financial present as well as potential investors or creditors, creditors meaning the banks that give you loans and all that. So, you need to create a financial statement because these people need to understand what this financial statement is as a result of which they can take proper decisions. And also for the purpose of understanding economic decisions with reasonable diligence. So, if you actually try to understand the rationale, the thought process behind certain economic decision making with reasonable amount of diligence, you can look at the financial statements. And then as an investor or a creditor or some manager also, you would say yes this decision was taken because we felt that at this profitability or at this capital structure or at this current asset management strategy we would be able to achieve target x, target y, target z. Now, I told you that every business has an economic resource and every economic resource has a claim against it. So, you create a resource, you create the resource because somebody gave you money or you put your money which means that resource can be claimed by the owner or the person who gave money to create that resource. And that claim will also change over a period of time as well, you can repay your loans. So, the economic resources that are created and the claims against those resources also need to be understood and also we need to understand that the claims against those resources also keep changing as a result of which we need to understand what is the level of claim for the various claim holders. In addition, we also need to understand the business, the businesses financial performance. By financial performance I mean the financial profitability of the business whether it is the gross margin is high, we understand the operational margin, the net margin of the business. So, how profitable is this business return on investment? Of course, for return on investment you also need to use the balance sheet as well. And also we need information on the amount, the timing and probably even the uncertainty of cash flows. You need to know when I am going to get cash, you need to know how much cash I am going to get and whether I will be able to get it at the first place. So, when cash comes in, how much of cash comes in, whether it will come in, how it goes out, I get cash either by an income that I generate, I meaning the business organization, the business gets cash because it invested in some instruments outside and it is getting an investment income or it disposed of its own assets as a result of which I got in cash. So, cash from the proceeds of disposing of some assets or cash can also leave a business enterprise, I pay dividends to my shareholders, so the cash goes, I pay interest on my loans cash goes out, I pay a portion of my loan cash goes out. So, broadly these 5 objectives namely useful information for present and potential investors and for them also to understand the rational behind these economic decision making. And for these two types of objectives, these two objectives actually we need some level of sophistication, not everybody can exercise due diligence in understanding the rational behind the economic decision making. You need some level of sophistication in accounting as a subject, so that you use an income statement balance sheet, I mean any financial statement for that matter for these two purposes. The third purpose is the economic resources that are being created in a business, every economic resource there is a claim against the resource that is created. So, you need to know what these claims are, these claims might change also over a period of time and you will also understand how these claims keeps changing over a period of time. And fourthly you need to understand the business performance, the financial performance of the business. So, you will understand the claims against these economic resources if you look at the balance sheet, you will understand the financial performance of the business if you look at the income statement or the profit and loss statement. And the fifth objective that provides you input on the timing, the amount or the uncertainty in your cash flow, you will be able to understand if you are able to create a cash flow statement. So, in essence these financial statements try to satisfy these five broad objectives for which these financial statements are being created. Now, we can construct these financial statements by following certain syntax, last class I was mentioning about the code, which means to this language of business there is a syntax. And you follow that syntax and since the user of this information is not only somebody inside the organization, it is also somebody who is outside the organization, outside even the country in which the organization is existing, which means at all levels at all geographies people need to understand and interpret this information in a uniform manner. I cannot say that looking at the financial statement in India I am making profit and the same financial statement if reported elsewhere it is reporting loss, it could be for different reasons, but all things being equal it is very unlikely that the situation of this type will arise. And for investors, for creditors, for government agencies, for any end user of this information it is always better that there is some consistency in identifying, in measuring and communicating this information. So, that as an end user I can also interpret from this information in the same way that any other sensible end user would do that is the fundamental premise for which we need to have a common syntax. So, that this language of accounting is spoken and understood in a manner that is universally acceptable, while reporting could be different. See in some countries financial statements for the purpose of reporting to income tax authorities could be a little different from financial statements for the purpose of reporting to shareholders, not that they are doing something wrong, but then within the allowed framework some entries can be reported in a different way when we file our income tax returns. Some entries can be reported in a different way remember it can be reported in a different way I am not saying that it can be reported in a wrong way it is a different way, but very much within the accepted framework as a result of which you can still have an income statement balance sheet for the purpose of income tax, a different income statement and balance sheet for the purpose of reporting to a shareholder. So, this difference may occur, but that does not mean that there is something wrong in it as long as it follows the accepted principles the broadly allowed framework it is an accepted practice. So, quick recap accounting is hence a system that provides a framework which captures information which by enlarge is quantitative and can be expressed in monetary terms for the purpose of use by both internal as well as external users. And in the process of identifying measuring and communicating this information we create three important financial statements namely the balance sheet the income statement and the cash flow statement which predominantly satisfies five main objectives of a financial statement which are basically to provide good level of information based on which we can take good decisions understand the economic resources and claims against these resources understand the financial performance of business and also get to know the movements of cash within a business entity. So, this is an introduction to accounting as a concept accounting as a system. Now, what we will be doing further is to understand what are the various principles that actually governs this practice of accounting. And I told you that these principles the foundation to these principles are the relevance the objectivity and the feasibility. So, you should have these three in mind when we are actually trying to identify measure and communicate this economic information. And it is only on these three foundational pillars the eleven principles have been formulated which is been followed. Now, what I will be doing is I will be explaining to you each of these principles and as and when possible I will try to give some examples for you to understand what these principles actually mean. But, have in mind that these are the broad principles which will give you some sense of direction in the absence of which you would just record or report transaction in an arbitrary way questionable practices how to avoid this arbitrariness or questionable practices. We need some guiding principles these principles may change, but what is applicable now is those set of guiding principles which is well settled and this forms the basis of the contact of accounting as a profession or contact of business in general. And when you understand these principles then when you actually try to capture these transactions in a business entity you will relate a particular transaction to one or more of these principles.  So, you will be revisiting these principles as and when you have doubts when you are going to capture these transactions. And when you start capturing these transactions for a longer period of time it then becomes a usual practice for you that you will report transactions in a perfect manner knowingly or unknowingly you will be following these principles. Till such time this principles not till such time every time these principles form the foundation of bed, but till the time you get comfortable till the time you are convenient in reporting transactions. You will definitely revisit these principles and then convince yourself yes this is the right way to record this transaction why because the principle of entity as a going concern tells me this the principle of money measurement tells me this. We are going to talk in detail about what these principles are, but have in mind that these principles will be forming the very foundations on which you will be interpreting these day to day transactions. You will be capturing this information which when aggregated all of the transactions in a business entity when aggregated together by way of proper reporting is your balance sheet is your income statement is your cash flow. Now, this aggregation is possible only if there is some structure to this reporting only if there is some structure whose foundation is based on some principles that is universally accepted. Because remember this structure is the one that is going to give you the balance sheet or your income statement or your cash flow and this is the one that everybody will be using as a result of which I again reiterate that it has to follow a set of generally accepted accounting principles about which I will be talking in next class. So, we will be next class where I will be starting with some of those principles and I will try to finish all of them in next class. So, I will meet you next class. Thank you.


Okay, my name is Marcel Altmann. I will give the presentation about what has happened to build open source firmware for IoT devices which Bluetooth BLE. So a little bit on me for the few people that don't know me. I've been working on Bluetooth since 2000 so I've been doing this way too long. I maintained the Bluezy Linux stack since 2004, also quite a while now. While I joined Intel in 2007 at the open source technology center I created Conman which is a connection manager, Ophono which is a full telephony stack pack runner which handles your proxy support which finally gets all the JavaScript stuff that you need for this one sorted into nice place L which I mentioned yesterday in my wireless talk our embedded Linux library that allows us to shrink things down and also IWD which is our new wireless daemon. So if you don't have seen the talk yesterday go ahead and watch this. I think the Linux foundation recorded most of these ones and it will be on at some point. I sit on the Bluetooth architectural review board since a year now and do many work on the specs on this one. I share the internet working group in the Bluetooth SIG and I also work on Bluetooth Mesh while I will be able to talk about Mesh. If you want to talk about this find me in the hallway during the conference. So today I'm doing a little bit of history in Bluetooth so just get you up to speed and see where the road we've traveled so far on this one and that you actually learned how to appreciate what has happened and what's going to changing really soon and in the future. I show you how low energy has evolved and how low energy works today and what we are really driving toward this one because my energy will be one of the technologies making a huge difference in Bluetooth these days and then how this has changed actually give the control to the people that actually want to build something because previous a lot of these things were the manufacturers were in charge and are telling you what to do and things actually changing and changing rapidly right now and then what's coming next because we have bunch of new technologies coming out that will be interesting and we want to give people early access to play with it and soon as we are standardized them and be able to talk about this in public. So a little bit about the history. Bluetooth is 1.0 B, 1.0 A was a disaster spec, 1.0 B was the first thing you could actually use, 99 so that's a pretty old spec by now. I still have devices that support 1.0 B, hard to find by I think the two or three in the world that still exist. They still work with Linux so it's kind of cool if you take them out in a while every now and then and try them to work with them but I don't recommend doing this one because first of all you need a PCMCA card slot which is hard to find these days. Most prominence back is 2.1 from 2007 so pretty much a 90 old spec. It's prominent because the car manufacturers move at a slow pace and that's still used in some of the cars out there and will be still be used for the next three or four years before they've moved on to something else. With Classic the latest spec that actually got an update for Classic is 4.1 where we added AS support for the encryption into the controller from 2013. Previously Bluetooth was using E0 cipher, finally they went into we need FIPS compliance and so AS went into this one a long time later after the first release. There's an interim version with or an interim feature with high speed version 3.0 from 2009 it kind of died down since considering using Wi-Fi alter white band as the high speed transport was a nice idea but it never took off. So there was one spec released with this one major feature never went anywhere and that's why 2.1 got stuck there as the one big one they wanted to support. There will be devices that declare themselves at 3.0 compliant they are compliant but you will not find a high speed feature in these ones because you need a Wi-Fi controller supporting this one. Linux actually does support high speed but I haven't really seen this used by anybody. It's one of these features we mentioned we got into the Linux kernel at some point and then it got never used by anybody. The interesting part and this is the main focus of the talk we started with 4.0 with low energy support in 2010. So we're right now six years in a cycle of 4.0 being released and my standard rule of thumb is if you have wireless technologies from the day the spec gets released publicly to mass adoption is around four to five years. So as you see 4.0 came out really six years ago and about a year or two years ago finally low energy is everywhere you find it in every phone you find that every phone supported you can buy devices for really cheap in the market you can go to amazon ebay god knows who and then you just buy a thermometer or any kind of sensor and chips are cheap that cost a couple of bucks. So version 4.1 was the interesting one while it added a support for a classic it removed the topology limitations on 4.0 and I will get to that one in the later slide and say where you had this topology limitations but to drive low energy further we needed to remove these ones where we had limitations on who can talk to who. The interesting spec really recently released this 4.2 which finally moved the security handling of low energy into a FIPS compliance with AS sorry 4.0 always had AS support so the encryption was always done with AS but the pairing and the key exchange was fundamentally broken it took you less than a second to break the keys once you're actually able to sniff the communication. 4.1 introduced Liptic Curves ACDH P256 Curves so it's pretty much a strong crypto and we'll make sure that your keys never we're going to leak. So 2014 if you go with my role we're still about a year in before 4.2 will be seen in mass market devices and what we have a reality right now everything supports 4.0 but you will not find anything with supporting 4.1 or if you have a 4.1 chip you will not find a host that supports it. On Linux we have actually done this it has fully 4.2 support but if you don't have 4.2 hardware we won't get any farm. What's coming next for the technology and this is a copy from the Bluetooth SIG press announcement since I'm actually officially not allowed to talk to about this in public. We're going to have longer range so they're talking about we're actually going to extend the range of Bluetooth from your average 10 meters into a stadium size ranges we get faster speed and we also get mesh topologies supported in 2016. So there will be two things that will be coming that adds mesh topology and we will have Bluetooth 5 they changed the versioning and the branding a little bit and on this quadruple range doubles of speed and the broadcasting capabilities for beacons they say 800% take these numbers with a grain of salt that are made up numbers the technical ones a little bit different but we increasing the technology a lot with Bluetooth 5 coming out this year. So back to what I mentioned earlier the ecosystem when 4.0 got released they had the fundamental idea the devices that support classic and low energy are your main hubs in your system so that's your desktop computer your laptop your phone and so on and so forth and on the right side you have the new energy devices like sensors keys keyboards and so on and so forth which is super neat and they can just talk to these devices and your phone is collecting the data the desktop is collecting data and so on and so forth and then you had the legacy ones that you had your cars your headsets and everything else that was actually using Bluetooth classic and they can talk to this one but they'll also meet the right side could never talk to the left side because the over the air protocol was completely incompatible and they wanted it this way with a 4.0 and then to polish your rotation because I always wanted to have the hub in between so even low energy devices couldn't talk to themselves pretty much. That is what 4.1 changed because they moved the focus onto low energy and we only do low energy. So 4.2 never had any updates for a classic and 5 will have I think only single or two features that extending classic a little bit but you see where the trend is going with this one I think classic is at its end of the evolution of new features and all the new features are going into low energy as a technology so that's where you're focusing on but while we're on the history to appreciate what actually has changed and how this has changed this is the early stack diagrams that you can find on how Bluetooth 1.0b looked like it looks really complex you have the the most important part you have the split in the middle which is called host control interface which separates the hardware from the from the host operating system and then you have an audio that always was special but you always have the legacy stuff we have to emulate PPP we have emulate AT commands and and so forth some of these things got deprecated over time but some of the stuff is still there so the serial port emulation is still existing and hard to get out headset still use AT commands to actually trigger call state changes and and so on and forth some protocols like TCVS bin which was way superior got deprecated at some point it's a binary audio control protocol mainly coming from the decked world died a couple of years back um there was an attempt which is kind of interesting that I actually built a java api but they weren't really successful in this one oracle still supports it on the website says we still supporting this one uh it never succeeded in anything but it was trying to grab the whole stack and build an api on top of it and it's one of the things where trying to unify the api and provide an api for Bluetooth classic completely failed I think no no operating system has a really good api either feature supported by the operating system or you can't use it and that's was the biggest problem with Bluetooth classic that unless there's a profile and the operating system supports it you're not going to use it which then also for fall back into the car industry which they were really slowly adopting these new profiles and so your car might support or might not support it um to scare you off a little bit that's the windows side of the Bluetooth stack these days um that supports classic and BLE and the interesting part is really pretty much everything on the right side is classic the part is where they actually do low energy actually can anybody find this by any chance just for the sake of it the teeny tiny onesy over here that's pretty much your low energy support and they have a little bit in hardware and then have a little bit api is on the top everything on the right side is to actually make classic work and integrate with the operating system and then BLE is this thing um it's not as bad as in Linux but Linux has a lot of extra support for classic as well where you need a lot of overhead and the percentage that it goes that you want you end up with 20 percent of the stack if you just would support le only it's just to scare you off a little bit the controller side doesn't look much better if you actually have a controller that has a dual modes support for classic and le we have this little bit le side that integrates with this one and then you have legacy old big handling how the controller does it and you have the device manager in there which in le went up into the whole stack is like we're not gonna do this anymore we're treating the hardware to actually get us on the air and we doing the most of the other stuff inside the host this also implies the security which in classic was inside the controller so you had nothing to do there it will do all the pairing for you just tell it to do it while ali it actually went in those said look the only thing the controller has to do is the encryption because we want to offload this one as much as possible or everything else around pairing and keys we actually do in the host which also means it's easier to update so after scaring you a little bit on this one getting this one into a little bit more control shape and the ones we actually want to talk about is how does the le only stack actually looks like so you have the hardware side it doesn't really change much you have your host controller interface which hti was bluetooth has actually done absolutely right since the beginning that this unified hardware interface would make it really easy to integrate no matter what transport you're operating on compared to wi-fi where you actually have to play a lot of tricks to get windows supported and still hardware that isn't supported on linux which is kind of bad you have your link layer which is pretty much your schedule on how to put the packets on the air and do a little bit of extra handling for the exchange how to set things up you have a test mode and you have your physical layer and that's basically pretty much your radio i have at that point and that's about it that's all what your controller is doing so four point zero controllers for le only are really really really simple the host side has to do a little bit more we kept around the l2cap link logical link control and adaptation protocol it pretty much gives you multiplexing for channels and we four point one extended this one into actually a connection on the channel so you have data streams there as well but then at the end of point there's just an attribute protocol and we'll get into this one how that works a little bit later and you have a security manager as i said earlier the security manager war was moved out of the controller into the host so you can easily adopt this which meant also for us you can run support for elliptic curves on a really old controller because there's nothing has to change there the only thing the controller does is as encryption then you put this together the attribute profile and the access profile and then pretty much that and you have your applications so all the complicated profile things are moved out and the logic on what to do is moved into the applications which makes it a lot simpler and a lot more useful if you want to actually do any kind of sensor devices and talk them from the phone everything becomes an application pretty much so a little bit of background the roles we have with low energy we have a central that's normally your desktop phone etc is the master device and you can't actually switch roles classic allowed to switch roles between master and slaves that has been gone away with low energy because there was always a pain point like look one point one device is the master and it sticks with it forever so the center is the master device you use this normally for access and information so you want to take your phone grab your temperature from your sensor and that's about it that's the master device the peripheral is the slave device that is the sensor device where she provides the data so just oh I have a I have a temperature I can tell it to you if you want to and then you have the other role roles observer and broadcaster which are not widely known because mainly nobody talks about them they are the scanner so you want to find beacons if you're an observer as like if you want to scan for I beacons Eddystone or something like that and you have the broadcaster which would be the beacon itself fundamentally observer and is a sub part of the central and the broadcaster sub part of the peripheral because you actually need to implement observer if you want to be a central and you implemented broadcast if you want to be peripheral this also means if you want to build a really cheap and dirty broadcaster device that's just a beacon you only need half of the link layer because you don't have to do any connections you just broadcasting information which makes it even easier to do this to build these kind of devices and this will become more important when we go into apologies like mesh where you can run with observer and broadcaster only roles for certain devices inside the mesh which means oh I can actually remove certain functionality and make the devices even cheaper and the topology diagram you see on the right is where this fund me goes you have the master being a central of the devices so you actually know what it's doing but it can also talk to the other devices but a peripheral will never talk to peripheral that's not possible but what is possible you can actually support peripheral and central mode at the same time with four point one because the limitations have been removed so if you want to be a peripheral and a central at the same time you can do this but you have to be both if you want to talk in both directions when coming to get this is pretty much a database and that's all it is its key value pairs on your device and it puts a little bit of semantics around this but at the base of it you have a key which is a handle 16 bit handle and then you get a value so you ask the database what is the value for this handle and then you get the information some of the handles are characteristics that give you extra information about what the service provides other one give you information about the service you can then have magic UIDs that allows you to find things but at the end of the day it's just a key value pair on the database which makes it really easy for the peripheral to implement because they just implement the database if it's a static one for example you just implement the database and you hand out the information and on the client side which would be the central or the master device you just have to use case you go like I need the temperature value and then you have a list of key value pairs that you asked for to find your key value that actually represents the temperature and then you go for this one so it goes from the client to the master asking the database going through them so you discover the services you discover the characteristics and then you get your values it's a simplified view on this one if you actually read the literature it gets a more complicated by the end of the day that's about it what you have to do which means all the over-air protocol is simple and stays simple so now to the open source part after the little bit introduction into what we have with low energy so the linux bluetooth stack bluesy has been around for a long time it's a dual mode stack supports classic and low energy it also supports high speed as I mentioned but it's pretty much unused but it's a stack that sits above HCI so it never deals with the hardware directly it always relies on that the hardware provides an HCI interface for the separation it's integrated into linux kernel so it has been there since 2.46 if anybody remembers that kernel it's pretty wild and it provides standard application and socket api so you have an programming interface for control and you have socket apis for all the layers that including l2 cup and r2 com so they behave like tcp and udp kind of neat and easy to use best api ever to become up with and there have been a lot of use cases but at the end of the day it was classic it was always we actually need to implement the profiles inside the user space in the demon and give dedicated apis to the ui to use them otherwise never going to be used i'll each change this a little bit with a gut api that we recently officially declared stable and then you can actually just use the gut api to implement central and peripheral usages um what we did recently when we announced the first that we announced it with a ble stack so zephyr got a ble only stack um that sits above hci implemented so after bluesy we also started now implementing a second bluetooth stack that is ble only dedicated for the zephyr atos and the zephyr talks have been there and you can see the stack in action at the demo booth uh upstairs it provides gut apis and also provides additionally the l2 cup apis for connection audit channel so if you're on the stream socket you can do this as well but if you just want to talk gut you can do this as well pretty simple support central and peripheral rules the website is there as well um the only problem with zephyr is that it requires you have hci while on a linux site that was a given all the desktop cases uh or where linux was running in phones everything else you have hcis interface nobody actually tried to invent something dedicated if you look at the abetted space uh and the maker devices hci was not the default interface so hci is defined but it's defined as optional um so that means that a lot of devices never used it and the reason for this one was that classic was not supposed to do this because the headphone case is a single mode chip where you actually want direct access to this one and eight getting hci would be getting in your way at least that used to be the argument um that nobody wanted to actually do this and the headset manufacturers got away with this one because in classic everything was profiles everything was dedicated um so they give you the whole solution you put your xyz extra features on there compile them ship them as a device and you have a bluetooth headset uh worked well uh worked well for the companies to lock you in um so if you get a csr one no qualcomm or if you get the broadcom one or if you get any other ones headset and um you basically locked into that manufacturer until you actually make the big switch to something else um and they liked it this way so the only problem is that lock in actually extended to ble uh which was really bad since ble had this nice uh easy and simple stack you can really build it really small you don't have to do any tricks you don't have to any shortcuts um but for us with effort this meant we actually couldn't get the zephyr bluetooth stack working against any hardware because we didn't have any hci interfaces the only thing that most of these had was gut so instead of just saying oh we have hci we're just exposing this one and the arthos has to implement the bluetooth stack they go all all these arthoses will never implement a bluetooth stack uh we just give you gut and then you have to talk gut the pros every gut api looks different so if you want to change the chipset manufacturer you're doing all your work all over again and some things might actually not work because they have dedicated use case in a simple use case well it's a heart rate monitor and that one works and you want to do something more complicated than you run into problems so uh when i gave this presentation for the first time there was literally no device that i could find that actually has hci support or that you actually could buy and use to use um so means it's all zephyr bluetooth stack couldn't really be used to actually make it work and you're just locked into a closed system if you keep doing this one that's fine but at some point you're going to regret this that you actually are completely locked into the system um um it was even worse for dual chip solutions uh where even the transport was completely different and really didn't help you so they even changed the transport in an easier so it wasn't a you out all the time that might put the some other transport and so on and so forth um the biggest problem for us was since we knew how the specs were developing with bluetooth 5 and bluetooth mesh and ipv6 over ble we couldn't do it because ipv6 or ble doesn't run over gut it uses a connection or you're in a channel over l2cap so it's like how do you take these apis that they're providing from the mcu's and actually run ipv6 over it it was impossible so they were pretty much stuck with this one it's like look this is not going to work um and for the longest time we were actually looking at what we can do different um mainly since we had this nice device the anise adrino 101 sitting on the desk and look well that's actually a pretty neat device so we have an x86 quark we have 30 big arc on this for sensors and we have an nr51 bluetooth controller from nordic and we support zephyr on the arc core and the quark um but the nr51 was giving us a gut api so what are we going to do with it so yes support bluetooth but we couldn't really use it so we could build uh some api that emulated some of these gut apis mapped this into the api of zephyr bluetooth stack and could pretend to do something um but at the end of the day it really didn't give us anything to run with because it was gut only it was pretty much boring it was stuck with 4.0 so while zeffa supported 4.1 and 4.2 features including secure connections for really secure pairing we couldn't use them we were stuck with the nordic soft device and the api built on top of this one so no hei access okay fine we have to figure something else we can run some emulation on this one but no l2 cup channels so ipsp not possible no 4.1 features no 4.2 features secure connections out of the window the privacy stuff where bluetooth le actually rotates your addresses every 15 minutes to avoid that you are trackable not possible with this one since it didn't support it the data lengths extensions that were available we actually have higher higher packets and get higher throughput we couldn't use these either the hardware would support it but the software uh just didn't expose this so we are stuck with the uh 27 octets instead of 255 octets per mtu um and then we look forward uh what do we do with bluetooth 5 or mesh support uh yeah that's not going to happen either on this one since we have no control on this one um so what we really really needed is to actually make sure that the bluetooth controller doesn't run a closed source firmware we really need to go to also run an open source firmware so we actually use the security manager from zephyr to actually implement the or we already had implemented the newer security features so we can just start using them um and then we also can start use ipsp and do everything else so full control from the hardware to the operating system that's what we really were after because otherwise we're going to get stuck and if you expect my five to four to five years prediction of how things progress and how to get mass market adoption if you want to make this faster you have to take things in your own hand actually get something going so we really needed an hchi firmware for uh the Nordic chip or we needed a different chip that actually proposes an hchi firmware um as i said earlier it's actually really hard to find i think the world is changing a little bit and you will find some people saying we have hchi firmware for early ownership but when i looked around um there were rumors that dialogue has one so they're announcing it i couldn't get it but maybe this has changed and cypress had an extra firmware that you might be able to flush in there to actually give you an hchi uh access so i've not tried any of these ones it's up to the audience if you want to try and please tell me back if this actually worked um we couldn't get any one of these or we couldn't actually get this tried or it was too complicated um the alternative would be you stick a dual mode controller in there um which actually support hchi which is um way more expensive way way way more expensive your power consumption will go up and uh they optimize for BADR connections which is the biggest problem if you buy a dual mode controller they prefer and will prioritize BADR connections and the schedule is designed this way one only only controller is designed for elite operations and they are optimized for these ones so we are very stuck with between a rock and a hard place on this one it's like what are we going to do um luckily um there was a new project popping up at some point uh called minute and they said okay we're actually going to take an nr 51 and nr 52 chip and instead of just using the Nordic firmware we start at the hardware level which is interesting since Nordic has the register sets for their um uh chip open so you can actually just download them and see what you can do on the chip and how you program the i've side of this one and they went through the whole uh complication actually accessing the Nordic chip porting their RTOS on this one and then say oh look we're going to write our link manager because we actually don't want to deal with the complications that we're going to have a binary only link manager and um have the problems that we actually have to can't fix this and that was the main problem that they can't fix the link manager and they had had complications for some use cases look we want to use this xyz but it doesn't actually work and we can't get anybody in Nordic to fix it or we are too small company that somebody takes a series of and so on and so forth and we want new features like the data length extension because we want to put a lot more data over the year um but they are not coming any time soon so they went through the effort and actually writing their own link layer uh and then put this in and they decided uh the spec says HCI is the communication interface we should be using between the controller so the hardware and the host why don't we just start using this one and it was one of the first projects that actually proved that even if you use HCI internally which was previously always declared is like overhead it actually doesn't make a lot of difference it actually helps you to uh simplify the way how you're going to work because it's well known interface is well understood and it gives you a nice separation okay this is a hardware problem this is a host stack problem um there's an additional benefit actually helps you with qualification since you can qualify one part of this one and qualify the other part so your certification comes overall a lot easier if you only change one side you don't have to rule the whole stack again um so they had this running but they were essentially essentially all focusing on getting this running on the nr 51 and 52 so even the BLE stack they were building was only running on this device um as I said earlier the adreno actually has three cores so as a legmon core on x86 it has the BLE chip from Nordic and has a sensor core we wanted to run um the bluetooth hci firmware on the bluetooth chip on the Nordic chip but we wanted to run the uh bluetooth host stack on the quark so what we did is we actually wrote a simple application and it was really really simple couple hundred lines of code and lately I heard after the refactoring of my new this is actually only like 10 or 20 lines of code because it become really simple to write this application and it provides hci back out of the uart so the adreno 101 has a uart in there in the nr 51 that is hooked up properly and you can just then push the hci data back out of this one and then out of sudden started working with our BLE stack and we had full access to this one so this works on the adreno 101 it works on the nr 51 dongle which is a neat dongle as a USB dongle previously absolutely useless unless you actually want to do some dedicated development on the nr f chip but we can turn this now into a BLE only dongle so you can attach this to your desktop pc and start uh uh testing new features and since you're full control of the firmware you can actually do whatever you want there and the nr 52 dev boards are a little bit bigger but they behave fundamentally the same thing um we tested this against thefer but he also tested against bluesy um and we open sourced this and upstreamed this one into my nudes and my nude has support for this one default now and they refactored it by now as i said the code for the BLE application turned into like really tiny now since they saw what we are doing with this one and they even using this internally for testing now against bluesy if you want to use this on bluesy it's pretty much as simple as this you attach the dongle if you use an nr 51 dongle you attach the dongle to your pc and then you do an vat attach uh to attach the serial line uh at a high speed and then it goes like okay fine i'm doing this one and then you have your device and when bluesy starts taking this device address would be a normal usb dongle uh works perfectly fine also works with dev kits uh i enjoy using the dongle um and you can just refresh this anytime you want to and modify the firmware um the same would work for all the external models what you said you find on spark phone everything else for the raspberry pi or the minnow board they all you have to put this on the shield x y z and then attach this together all these ones that are previously only exposed the gut apis cannot be turned into hsi and then if you run nukes on your raspberry pi you can actually start using these one and have a integrated dongle on this one with bluetooth le that you actually start using something with it and don't have to deal with this apis that uh previously in nordic or some other manufacturer exposed so with this one looking at the dreamer 101 again so finally we have x86 quad core that runs all our energy host deck secure connection support so we have 4.2 in there we provide gut and elder cap interfaces and we can do ip 6 via ip sp so we got to the level where you actually have a full stack running on this one on this hardware and we can do whatever you want with one with it uh and the guys uh upstairs at the zephyr demo booth actually showing this one on the adrino 101 with a heart rate monitor running the full stack as full open source so there's no binary component running that um the minute runs on the nf 51 mcu and it provides the low-engine firmware and the price the hei uad application um there's instructions uh i know zephy went to 1.5 but this link is still working and the instruction is still the same the instruction there and how to build the firmware and flash it on the adrino 101 and hold flash the adrino 101 completely now we didn't stop at this one because once you actually have control of what your firmware is doing you can actually do some neat things with this one where you actually provide advanced features that you will love as a developer as a as an as anybody who wants to actually tend with advice or someone that actually has to figure out what went wrong so we went one step further and said look um it's kind of nice that we have the adrino 101 but actually if you want to debug this if something went wrong you have to do a lot of work and since the number of uads are kind of limited you have to figure out who actually want to get traces of this one do i get a log message or what do i want so zephyr has a funny mode where you can enable the debug monitor and the debug monitor means that we will combine the hchi traces that are talked between the two cores and actually spit them out over the debug line but we can also combine any kind of log message into this one so the special mode you compile the application and you can leave it on all the time but it gets a little bit chatty which allows you to actually take the hchi traces and the debug information and any kind of log information and trace them back out the interesting part is bluesy has a tool called btmon that has been supported there since a long time it used to be called hchi dump but we made this more unified and more simpler and then you can just connect that one now to a tty and tty would be your tty of your adrino 101 and then you can just take the logs and it will decode them for you and you can actually have an easy tool for running all these logs and you get hchi traces and all logging information done you can also store them so you can't just read them and have to read them at high speed you can just store them we use the bt snoop it's a version of the snoop file format for people who are still back from solaris it can store hchi packets it can store logging information it can store a lot of extra meta information we keep extending this format so btmon supports it for reading and writing but also wireshark supports it for reading and writing so you can just take that trace the store that file and open in wireshark if you want to look at this one later on it's pretty nice if you want to do see what's going on with your hardware we did or we always had this but we never really announced this but in case you actually don't have an adrino 101 and try to try this you can run zeff and qmo which is kind of nice but you don't have any hardware to support so if you want to write application you might actually want to just use an existing dongle that you have on your host machine and just use this and bluesy always had the support for taking hardware converting this into a serial port or unix socket in this case and then hand it over to qmo and inside qmo just shows up as a standard serial port and it will work everything works as the same so zeff has support for this one on the linux side you just need a bt proxy which proxies your qmo into an existing hardware and then it creates a unix socket with the minus u stands for unix socket you can also use tcp circuits or something else it creates a unix socket and then qmo connects to this one and inside qmo when you run zeff it looks like a serial port and looks like any kind of hardware you're going to have there's instructions on also how to build your first zeff application running ble pretty simple pretty straightforward if you want to beacon and if you just can run this in qmo if you don't have any hardware to test this out and then use your usb dongle that or you are dongle or whatever dongle you have on your host machine to connect to this one pretty easy to do so with the interesting things now with my new providing an open source link layer out of a sudden the world actually changed quite a bit so the first company or the first community that actually starts building a link layer as open source and saying look we're giving this away under permissive license go take it mess with it we actually have we actually think it makes a lot more sense the world actually changed really rapidly and about i would say a month or two months ago we actually had finally the second open source link layer implementation so nordic what they labeled their phoenix link layer they merged this into zeffa it's merged upstream into zeffa so you have this available so there's a new our link layer natively to zeffa that you actually can use and it will support bluetooth 4.2 right now but we're also working on extending this one for new features it provides hci so it integrates natively with hci and with the zeffa hci which means you can actually have this working nicely on the nf51 and we hope that at some point in the really near future i expect like a week or two or something where we can ever replace the mynew stack on the adrino 101 with zeffa and we're just running zeffa on all three cores with providing fully open source software for the whole hardware work is ongoing towards more radio abstraction so we actually want to include not that just the knowledge chip we want to include other chips as well from other manufacturers so we can just have fully open source link layer and no matter where you're going to walk with this one and that's the whole vision for zeffa that we actually have bluetooth fully open source all the way through um there are a few other things zeffa will get a classic support as well i don't expect an open source classic baseband i don't think that's happening anytime soon um but there will be an open source classic stack for zeffa so you don't have to go out and buy one or trying to find one so this is work in progress with main target for headset and headphones you should watch forward for this one i think parts of this one are already merged by now and we will start extending this one so we're putting a couple of extra features in there obviously optional because the main focus is ble for zeffa and that's the technology of the future but we will get dual mode support for this one as well there's even more debugging and tracing work ongoing because we want to even get more information out of the hardware when you actually need to debug something um HCI is great and HCI helps you a lot but sometimes you actually need the link messages that go over the air so we're going to take the link traces also out of the hardware and actually we'll provide them with a standardized interface so this will be done for minute and also therefore link layer stack trying to get these ones out so if something goes wrong you actually can debug it because you can switch on the mode where the link messages will be forward to you and btmon will just decode them btmon can already do this for um uh existing dual mode hardware like from broadcom or from intel where you actually have these traces available if you enable them but we actually want to make sure that we have these ones as well so you don't need to buy a 30 000 sniffer if you have a teeny tiny problem you can just tell them okay just tell me what you sent the other side and what the other side responded and don't try to hide things for me which is great and you can only do this if you have really open source because you don't need to rely on a vendor to provide you these informations and we will be extending the bt snoop format even further with these ones um the really next step is to actually get the open source firmware certified and we will try to actually do a qualification for this one and see uh how far we're getting it looks pretty good right now there's no deadline set for this one but we will actually provide a certification for this bluetooth firmware at some point as i mentioned earlier bluetooth five is around the corner the buddhist sigori announced that it's coming this year um there's only a few months left for this year and i think you can predict which months this will be released into based on some historic data um bluetooth five is coming we have we want to end uh add bluetooth five to the zephyr link layer uh there's some nice features that are coming there that will make a huge difference and then bluetooth mesh is also coming we're also trying to get bluetooth mesh into zephyr so we actually have that one out of the box as open source available for everybody to talk with and the main reason is that the my four to five years prediction that takes to get mass market adoption we can actually shrink this a little bit with the help of the community and open source and actually get let's look maybe we can do this in two or three years and get a mass market adoption for these technologies they're not come overnight but you have to give everybody a starting point and we will be trying to be as open as possible to get these features uh available as soon as the specifications have been made public obviously if the specification will be met prior we can't really talk about this since they are confidential to the buddhist sig um and with that one i'm happy to open this for questions yes please okay so the question i'll just repeat the questions my question was what we actually going to certify uh if this deck is on the running on the knowledge chip so the bluetooth sig has the certification program set up like the way that you can separate the controller from the host deck so you certify the host deck which is the first target so our host existing host deck we want to certify this and then everybody can use this no matter hardware what you're going to choose because it's hardware independent as soon as you use hci so when you actually want to certify the controller it's hardware dependent so we can run the test case on one and then assume they're going to apply to the same one but fundamentally you have to do this for Nordic ones you have to do this for Intel one once you have to do this one Cypress one once pick your favorite chip manufacturer you have to repeat them um but maybe and this is maybe maybe the chip manufacturer say that's actually useful for us so we actually going to certify this for you give you controller certification so Nordic would do one Intel would do one etc and then you can just as a developer you just have to combine them you can just take this okay we're running this one you take this one I take the host controller one that we have provided as well and then we combine them and you're pretty much 90 percent there there's still paperwork and everything else to do if you want to certify your application and your product but you have a jump start ahead because everything else already done any other questions yes please okay I'm just trying to quickly summarize this for the tape so the question was about a licensing of the Nordic provided stack to Zephyr the open source one so the answers rather simple it might not be the ones that you like to hear but the answers are simple so Zephyr is released under Apache 2.0 license and everything that is Zephyr core and Zephyr owned will be Apache 2.0 so now license compatibility I'm not giving an answer to this one because I'm not getting to myself into trouble that's up to your legal interpretation of what's combinable or was not combinable but Apache 2.0 is a permissive license with a few obligations and if that works for you you can happily use it if you need to do a license for a piece of Zephyr that's really up to the companies contributing to Zephyr and seeing if they can give a different license so if you're looking for a BSD type of license or a copy of type of license so the Nordic guys are here feel free to talk to them they're around somewhere they're probably showing up the booth or somewhere in the hallway and see what they think about this but I think the main focus is Apache 2.0 license for Zephyr natively integrated sharing outside of Zephyr is currently not in focus that said if you're fine with using something on HCI and just having an HCI interface and two separate cores license don't really generally extend over a use of a generalized standardized transport and HCI is a generalized transport because it actually specified in the Bluetooth pack I hope that answers your questions there was another one okay so right now there's the minute link layer that the minute project has written and after that one Nordic open source they call it Phoenix so right now it's a Zephyr link layer because the name Phoenix is just for historical reasons they open source this one and merge it into Zephyr a heart for me to answer maybe maybe not ask them by yourself it is it's heavily worked on I can tell you this one right now and we're trying to actually heavily make a radio abstraction for other chip manufacturers so it will become generally useful for everybody but the goal is to have one link layer one scheduler for the link layer and then the BSP so to speak specific part is the radio abstraction hope that answers your question yes please so the BLE host deck is full featured they're always working in progress since we're moving towards bluetooth 5 and they're they're really a couple of bugs 4.2 is fully supported there's a test suite for it but we're using the test suite that comes with bluesy so it's hooked up into the bluesy test cases you can run the bluesy test cases against Zephyr that's why running this in QMO with a BT proxy is quite useful so we just pretend to be a device it doesn't have to be physical it'll be just a fake device that we have with bluesy but there's also integrated into the bluetooth pts pts stands for a profile tuning suite which they use for the qualification test so there's an automated setup for pts against Zephyr so you can actually basically start your pts system and then start Zephyr in QMO and then just run it against it or even with real hardware we're trying to open source the integration with the bluetooth pts as well just just hasn't happened yet i think that will happen my prediction is if all went well in the next couple of months there's a little bit of issues with the bluetooth sik and they are interface into the pts and the licensing around this so we're trying to sort this out but it looks like the bluetooth sik is interested in this one and we are trying to solve this one as well so the test suite yes is available and you can run this by yourself and you also need this for qualification if you want to run your own qualification any other questions if not then thanks everybody and enjoy the rest of the conference


I honestly didn't have a culture when I grew up. I'm from Green Bay, Wisconsin, and you know, there ain't nothing. I've never seen an S2000 before. I came to California. You know, the nicest car on the street was a BMW. I got interested in cars when I was a young kid, and my dad was part of the Corvette Club. I was working on his car, going to the races with him. Actually, I was social sneaking into OCR to watch the racing. I was 15 years old. I purchased my first car, which was a 99 Honda Civic, and I remember seeing hybrid. I would always see them drive by at the car meet, so then I said, you know, I want to build my car that way too, so what gave me the passion and the boost to want to do it was to try to get to their level. The definition of hybrid is literally a combination of species to become something new, and that's exactly what we are. We are a combination of different peoples from different backgrounds, different ethnicities coming together due to the love of the import scene and automotive vehicles to accomplish the same goal. With a lot of people buying the same type of vehicle and buying a very limited number of parts, you have a lot of vehicles that look very, very similar. That's always the challenge. Make yours stand out. It says a lot about you because you put your own style into the cars. To me, it's like how you dress, how you present yourself. Motor compartment is custom. Custom valve covers, custom radiator shrouds. It has eight fuel lines and eight nitrous lines. Crocodile interior with 21 hides that had shaped smooth and then died like a honeycomb. We've been in magazines and movies and videos. We've gone from just a group of individuals that are playing with their own vehicles to a group that's now working with companies. We have Goodrich, McGuire's, Mishimoto's. These are companies that have a vested interest in the import scene and have a vested interest in us. My Nissan Z came out of the face of BFG Ranch because of Team Hybrid. Being sponsored by BFG, it just made me feel a lot better about my car having that big company back me in my build. It kind of shows the passion. People build a car for what they see and what they want and how their imagination can put something into an ordinary object. You've got to keep it changed up otherwise your car will get stale in the scene and you won't win. A lot of times I walk away with no trophy because somebody has a better build than mine. Then truly like another family, this is where I actually get to be myself and talk about the things I like with all the people that share the same passion as me. I love it. I love being able to say that I'm a part of so many different chapters and I can just reach out to anybody. If I need something, I can just give them a phone call. The import culture is still a young automotive community. It's always been associated with youngsters because we were young when we started it. We were all 19. At some point we grow old. The passion doesn't die whenever you have a baby or whenever you hit a road bump. To me it's a never-ending progress. Nobody has a finished car. I'll never finish this build. I'll always be working on this car. Always.


3 men block grandma at ATM, find out they messed with the wrong granny. Some people have no morals, praying on the weak or vulnerable, thinking they've chosen an easy target. In most cases, the victims don't stand a chance against their violent perpetrators. However, in this case, this grandma proves you should never judge a book by its cover. Winifred had begun her day as normal as ever, heading out to get some errands done, and check out the local shops, as she regularly did. However, this time, something felt much different. As she began grabbing some cash out, she felt an ominous presence behind her. Her skin began to crawl and the hairs on the back of her neck stood up. Three men in their 20s began to approach her with nothing good in mind. These hooligans were up to no good, and Winifred was about to teach them a serious lesson. This once sleepy British town was about to get a story that would make headlines for weeks to come. Winifred Peel, a 77-year-old grandmother, lives a quiet life near Liverpool. The retired grandma is never in a rush, and that's how she likes it. She loves to stay active, with limitations of course due to her age. But on this day, she wasn't going to let anything stop her from standing up for herself. Typical England weather made an appearance that day, causing Winifred to bundle up before heading out. Looking through the local shops, she decided it was time for a cup of tea and something sweet to warm her up on such a cold day. As she waited through the old town she noticed three men arguing on the sidewalk. It caught her eye, but as she passed them she thought nothing more of it. Winifred, or Winnie as her friends and family call her, enjoyed doing many things. She is a handy woman, repairing, gardening, and even building. She had various skills, some she never thought she would have to use in a situation like this. It's a good thing she kept herself active and strong because she was about to get the shock of her life that would need some quick thinking and agile movements to get out of. She remembered that her best friend's daughter was about to have a birthday. She wanted to get her something nice, so she headed to a local clothing shop. As she perused the aisles she found a few nice things that she knew she would love. Looking in her wallet, she realized she didn't have enough cash on hand, so she put the items on hold and headed to the ATM. It was here that they 77-year-old found herself surrounded by strange and angry men. Before she knew what was going on, she needed a moment to catch her breath, letting a younger woman go before her. When she pulled out her wallet and got ready to approach the ATM, she noticed she wasn't alone. Seeing a man's reflection in the screen on the ATM, she initially thought that whoever was behind her just didn't have great manners and was a little too close. She continued with her transaction, putting in her pin and hitting continue. All of a sudden, her vision went blurry and she fell to the ground. It took a second for her to realize what had happened, but quickly she realized she had been shoved to the ground. Winnie immediately filled her body, and she jumped back up as fast as she could. She kept thinking, there is no way this man is taking my money. This time, it was the thieves that didn't have time to react, as Winnie immediately started fighting back. She grabbed the head of the man closest to her, bashing it against the brick wall of the building. In shock, the thieves began running away. She realized it was the three men she had seen arguing earlier. With adrenaline rushing through her body, she started to shake. After a few minutes she had digested what had just happened to her, realizing the situation could have gone a lot differently. It was only afterwards that I realized what I'd done and started shaking, when he said when later interviewed, what if he'd had a knife? I might not be here today.  Luckily, she sustained only minor injuries from the attack, and they weren't going to get away with it. At the moment of the incident, people started crowding around Winnie, trying to see if she was okay. She was clearly distressed, but she really wanted the people to help her catch the thieves, it was all she could think about. Two men ran after the thieves in hopes to apprehend them. Although the good Samaritans lost them, the police were hot on their trail. Looking at the wall, everyone noticed just how much power Winnie had behind her small little arms. She had caused some serious damage to the perp, and he deserved every bit of it. Winnie works out four times a week, and she couldn't be happier about her choice than in this moment. She was able to defend herself, scaring off the thieves. Luckily, this story ends in justice being served and Winnie becoming a local hero. Local police ended up catching the three men loitering down the street. One had a telltale wound on his head where Winnie had bashed it against the wall. They were all taken to the police station and were about to get sentences that would reflect their disgusting behavior. All three men pled guilty to their crime and were sentenced to prison time. The judge said they had cast a shadow over her twilight years, and for that, they had to pay. However, Winnie is glad that it happened to her and not someone else who couldn't defend themselves like she did. Winnie is now a local celebrity, known as the woman who wasn't going to let anyone walk all over her. Although the situation could have turned out differently if the perpetrators had a weapon, we're all glad that justice prevailed, especially Winnie. Winnie has now resumed life as she knew it before the attack, staying as active as ever. Winnie has taught us all a lesson, never judge a book by its cover.


What's going on everybody got Callum Sprinkles here relating sports guards have been 2023 certified football four box break number 30 pick your team Stop I had Alvin M with the Ravens and Eagles Andrew R has the Rams Brandon H has the Falcons Callum a has the Bears Curtis D has the Bengals Vikings got grant our Garrick W with the Cowboys Niners Jeremy M has the Steelers Joseph M with the Beals got Josh B with the Chargers Saints chiefs Kevin B No Keith B. Sorry Keith B has the Colts Kevin L has the Cardinals Commanders Dolphins Luke O with the Titans Mark D has the Jets Mark Mark T with the Jags Matt G has the Giants Packers Matthew W with the Raiders Michael R has the Bucks Namgau T has the Texans Rory C Browns Sam B Patriots Starbucks has the Seahawks got Terry F with the Broncos Victor has the Panthers and the Lions Righty guys good luck. Good luck. Let's see what we got in this one certified number 30 We've got an origin Seahawks or Eagles Maybe the Eagles because they have the they have their backup QB and then they also have Jalen Carter Who's a pretty good? defensive linemen so their backup QB isn't bad either. He's um, obviously Jalen hurts back up so he doesn't get he's not gonna get any time this year, but Essentially if he gets moved or anything like that, he seems pretty good Tanner McKee out of Stanford But Jalen Carter is the main one for the Eagles because he is a beast man That it looks like it Certified stars is Jameer Gibbs Got a new generation Jersey to 349 will Anderson for the Texans Gibbs So wasn't a trap so 199 immortals of Marv Levy Marv Levy bills 325 Maisie Smith Admiral Ackbar was wrong this time wrong this time Roquan Smith on the franchise foundations and Jersey to 199 piece of the game is going to be at Joe Burrow the bangles What happened is the mortals of Chuck Woodson got bronze the 275 J Jetta J Jetta calling cards teal off Got a Parker Washington on the rookie 250 rookie roll call for the Jags He's got a balance to him say did he just go out of what what? Gold team of Roquan There's a Desmond Ritter gold the 25 Nice Ritter got you Mitchell certified stars Christian McCaffrey To 399 Trey Palmer rookie for the Bucks franchise foundations DK Got a RPA that one's gonna be Taijai Spears to 399 freshman fabric Titans Gold team kiddle the 249 Immortals Keekley and who's 75 is gonna be TJ Hawkinson Vikings TJ Appreciate you Mitchell 24 to go in the next one guys. Give me a second here See if we can get something going 25 and 27 still to go 25 and 27 Take a few bucks off the more expensive teams gonna leave some of the cheaper teams where they are still they've already been marked down A couple of more expensive teams that will mark a few bucks off USA guy lost Don't say anything No, no, no, that'll be tonight, I believe yeah, that'll be with Sam tonight. I'll check what time it is Yeah, I just got a few more breaks and we'll get out of here Sam has the main main breaks tonight. That's at 720 Eastern Larry yep, so I'll be with Sam later Little bit before Almanac. I'm like starts at nine. So get some some breaks in before Almanac Yeah, it's moving pretty slow Mitchell. It really is today It really is He's easy taking Almanac spot. I think of a Go-Dak box to 2023 certified some of the more expensive teams mark down again here guys in First origins number 27 got some more expensive teams mark down So all teams are on sale. We're in doing a silver pack per spot purchase Silver pack per spot purchased Yeah, I'm trying to me Immortals of Marshall Falk Trying to get it going Kalea. Can't see the 50 rookie for the bucks that might be worth more than some of the spots calling cards of sauce Is a Deshaun Watson number to 349 that clock man is that certified stars of Herbie and RPA 349 is going to be a Cedric Tillman going to the Browns on the RPA Cedric Tillman he's about me Larry. Let's go Let's go. He's a TJ Watt certified stars Got a Ronnie Bell auto there rookie for the Niners to 149 Rookie Ronnie Bell on the auto. We just punt it with 30 seconds left What is it which one Kendraida 325 is UNC a seven and a half point dog And see in Clemson Clemson cuz practice Clemson beat Notre Dame like two weeks ago. Yeah, I took I took you and see plus. Yeah, I don't hate that at all No, Larry said uh Pull them all the heat Larry did Larry said I pull them all the heat calling cards of Tony Pollock not Sam 275 we got a bronze mark Andrews mark Andrews Unfortunately went down any Browns fans in here. I don't know be I don't know I don't think so. I don't know beat. Thank you ZZ taking another almanac spot. Very very nice guys going to tonight Tonight Jordan Brooks on the gold team and Jersey is gonna be number to 399 Cedric Tillman new generation Again guys team just got marked down again in origins got 25 to go Certified stars Kelsey and dual Jersey. This one's gonna be a random Josh Downs and Kenan Allen to 35 That's a sick four-color patch there for Kenan We'll do a random there at the end Colts and charges. Hey, he said I would hope not their trash Colts and charge let me make sure that's not one person has those Colts are Keith and Chargers are Joshua, so we'll do a random at the end here guys His foot was out of bounds. What are we doing now? What is going on man? Blue 75 George Kittle Yeah, I could not believe that freaking pills or bulls game last night or not bulls Rockets I literally got home like three minutes less in the game and it took like 45 minutes to finish the three minutes franchise foundations got a Zach Pickens Zach Pickens to 399 Bears on the rookie. I was just such a bad beat man Freaking kawaii had a journey on both do for no reason at all box three They found Jimmy Harden on the the three to go up for right before it dude. Nothing went right. Come on Thank You Robert taking a spot in Tops Chrome update for later on. Thank You Robert certified stars is Terry McLaurin God Michael Wilson in 99 rookie Cardinals. Hey, what's up Phil? Are you doing Phil? Hope everyone's having a good Saturday Get a Louisville stop here. Be good Saturday. Good start John Foundations of Josh Allen got a tank Dell the 249 orange new generation Jersey John Now we're doing my man. Welcome back. She's How we doing? How was the how was the runs? How was for tonight? Immortals Joe Namath got a Jersey Tyger Spears to 199 new generation Titans Colin cards DK I'm not confident Washington Gold team Josh Jacobs. Oh boy. Got a Cameron Latu to 325 Play with chippy. No nubs.  I'm like Alvin playing on the flight from flight from Malta There's a franchise foundations Justin the Herbert to 375 or 275 Matt Jude on it's over Yeah, but that was the closest thing Devon Lloyd to 349 their Jags We just we were just sweating a little Louisville Louisville money line It hit it hit. Thank thank goodness, but that one was that was a sweat Dalvin cook and we got a freshman fabric rp to 399 is Luke schoonmaker for the Cowboys Mitchell's a darts bet for Sean. Let's go Sean. Let's go get you some darts going darts Darts going there's a gold team of sauce Auto is gonna be Kenny more to 199 That's gonna be for the mirror mirror team for the Colts. He has like four pick sixes this year, man He is a killer Kenny more care if they won do that was a trap. Yeah There's a Derek Henry to 199 calling cards to 275 is Felix is on getting my Heart rates good done now with the all these magic games, man. I'm good on them. I'm good on the traps and In the sweats Hey, this is 180s in the next game Dylan's down Dylan's down for a darts bet 25 to go still guys on origins. Let's check it out.    All righty. Good luck here last box of certified To a random at the end that random Certified stars as fields Got a 349 to Sean Watson. I don't see that. I want max so you can get gotcha gotcha It's a Derek Henry on the franchise foundations Jersey sharpening it to 99 rookie pink new generation Seahawks Gotcha max you can get Gold team is Garrett Wilson got a Jameson Williams a 349 certified stars DK Clayton tuned a 399 rookie new generation. All right guys got one random to do Just get through here Say t-law on the certified stars and redemption is Devon a Chan freshman fabric signatures There we go. They are dolphins last team taken we go nice one there on the RPA Devon a Chan was killing it When he was healthy should be back this week For the ease on each hand Yeah, it's weird Mitchell. I don't see it on there for some reason Randy mouse And another one is a night moves rookie for the Vikings Jordan Addison Wow nice backed up back on the night moves Did not expect that there we go Vikings is That's gonna be Curtis D Curtis D. We'll get a mag on that as well Night moves on the Jordan Addison very nice back to back night moves in the four boxers Gold team to 199 Debo and A 275 is gonna be Peter Skaronsky Titans Yep. Yep, shady Go Nolce go Nolce Yeah, he's not seen on our on our book I don't see I see a couple matchups, but I don't see him tick bucket. It's got a blue rookie to 75 of Darnell Wright bears There's a B John to 290 or 399 Falcons. You'll be last two packs Sir there's a calling cards Kelsey and Jersey to 50 is gonna be Tyreek Hill a nice one for the dolphins there on the Jersey Relic Underneath the die cut there and last pack Really Like a three-point game What's going on 149 Dak Prescott mirror signatures of 199 gonna be our last hit of For the Packers Christian Watson Mirror signatures all righty guys, and that'll do it that will do will do one random here real quick And I'll do a hit recap we ran between the Chargers and the Colts Keenan Allen and Josh down to 35 Let me get that set up for just a moment We'll run it and then do a recap All right, let me roll to dice see how many times we'll go the six times four and two six times Good luck guys Colts Colts Chargers Chargers six times top spot. We'll get the dual dual Jersey one two three four five six Chargers Chargers up top getting the dual Jersey Dodgers on the Keenan Allen to 35 Right you guys do a quick head recap, and then we on to Origins Jersey the 50 piece of the game is going to be Tyree kill Have 199 Joe burrow got to 399 new generation Tillman 349 will Anderson got 399 Clayton tune sack Charbonate to 299 had 199 new generation of Ty's a spears and to 249 that one's going to be a tank Dell for the Texans Had Chargers won this one to 35. It was a dual downs and Keenan Allen Um Jersey auto freshman fabric is dolphins Devon a Chan got a auto 199 Christian Watson Kenny mortar 199 rookie to 149 is Ronnie Bell. It's a 50 Parker Washington RPA Ty's a spears of 399 2349 Cedric Tillman, and we've got a freshman fabric of Luke schoonmake. I don't like that smile when he just walked in here like that I don't like that smile and on the back. We had night moves rookie Jordan Addison Nice one there back to back on the night moves had um Had Levison and Addison Very very nice there guys Alrighty that'll do it that will do it for certified 4 box number 30 appreciate you guys to get those right out to you