The boy calves don't produce milk, you know what I mean? They don't produce milk, yeah. What do they do about it? I'll stop eating dairy products. So they're a waste product. That's nice. These are the same? Nah, there's different industries man. It's the most humane method for stunning pigs before slaughter in Australia. There's suffocate in this gas chamber, rice milk, almond milk, soy milk. There's vegan cheese and chocolate for bacon. Yeah, it's crazy man. It is crazy man. Or maybe other nuts or plants, healthier for us and don't have to exploit mothers or steal calves away. You know much about these industries? Don't want to put you off your sandwich mate. But you know, is that Subway? It is Subway. You get the veggie paddy sub bro. No animals harmed. So I always have discussions with farmers and they genuinely care about their animals and they do the best welfare that they can and they call their animals, they come to them when they call them and they're really connected to these animals and what they do is they put them on their trailer and they drive them to the slaughterhouse and they feel terrible about it. And these animals that have had a better life and value their life more, they have more of an interest in living, you know what I mean? So to take them to the slaughterhouse is more of a betrayal. So do you think it's better to have better ways of slaughtering or do you think it's better for just the farmers to have no way of life in that manner? No, no, I don't want farmers not to have a way of making an income for their farming but just not at the expense of these beings. So there's other viable sources of income now. And the more people that stop eating animal products, it's going to open up the market for vegan products, soy milks, rice milk, plant-based products which need farmers. We need farmers. But we want to grow up like veggies and fruits and stuff like that. Yeah, organic farming. All the ways we live about with the meat. But if these were human slaves, we wouldn't be saying, hey, the slave owners are going to lose their slaves when picking their cotton. It's a matter of justice just because the person who's got the industry in their hands making the money will lose the money or have to change. So how do you then kind of look at what would happen to cows and sheep? What would happen to them? Yeah, if people weren't earning money keeping them on their land, where are they going to go? We've domesticated them to a point, we're breeding them by the millions into existence so we can exploit them for their bodies and kill them. So what would happen is we'd gradually, when people start to change, we'd gradually phase out the industry and stop breeding them into existence. So then we'd actually have no cows. We wouldn't have no cows, we'd probably have a natural amount of cows, less cows. We've got 70 billion land animals on earth right now. That's because of us. That's not because they naturally bred. I completely understand that. But coming from a country like the UK, we have a very small amount of space and there is not a lot of wild grounds which people would be willing to donate to wild creatures if the cows and sheep and things like that became wild creatures. The thing is grass-fed cattle is the most unsustainable meat you can eat because it takes up so much land. So if we freed up that land that we're breeding these cows to graze on, we'd have so much free land. It wouldn't even be an issue.  But they can use it for other things. I don't know if the cows are going to be on it. The thing is, these cows are individuals, yeah? Do you agree with that? No, no, no, I completely... You're with me on the cows, right? Yeah, completely. I'm just saying that it's so difficult. I'm not saying that what you're saying is not correct. I'm saying I wish we could do that. You don't think we can? No. You know that the breeding these cows is destroying the environment, yeah? Yes, I understand that. But I don't see where we can get to the point where these cows or these creatures are roving the planet naturally on land, which people currently own. Because if people have to give up that land, and granted there may be some people who would be willing to donate their land for that cause. That would be wonderful. The thing is, we're not all going to go vegan at once, so there's not going to be a bunch of cows grazing land. There's going to be a slow gradual phase out of these industries. Do you understand that? Yeah. So there's only going to be a few cows left at the end of it? Yeah. I don't understand what you think.   No, no, no. That's not what I'm saying. What's going to happen is... Just wild cows, like in India. Well, there is wild cows in Bali, and they live a lot longer. But we've domesticated them to the point where they're just like, they're living two years and we're killing them. This is our monster we've created, domesticated animals. And I don't think to breed them into existence for the sole purpose of ending their life or the fraction of their lifespan, putting them in this horrible place called a slaughterhouse, horrific conditions in most 99% of places are horrific. The places you've seen, country farms, yeah, they treat their animals amazingly, but that's not where people are buying their burgers from. Either way, either scenario, animals are being either abused, tortured, murdered, looked after, cared for, and then betrayed and murdered. So either scenario is wrong, it's destroying the planet, and it's unnecessary when we have all these options. Do you know what I'm... Yeah, I do. On the same page, yeah. But I know it's just so ingrained into culture into everyone's relying on it as a monetary source. So we'd need to bring in new options for these people. We can't leave them out in the lurch here. Exactly. And that's what we want to work towards as well. We want to help everyone, animals, people, and the world and the earth. So I just think like... The environment too. And the environment. You've seen Cowspiracy? I'll give you this card here. Yeah, I've seen it. You've seen it? Yeah. You've seen... Well, here's got some health and some ethics. This is actually Land of Hope and Glory. This has got free range humane raised animals. It's just the treatment of these animals. And so hidden camera footage. And here, while you're here, you can check out some vegan food. Oh, brilliant. Thank you. Oh, that's cool. She literally has four days vegetarian. Oh, wow. She said that's a step in the right direction. Yeah. It really is. My sister is vegan. So she encouraged me. She encouraged you. There's so many reasons why. There's a lot of reasons. It's not just one. It's not just... Exactly. There's many... That's the whole world. And it helps us too. You can add years onto someone's life by stopping them from eating these products that are causing heart disease and cancer. Exactly. It's health, pollution, animals. For me, it's for the animals. For me, it's for the animals. Because if it was dogs in there, we wouldn't be looking for humane ways to kill dogs. We'd be saying, just stop breeding and killing the dogs. But I just think we've gone pigs, cows, chickens. They're here for us. Let's do what we want to them. But through their eyes, they're like a dog. They want to live.  Thanks for the conversation. I appreciate it. I've got some information. Don't be scared. I know it's hard to watch, but if we can't watch it, we shouldn't really be paying for it to happen. I came back from company getting and it's like they eat dogs there. And I was like, I can't deal with that. What's the difference? Exactly. There is no... I see you already know. But let's mend that woman, I guess. 20% men, but I'm trying to target men and say, hey, you defend children. You defend dogs. If someone was hurting a dog, you wouldn't want to see that happen. So why are we doing this to chickens and birds? So I try to make it a more masculine thing and try to draw more men in. Oh, that's good.  We've got vegan burgers, cheese, hot dogs, ice cream, pizza, UK's full of meat-free alternatives, Sainsbury's, Tesco. It's all about education. But no one knows what to eat. We think vegans eat lettuce. Where do you want? I just want people to stop hurting animals and buying food that hurts them. No. Because they're innocent, they did nothing wrong. A chicken never done nothing wrong to me.  You know?  Well, I said if they had their rights, it's their property. It's their property? Well, and the chickens can't give us permission to take their eggs? Yeah. I have chicken back home. You have a chicken in your garden? Yeah.  No, I thought it was chicken eggs. What about the fish? Do you have fish in your backyard at home? No, I don't. I don't. But like, if we look at the animal like their product, we're exploiting them.  And it's like taking their child or at least they think it's their child? Yeah. Yeah, true. They're maternal animals, yeah? Fish or eggs are little eggs. If you knew how smart, intelligent fish were, you probably would think differently about them. Cool, man. You're not contributing to any cruelty. That's pretty much what you're doing. Wow. Yeah, wow. So it's not going to be hard for you to push a few things away.  I know it's a little bit extreme, but to the animal, it's their whole life. Yeah. You've probably never seen anything like that before? No. I've never seen how your food is produced. So not to think about it? Yeah, well. I'd like some information because it's something that I've been putting off. And this here is an amazing resource called Challenge 22. This is a bit of the truth here. So you can see some ethics, you can see some environment. The best speech you'll ever hear as well is amazing, really, really well spoken. It lives up to its name. That's awesome. That means you're already there. So here's, you know, environment health ethics. Obviously they're all in support of veganism. And this is my link. I know how many people have gone to this website through my link. So you can say here, look at all this information and if you feel like it, you can do a 22 day challenge here. It's a sign, brother. It's an independent sign, man. We are in Bahrain. There's a lot of synchronicity happening. It's a lot of synchronicity. Oh, thank you. You should do it together. It'll be fun. Yeah, it's fun. You should do it together, man. It's epic. It's a bit of a challenge, man. It's very personal. And it's a personal choice. Yeah. But it involves another being. True. Not all personal choices involve another being. It's growing massively really fast.


So what is avascular necrosis of the femoral head? Avian is now becoming very common in post-COVID scenario after about a year and a half after the COVID steroids have stopped. We are now seeing a lot of avascular necrosis of the femoral head basically because it has a precarious blood supply. Majority of the blood supply comes from the neck and goes to the head. So there are some retinacular vessels which come from the joint capsule and about 5 or 10% of the blood supply comes from the artery of the ligamentum terris. The majority, about 75% of the blood supply comes from the neck. So what is important is because they are all end arteries, that's why it's steroid as well as other things like alcoholism and substance abuse, obesity and all these conditions lead to thrombosis of the end arteries and that leads to the head avascular necrosis. Secondly, the intra-capsular fractures of the neck of the femur also are very susceptible to avian later on because again this arterial supply is cut off when you have the fracture of the neck of the femur. So that's why we have avian of the femoral head which is the commonest and the most famous avian in the body. So what is your aim of MRI imaging? Firstly, you have to identify the basic gist of the talk today whether it is avian or something else. Once you are sure it is avian, then you have to see the extent of the femoral head involvement that's for prognostication. Second is whether the acetabulum is involved because if the acetabulum is involved then the entire staging changes and the treatment that remains is only hip replacement. You have to accurately stage the avascular necrosis. Any weight-bearing areas are involved or non-weight-bearing areas are involved. That is the central ones and the medial ones are the rarely progressive, the lateral ones are the worst prognosis because they are the most weight. That's why they progress faster and you need to have the total hip replacement at an earlier stage. Is MRI good enough? Avian versus normal. Sensitivity is 97%, specificity is 98%. An MRI to differentiate avian from other pathologies is about 91% sensitive. So still there is a lot of window. That's why we need to really look at the mimics before really calling it as an avian. The sensitivity and specificity of avian is important because if it's 98%, that means you can use it for screening. Now what do you use? How, which sequence will you use for screening? You will use only a T1 coronal. If you have a big population that you want to screen for avian. For example, you have a big chunk of patients who've had a lot of steroids and COVID era. You want to know beforehand whether they have avian before they actually present to you with hip pain. Then you can use only one sequence that is coronal T1 and identify avian because it's very high sensitivity of MR. The hallmark of avian anywhere in the body is the double line sign. So you have to identify this double line sign on a T2 weighted sequence. It shows an inner high signal. The inner high signal is because of a hyperimic or an inflammatory response. Or the body tries to repair the border of the osteo necrotic focus. Now this is the osteo necrotic focus. So the border of the osteo necrotic focus is being repaired by the body. So that inflammatory response or high blood supply in that area gives rise to this high signal. Beyond that you have a low signal or a sclerotic margin. That sclerotic margin is because rest of the body is trying to contain that area of osteo necrosis. It doesn't want the osteo necrosis to spread into rest of the femoral neck. So it creates a sclerotic margin. The central signal of the osteo necrotic focus is not included in the double line sign. Now that varies according to the famous staging which is called as the Mitchell staging. So what happens is first the marrow remains the same. That is it remains the marrow signal right on T1, right on T2. Then it is replaced by hemorrhage. Then it is replaced by reparative tissue and ultimately when nothing happens it is replaced by fibrous tissue. So that we'll see when we see the Mitchell staging. Now do we really need to know this entire staging? Now there are a lot of staging available. There is Fikret and Arlett staging is the most famous but it has been described originally on radiographs. So the latest staging that has come up in 2019 revision is the Arco staging. There is also Mitchell staging. There are hundreds of staging that is basically there on AVN of the femoral head. The important thing is zero. You are not able to see anything. One, you just start picking up. Two and three is the basic borderline. Now two is where your conservative management will still work. Three, everything has failed and three and above it goes for a THR. So your differentiation is between two and three. Now the some stagings have subclassified two as two A and two B. Now two basically represents a crescent sign. Two A and two B have been differentiated in which two A shows less sclerosis and two B shows the crescent sign. And three is crescent sign with a cortical collapse. So now let's understand this. What is happening in the femoral head in the osteo necrotic focus? Now, osteo necrotic focus is blood supply is reduced in the femoral head. There is a borderline area which is the cartilage and the bone has separated by a subchondral bone plate. Now subchondral bone plate is the strongest portion of the femoral head. That is still keeping the foot in spite of the osteo necrotic focus below that. It will keep, it will try to save the femoral head as much as possible. But if the patient undergoes weight bearing or plays or does tracking or whatever he wants, then what happens is that subchondral plate eventually collapses. So when it collapses, it becomes stage three. So when it collapses, the patient goes for THR. Before the collapse, if you do a decompression surgery or ask the patient to be non-weight bearing, don't play sports, don't do excessive exercise and all of that stuff, till stage two we can save the femoral head. So what is your aim as a radiologist is to try to diagnose it up to stage two. Stage three and beyond, MR anyway doesn't help. There are a lot of orthopedic surgeons who send cases to us saying that whether there is an AVN or not in a case of osteoarthrosis. Basically it doesn't matter because osteoarthrosis and a stage three and beyond AVN is eventually going to have a THR. So whether it originally was AVN or not, it really doesn't matter. So now this is how it progresses. This is stage two already because there is an osteo-necrotic focus but you can see that the overline, the subcontinental bone plate black one is intact. There is no subcontinental crescent. Now here you see that this is still on the left side. There is normal osteo-necrotic focus, normal, sorry, now osteo-necrotic focus on a normal subcontinental bone plate area which is black. On the right side you can see that there is a crescent. This is now beyond the crescent, what has happened on the left side, there is collapse. Now the crescent is disappeared and there is collapse on the left side and this ultimately there are collapse progresses. So what will you have when you start imaging? You will first have an osteo-necrotic focus within subcontinental plate which is intact. Beyond that you will have a subcontinental crescent. The plate is still intact. The shape of the femoral head is still normal. Beyond that it collapses, there is flattening but still the osteo-necrotic remains limited to the femoral head. Now beyond the collapse what has happened is the overlying articular cartilage in the initial stages will be normal. Beyond that if the patient continues to bear weight the cartilage also undergoes desiccation and degeneration and tearing or thinning. Then it goes beyond into the acetabulum. When it goes into the acetabulum you have again changes in the acetabular cartilage first, then the subcontinental plate of the acetabulum, then in the subcontinental acetabulum. So when you start seeing marrow edema and subcontinental cysts in the acetabulum the lesion has progressed very significantly and it's gone and crossed the joint. This is the Mitchell staging. So this is very similar to what happens when there is any osteo-necrosis anywhere.  Beyond that when the blood doesn't repair it becomes fluid that it becomes cystic. Beyond the cystic the water also is taken up by the body and then it becomes fibrous. So it goes from A to D similar to the progress that happens in the osteo-necrotic head from fat to fibrous tissue. Then sometimes you can also have a subcontinental fracture in the, now this is how a subcontinental fracture would look in stage three. So as I said, what is the aim of MR imaging in AVN? Save the femoral head and not replace it. The AVN by and large is bilateral because it is caused by systemic diseases. When it is, when the AVN happens because of a fracture intra-capsular fracture of the neck obviously it is unilateral. But when it happens because of a systemic disease it is usually bilateral. So unilateral AVN you need to think is there any fracture or not? If there is no fracture then think twice is it really AVN? When this marrow edema is there and you see such osteo-necrotic focus the patient usually will present to you with pain. So marrow edema is equal to pain. Whenever marrow edema is there the patient has pain. When there is marrow edema there is absence of marrow edema then the patient does not have pain. That is if you have AVN on both sides and you have marrow edema only on one side then only that side will be painful the other side will not be painful in spite of it being on a higher stage. So marrow edema always correlates with pain. Second thing is marrow edema in the AVN does not go beyond the intertrochanteric line. So if it goes beyond the intertrochanteric line again start thinking of mimics like osteodosteoma stress fractures, infections, osteomyelitis. Then second thing that is almost always associated with AVN is the effusion. You can see that there is more fluid on the left as compared to the right side but that is just an incidental finding. It's a reactive effusion. It does not indicate the presence of inflammatory arthropathy or an infection. So effusion is just because there is some body response to the osteo-necrotic focus. It should not be confused with any other pathology. Now this is a patient on the right side that has undergone a core decompression because originally his AVN at that time was stage two. But you see that in spite of core decompression the subcontral collapse has happened. There is also erosion and destruction of the overlying articular cartilage along the femoral head as well as acetabulum. You have subcontral cystic changes in the acetabulum as well. So these things, even if you don't see very particularly great image of the articular cartilage but you can surely say that the AVN has progressed because you are seeing subcontral cystic changes in the AVN. And secondly you're also seeing larger osteophytes on the lateral margin of the acetabulum on the right side. On the left side it is absolutely normal. Then this is again an AVN with transient marrow edema as well as effusion on the right side as compared to the left side. Note that the marrow edema does not cross the intertrochanteric line.


Welcome to the Heritage Exchange video series hosted by Wikitree's US Black Heritage Project. Video number two, how to edit a slave owner profile. In this video, you will learn the Heritage Exchange system for respectfully adding information about any slaves the person owned and what steps you may need to take next depending on different scenarios. When processing documents from the time of slavery, it's important to link that information to all the people named in the document because each person may lead to additional documents. Most documents regarding slaves begin with something to do with the slave owners such as wills, bill of sales, deeds, mortgages, estate valuations, and even diaries. Today we will begin with a will and a probate record. Let's go to the profile for Daniel English from South Carolina. To do this work, I will need a profile for Daniel English, but before creating a profile for him, I first searched Wikitree using the search bar found either here or up here at the top of the screen. When I saw no profile existed for him, I went to the add plus section of the menu and chose new person in the drop down. For more information on how to create a profile, see the video how to create a profile. When I found the will for Daniel English, I also had an 1850 census form, so I had enough basic information needed to create this profile. As soon as I did that, I also added the three census records that I was able to find. Now I am ready to edit this profile to include the slavery information that I also discovered. Going to click edit and scroll to the biography section. The first thing I am going to add are categories. You need to choose this button here that looks like stairs. This is called the category picker. And this is where we will find the categories that we need. I know that his will was probated in Abbaville County, South Carolina, and all his census records were also in that county, so I know he owned slaves in Abbaville County, South Carolina. I am going to type in Abbaville County, South Carolina, and begin typing in slave owner. And you will see that that category pops up and all I need to do is click on it and it will be automatically placed in the exact spot it goes in the biography. Be careful. You will notice that when I type that in, back up here, both choices for slave owner and slave came into view. Make sure that you choose slave owner because that is the one that applies to this category. Next I am going to add the top level heritage exchange category by typing in USBH heritage exchange. You will see that quite a few categories come up when I begin to type that. You only want the top level one that is just USBH heritage exchange. This category will signal to the heritage exchange team that a new profile has been created or edited and needs to be checked for additional categories and proper formatting. Next, scroll down until you are right above the sources heading. Make some space and add the heading slaves with three equal signs. This is where I will be listing the names of the slaves from Daniel's probate record today. However, if more than 10 ancestors are named, please do not list them here. Instead, you will need to create a space page that can be used as a workspace and will have room for longer lists and additional sources. See the video on how to create slave owner space pages for instructions on how to do this. Daniel's probate file from 1853 included a valuation of his estate at the time of his death. In that detailed list of his property were the following names. I am going to copy and paste this that I've already typed into this section. It is okay to write details such as how they were described physically or how much they were valued at. This can tell us something about them. For instance, when a woman is valued at only $360 versus a boy at $1000, she is likely too old or disabled to do more valuable work. Now that I have listed all the slaves mentioned by name using an asterisk or you could choose a number sign, the asterisk will give us bullet points, the number sign will give us a numbered list. I am going to next add the source. The probate file is very large so I can't add a transcription of it here. Instead, I am going to add a link citation. I am going to go to that source and using the source or extension, I am going to click build citation down here and click paste and there is my source citation. I am also going to add c page 58 since this is the specific page on which these enslaved ancestors have been listed. I went back to check if there were any additional pages and found some golden information on page 60. It says the James Callison hired Hampton for $110 and Thomas, I think that is a sadric, I am going to have to check the spelling, hired Wesley for $83.25. I am not going to put this on Daniel's page right now, but I am going to make note of it later when I make the pages the profiles for Hampton and Wesley. Next, I also have some census records from 1830 and 1840 that have unnamed slaves. They are only listed here by approximate age and the number of those slaves at that age range. Although some of these might be the same people listed on more than one record, we can't know that right now without name. So we are going to treat these records separately. I am going to copy and paste my 1830 list that I created and put it below here, bullet points. It looks like it might be a family group based on one adult male, one adult female, and some children, but again we can't know that for certain. Something to keep note of and we will come back to that idea later. I am also going to paste my 1840 census, bullet points. Again it's possible these are the same people 10 years later based on ages, but we can't know that just yet. Next I am going to look at the 1850 slave schedule. Let's look briefly at this 1850 slave schedule. You will notice in this transcription it says that he had one male slave at the age of five in 1850. However if we look at the schedule itself, up here at the top left we find Daniel.  And you'll notice the transcription missed all of these people. Now you need to be careful because there's a number here in front of these entries. In this case the number is numbering them one two three four five six seven and on the next page eight, but sometimes this number will tell you how many slaves that Daniel English had of that age. So it might say that there were five males of 45 years old and six females at 40 years old. In this case they just used a numbering system. Now I'm going to copy paste the list that I have already created of these eight people over here into his profile. You will also see on this 1850 schedule if I go back to the page we started on there is another entry here for somebody with the last name of English. This happens to be the 34 year old son of Daniel English who also owned four slaves. A profile can be created for Daniel Junior and attached to the profile and then this information can also be included on his son's profile. Now I'm going to add a link to the slave schedule in the resources section. Using the source or extension I'm going to click build source citation paste that there. Looking back at this list of all the slaves that David held you will see quickly that we have a problem. We have probably exceeded the limit of 10. We don't know if some of these are the same people or not yet. So right now we've exceeded the limit of 10 that we place on personal profiles. My next step then will be to move this list to a space page so that I'll have room a workspace in order to figure out if these are the same people. If these named people are also the people who were unnamed in these lists. See the video on how to create a slave owner space page for how to do that. For now I'm going to save this information I have added and I'm going to place a note out of respect for any descendants of Daniel English that lets them know we have added the slavery information solely for the purpose of helping descendants of the enslaved ancestors to connect to their family. Let me save this. I'm going to come down to the comment section and I'm going to post the message. It says as a member of the US Black Heritage Project I have added a list of the slaves owned by Daniel English on this profile with categories using the standards of the US Black Heritage Exchange Program. This helps us connect enslaved ancestors to their descendants and I've included a link to our Heritage Exchange Portal to lead people to more information about that program. If you would like to use this comment and you're not a member of the US Black Heritage Project simply remove this first part. This comment can be found in its entirety on the US Black Heritage Project's help page called documenting enslaved people. Although I cannot create profiles for these people who are not named I can and should create profiles for the six named in the probate record. In addition to creating the space page I will next be creating those six profiles. See the video on how to create profiles for enslaved ancestors for instructions on how to do that. This profile now has all the known slavery information for Daniel English. If more information comes to light later it can then be added.


Two teams who have looked to a changing direction in recent weeks, both MkDon's and Bradford now without the men who led them coming into the season. Graham Alexander relieved of his duties after that late collapse to Barrow ten days ago. Mike Williamson takes charge of his second game. Donald continues to take interim charge of Bradford, yet to be beaten since stepping in after the dismissal of Mark Hughes. We'll kick off here this evening the incredible life of Sir Bobby Charlton. We'll be having here in good form MkDon's. They're now to win now in nine league games. The visitors will expect to leave with the points, but we all know it can always work out that way. They've taken some problems for themselves here as they look to play out from the back. Bobby Lewis follows that behind for a corner. Most routine here as it's ran on to by Joe Tomlinson who sweeps it home. Perfect start for MkDon's. And a fine way for him to get his first goal for the club. Just the start they were looking for here this evening. It seems to practice made perfect. They've been working on that on the training ground, catching Bradford out. We weren't expecting that to be rolled back to the edge of the area. Four minutes on the clock and MkDon's already into the lead. If that sluggish start you feel that might be a real shot in the arm. Four MkDon's who have found results so hard to come by. In recent times goals have been a problem. The crushing nature of that collapse later on to Barrow when they scored twice here in the stoppage time. MkDon's coming forwards again here with Tomlinson who's still going, rolls it to his right. The shot comes in from distance, beaten away by Harry Lewis. He packs quite a strike, Alex Gilby, and he put plenty behind that. Lewis watched it all the way, pushed it away to relative safety as well. Start by MkDon's, Bradford just haven't got to grips with the game. Pushed out to the far side by Connor Grant and Bobby's flooding forwards here for MkDon's. Dean looks his move in the middle but they work it back instead to Jack Payne to take time in possession. It's a clever ball as well. Plenty of options for MkDon's. Tomlinson has got one already tonight and it comes back off the post. Inches away from scoring a second. Bigger moment. Will that prove to be here tonight? Confidence through this MkDon's team right now. Plenty of energy, plenty of movement. Confidence might just have played them into trouble here, Gilead able to advance. It's still Gilead and he buries it in the bottom corner, out of nothing. Bradford hadn't got going here tonight but they win possession back. Alex Gilead with a brilliant strike to score for the first time since September. MkDon's backing off, offering the invitation to strike. He finds a way to beat Craig McGillivray and Bradford have got themselves back level. Straight in for MkDon's having started this game so well. Keep part in their own downfall in which they gave the ball away. They bite back here, must be a foul. Chatting John Max Dean feels that this is happening a few too many times to him. Here in striking range it will be Jack Payne. It's a thunderbolt. A magnificent strike from Jack Payne. And there was nothing that Harry Lewis could do. He put everything behind this, an absolute sledgehammer from Jack Payne and what a way for MkDon's to get themselves back in front. Don's ahead here, they know that Bradford has been beaten so far. MkDon will have a long way to go here this evening as Gilead crosses it into the back post. Then a chance to make it three. Chance they couldn't take and the follow-up effort from Jack Payne. He was off target. Back so well to find Max Dean. Gilead, sorry Jack Payne perhaps knows that he should have done better. They haven't scored too many goals this season as they work out now. They can claw their way back into this game. They haven't scored fewer than this season and they're on the back foot once more. Fine finish so nearly from Max Dean but it comes back off the post. The third goal would make a world of difference here. He was inches away for the second time tonight. Bradford are so so thankful to see the ball come back off the frame of the goal. MkDon's back on the ball once again. Too much time to turn for Conagran. Cross comes in and Dean meets it. It's a fabulous finish. They won't be denied this time. And on the hour MkDon's have their third. He had so much to do as that cross came in. But he got to it first. And Harry Lewis was clutching at Vinnette. Third goal of the season for Max Dean. And it smiles on faces once again for MkDon's. Bradford, they're falling to defeat here tonight and what a shot in the arm. This could be for MkDon's and then Knight could get even better. It's rounded off with a fourth swept home by Alex Gilby. And that puts the crown on what has been a fine night's work. For MkDon's here, they brushed aside Bradford. Another fabulous goal for them which comes in the 90th minute. Such a loose pass and Alex Gilby helps himself and tucks it away. Brilliant finish. We've had a fabulous night here. Could this change their season? Can we kick swung it? Time surely, but up here. There is the full-time whistle. Well it is, first win in ten league games for MkDon's. And my word, did they do it in style? Midnight for Mike Williamson. His side scores some spectacular goals. And Tomlinson got them on their way. Alex Giliad did pull one back for Bradford. Then a thunderbolt from Jack Payne made it to one. Max Dean added a third on the hour as they pulled away from Bradford. And victory wrapped up in the final minute.


Yes, I just let a team of members of parliament to come and give solidarity to our colleague, a member of parliament for Lumezi, Hon. Munia Zulu, who's been in detention since yesterday. As you may be aware, there was an attempt by the police to abduct Hon. Munia Zulu from parliament grounds. And after it felt, we had agreed with the police that for purposes of good order, whenever they would want a member of parliament, they could simply go through the management of parliament and members would be presented. And to our word, yesterday Hon. Munia Zulu was presented to the police, after which they decided to detain him. He's been charged with a bondable offense or tradition and he has met all bond conditions. What was expected was that he was going to be released on bond as early as yesterday. But up to now the police are referring to some authority which is not part of the procedure. They are saying they are waiting for somebody else to comment even when the law is very clear. So we wish to place it on record that we continue to be disappointed with the manner in which we are going to take away the kind of prison that is governed in this country. The Munia Zulu is a free citizen who can express himself freely. But if you know the Munia Zulu, or if you are a Muslim, you can never say it is not necessary but you will say it is not necessary. It is but a real police state and they are very supportive. So if you are going to ask him, he is against his rights. And the president Hakkende Hichilema was addressing the nation through parliament per Friday. In his address he talked about civility, he talked about coexistence. Irimule tu muna pano, kwa ma member of parliament wants to over the pano, we are supposed to be in parliament debating the president's speech. Chafina wa mpia, but finstwa lambu kula handa kuriya, but president Vatula hindi oku tekeshwala olo nido loka. But Munea is inside. The people of Lumensi want Munea to come and debate. So members of parliament said ok, itchalo chi mwenyo kuti, ifia lelanda waka teka, party civility and coexistence wufi. But to the moment the president was leaving parliament he instructed the police to abduct Munea. So the reason why members of parliament are here is to show the other citizens. Ifia lelanda waka teka, party civility and coexistence wufi. But left from parliament, we want to take Munea. So that Munea can no longer speak to the people. Now countrymen and women, I think what is very important to note is that we are now in a police state. But the police no. F.U.N.D. is just a matter of the government. So if you want to go to the police, you should do it. If you want to go to the police, you should do it. This is actually a blue, yellow thing. So this is not what president Naka ndhejlema promised. President Naka ndhejlema promised to govern this country using the rule of law. nababa wunfiwa wu tekongu ba secretary jeno, tabun fiila baka tek. Ba president gawalanda tumuntungu mamu ikata kumufu niya wu dhuntun 4 hours. IG wale wunfiwa baka teka nangpano noi. Alaba staffi ignore kompletely watu wangi epanangu wimu eo. So ukuatisha maka munishi no chalo, padi wunse ni IG. IG na chila wunse abantu wabu tekwa maka. Man tufi alanda IG infili hechistika. Ifila anda baka teka wu siwa presidenta wami eo, but when somebody is arrested, they will be released within 48 hours. Wami eo fiyo? Muxi IG alangu alun fiyo? The IG disregards what the president says. Previously, when the president makes a statement, Inspector General of Police and all other defense chiefs would obey what the president says. Because what the president says is policy. It's only in the new dawn government. And for the first time in the issue of this country that the IG would be the most powerful person in this land. Ifila anda IG infili hechistika. The law says if you are charged with a bondable fence, the police can decide up to this level. The officer in charge would decide to give you bond. But in this particular case, abanumata wakuiti ammaka and nest the IG. The IG is the law unto himself. So, the Zambian people must be told that we are in a police state and the police will, the police now decide how you should walk, how you should talk and what you must do. It's very unfortunate and Zambians open your eyes, open your ears and see what is happening to your beloved country. So, like I said, I'm here with other leaders from parliament on the Bocampiungo. The PF whip is here. He may wish to address the people. Thank you so much. We appreciate it. Well, I think the leader of opposition has said much. Where you see us right now, tufurokuva mungandama funde, mkula indilakwa bantu. Tumaniputu ala pushi ensala. Ia ala punamuchalo. So, uumulumendu wasungilakuna ni Mb, ishile wa mungandama funde, wa kwa tenepue kala, nukwa kumusanga. Chabi pirefwa ishem kuntinta ishem mungandama funde. Itchotisha bala chitika puputu apukiro wuntungo mnuzambi. So, the parliament is sankt. The status has been reduced. We have never destroyed, we have members of parliament have been arrest right in the pristings of parliament. The police state. So, it's a very unfortunate development. But what is waste is that Munea has been charged with a bondable offense and it should have been released by now. But unfortunately, he is still encastered and no one is explaining why they kept him in that fashion. So, we find ourselves in a very difficult situation. If it was still of mungandama funde, you know, it's tough in Otreranda. I haven't slept in mungandama funde. Tufurokuva indilakwa bantu ensala ile puna. Tufurokuva landa. If it was still of mungandama funde, we would have been arrested. The number three is the police. The police are in ensala nama ile puna.  Maybe it's only the inspector general who is hitting properly and he doesn't know what people are going through. So, we ask you, when the inspector general to do the right thing, let the young man get out of there and take him to court. That's all. That's all.  I mean, what he has done is bondable. So, let's not start. In fact, you are just making the president look like he is not a commander-in-chief because what he says is supposed to be an instruction to you as inspector general. You are saying something on Friday. Today you have started. He is asking us to work with him. How are we going to work with him if you people are harassing us? Maybe you don't understand the role we play as members of parliament and why the president is able to even command engenders one-on-one asking that we work together. How do we work together? We shall tell him that your men are really frustrating these efforts. That's if he is genuine anyway. We may be saying he is saying maybe he goes to issue other instructions which we don't know. So, it's very unfortunate and we find it difficult to breathe that speech he was giving on Friday. So, we stand with our young man Mniazuru as brave as he is. We have seen him in good spirits as usual but it's important that the right thing is done. Thank you. Thank you. As I invite co-bread of why I am here to speak take note of one thing on Napa Weepa say it is very important. You were seeing the president engaging each one of us individually and separately after you addressed the nation. He was saying can we work together? The question that we have with excellence in the president with what is happening now is this sure? There is an enabling environment for us to be able to engage government in the opposition with civility? No. What will we be doing engaging on the side when Mniazuru is rotting in prison? Zuma Nizimba is rotting somewhere. All our members all over police cells everywhere. So Mr. President if indeed you mean what you say by saying let's work together let's start by creating an environment where we can coexist not what we are getting now. Honorable please speak to the people. Thank you so much leader of opposition. Thank you Mkwai Mkwai if you need to come to Cheswitcha Zambia if you want to you can pay if you can 6.4 million if you can pay if you can so the number no one can say if you can pay if you can pay if you can if you can Mniazuru Moniazuru na kwa tensambu isha kulanda pa fyo onfuele. Nisha tuleke nga onfuele chintu kuika na fye? Katia katune lomba. Gatua onfuele chintu reken tu eve chalo pa kuti chalo chia ishiva. Avan tu eve samiku tu eve fintu vengi. Nga onfuele chia bufiku isha kana fiatia oba kafua abari mivepa. Iti shinka nichi. Paramente tatuwa chite disovu. Turei samiku ishura seite seite. Doku pa chia kuwa. Kumanda wa kula shia na wape? Oku umulandu opo uditua sumina na mumuikata na mumu pera na umulandu. Iti leishu upo kumu fumiani chinti. Nisha. Nisha. Nisha. Nisha. Nisha. Nisha. Nisha. Nisha. Moniazuru pa fye budebushu kumu arimuikata na budebushu kumu amuikata. Nisha. Tapadi noka. Tabamu pimbura pona kukoti. Nisha. Takua tensambu. Nisha. Nisha. Nisha. Nisha. Nisha. Nisha. Nisha. Nisha. Nisha. 스타il salna higher, Ten Conson while you are fighting against 可以 witja, power and security. Nisha. Nisha. Nisha. Nisha. Nisha. Nisha. Nisha. Nisha. Nisha. Chicana dato a kimana k tofu. Uintu eni kama, sincerea Kisha. Nisha. na ta Ujda Na Workahat Nisimi kato Na nombaturi, nandaaji Avanta wa isiren Uga No Avanta wa isiren munu chalo Muku senzoma kwa kodji kupia kjipaze Nende dara ma Vadiya Edi na zi? Awa isirenen dara ma Ishinda darama meftinda dekivasa Muku senzoma kwa kwebou mu kuwa Mikiwa sumi nomu bumfu kufumaku fransi uko Uwa uparanomu ame muna nankwe Eo wa ture tere kuna nga ambasata Those are the issues we are seeing We as a Christian nation A sovereign state Are not going to tolerate you government To bring a chap Who is very well known in homosexual Married to a man To become our ambassador Dabunubu Mozambique It's what happened These are things that we are speaking to Let the young man come and speak for his people People have gone off the triad and remain sick People who need to have input to farm Mamosongamuri ya Bakabola la bakabola la Pumpe mumshivilansat Wadi ya Nama dollars wajakana na bakapopola vasusuna So let's focus on what is important We who are people's representatives Are going to stand And we are going to put our necks on the chopping board We have already been threatened Thank you very much As I invite Honorable Fube I want all of you I want all of you to know Why they would want to keep Miyazulu A little longer in the police cells Yes There are people who are claiming compensation For being wrongly prosecuted Quote and quote Chula muntu Avantoa pudilemi funde Bha muka kaika loma mamansi Beladombolia pula 6.4 milion Valesusuana bwekete Kakaidesi Bhaba pula 500,00 kwacha ichi Ulemo na? Ulawana indapapofenja ambasada Nais sana upo maome mo na nanku bha muntumapunu Abba mfuen Kutimunia Takuata Muenso Kichomunia Tatsunga Kevo Valetino Kutimunia Ngaisa Kupariament Ala Akiya Saland So Valetimunia Musungeni Pantu Irritulili Pilava UPND Kadaama 6.4 million Ayakui Bafie Muguteko Nawa Vagout So Munia Musungeni Kutimunia Pauktia Isaland So We want you the Zambian people To become aware That the levels of corruption under the UPND and presidency Can you imagine we have Solista General Approving payments to Kadas Of up to 500,000 kwaça per person Allegedly being abducted Yet the same Tony General Aware of where these people were And that are not abducted Is a proving compensation Of up to 6.4 million kwaça per person Even when he knows that these people were Properly prosecuted They were actually not even acquitted They are just on anole Now because of this high level Corruption within the UPND The corruption that is happening In the mining sector Corruption in the agriculture sector With the fertilizers And now under ministry of justice Under the compensation fund They are not comfortable that Munia Must come back to the house Because they think you are a light This is the Zambian people So our core is as many As you are here and beyond Begin to speak to your innocent For your innocent leaders like Munia Zulu Munia Zulu is innocent We are to save the interests of the Zambian people His answer is behind bars The goal he speaks for you Somebody is uncomfortable And they don't want him to speak Now we have another one of our MPs Niva Mule Nafuvena Bukabalande Bukabalande Niva Mule Nafuvena Bukabalande Bukabalande Niva Mule Nafuvena Niva Mule Nafuvena Niva Mule Nafuvena Niva Mule Nafuvena Niva Mule Nafuvena This girl is a detective You can't go to the police She knows she was wrong She can't even think of you Now she is willing to do southwest Yesterday she had a letter That spit from me Because she was a colleague For a union individual People who were in the Church At the moment our union is being attacked I'm telling it to the USA To the EU To the UK napa waka k9 kya afiye gya efifuyo kya efifuyo kya afiye kq بallo keia Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank walei samuku stadizov bariamendi. So mevena zambia tampe nyuku ipekanya kwa la wuku vota. E mulandu. E mulandu wamu pera tiyo walei furunganya avantu wachi bambi wuku ipekanya wuku vota. Nomba tell me, since when did it become a crime to tell someone that they'll be voting. Since when did it become a crime for someone to say, prepare any time barami eba chuka wuku vota. Busheta tizi wachi tuka wuku vota. If we know the day that we are going to vote in 2026 in August, we know. So when someone comes and says jiparile kwa tiba prezident walei samuku stadizov baramendi. So meveni tampe ipekanya wuku vota. It's just in the Taperu wulani. This is very sad. What happened? We have the freedom of expression in this country enshrined in the constitution. What happened to that freedom of expression? So nomba tu ikeirenda fiamfiaru fimbi balei karepi aboeba you have the freedom of expression but you have no freedom after expression. This is what has happened now to our colleague Munea Zoro. After expressing his right according to the constitution then they have denied him his freedom. Which we cannot accept because this is not about Munea. This is about all of us here. Even as your members of parliament we are living in danger because from here they are starting to follow us. So we are here to give solidarity and you know parliament here is a rike. Today we have started sitting and we want to debate the speech the president came to give in parliament. We were preparing to debate the budget but now they are distracting us from concentrating over very simple issues that they are accusing Munea of committing. This time we are supposed to be pandering the speech that the president read. Which we have a lot of doubts and questions about. But we are here being disturbed but we can assure them that we are not disturbed from here we are going back and we are on time in parliament to speak to tell you the people of Zambia what is contained in that speech and what is expected in the budget that is going to come. So we give solidarity to Munea today because it is a problem now we are all in a situation and we are not going to allow them to play us around like that. We are here to give solidarity to Munea today because it is a problem now we are all in a situation since Zambia, Apokena Independence 1996 is the war. The cha-tala justi kapokroba to members of parliament who are in parliament but we are not going to allow them to play. That is why we are not safe from whether to work or not. Anyone can be found in a situation like this and will be shocked. So we need to show that we will not be called to give solidarity and we are focused on our goal. Thank you very much. As I as I went to call on Bopavuma to come and give us his thoughts kwa li reporti Afuminekuliva American State Department That report was talking about abuse of human rights arbitrary arrests of the opposition they reduced the civic space and political space in Zambia Your reporti Afumine is a very good report that gives a clear account of what is happening in the UPND government. Now that report brings about all the evil within the UPND government and how they are managing our country. What was said was that it was released silently would have been very happy for the American ambassador to speak to that report and launch that report So I want to encourage you countrymen and women take time to look for this report that was produced by the U.S. Department on the current state of human rights and human rights abuses in Zambia What is happening to Munea was actually contained in that report So there are many other citizens some of them may not be as well known as Munea Zulu I want to tell you why Shula Maselzi so my appeal to fellow PF members let's take time to look for this report I want to tell you who are dying silently in this police cell because this is the police state I want to tell you who are dying silently in this police cell because this is the police state all over the country take time to visit your local police to find out how many of our members are rotting in those police cells because the police do not stop at anything they arrest innocent citizens in the hope that they obliterate or they obliterate PF as a party so kanshum kwae mueve kala chalo mamayona bacha so kanshum kanshum kanshum kanshum kanshum kanshum kanshum kanshum kanshum kanshum kanshum kanshum kanshum kanshum So kansi mebe kala chalo, mukwae tu lichapa mo, tu ala shingulu kila gopa no, no tia monefio lichapa untansi, kufoset kotas, tu ala wea tichili pa mo mukwae.


Hello, you're watching People's Dispatch and today we're going to be talking about issue that hasn't received as much attention as it should because of the recent conflict and crisis around Ukraine. This is the latest IPCC report that is the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report on the various impact, the various kinds of impact that climate change is likely to have that it is having already and what lies ahead for humanity, not just in the few coming years, but also the decades to come. So to talk more about this we have with us D. Raghunandhan at the Delhi Science Forum and the All India People Science Network. Thank you so much Shagu for joining us. So first of all, I just wanted to ask you about could you actually situate this report? I understand it's part of a larger process in which such reports are regularly released. So what exactly was this report and what was its focus before we get into some of its more concrete statements and points? Very briefly, the IPCC studies and that presents assessment reports in a cycle of roughly six years. So once every six years the IPCC releases what are called their latest assessment reports and the assessment reports come in three parts and they are released in three volumes. The first volume is on the science of climate change, the physics, the thermodynamics, what is happening, how much is temperature going up, why is it going up, what is happening to it, what's happening in the oceans and what's happening and etc. The second part is on impacts. Knowing the science of climate change, what kind of impacts do we see, how much is sea level rising, how much is temperature going up, what is the effect on agriculture etc., which will then guide nations to adaptation activities, how to adapt to these changes, how to tackle them etc. The third volume is to do with mitigation, that is how do you control the emissions which lead to climate change and that sets the targets for countries as well as for the climate summits that you have, which set targets for the world and for individual nations about how much they should reduce their emissions by in order to meet targets and to prevent the impacts from being too high. So this is the second volume on impacts and the third volume on mitigation etc. is still to come, that will be another three, four months. Right and the first volume I believe came out right before the COP26 summit. The first volume came up just before Glasgow summit and of course had a big influence on the summit since that's the driver in the sense because that tells you where do we stand today. Right, right. So in that case could you just take us through actually what are the key you know the highlights so to speak of this report because we have seen media reports which say that you know delay means death, Antonia Gutierrez the UN Secretary General has called it a code read. So what are the significant aspects that this report talks about which give rise to such cause for concern? Yeah, the first thing that I'll say is this cycle of the assessment reports starting with the first one before Glasgow did not have the shock and awe effect that IPCC assessment reports usually have because this cycle was preceded by three special reports released by IPCC, one on the cryosphere and the oceans, the other on changes in the land, land use, deforestation, desertification and so on. And the third and perhaps the most important of these was on the 1.5 degree Celsius target which now seems to have emerged as the global target whereas before Glasgow. By 1.5 cc you mean an increase in 1.5 cc from pre-industrial era temperatures. So the target at Paris was the world will try and see that temperatures should be restricted temperature rise due to climate change would be restricted to under 2 degrees Celsius that is 2 degrees Celsius temperature rise would be the maximum but the Paris agreement added that the world would also try to see that temperature rise is restricted well below 2 degrees Celsius hopefully to 1.5 Celsius. Now it looks as if since Glasgow 1.5 degrees Celsius has become the target it's no longer 2 degrees Celsius although the reason for this is that the special reports on 1.5 Celsius and the Glasgow summit have opined that even temperature rise of 1.5 triggers such serious impacts of climate change and impacts on agriculture sea level rise etc that it would become intolerable for the people on earth to allow temperatures to rise beyond 1.5. This is one aspect the second aspect is that experts who have looked at the numbers say that if you look at the present state of play what each country is doing what they have promised to do including at Glasgow is such that it is almost impossible to reach 1.5 and that you are inevitably looking at 2 degrees Celsius. So there is a sharp contradiction here it looks as if the science is telling you that 1.5 really should not be exceeded but everything we are doing is ensuring that 1.5 will be exceeded and unfortunately what the present volume 2 of the IPCC report on impacts and vulnerability is also telling us is that impacts at 1.5 degrees Celsius will be so much that the chance of making changes and adaptations to account for and to tackle temperature rise of 1.5 will be so severe that if temperature rise goes beyond 1.5 towards 2 Celsius it may be beyond the adaptive capacity of human communities. I think that if you ask me is the headline of this second report which says that in several spheres exceeding 1.5 will make adaptation almost impossible and that changes would have become irreversible. For example in the Arctic for example in permafrost regions in mountain regions where beyond certain altitudes life would not be possible under present conditions animals certain plants etc would not be able to grow at 20,000 feet as they do now because the temperature would be too high to do that. Similarly on the coasts 1.5 degrees Celsius itself would create so much sea level rise that coastal communities would find it very difficult and that if temperature rises beyond 1.5 you may have no alternative other than to evacuate the coastal regions because capacity to be able to cope with this sea level rise would have gone beyond ability to resist or to cope. So I think the one aspect of this report relating to what countries can do and how they can design their programs to cope or to adapt to these various impacts on climate change. This report has been quite different from the earlier assessment reports even up to the fifth assessment report in the sense that this report takes a completely different or new approach to how adaptation should be looked at and how actions for adaptation should be looked at. Let me illustrate this by saying that in previous reports you would get information about rainfall will decrease by so much, agricultural production may go down by so much, sea level rise may rise by so much which gives rise to an approach which says okay if sea level rise is going up by this much let us build a wall and prevent the sea from coming in. So it is a unidimensional problem which seems to invite unidimensional solutions. Now what this report does very differently from the earlier ones which is why reading it you read the report you have to read the report very differently from earlier reports and it triggers thoughts about actions very differently from earlier ones. This report essentially says look climate impacts are actually multi-dimensional impacts and they sit on top of other impacts that human activity is doing. For example sea level rise the sea level rises at the same time if there are extreme rainfall events which lead to urban flooding, urban flooding will get compounded by seawater coming in it gets added to by accumulated excess rainwater but it also gets added to by drainage from cities having been blocked by unplanned construction, poorly designed urban development, drainage systems which are 100 years old and designed for different patterns of rainfall than they are now. So there are multiple factors and therefore if you address the problem only by what this report calls hard engineering solutions. I will build a wall I will do this somewhere it is not going to solve the problem because these are multi-dimensional problems which call for interdisciplinary thinking and multi-dimensional approaches to tackle the problem especially including and this report emphasizes this repeatedly the aspect of equity that is a solution that is offered may tackle the problem technically but the question is does it tackle the differential impact on the rich and the poor on the urban and the rural and is it worth it to adopt solutions which may tackle the problem in a technical manner but do not address the equity. Dimension and it gives specific examples like the sea level rise that I quoted or air pollution in the cities. Today you have got the Delhi government and the Supreme Court putting a machine which supposedly sucks out the pollution from the air its nonsense but it also invites this idea that you can have one technical problem which will solve which will give you the solution. What is required is a solution that deals with climate effects of pollution, deals with local air pollution and health aspects which also deals with the differential impact of pollution on the rich and the poor and if you talk about it in terms of mass transport versus personalized transport it also addresses the issue of equity of energy access between the rich and the poor and that is the way adaptation solutions absolutely should be talked about and I think that has been the very important lesson from this report but which unfortunately due to our short attention span most I think media coverage has missed. Of course in this context one of the key issues is also in terms of say what we saw at Glasgow we saw of course a variety of commitments people talking about various leaders came and said that by such and such year they'll reach net zero emissions etc etc but with the kind of commitments that we saw in Glasgow and the kind of steps that have been are being taken do we see the possibility of say even a two degree being capped even at a two degree rise in temperature is really the question. So yes this is the contradiction that we are facing which is that science is telling us this report telling us about the impacts that if we allow temperature rise to go above 1.5 we are going to face intolerable and perhaps irreversible changes in climate as well as in terms of their impacts on the ground regarding change of habitat regarding sea level rise regarding impacts on species on biodiversity etc. This is a genuine contradiction and we are facing it and we will be I am sure discussing this in two or three months time when volume three of the assessment report comes out and talks about mitigation but I think to return to the earlier point we were discussing this volume which is about adaptation see all the discussion in the summits at Paris or Glasgow really is about mitigation that is about controlling the emissions because that is the only one where there is an obligation under the framework convention on climate change which obliges countries to adhere to certain targets which are worked out during these summits and which set global targets but on adaptation there are no targets nobody is bound to do anything but the problem is that countries societies will have to cope with these changes now you are not committed to UN agency you do not have to satisfy the Americans or the Chinese or anybody about how you are coping with it you have to convince your own people and the problem is I find particularly in India India has been doing whatever it has done solely on mitigation and largely to satisfy the international community it is not even to satisfy a domestic constituency or to meet domestic pressures it is to keep the Americans and the Europeans and the environmental community those who are concerned about climate change is to appease them in that sense to say yes India is not part of this problem we have not caused this problem but we want to be part of the solution and we are making major contributions to see that temperature rise does not go beyond control however India is among the top 10 countries in the world in terms of impacts of climate change this report itself has a color coded map which shows regions of the world the deeper the red the most impact those countries feel and India is colored the deepest red along with a few other countries in roughly similar latitudes in Africa and South America and Asia so India is one of the worst affected countries now this is something India has to deal with India has to deal with it domestically and India has to deal with it internationally in the sense that it is in India's vital interests to ensure that the Americans the Europeans the advanced countries adopt the stiffest possible targets to reduce emissions so that the impact on India is reduced this is the way in which the island nations the least developed countries approach the climate summits Paris Glasgow they approach them saying this is an existential problem for us unless you the developed countries reduce your emissions we are dying and therefore they put the maximum pressure on the developed countries India however plays a geopolitical game it does not want to offend the developed countries it does not want to put too much pressure on them lest they put pressure on you if you put pressure on the Americans the fear in India is they will put more pressure on you saying do this so we play a juggling game we promise as much as we think we can but we let them off the hook I think this has been a strategic error on India's part from the beginning we are as affected as the island states and the least developed countries it is an existential problem for us also and we should have put pressure on them so in answer to your question there are two parts one is India should change its strategy in negotiations to put pressure on the developed countries to raise ambitions and if that calls for India to also raise its ambitions a little bit we should be game to do so that is one part and the second part however which India has not addressed at all is what are we doing to cope with the changes that are taking place and which are going to take place in the coming years thank you so much for talking to us I think a lot of the concerns you raised about India are faced by many countries in the global south as well to varying degrees and your point about how each country needs to plan internally create its own sort of strategies and programs internally is a very valid point as well thank you so much