Item █ SCP-1139 Object Class Euclid Special Containment Procedures By authorization of O5 ██, object is housed at research area ██. Following incident 1139-1, object moved to research area ██. When not being used for testing, object is to be enclosed in a 75 x 20 x 20 cm block of rubber molded into two pieces with a Faraday cage surrounding the block placed on a static-free workbench. The containment room for the object shall be made of unreinforced concrete, minimum thickness of 3 m, and shall be illuminated at all times by gas lamps. The humidity level shall remain between 70% and 80% at all times. The door to SCP-1139's containment room shall be made of non-conductive, high-impact ceramic materials. Following incident 1139-1, access is via three containment doors, the outermost door consisting of steel, with a metallic threshold grounded in case of electrical discharge. The two innermost doors are to be constructed of non-conductive, high-impact ceramic materials. No electrical devices, including pacemakers, watches, or recording devices, are to be brought into the containment room except for testing purposes. In no event may an electrical device capable of producing more than 1,000 watts be introduced to the containment room without written authorization of 205 personnel. In no event may an electrical device capable of creating an alternating current be introduced to the containment room without authorization of 205 personnel. Research area ██████ ████ ████ ████ ████ ████ shall remain equipped with two lightning rods at all times. Neither of which shall be grounded within 200 meters of SCP-1139. During test 1139-L and by order of 05-███ ████, the staff of each Foundation site must include one Level 3 staff member previously affected by SCP-1206. Description SCP-1139 consists of a metallic gray rectangular block, roughly 20 cm high and 5 cm square at its base. The overall density of the object is roughly double that of iron, and the object is denser near the top. The object has thus far proved impervious to both deterioration and damage, making a determination of the object's age impossible. The sides are patterned with square protrusions and an unrecognized pattern, which can be confirmed by touch. Viewers of the pattern or of photos of the pattern observe the protrusions of black letters in a language they are familiar with, but this is merely a visual illusion. No subject has reported any subsequent change in the appearance of the letters. On the bottom of the object there are four 1 mm by 5 mm crevices, each coated in a copper colored substance. No new effect has been observed with the manipulation of or application of electricity directly to the crevices. Upon application of a direct current, the object affects all individuals within a given radius through unknown means. Any person within the radius of effect begins speaking and writing a new language, though they apparently believe they are speaking their native tongue. Subjects lose the ability to speak or comprehend any prior known languages. Linguistic analysis indicates that the new languages are formally foreign languages, but all attempts at translation have been met with complete failure. Attempts at translation continue. Subjects have proven incapable of learning or relearning any real-world language at their exposure to SCP-1139. Class AA amnesiacs successfully counteract the effect. Those subjects are thereafter of little use of the Foundation, and Class AA amnesiacs are not advised in future testing. See Experiment Log 1139-1 The radius of the effect is exponentially proportional to the wattage applied to it, with a static shock creating a radius of 8-10 meters and a direct lightning strike estimated to create a radius reaching beyond ████████, potentially resulting in a ████████ scenario. Developing practical methods of containing, controlling, or reversing the effect is ongoing, and should be considered a level chief priority. Possible use of the worst-case scenario of planetary defense is under consideration. SCP-1139 was recovered during Incident-98564 forward slash K. Mobile Task Force dealt to five front-runners, rated a Church of the Broken God outpost in Normal, Illinois. A basement contained an apparently demented and violent elderly man holding SCP-1139, who was quickly terminated. In this room were over ████████ handmade documents, including stone tablets over ██████ years old and modern in paper showing minimal wear. Note that the earliest documents predate the Church of the Broken God by over ██████ years. The documents do not appear to be written in any known languages, and ██████ different languages have been identified. SCP-1139-A, regarding Incident-1139-01, at ████████ over ████████ scattered civilian vehicles approached research area ██████ from both access roads. Research area ████ was put on blue alert, and procedure Theta Tau was implemented. The four ground-level Foundation personnel were initially able to maintain their cover identities when speaking with the trespassers, and discovered that the latitude and longitude of research area ██████ was distributed as the location of a youth jamboree. Pursuant to procedure Theta Tau, the trespassers were told that research area ██████ was a hunting lodge and that they had been sent to the wrong location. The departure of the trespassers was stalled due to a constant stream of new arrivals. Approximately ██████ adults and ██████ youths arrived in total. At precisely ██████ approximately ██████ of the adults and █████████ of the children pulled weapons from camping gear and attempted to breach research area ██████ in a coordinated attack. Battle cries consistent with rhetoric of the Church of the Broken God were heard, as well as references to the tongue and the voice. A perimeter breach occurred and lockdown was implemented. Mobile Task Force ██████, Ro5, Beastang, converged on research area countering the assault and contained the fleeing civilians with acceptable casualties. The surviving civilians indicated that revised coordinates were distributed via email a week prior, though the source of such information could not be effectively determined. The survivors were given Class-C amnesics and re-questioned, using known Church of the Broken God secret codes. Three additional members of the Church were detected and terminated. Area Command utilized cover story Beta Zeta, and the remaining civilians were provided grief-canceling. Research area ██████ decommissioned. This is unacceptable. I don't care that the damned Church broke silence first. We cannot allow this much attention to come down on one of our locations. You had better pray this media hype about gun-wielding scouts dies down, and reporters don't find research area ██████, Ro5. Request upgraded to Keeter status. Area Supervisor ████, Request denied, Ro5. Request Log 1139-1 Addendum SCP-1139-C Subject D-02-638 Linguist Dr. ████ Wattage, 200 Watts, or alternating current Subjects exposed to active SCP-1139. Subject grabbed its head and screamed, making a noise at ████, included ████, Foundation staff and Dr. ████ suffered from a broken wrist and persistent headaches. Seeing staff placed in quarantine for fear of emetic properties, no such properties evidenced themselves, and staff were released from quarantine and returned to duty without incident. Containment and testing procedures revised. Addendum SCP-1139-E Subject D-1839-4 Linguist Dr. ████ Wattage, 200 Watts, or direct current Subject is semi-literate prior to test. Subject is told to recite alphabet song during activation of SCP-1139 to confirm exposure. Exposure to SCP-1139 is followed by only nonverbal communication. Subject shows no sign of distress, though displeased by the researcher's silence. Dr. ████, after seeing the mild success and rudimentary nonverbal communication, grabbed the closest thing to a picture book from his office, giving the subject a copy of the Voynich manuscript. Subject ignored the picture and began attempting to read the book, sounding outwards as he went. Notably, he read the book backwards and from the middle of each page outward. All observations indicate that subject understood the book and found it to have a sad ending. Well, this one we have the alphabet for in a text. It should be simple enough to learn how to speak it. Dr. ████, two months after testing, Dr. ████ placed on voluntary administrative leave to distress. Subject D-18394 terminated an all-documentation locked in long-term storage. Addendum SCP-1139-F Subject D-18328 Linguist Dr. ████, Wattage-200W to direct current. Subject asked to write a long, memorized phrase down on paper, followed by the alphabet and numbers from 0 to 50, reading each word or number aloud. While walking to the table, subject exposed to SCP-1139. Subject writes out a text of unknown language, speaking as she does so and showing no notice of her change in language. Subject is incapable of speaking English, and no effort at reintroduction to the English language is made. It is noted the language from SCP-1139-F is different from all prior instances. We have a Rosetta stone for this one. This should be simple to decode or prove as nonsense, Dr. ████. After months of their testing, Dr. ████ placed a mandatory administrative leave due to stress. Subject D-18328 terminated an all-documentation locked in long-term storage. Addendum SCP-1139-K Subject Dr. ████, Linguist Dr. ████ and Dr. ████, Wattage-200W to direct current. Without approval or oversight, Dr. ████ exposed himself to SCP-1139. It is notable that Dr. ████ spoke eight languages fluently prior to the experiment. Dr. ████ took over his language for experiment SCP-1139-K. Dr. ████ exhibits the same symptoms of prior subjects, though he seems shocked by the verbal and written communications of Foundation staff. It appears that Dr. ████ now knows eight new languages, and by pointing at different places on the unlabeled map of the world, each new language has been associated with the language he is trying to speak. Dr. ████ has been unable to communicate beyond non-verbal pantomime and has since lapsed into inactivity and depression. Dr. ████ moved to a long-term care medical facility and kept under suicide watch. From SCP-1139-L, Subject- D-17618 at D-14568, Linguist Dr. ████, Wattage-200W to direct current D-17618 exposed to SCP-1206 prior to standard exposure to SCP-1139, SCP-1139 had no effect on the subject D-14568 exposed to SCP-1206 after standard exposure to SCP-1139, SCP-1206 had no linguistic effect on the subject Addendum SCP-1139-M, Subject- D-18818, Linguist Dr. ████ acting remotely and assisted by Dr. ████ to avoid memetic contamination, Wattage-200W to direct current After standard exposure to SCP-1139, Subject- Infected with SCP-444, SCP-444 infection continued as normal, with Subject able to converge with other SCP-444 infected individuals, Dr. ████ and Dr. ████ cleared of memetic contamination and remained assigned to SCP-1139, further use of SCP-444 in testing approved. Addendum SCP-1139-N, Subject- D-18818, Linguist Dr. ████ acting remotely and assisted by Dr. ████ to avoid memetic contamination, Wattage-200W to direct current Subject- Infected with SCP-444 ████ days prior. After exposure, Subject spoke a new language with no immediately apparent anomalous properties. Subject observation revealed ████ fatalities included ████ Foundation personnel and contamination associated with termination of an additional ████ Foundation personnel. Dr. ████ cleared of memetic contamination and remains assigned to SCP-1139, use of SCP-444 in testing suspended by order of ████ Addendum SCP-1139-Q, Subject- D-29374, D-20375, D-20384, and D-29384, Linguist Dr. ████, Wattage-400W to direct current SCP-1139 activated carefully to affect four of the five subjects. Subjects quickly realized that none of them can understand the others. The unaffected subject acted virtually identical to the others, despite still speaking English. Long-term remote surveillance commenced. Without meaningful external verbal stimuli, Subjects exhibited typical reactions, a novelist of solitary confinement and development of a crude, hierarchy-based society. D-20375 terminated following experiment and corpses incinerated. Request upgraded cater status, Dr. ████ Request denied, and pulled a plug on this sideshow. If you want a long-term test subject, use Dr. ████ ████ O5.


From the CUBE Studios in Palo Alto in Boston, connecting with thought leaders around the globe, these are Cloud Native Insights. Hi, I'm Stu Miniman, the host of Cloud Native Insights, and we talk about Cloud Native. We're talking about how do I take advantage of the agility and innovation in cloud and the ecosystem out there? And a big question is, if I'm a company that's not born in the cloud or if I'm a person that's not steeped in the knowledge of leveraging and using all of these wonderful tools out there, how do I get there to help us dig into the people and company moving to cloud and taking use of these technologies? Happy to welcome to the program, Forest Brazil. He is a senior manager with A Cloud Guru. It's his official title, but he is the cloud bard, as many people know, in a bard, of course, an oral transition. He creates poems. He sings. He's got a book coming out to illustrate the cloud. And really great to be able to talk to you for us. Thanks so much for joining us. Hey, it's great to be on the show, Steve. Thanks for having me. All right. So Forest, if you could, just share a little bit about your background. So you joined A Cloud Guru relatively recently. I'd seen some of the cartoons and videos you've done in the past. You've got kind of a Renaissance man look at. You're not just a tech guy. As I said, you do have some of those musical pursuits also. So I'd love to hear a little of your background. Yeah. So I've been an engineer for a long time. I've been an engineer, been a manager of engineers, a consultant, and that's from startups ranging all the way up to the Fortune 50. So I've seen a lot of enterprises and other companies at various stages of their cloud journey from just trying to figure out how to get to the cloud out of the data center all the way to being very cloud native, as you were saying in your intro, figuring out how to build directly on cloud services. I'm very passionate about that. Very passionate about helping people figure out how to take that next step, not to be a stalker to get into a state where they are, but to figure out how to get, as I say, up the serverless ladder to that next stage of cloud native adoption. And I've realized that a lot of these technologies and a lot of these concepts, these practices are very abstract. And sometimes what helps the most is to put that in a format that people can engage with. And so I draw and I sometimes sing and I write all sorts of things just to try to help people understand. Even though these technologies and practices, these ideas are abstract, they don't have to be difficult. Everybody's got some intuitive understanding of why a doctor exists or why a lawyer exists.  What do they build? And that's what I try to do with things like the book that you read a lot of cloud that's coming out in just a couple of months. All right, so I love that. Helping companies understand these things because for so many years, it was like, oh, well, we need to mandate for the cloud. Cloud, cloud, cloud. When I started this, cloud is not a destination. There is how do I really take advantage of cloud? And there was one post that you wrote talking about lift and shift. And it was one of those things that we've seen for years. There's arguments of, you know, is lift and shift good? If it's bad? And of course, the reality is sometimes lifted shift is needed, but it is step one of what you need to do because if you're not taking advantage of the cloud, there reaches a certain point that you say, oh my gosh, maybe I'm not taking advantage of it. Maybe the cost don't make sense. And therefore we scramble and we pull things back and we celebrate repatriation, which to my mind was always, oh geez, we kind of didn't understand it, we failed and then we kind of went back to doing what we didn't want to do. So walk us through if you could.  Yeah, exactly. And to be clear, I'm not dissing lift and shift as a concept. It's very necessary in a lot of cases and you can reel off a bunch of reasons why lift and shift would be an important stepping stone in a cloud journey. And of course that could be just, you know, I've got to get out of the data center, right?  I've talked to people who, you know, have firework stored in their data center literally that they're afraid are going to go off, right? The roof is leaking. It's time to get out of there and just get to someplace that's professionally managed. You could be using a lift and shift migration almost as like a financial engineering tactic to go from a CAPEX to an OPEX model, right? And tie what you're doing a little bit more closely to what you're spending. There's several other reasons that you might choose to have lift and shift is that first stage you might want just to get your feet wet a little bit in cloud. You know, you might not have the confidence or the expertise in house to build on fully cloud native services right now. You've got to go in and get your ops teams hands on right with the technologies and with the tooling so that they understand a little better how to get you to that next step. But the really, really key thing is lift and shift is a phase you've got to get through that you've got to keep innovating and a lot of people don't realize that they think they can go to the cloud pick up their servers run them pretty much as they did in the data center. They can stop there and they're going to get long-term benefits from cloud and over time that gets less and less true because as I say, once you move that first VM into EC2 or whatever the case may be you've started a shot clock on your chances for success in the cloud. That clock is ticking because your initial benefits are very front loaded. You're potentially getting some initial cost wins as you're hopefully matching your usage a little bit better to what you're spending on infrastructure, right? You're potentially getting some time to learn and plan for version two of your cloud infrastructure but the longer you stay in that lift and shift state some dangers are going to start compounding because in the absence of a true cloud native strategy your teams your ops teams your governance teams if you have those right they're going to continue to do things the way they did it in the data center because they don't have true SRE they don't have true automation they're going to build manual slow error prone processes that are going to drag down your time to value your MTTR all those operational metrics that you look at you're going to see those cost wins actually start to evaporate because you're still running that legacy model if you can't effectively charge back spend to different units inside of your business you realize you're not getting that value you thought you were running because you're running the cloud like a data center and let's be honest, that's super expensive and then unfortunately over time and usually you start hitting this threshold 18 months, two years out your best people the experts who were bringing you to the cloud in the first place they get disillusioned because they're not seeing the continued forward motion that they've been led to believe was going to happen and so they start moving on you get brain drain and now you've created this new legacy swamp of poor procedures and practices the very thing that you were hoping to avoid and so at that point the negative side effects of the lift and shift have overwhelmed the benefits you thought you were going to get that's when your lift and shift shot clock has expired and that's what you want to avoid by continuing to innovate and continuing to refactor towards a true cloud native deployment Yeah, well, again, I thought that the visual was excellent and it's so good to explain what is the journey we're going through what are the decision points you might look through some of these and say oh, well, these three definitely apply to my business some of the others I might not be concerned about but I can take that and apply it to what I'm doing so that's the company side of things Forrest, you're an AWS serverless hero and also in your day job your company helps people with the training so let's talk about people when it comes to how do we get involved one of the things I loved about the serverless community from the early times that I met it was it seemed that the bar to enter was relatively low so many of these things is like ah, well, do I have the basic skillsets? Do I understand how to get there? How do I actually get to where I need to be? And that's so many people are hesitant to start that journey because it just seems so daunting so what are you seeing out there? You know, give us the landscape of 2020 as to, you know, how we move forward and I know you've got a project you've been doing called the cloud resume challenge so, you know, definitely talk a little bit about that too Yeah, for sure. So look, even going beyond 2020 I think the numbers I've heard we're looking at potentially 100 million software developers being added to the workforce over the course of the next decade and change that's a lot of people who are going to have to interact with these services who are going to have to build and create value on top of cloud infrastructure and so there's a huge need for us to continue to create abstractions and to create guided, you know, best practices and principles that will help people get where they need to be with as little unnecessary work as possible and really that's a lot of what underlay the serverless community and the ideas behind that I've been involved in serverless for a long time going back to when I was, you know, building on serverless inside of large companies early on in that revolution and I've carried that forward now with my work as an AWS serverless hero even the work that I'm doing at a cloud guru and really the barred entry as you mentioned is so low because you're cutting out a lot of things that we're seeing is sort of gatekeeping mechanisms in the past, you know, oh, if you haven't learned this underlying, you know, protocol or whatever then you don't qualify as a real developer serverless turns out on its head and says, no, I'm providing you with abstractions that you're going to be able to build on top of and you're going to be able to focus so much more of your energy on things that actually provide value for the business and yeah, that kind of started as a very leading edge early adopter thing but we're seeing more and more even large enterprises we're seeing that start to click and they're realizing, you know, wherever I can wherever I'm not potentially constrained by legacy practices or other code bases, I do want to explore, you know seeing how quickly I can turn a prototype around how quickly I can A, B, C, D, E, F, G test something if you will by spinning up these low cost prototypes in the cloud, right on infrastructure that's just costing me fractions of a cent to run there's some really, really compelling avenues that even larger businesses can explore but taking it back to the individual for a second think about, you know, I'm in the middle of a global pandemic, okay and potentially I'm looking for a career switch now more than ever, I'm thinking, you know, I'd like to get into development, I'd like to get into IT and it's so close to me now you look at these services out there like Netlify, which you and I were talking about before the break, right and talking about how easy those technologies make it for someone to get out there and actually do web development but you still need someone to kind of step alongside you and say, you know, these are the things you need to care about these are things that might be irrelevant there's an explosion almost like an infodemic if you will of information out there makes it really hard for folks who are trying to actually skill up and who are trying to make that transition into tech and into code that's what a cloud guru does, of course which is the company I work for we've got about 2.2 million learners on our platform right now that we're helping to skill up and take that step toward the modern tech skills that they need to succeed the cloud resume challenge which you mentioned is something I've been doing kind of on the side and that's a project-based approach that complements a lot of the additional training that I was talking about where we say, you know, I'm going to give you a project that's going to have some sort of spec-based steps to it so you're going to create a resume but it's going to be deployed, you know, in the cloud you're going to have to do some source control some CICD, some, you know, all these other things that are going to be built into a basic DevOps competency you're going to have to go away and do some Googling and open some tabs in order to figure this out on your own because the project doesn't tell you exactly how to do it so you actually wind up with some kind of some pain there's some failure involved there and that of course is what makes the learning stick and so we've got people working on this on every continent now we've had many people that have completed it we've seen people get interviewed we've seen people get hired coming out of a totally non-tech background so that's really exciting and, you know, those stories aren't going to be unusual moving forward we're going to see more and more of this and really that's what these cloud abstracted technologies have allowed us to do probably it wouldn't be possible to do something like the cloud resume challenge 20 years ago the barrier to entry with, you know, even just procuring the infrastructure you'd need to be successful in a reasonable amount of time you know, was not accessible to everybody but now we're there those services are at your fingertips you just need a little bit of guidance a little bit of curation to get you down the right path Well, yeah, it was actually, you know, what excited me when I first met the ACG team was the bar to entry was so low in previous decades you talk about, you know, how much time and how much money I needed to spend just to get some of these courses even if they were online and it was just order of magnitudes easier and, you know, built for that cloud environment that I can start, I can pause I have learning resources and it's been really impressive to watch the expansion of the team there I'm curious when you look at, you know, certifications out there when you look at the need for jobs out there if I'm not, you know, if I'm in the tech industry what are some of the things that you think that people should be learning, moving forward to where would you recommend people start looking there? Yeah, absolutely so I think one thing a lot of people miss is, you know, it's a good idea to get started with technologies that are new if you're new because let's be real you can't ask for five years of experience in a technology that's only been around for 18 months so it's really smart to major on something and get good at something that not a lot of people are good at yet and you say, well, how do I know that technology is going to take off and succeed? Well, the fact of the matter is even if that specific technology doesn't you still have a much greater understanding of the problem space and you'll be right at the cutting edge ready to jump in on, you know, whatever the next thing is so I always recommend that people look at things like serverless and the managed services that are coming out get really good at automating, you know, services on the major cloud providers pick AWS, Azure, GCP, right? And just make that your thing don't specialize in in too niche of an area, you know, especially if you're very new but especially pick a cloud provider get good at working with the basic services you'll find that that sets you apart more than for example, I don't know going after a certification that's been around for 20 years that tons and tons of people in the job market have, right? That doesn't necessarily set you apart as much as some of these modern skills do so I definitely recommend that. Yeah, it's funny for us actually, I laugh a little bit. You mentioned that you've been doing serverless for a long time and I'm like, well, okay I remember sitting in the audience at AWS re-invent when Lambda was unveiled I think it was re-invent 2014.   But yeah, maybe there's one other cartoon that you brought along talking about the difference between cloud translation and cloud fluency. Maybe just walk through that difference and especially people that have been in the industry for a while. How do we make sure that we're actually embracing and understanding and moving to that cloud world not just, you know, cloudwashing? Yeah, that's a good word. You know, something that struck me I think a bit of an epiphany that I had around the time that I started an A Cloud Guru and keep in mind, I'm coming out of years of having worked with these large organizations and try to help them figure out how to migrate to cloud. And what I had seen is there's a lot of these kind of central cloud teams, if you will, that get established right at the beginning of an organization's cloud adoption. And that's a well-known pattern. You know, this cloud center of excellence, if you will, that people establish.  You take your best cloud people and you say, okay, you define the standards and the processes that are going to get us to cloud and they do that and then they're shocked when nobody adopts the standards, right? And the migration sort of stalls and they're not having the impact that they expected to have. And what turns out is going on is just having that small group of people that understands cloud surrounded by this huge legacy diaspora of legacy, you know, product and engineering teams that don't speak the language of cloud, if you will. It means that anytime you want to innovate or anytime you want to make a move, you've got to go through this process of translation. You've got to go to those legacy teams who are saying, what's an EC2 instance again? You know, how do you spell S3? I thought that I wanted to log into the AWS console but this access and secret key isn't going into my password box, right? You know, they have that low level of competency and so you're constantly having to explain everything. You're going back and forth and that of course leads to kind of less sophisticated architectures. It leads to poorer outcomes and it takes you much longer to get where you want to go. That's that process of cloud translation. That's an anti-pattern. So instead of that, what we try to advocate for is what we call cloud fluency. Just like with any other language, you want your entire organization as much as possible to speak the language of cloud at some baseline level. We do that through a couple of things. Of course, obviously through training and certification, cloud certifications can be a great proxy to measure how well your organization's cloud competency is improving. But also through taking those cloud experts, those central experts that previously were kind of in their ivory tower doing their own thing and embed them as much as you can in a roving fashion with these legacy product teams and help them to improve, right? Sort of teach them to fish so that you're not putting all the weight on that central team to be the only experts because that doesn't scale. Those people are going to burn out. They're going to get overwhelmed with support tickets. We see that over and over again. So you want to empower those teams and we want to actually talk a little bit less about a cloud center of excellence sometimes and a little more about a cloud center of enablement, where we want to instead of knowing the most about cloud, we want to show the most about cloud to those other teams. That's a sustainable pattern for success. That's what we try to do through a cloud guru and that's what I try to advocate for individually wherever I can because I've seen people burnt out. I don't want that to happen. Yeah, for those of us that have been through a few of these waves here, it's something that you need to actually be involved in embracing these technologies. You don't have a center for internet usage anymore. Think about everybody now for the most part has used the internet, understands some of the pieces. It needs to be the same way when it comes to cloud. It just becomes the underlying substrate and brings forward the innovation and agility that people are looking for. All right, Forrest, last thing we talked about. You've got a book coming out a little bit later this year, the read aloud cloud. Give us the quick thing. Love, it's visual, it's very accessible and definitely looking forward to hearing about that. Yes, yes, exciting. So it'll be out in September from Wiley and basically you've seen a couple of the cartoons over the course of this time here, but I've been drawing for a long time, trying to help people get a sense for what the cloud is in a way that they can understand and get a grasp on. And so what the read aloud cloud is, it's the history and practice of cloud computing and it takes you from the mainframe days through artificial intelligence and along the way we talk about the basics of cloud architecture. We talk about security. We talk about resilience and all those important things, but it's written and drawn in a way that can be accessible even to a non-technical person. So the person who's never been able to understand what it is that you do and I include, you know, potentially your CEO in that conversation, right? This is a book you can hand to them that you can put on your desk. It'll give you a chuckle, but I think there's actually some really strong ability for you to gain actually a concrete visual understanding, those really abstract terminologies that float around with cloud. Again, what we're doing is not necessarily complicated. It's just really abstract. It's really arcane. So let's put it in a format where we can get our heads around and hopefully have a good laugh while we're doing it. That's what the read aloud cloud is and you can check that out wherever books are sold. All right, we're forced Brazil. Thank you so much for joining us. Real pleasure talking with you. And absolutely, we need to make sure that cloud becomes as ubiquitous as computers and the internet have before us. Really pleasure chatting with you. Thanks so much for joining. Awesome. Thanks so much, dude. It's great to be here. All right, and I'm Stu Miniman. Looking forward to hearing more about your cloud native insights.


Hi everyone, Joe for Jaspy's casebreaks.com coming at you with 21-22 tops. It's actually tops Merlin, Chrome You have a chain. It's like it's a kind of a mouthful soccer 12 bucks pick your team number 10 all cards ship There's a combo team as well. We got Nick Jaspy right there helping us out big. Thanks everybody For getting in on it right here on a Tuesday Good time to get into that soccer. These are the combo teams that 17 teamer and the rest of those teams right there. Thanks to the people who worked on those fillers to help knock out the team random, which ultimately knocked out the break. Appreciate it. Thanks, Nick And thanks to everybody who bought their spot straight up as well. I think Robert with Leipzig ended up getting the last spot mojo If Nick's here, who's loading the side with more break? We already have a lot of breaks loaded up Jilo I don't think I've seen an order from you all day So help us fill the breaks and then you'll see more breaks Yeah, Carl, you're missing a filler If you take a look on the the website Um Oh, I guess that filler did sell out So you just have to wait until I finish this break and go through some orders and then keep an eye on the schedule And you'll see where where it ends up that schedule dropped frequently in the chat by my virtual assistant knife I'll take you to that spreadsheet that we have there and um Yeah Well, I've been I've been in the middle of breaks Carl. Sorry I haven't been able to go through the orders yet. If I had an extra head and an extra pair of arms Should be able to do that But I don't know I appreciate your patience. You cut me a little slack man Box one hard ship, which is Which is nice. There's some nice cards too That would be chaos rex That's a that's a great way to make mistakes in a break like this All right, and we got Diogo Jota one out of 50. That's from my club Liverpool Who's got Liverpool David with Liverpool and our autograph is for Lazio. That's Philippe Anderson I think Lazio is part of that big 17 team comma that goes for robber 58 out of 199 I mean those end up in fillers anyway, so might save us I'll say there's like the one like Cincinnati right Got a rookie silver or a rookie refractor John Pacheco and a Neymar. It's a 99 That'll be for psg. That's going to go to david in psg And that's for Real Sociedad that is going to be for the 17 team combo is each thing a box Yeah, all right, so each stack is a box nice Yeah, Nick got a new rolling. That's how he loads up the site. We might get starlink for the shot. What really? Why not? Yeah, no, I don't know why not Got a Harry Kane flipped around for some reason. I don't think that's anything special, but We'll sleeve it up anyway. Just in case that's for Barcelona. This is uh A comat obviously these rookie cards. These are all like probably 18 19-year-old youngsters Who knows what they could turn into in a number of years time? There's victor uh osimen To 199 that is for nopoli And there's Declan rice. I think nopoli Beat Iax 6-1 or something like that in the Champions League matchup Declan rice for Weston It's brian Heyman. There you go brian I think Iax was up one nil at the half and then uh And then they shipped six goals after that Liverpool beat the scottish team rangers Today two nil Trying to find some consistency in their season There's uh as Azuli to 150 for Barcelona. That's for Jeff Lidell Yeah, definitely congrats to the boss man. I didn't think they I did I didn't really think they gave him that big crystal cup there. That was awesome Are we are we drinking champagne out of there?  Yeah Check out our social media ladies and gentlemen at Jasper's breaks Nick's dad here He's in the hall of fame got into the hall of fame at the industry summit It's Vinny jr. To 275 Real Madrid. That's for Craig mcginnis He's a hall of fame really gentlemen. If you don't know now you know At Jasper's breaks on twitter at Jasper's breaks on instagram. Do you know if you did a speech? Yeah, he did did maren. Was she able to record it? Yeah Luca Romero, all right So we might have a version of the speech loaded up at some point as well. So keep an eye out On the socials or the youtube maybe There's Luca Romero for Lazio to 225 And there's Nuno Mendez for psg. That's gonna be for For david Oh mendez if there's anything Is there anything too crazy and uh championship action? Fire Munich Five nil One five nil.  Yes noon To 150 Eden zekko For inter Milan I couldn't pull the trigger on paramount plus Sounds just like Yeah, exactly and I was just like He's gonna have like I mean maybe when we start getting like knockout stages you'll have to do the free trial thing and Mikhail Antonio for brian and weston the hammers to 199 But I guess champions league cbs Yeah, and the english premier league's on p-car Yeah, they're like so I didn't sign each of them That's his inscription now All right one Two and oh Here's the uh, here's that match ball card And here's rayon scherke the renaissance card. I think that's a one per case And that is for leon I think that's part of the big uh combo team. Yes, it is robert with that one And there's erlan haul and speckle nice 85 out of 150 man. He's been This is still for uh bruxa doriman this goes to victor, but he's been lighting it up Been lighting it up No, no, not fair. Is that we said man city gets that guy I don't know just banging in goals like I guess no one else wants to pony up the money Liverpool isn't gonna do it chelsea didn't do it Man united didn't do it Real Madrid didn't do it barcelona didn't do it speaking of barcelona. There's gavi 31 out of 225 for jeff and barcelona Do you want to play there man city? That's right. Yeah Maybe it's just perfect storm like yeah, they have the money and he wants to play there There's evan romero for severe and there's sophian d up to 250 That's for uh monaco. That'll be for Robert you got a s monaco Carl saying joe my control not to collect into me. This is well this scratches the itch You know, I I'm lucky enough to be able to see stuff like this every day So it definitely scratches it although I've been doing this for a long time And uh Looked in my closet one day and I was like where where did these monster box of cards come from? You know you buy a box here and there over the years and now all of a sudden you got a closet full of that stuff I got a I got a shed There's ryan gravenberg For iax that's going to be for the 17 team combo robber uncle. No, I'm good sir All right. See you chris. Thank you We got zidane ikbal for man united rookie refractor for eric And there's nicolo zaniolo to 225 Wait, which which refractor The matias tell in all card ships or whatever I miss everything will go, but Oh, there he is. Oh, that's a rookie refractor. I usually sleeve all these There you go, that's uh, that's for study ranae. That's for you ryan That's why you were so evil-eyed about it There you go. That's a good one.  I did see the fan who jumped into the The pit in between the stands and the The fence jumped on down there try to get it Yeah, I don't know what the What the security sitch is on that Sometimes that could be a public area Dodger stadium kind of has that space in between where you can walk down the stairs and into that below the Bleacher's area. I don't know. Is that a ban from the stadium offense? He didn't run the field. I think you might be okay. There's an even better one for man united 18 out of 50 Hannibal under 23 stars gold parallel for eric and the Red devils red devils named the zini zedine zedon ikval johnson david Johnson david goes to the leal that's for the combo and another zedon ikval for man united. That's for eric And the match ball autograph is coming up soon What could it be Is deckland rice to suzani five for brian? Well, he didn't get it rex the guy who jumped down there didn't get the ball Yeah, it kind of looks dumb. Yeah, and it's ryan gravenbach gravenberg The champions league Match ball and his autograph That's awesome. I don't know if this will go into a 180 top loader. Let's see I might just have to go into a slider box. You got a second one. Wow Spoiler alert another one Thankfully, there's two per package. It's like they knew somehow ultra pro knew all right And that will be for the combo team robert with iax There's a rookie speckle double one out of 150 Hannibal going to eric And uh, man united he won that spot in the filler No word on if that jumper got uh got injured That's a that's a decent distance. He might have tweaked an ankle It could be I thought I actually initially thought he went head first and I was like, uh-oh All right, so there's the other match ball. We'll do that box last Nick's got that last box coming up. So we're almost done. We flew through this He's a little banged up, but he should be ready for the world cup, right? Yeah, they haven't decided that Hyunmin son to 275 And for nick's club chelsea. We got trevor caloba rookie auto for Hyunmin You got chelsea in that team random And there's another Hyunmin right here too. That's for chun won and taen Timothy way is american, right? Yeah, so we'll be in that set There he is right here place for leal And for lester city one out of 50 patson docka That is robert with lester another rookie refractor I don't think we pulled out any super franters I'll save that base one for brian as well. Yeah, one of ones. I don't think I've not in not in these group breaks Not in the group breaks. I haven't seen a one of one I feel like I might have gotten like an out of five I mean, I don't know not recently Still have time to pull one of those here brian jason pulled an obape ran out of five. That's what yeah, that's a nice one Here's celtic midfielder carmoco dembele That'll be for the combo spot And for as monaco, there's orlewian tuclumeni Who was a midfielder that a lot of clubs including mine were chasing Uh, but this is still monaco addition going to robert Thanks, nick Big thanks to nick for helping this break move a little bit more quickly Got a gavi refractor For jeff and barcelona Here's a rookie refractor tuclumeni That's for robert and monaco We got antonio blanco to 134 to 199 to Blanco a good name for a player who's on real madrid that will be for uh It'll be for crepe. We got anhel gomez For leal to 99. That's for the combo Wow matias tell has an out of 15. That's over a thousand dollars see Even if you're not a soccer fan, I mean if you just want to stumble into Some some good returns on the secondary market For benfica, there's uh alex grimaldo I think uh six two at 99 benfica a Combo team right there. So that'll go to robert Ungrade that's ungraded for left and gusto goes to leon That will be for robert How does one achieve hallfamestads in the sports card industry just Just be a legend in the industry For decades Just like uh, just like the boss man mike jasperson And there you go There's felix afen agaian for aroma 34 out of 225 Jilo, I know you think we're just a bunch of slouches here, but you know We've got some great hobby experience coming from nix dad We've got a great foundation here It's marcus rashford 49 out of 75 blue shimmer from man united We don't flex too much on that though but If you don't know now, you know There's dar dar boy for roma That's a uh part of the combo group and Niko gonzales rookie auto for barcelona jeff leidel There you go jeff just to hopefully turn that to be a superstar. That'd be nice Troy, what's up?  Or can I just get a few spots in the actual break? I I want to say That the full spot there are full spots available in hit parade football plus one filler And hit parade baseball I think there's no spots available both the straight up spots and the fillers are sold out For leipzig, there's sydney rabiger. Nice. That's one for robert last bot mojo And we got a green. Nicolo zaniolo for roma 43 out of 99 Parallels out of the way here. Oh, and this is the final box right over here. Let's put that right there All right. Good luck. Hey, I have no idea who's in the sports card hall of fame, but they've been doing it for a little bit I know boss man or the boss man's in there 53 or 275 erlan holland. Nice So at least one It's harley savage For man united It'll be for eric eric jay with that one. There's carmoco d'embele for Celtic it's for the combo Antonio blanco rookie refractor All right. See you man Got Hannibal green 16 out of 99 on heligomas For the lethal double oh four out of 275 And there's chalova again for chelsea Got miguel gutierrez for real madrid 275. That'll be for craig got a uh ugo chukubu for study renae And for brian rookie refractor And for ac milan, that's pierre calulu 142 out of 150 And there's your auto for psg akraf akimi For prerissan german that'll be for david Who won that in the uh team random? And got the spot in the from the filler as well Let's go to the combo. That's to 150 for robert And we got a benjamin sesco For salsberg that's 64 out of 75 This was the other match ball card right there Save it to the end. Good luck everybody San heligomas for leal This gavi for barcelona That's for jeff And we got a michel antonio for weston for brian. That's 50 out of 50 Miguel gutierrez for real madrid Heading out to craig Diogo jota And an onzu fahti nice 182 out of 199 for barsa jeff with that one All right Final hit of the break Is going to be our second match ball Auto card autograph First of all, we got a matizda lit for uve That will be for uh, that's out of 75. That's going to go to the Combo team robert with that one And the match ball auto Is going to be for manchester united. Wow. Look at that adidas logo there Uh shola shoretire I thought that might be a really low number, but no no number on there, but you got the pretty that's a really cool one rookie as well adidas logo That's awesome And there you have it boys and girls another full case of 21 22 tops marlin chrome uave a champions league soccer 12 box pick your team number 10 With the world cup coming up We'll we'll sure to be breaking a lot of soccer throughout the next few months or so So keep breaking soccer with us and we'll keep chatting soccer and we'll keep having a good time Thanks for watching. Thanks for breaking with us and i'll see you next time for the next break. Bye. Bye


What's up everyone? It's your girl Kenzie here from Leighton Sports Guards, and I'm a personal for Kristen S. You've got a 22-23 Panini Donner Silly Basketball Hobby Box. Best of luck, Kristen. Thanks again for your patience. See me getcha. Yeah, my dad was in the Navy for 30 years. He's a Master Chief Petty Officer. He traveled all over the world. Philippines, Guam, Indonesia. He was all over. Said if he was 17, he'd do it all over again. So appreciate all those who have served. Absolutely. You've got Kevin Love on the wave title. Got Star Status, Steph Curry. Orange, Dicut Spellbound, Steph Curry. Got Orange Rookie of Vince Williams Jr. Memphis. Blue to 99 for Zingus. See what they got out here. We've got Kyrie on the deck, Acetane. I like wine. He'll drink it here and there. He's not really a wine drinker, though. Yeah, Power Formulas Tatum. Yeah, it'd be cool to do a wine tour or something like that. Napa Valley and whatnot. Got Orange Jimmy Buckets on the Power Formula Orange Dicut. We've got a lot of breweries here in Orlando area. Spellbound, Luka Donchich. There's one actually in the town we just moved into. It's got a nice blonde ale that I like. Got Red Dicut Rookie, Wendell Moore Jr. That is 36 of 93. Yeah, we moved like right in between two nice cities. That's got a bunch of stuff to offer. We've got a Colin Sexton on the elite auto. Colin Sexton is going to be your first hit there for you, Kristen. Hey, we're going to do it again, six. We're going to pull your golden nugget this year if it's the last thing I do. Al Horford Orange. Yeah, really, Wahoos. Star status KD. Pete has pulled some absolute banners. Valenkunas Orange. Max Christie Rookie. Got Impact Impressions Auto of Kevin Porter Jr. Nice KPJ. So two vet autos coming out of here for you, Kristen. Orange Mike Conley. Spellbound Jamarant. Jamarant, I'm on my grizzly. Orange Deer and Fox. Last pack here. Yeah, I was on Instagram and I was doing some personals here. Andrew Nembard Rookie. All right, Kristen, that will do it for your box. Congrats again on the hits. Thanks so much for hopping in. We'll get these right out to you.


On the occasion of ITU's 150th Celebration, I would like to take this opportunity to congratulate the organization and its membership for achieving this important milestone. February is the month for youth and innovation in ITU's 150th Celebration. I myself have been proud to work alongside ITU in advancing these important issues. Youth remain a marginalizing group, facing disproportionate exposure to poverty and unemployment. They are also a group that offers the most potential, in terms of enthusiasm, ideas, and willingness to help others. Indeed, achieving global sustainable development will not be possible without the engagement of young people, and the same is true for sustainable digital development. We cannot overlook the role that youth lead innovations have created to embark the space of ICT in general. It's without a doubt that when provided affordable access, youth are early adopters of ICT technologies and are viewed as a driving growth and innovation in the sector. Technology plays a critical role in the lives of youth globally. ICT and innovation provided a unique opportunity to empower youth by connecting them to information, employment opportunities, means of self-imparment, and access to global community. This year, I strongly believe that access to technology and the internet is a human right. ICT is transformative and must continue to be utilized and valued as a key development tool. And I am happy to say that ICT is one of the thematic areas we will focus on with the ongoing hashtag youth now digital campaign. And we are happy to partner with ITU on that. Hashtag youth now engages a global community and the importance of investing in youth by celebrating the achievements of the World Program of Action for Youth and advocating for more investments to be made. The conversations and engagement would not be possible without ICT. I would like to commend ITU as members for their ongoing efforts to connect young people around the world to this important lifeline. An award increasingly dependent in technology, it's important that young people have access to the services and skills to be able to compete. It's vital that none are left behind. I thank you very much.


Alright, what's up guys? We've got a question from our buddy Alex today who says, I've got a question about lucid dreaming. I'm keeping a dream journal, doing reality checks, researching for about a week now. I really want to lucid dream, but you know, he's never in control of them. Sometimes he adds up to five dreams in one night, but it seems to just be a normal dream that he happens to remember and he never seems to be in control. Any suggestions? So, a number of things here. Firstly, you know, if you've only been trying to do this for about one week, that's just not really long enough. Typically, from the very start, when you first start learning about lucid dreaming to the point where you're able to have reliable lucid dreams, this process can take anywhere up to six months or even longer. And you know, that's not something that a lot of you want to hear, but that's just the truth. It can take a long time to build up these new habits. Obviously, if you're good and if you really apply yourself and do as much effort and research and practice as you can, you can have lucid dreams in up to a month from when you start, but usually it takes six months or more. Now, obviously, if you would like to only have lucid dreams after a month of practice, I would highly recommend that you go and check out my boot camp course. There'll be a link in the description, but this is the fastest way that you can start having lucid dreams really soon, even if you've never had them before and you're starting here. But you know, beyond that, one week is not really a lot of time to be expecting to have reliable lucid dreams. That being said, the other thing that Alex mentioned was that he had trouble remembering them and he didn't seem to be in control. So that is one of two things. Firstly, okay, is your dream recall, which is something that with a lot of people is always bad. You know, typically when people start lucid dreaming, they just cannot remember their normal dreams and they find it really hard to remember what they even did the last night. Before they even start lucid dreaming, okay, before they, you know, just as they're starting to practice the techniques and trying to induce lucid dreams, if they can't even remember their normal dreams, they have no chance of having a lucid dream that they remember or even a lucid dream at all.  The other thing that you want to consider really, if you're not having as much control in your lucid dream, is meditation. Now what meditation does is it sort of tunes you out from the noise of the world and lets you focus on your mind only.  Because often in lucid dreams, it's very easy to become distracted, right? One of the main reasons that people can't control their dreams is because as soon as you enter them, you know, there are all these exciting things going on that you'll, you just want to interact with, which then takes away from the fact that you're lucid, okay? It makes you think about what's going on over here instead of actually remembering that you're lucid, which happens here in the dreaming mind. A very good example is say if you just become lucid in a dream and you look down at your hands and you realise that you're lucid, right? You realise you're in control in your dreaming. But then what happens next, you know, you might see somebody else over there, another dream character, and you go over and talk to them and before you know it, you're engaged in a conversation with another dream character and you forget that you're lucid, which was the most important thing. So really it's important to through meditation, practice separating yourself from everything that's going on around you, even for just a few minutes a day. And that habit will then transfer into the lucid dream and it will become almost like a sort of protective bubble. Okay, so if you imagine you've just entered the dream and because you've been meditating for a while, you're able to separate your thoughts and keep your self-awareness intact, meaning that things can happen in the lucid dream, right? But you're less able to be distracted by them because you've got this sort of meditative bubble around you. And I know that this isn't, you know, this isn't very scientific. This is based on my own experiences. Obviously, there are others who have had similar experiences as well. But you know, it's pretty much true. What I've found is that by meditating, you're able to separate your thoughts and emotions from reality, at least just for a few minutes a day, which means that in a dream, you have the ability to create this sort of shield, which stops you from getting too excited and too involved in what's happening in the dream, meaning that you stay lucid, as opposed to just being distracted by something and then losing lucidity. So if this has helped you, please leave a comment with your question. I'll try and answer them all as soon as I can, and I'll see you next time.


A warm welcome to the 33rd session of fourth module on signals and systems, the second module in this course. Now, we have got a reasonable amount of maturity in both the Laplace and the Z transforms. We have also seen at least the beginning of how we could translate Laplace transforms into system realizations. We need to do a little bit to understand how this can be done for the Z transform and let us now complete that exercise. So, let us consider a discrete system function. So, here we have an example of a discrete system function. H of Z is 1 plus Z inverse divided by 1 minus half Z inverse mod Z greater than half. Of course, the discrete system function is Y of Z by X of Z and we can cross multiply and we can invert the Z transform, thereby giving us we can rearrange. Now, this is the central idea in all this. This is an equation involving the two sequences X of n and Y of n. In fact, it is what is called a linear constant coefficient difference equation as opposed to differential and interestingly, this also abbreviates to L double CDE. So, we have L double CDEs for rational continuous independent variable systems and L double CDEs for rational discrete independent variable systems. The only difference is in the continuous independent variable system, the D stands for differential derivatives and in the discrete independent variable D stands for difference. So, go back here. This difference essentially means shifted input and output. So, you have the input and it is once and more delayed versions, the output and it is once or more delayed versions. Now, you know we are only taking delayed versions of the input and the output and there is a good reason. If we want causal processing, we can only allow delays and not advances. So, you know we cannot for example, do X of n plus 1 or something like that, not allowed. If you want causality, but X of minus X of n minus 1 is allowed and X of n minus m is allowed for positive integer m. Similarly, Y of n minus m is allowed again for positive integer m, any m and in fact, we can realize this n minus m business by using one step delays at a time. So, therefore, if we go back to the system function H of z is 1 plus z inverse divided by 1 minus half z inverse with mod z greater than half. We can see it is both causal and stable and we can realize it by expanding the z transform. So, we have Y of z is half z inverse Y of z plus X of z plus z inverse X of z. And now, just as we drew a signal flow graph for the continuous independent variable case, we can draw a signal flow graph for the discrete independent variable case. So, you have an X of z here, you bring it here as it is, use a multiplier of z inverse. What is the physical meaning of a multiplier of z inverse? Remember, the nodes here are the z transforms of corresponding sequences and therefore, multiplication by z inverse amounts to delaying by one step. Now, you keep this as it is delayed by one step and then add there. So, here we have generated this part of the term, I am marking it as 1 and I am saying 1 has been generated here. And now, let me assume that there is an output generated somewhere Y of z, let it have come from another node, this is also Y z. Now, delay this by one step that takes care of this and now, multiplied by half and add and this brings you to Y z once again. So, as you can see, the rules for the signal flow graph are the same here, only the components are different, the interpretation of the nodes is different. The nodes are interpreted as z transforms of the corresponding sequences. The nodes are of course, different sequences at different points and then you have multipliers, these directed edges which transport, they are all transport units with a multiplier embedded. The multiplier is in the z domains, you are multiplying the z transform. It could just be a constant multiplier, which case you are multiplying by a constant or it could be a multiplier dependent on z. When you multiply by z inverse, you are delaying by one step. So, when you have multiple directed edges feeding a node, all that is transported on these edges is deposited at the receiving node. And from the receiving node, if there are multiple edges going out, all of them carry what is already received at that node. It is not distributed uniformly or something of the kind, each of them carries what is there. Each node is very generous to its outgoing edges. It allows all the outgoing edges to carry everything that it has, but what comes to the node is a sum of what is transported on the incoming edges. Now, go back to the signal flow graph. So, here notice that again you have a loop here and the loop indicates feedback. You fed back the output to the input indirectly and you know feedback is a part of recursion as you see it here too. The output depends on the output and the input, that is why you need feedback. Now, what we need to do is to look at the general kind of output which a rational system is likely to give. And that is true both for continuous independent variable rational systems and for discrete independent variable rational systems. We shall give an indication. Let us now come to a general situation. You have a rational system, you have an input and an output. Now, for the moment let us assume the input is also rational. Let us take that situation. That means it has a Laplace transform which is rational. Of course, Laplace transform if we are talking about continuous independent variable or Z transform if we are talking about discrete independent variable. So, what would the output look like? So, you know what I am saying now is true for the Laplace transform and the Z transform. Let me emphasize that. So, output transform is equal to input transform multiplied by system function whether it is the Laplace transform or Z transform. Both of these are rational. Hence, this is also rational. So, what is the situation now? You have a rational input, a rational system function and a rational output. And we can invert the output in the respective transform domain whether Laplace transform or Z transform. The essential principles of inversion are the same. We decompose into partial fractions by identifying the distinct poles and the partial fractions have terms corresponding to each pole. You look at the region of convergence. Look at each term with the corresponding pole. Identify its inverse based on the relative location pole whether way the region of convergence. All this holds for both. We do not need to keep saying it. We have said it often enough in the past. So, each term can be inverted. Now, what kind of terms would you have in the output? So, to answer that question we need to segregate the poles. You see essentially the terms depend on the poles. So, let us ask. Output poles come from input poles which are not system poles. System poles which are not input poles. Now, sometimes the poles can coincide. So, coincident system and input poles and we shall give the corresponding terms a name. So, there are corresponding response terms from the partial fraction expansion. These poles give what are called the forced response of the system. These give what are called the natural response of the system and these give what are called the resonant response of the system. So, when you have a rational input feeding a rational system, you get three parts in the response. One of those parts could be absent for specific situations, but there are three parts in general. A forced response, a natural response and a resonant response. The forced response comes essentially as a reaction to the input because the poles the same as the input poles. What changes is the relative contribution of those poles, but not the nature of the expression that is being fed. The natural response essentially resembles the impulse response of the system or it takes terms from the impulse response of the system. Again the coefficients get played around with because of the partial fraction expansion and finally, the resonant response is something new that emerges. In fact, many of us might have heard about the story of the soldiers walking on a bridge in rhythm. Now, often a bridge can be thought of as approximated by a rational system with certain poles and woe be gone, some of those poles might land up on the imaginary axis in the S plane. Now, if those poles are simple, then the impulse response just has sinusoidal terms or a constant term, but if by chance the marching of the soldiers creates an input which can be approximated as having a pole at the same place, then the pole which was simple now becomes double or triple and then instead of just having a sinusoid as a part of the response, there is a resonant response where you have a sinusoid multiplied by time or multiplied by a polynomial in time and there you have a problem. If you multiply the sinusoid by a polynomial in time, you are talking about ever increasing oscillations and that is why it is said that when soldiers march across a bridge, they are advised to break their rhythm because that resonant response might come into play and do a lot of damage to the bridge on account of ever increasing oscillations. So, resonant responses also have a physical interpretation just as the forced response does and the natural response does. In the subject of control systems or in a subject of digital signal processing, one would investigate these responses in great depth. These responses have a lot of physical significance. They determine what you expect when you feed certain kinds of inputs to certain kinds of systems. I have just given you an example. So, what we have done is to lay the foundation for being able to deal with all such situations, at least a reasonably good class of such situations. We have been able to capture the essence of the transform method generalized also to unstable systems as you can see in the Laplace domain and in the Z domain respectively for continuous independent variable and discrete independent variable systems. All throughout, what was the aim of this module? This module was intended to generalize the results of module 2 and also to carry forth certain ideas that we have learnt in module 1 and also module 3. So, in some sense, this module brought into a new domain, the transform domain what we learnt in the first three modules. This transform domain is more general. All that we need to do is replace S by j omega and you go back to the Fourier domain in module 2, replace Z by erase the power j omega and you go back to the frequency domain as you know in module 2 and 3. Let us write that point down. So, S equal to j omega takes you from the Laplace transform to the Fourier transform. Z equal to erase the power j omega takes you from the Z transform to the discrete time Fourier transform, but this is provided the imaginary axis respectively the unit circle is in the region of convergence. So, there is nothing very complicated now. We have seen the relationships all fitting in and falling all into place. If the Laplace transform admits also particularizing to the Fourier transform, we do it this way. If the Z transform admits particularizing to the discrete time Fourier transform, we do it this way. If we cannot, then we have to make do with the Laplace transform inherently or the Z transform inherently and that can also help us analyze systems which are not stable or where the frequency response is not defined. There are many intricacies and many small notions at points where we have alluded to them, we might not have gone into all the depth that is needed. That requires a deeper understanding and a deeper study. We have gone reasonably deep into the Laplace and the Z transforms in this module, but we have not tried to cover all angles that is rather difficult in one module like this. And in fact, it is not even advisable because it can become confusing. There are places where you must have felt there is a bit of a mystery, there is a bit of unclear discussion that is meant to inspire you to look deeper. The subject is very deep indeed. These techniques that you have learned in all these four modules and particularly in this fourth module are used in many branches of engineering not just electrical engineering or mechanical engineering or systems engineering or control. They are very useful ideas, they are used in many disciplines. And it is very nice that you have come all the way here up to this stage in the fourth module being patient enough to learn these ideas. I have no doubt that these ideas will stand you in very good stead in your understanding of signals and systems in the future. And I encourage you to reflect on them again and again and to look beyond what we have done in this module and in the modules that preceded this one. I do hope we shall have a chance to meet again in further courses and learn things in greater depth. With that then, I bring you to the end of this fourth module in terms of the basic sessions and we show all the very best. Thank you very much.