I'm Kelly Francis Corrado and I am a singer, songwriter, and multi-instrumentalist. Today I'm going to show you how to do a traditional flamenco chord progression. The supplies that you're going to need are a tuned guitar, acoustic or electric and a pick. And special note, the guitar needs to be in standard tuning, which is E, A, D, G, B and E. This flamenco chord progression is really special to me as it comes from the Romani culture, which is part of my ancestry. So, let's get started. This particular chord progression uses a really unique rhythm, which is with triplet. And the triplet, if you were to clap it, would sound like this. Or slowed down, one, two, three, one, two, three, one, two, three. Now how that translates on the guitar is the first strum is the longer strum. The two strums afterwards are a little bit shorter, meaning the first strum is going to strum all the strings and the two after that are probably only going to go halfway. But there's a little bit of leeway with that. So, three, one, two, three, one, two, three, one, two, three. Now, for the first chord progression, it is an E7, an E minor, and an A minor. So, let's start with the E7. Let's take our first finger and let's go to our first fret and we're going to count down four strings, one, two, three, four, and then we are going to take our middle finger and we are going to put that finger on the second fret on the A string. So, it sounds something like this. Now, the next chord is an E minor. So, we're going to take this third finger and we're going to go to that second fret. We're going to leave the middle finger down on the A string on that second fret, put this one down here, and then lift the first finger up so it sounds like this. Now the third chord is pretty easy. We're going to take this finger and we're going to count down one, two, three, four, five strings, which is the B string. Then, we're going to take these two fingers and we're just going to move them down one on the second fret. Now, we're on the D and the G string. So, it'll sound like this. So, let's go through each one of those chords again. So, we have the E7, the E minor and the A minor. Now, how we incorporate the triplet rhythm, it goes something like this. One, two, three, then we're on the E minor. One, two, three. When we get to the A minor, we're going to do the rhythm pattern twice. Let's do that again. E7, one, two, three, E minor, one, two, three, A minor, one, two, three, one, two, three. Let's do it in slow motion again. Let's try the second section. The second section is going to be the G chord, which is first finger on the second fret on the second string or your A string, middle finger on the third fret on the low E string, and then third finger is going to be on the high E string on the third fret. It is a little bit of a stretch. Well, let's just try it out. G. Now, the next chord is an F chord. Now, let's start off with the F. Let's take that first finger and go back to the first fret and we're going to go to the B string. Then, we're going to take the middle finger and we're going to go to the G string on the second fret. Then, we're going to take the third finger and we're going to go to the D string on this fret. Now, it looks something like this. Now, the trick with the F chord, it's a little bit different than the other chords because we're going to take this first finger and we're going to push it down so it plays our presses down on the B and the E and sounds something like this. Kind of moody. Now, the next chord is an E chord. What we're going to do is, we're going to take this finger and we're going to lift it up on the first fret and right here on the G string. Then, we're going to take the middle finger and put it on the second fret and put it on the A string. Then, the third finger is going to go on the D string right below. So, it sounds like this. So, let's try that again. The G chord, the F chord and then the E chord. One more time. Now, take your time with this. These are some pretty tricky chords, especially putting them together. So, let's try playing it in a sequence. So, let's start with the first section and we'll go in slow motion again. E7, E minor, A minor. Now, the second section, G. Now, these are a lot of chords in a short amount of time. So, just take your time and go with it. Move slowly and then a little bit faster as far as tempo goes. So, I will play it a few times. I'll play it kind of in slow motion like we've been doing. A medium tempo and then a little bit faster. Thank you so much. I'm Kelly Francis Carrotto. I also teach at Youngstown Cultural Arts Center in Seattle, which is a wonderful space. So, also check that out. Thank you so much.


Welcome back to another week in my life log I haven't done a week in my life log in a second, so we're back today It's actually a really big filming day, and I'm also filming it like what I eat in a day video outside of this So I don't know how much on the vlog will get but it's Monday. I Look up at five to finish filming my 5 a.m. Morning routine. I just tried like a new hairstyle I've been trying new hairstyles lately. It's kind of like my new thing The pattern app just gave me a notification anyone else use that it actually reads your mind like it is so Crazy I'm wearing my merch. I will have it linked down below. We have a few pieces still available. I'm really hungry I'm about to make breakfast My assistant comes today. Maybe you guys will meet her actually I have a really exciting event at the last sign this week that I'm pumped for there's a few really good things happening You guys are new here. Be sure to subscribe. I'm always vlogging. I've been filming so many videos to this channel lately as well So be sure to subscribe. All right. I think it's time to go downstairs I have to shoot some content today, so I've been kind of outfit planning guys. It is now 12 p.m. Yeah, right now. I have these things.  I have coffee shops. I don't know how to like divide it. Maybe different neighborhoods I don't know probably to start off with I'll just do my all-time faves But anyways Dana is here now, so I'm going to leave. We made it to Foxtrot Here's Dana. We'll enter her later, but we're going into one of my favorite coffee shops Does anyone follow Sippin in Dallas guys by the way, my friends in our obsessive there. She's so cute All right guys. We're here Dana. We're here. So fun I got a juice because I'm gonna have to drink so much coffee for a video and I'm actually stressed about it already And I thought this would cure me But we're gonna go through some stuff And then start shooting soon. Hi guys. Okay, so now we're gonna do a little intro We want to introduce ourselves to the camera She just introduced herself for the video that we're filming on but this is the vlog this vlog will go up first Okay, okay, um name Dana. Where are you from? New York?  What was your major? telecommunications and entrepreneurship What is your favorite hobby? Anything outside honestly or playing the piano. I'm a big musical Actually, yes, I did but it's interesting because those people to say they don't have hobbies So that was good to have something on the spot. Um, what's you rolls? You guys I can't talk today, and I'm like Comments below if you have a hobby in your favorite hobby, um, or if you went to Penn State. Oh, yeah Or if you went to Penn State, what is your favorite makeup product or skincare product? Skincare I could go on and on about do you like top? Anything skin cuticles. I love Also, I need to start wearing sunscreen. I don't Yeah, you don't use a super cute glow screen. Oh, I'm really Yeah, well, I'm unfortunate. I have myself, but I probably bought 20 of them. I'm so yeah Every time but I'm not gonna lie to you I never wear sunscreen before that and the only reason I wear that sunscreen every day is because it makes my skin look so good Yeah, so if I didn't fall in love with that sunscreen I would not be wearing sunscreen which is really bad because I'm so Irish and just very pale because the one I have like Yeah, no, no screen doesn't do that. Okay. Well, we're gonna film the video and then I'll talk to you guys after what we just shot To Instagram things that were like the easiest thing to ever but just needed to be done and now we're off. Goodbye Guys like I literally do not watch Instagram lives and they're in the airing sisters The foster sisters are on live and here I am. So I'm quite the stan if you will Happy Tuesday guys Happy Tuesday guys here. I am um, okay. It is almost 5 p.m. I'm gonna do Easy face look I haven't vlogged today clearly today has um really been something first off This is the first vlog that I'm filming since I posted my video on Just like how I've been feeling lately So thank you guys so much for like really nice feedback Like I'm even like running into you guys like out and about and you guys are just bringing up the video And it's really making me feel a lot better today. I actually did like a really intense like Picture is like a really intense therapy session essentially and I did that like noon So I woke up really early because I knew after that I wasn't gonna want to work So I got a lot of my editing and stuff done and then after I literally took a nap And then I read I finished the book that I started last night. It's so good Let me look at what it was called. Okay. Love and other words by Christina Lauren I don't know if I'm just a hormonal or if I was just like emotional already, but I actually cried in the book I'm probably both anyways, you know when you're just like emotionally worn out like exhausted I feel like that's something too with just therapy in general My therapist today, but that's on Thursday. It's a little like people don't really talk about when it comes to it Anyways, I was like exhausted after that and then I was feeling really often sad So then I made myself go work out and I feel so much better I've actually been using the gym in my house that I built in my garage a lot recently with like workouts and stuff I like don't know what I want to be doing right now Like I can't even get myself to go to a core power class and I don't know why cuz I actually really like core power I've just like been weird in like a slump of like really having no motivation, but I definitely have noticed recently I've lost like muscle in my body Like I don't know I'm not as strong as I used to be which is fine like your body changes constantly But I just want to make sure taking care of myself and I'm actually going to meet a new friend at Ficcini where it is going for happy hour, which will be very fun I've been looking forward to this because I've been wanting to go to Ficcini for So long, so I'm doing like a really simple Makeup look I've been listening to Casey listen to a few podcasts and stuff just to Make myself feel better. I definitely feel a lot better than I did earlier Don't mind the clothes behind me They need to be hung up, but I'm just wearing this dress from Princess Polly that I've had and I haven't worn This is also Princess Polly. It's actually ridiculous like I need clothes from other places But it is quite literally almost all of my wardrobe No, I remember where this necklace is from. So if you guys know, please let me know in the comments below Jennifer Fisher hoops.  I can hold my vlog camera. So probably This bag wait, where is it? Oh, I think it's actually downstairs I'll show you. Okay. So this is the bag that I like to bring I used to wear it all the time my sister took it for me for a few months And then I got it back and I honestly just forgot about it But it is the best bag because it holds so much stuff like I can put my big you guys see this big log camera in there I love it. I got it on the real real. I almost said reward style on the real real forever ago Well actually probably like two years ago. That's the best bag I apologize for the lighting but I did want to say that After my video where I just opened up about anxiety and stuff that was from earlier And I decided that I'm making changes in my life One of the things was I was going to make new friends not like replace all my friends because I love a lot of my friends Still and I'm still with the same main people I did just want to make an effort and like make new different friends So I'm going to get drinks with a new friend. Look at me. Go everyone. This is your sign If you're trying to make your life better Make a plan it just listed out like three things that you want to do and do them So this is your sign if there are things that you've been wanting to do Go do them. I actually like made a list of things that I wanted to change and I'm changing about my life Here we are very excited Also, if you live in Dallas like I just I've been in her village like so much recently But I just keep thinking about it at Christmas time. It is so beautiful You guys can't really like see much from where I'm parked But imagine like I'm trying to okay and imagine this but with Christmas lights Hi, this is Sarah We are off the chimney. It is so cute. It is so cute. There's like a is there like an outdoor space too Is that just out there over here? Here we go All right guys, happy Tuesday. Um, we're on our way monkey bar Yeah, if you just really have it actually we're gonna get up. We're gonna get killed by this car. So worry about it Here we go. We're really we're like So pretty. Thank you so much Off to the rooftop So pretty up here when this is Christmas time like it's perfect Okay, I'm back from Highland Park Village We went to Ficini and then we went to a monkey bars for a drink and met up with another friend. Hello It was honestly really fun.  Hi I'm gonna read so I finished the book that I read I started it last night. I finished it today I will never forget myself for making the wiring tone. Um, so I think I'm gonna try a new one We also started a book club with my friends Um, so that book I think it's like we have like two weeks So I don't want to read it just yet because I've been reading pretty quickly I might read another like Christina Lauren book. We'll see I'm back on like a reading kick though I hit book 70 of 2021 today. Tomorrow is an editing day. I have like five videos to edit So I think I'm gonna go to tribal just sit down and edit and then I have like meetings But I don't think any of them resume I think they're all phone calls so which I want to make a thing more going in working places Another way that I'm trying to like make my life better tribal is my favorite place to work when their Wi-Fi is good Their Wi-Fi was not working last week. Oh, hi. Anyways, it's only 8 30 I'm gonna get in bed and read for the rest of the night And I'll see you guys in the morning Just oh also my car guy just called me and he said that he thinks he found a car for me the car that I've wanted It's like I really want a black exterior tan interior And I've given up on that because it's like literally like impossible to find for some reason like we've been looking for like months now And so and I really wanted a panoramic rooftop And it just isn't working in what I want to spend and just the interior whatever So I think I'm just gonna do black on black no rooftop and I will be fine. It's a bigger car I can roll my windows down. It'll be okay when it comes to cars I'm not like crazy with like tech and stuff like I don't want like all the newest things I literally just want the most basic car of the car that I want and that's pretty much it Like I don't really want more also like I'm so young that I don't really want to buy like my absolute Absolute dream even though this would be like honestly my dream car because I just don't really want anything else But I want to have something like to look forward to too, so I don't want to get something That's like too nice. You know any meme anyway, so we may be finally found a car which I've been getting questions about It's because I really wanted a color combo. That just like doesn't exist anymore for some reason Wednesday everyone fits her the camera and he walked over I am about to head off to a tribal to get some work done, but I wanted to show you guys Okay, Fitz dude. Hi. Hi. Can you move out of the way? It's a capital on page look at this guys Okay, that was so cute Anyways, the thing that I'm wearing this jumpsuit is from girlfriend collective In the last log, I was showing you guys one from Amazon. I'm gonna get the long like sport body from said Active and this one is shorter. The quality is incredible. It's so flattering It took a little bit of time for shipping and I think it was like close to maybe like a hundred dollars honestly But it's a full outfit. It's so cute. So this time wearing it today Just like you know throwing this on cute little relaxed thing But even like wearing this and cowboy boots in a blazer. That's cute like my fall look It's gonna be a lot of like one pieces blazers outerwear Boots sneakers so anyways, I'm obsessed with this I'm going to Bishop arts because I'm gonna go back to tribal and it worked there Which is my favorite coffee shop in Dallas. Also by the way, I get a lot of questions about this And I feel like I've talked about it so many times, but this bag is from cow pack. It's the like everything Laptop bag and it carries like quite literally everything. I love this bag I use it as a carry-on when I travel to but I also just use it like when I'm working and I take it to Coffee shops, but I'll also honestly like I just store my electronics in here Regardless, so they're not just like out on my counter all the time because for some reason that just like makes me anxious Maybe because it's like I see like work stuff, but I'll link it below if you're looking for a good laptop bag This one is truly the next level. All right guys. Let's look some photos off to tribal.  It's so good Refresh everyone. I get the good morning It looks disgusting, but I promise you it's so good. Anything you get here is incredible Like this is truly the best place ever also the owner just told me that he's opening a new restaurant here That's very exciting. Um, so I'll definitely be going there. I get the meat as well I also like the breakfast taco the power bowl. They have the best super food out meal. It's just so good I have been looking forward to this Since the second I decided I was coming to tribal. I promise you guys. It's so good I know it looks disgusting, but like I swear. It's good even Amanda likes it and Amanda's so picky So go to tribal and try it and then send me an Instagram story. It's so good. Even Dom likes it. Okay from nourish bowl It looks so good anything with sweet potatoes A lot of avocado toast she never had a on her avocado toast mom. That's really odd That's a really common thing, but it's gluten free. It's got a gluten free bread My brother's here, but he doesn't like me on camera. So she's so good. Oh a smoothie Mm-hmm. I got another coffee the brain Bicoda, love you. Yeah Thanks, all right Drink literally number three the harvest juice It's been a few hours Moving tribal now. I just got so much done.  I'm pretty sure I think we actually I just bought it But I mean there's like things you have to do before it's like yours my car guy said He believes it should be here by Sunday or Monday, which is very exciting this set by the way is like legitimately the most comfortable most flattering set ever I will link it below Oh Anyways Great, it's been a great day. I've gotten a lot done I'm gonna go home and take the dogs out and then keep working from there Also, I've been listening to sibling revelry with the foster sisters and as you guys know, I am obsessed with them They're like my favorite follow anything that they have Any pardon I'm into I am so hungry back in tribal. I literally got three drinks there The last one I got was the brain through pretty much anything you get at tribal Like you can't go wrong. It's so good, but I got the brain room It's like a keto coffee like they have like MCT oil and butter which sounds really weird It's a keto thing. It tastes really good. I really just wanted to try like MCT oil and I Like feel weird now, but I think it's because I keep thinking about how there is butter in my coffee And that's just odd. So I'm gonna eat a lot of vegetables That's gonna make me feel better and rise. I'm so happy that I finally have a new car Very grateful I'll be vlogging that when that happens hopefully before I leave because I'm gonna have time for 10 days I'm gonna finish the rest of work Unfortunately, I really want my cousin to meet me at Lez for a cheese board Tonight, but I like she's not going to so maybe I'll finish reading.  I'm on a reading kick this week 6 p.m. I just finished my work day My book that I started last night. I love so much. Hello guys. Well, that's great I think I might actually just read for the rest of the night and finish this book I'm in my skims pajamas the best things ever and I'm gonna get to reading I really want a cheese plate, but obviously like I'm not going to lose this good cheese play like look at me So I think I just have to put that dream face look at my face I'm wearing pimple patches all over and breaking out because I ate like just pretty bad this weekend And I want it gone by tomorrow.  I want to say at like 11 30 I would literally wear them all day if I didn't have that zoom I would wear them to therapy I don't care. I'm wearing this new set from year of ours. It's so cute And then it also came with a matching like long sleeve top, but unfortunately It is only 70 degrees, so I'll be a little bit worn for that I'm gonna take the dogs on a walk and then I'm actually gonna go on a solo walk to Starbucks Because I need to get some coffee and it's just too hard with them the new I love you so much Episode went out what you guys didn't know I have a podcast if you've never seen my channel before if they could Talk about it every vlog But we have it Danielle and Brooke from gals in the go on which is very exciting So someone else runs the Instagram. I like to prove everything and stuff But I don't like actually run on Instagram, but we're about to hit 10k which is exciting So go follow it. I really just need to swipe up, you know Here I am hot girl.  I'm actually going to start editing for the next hour and a half and then I have a call with fossil I'm actually doing like a live shopping event with them So I'm excited for that tonight. I have a last-line event Which I am over the moon about the last line is like my favorite brand and like as far as branding goes They are like my brand crush like I'm so obsessed with them and they have a pop-up at Highland Park Village again My favorite place that I'm at literally every day So I'm really excited to go to that and then tomorrow I have an event with coach as well I'm actually so excited because normally I feel like I miss all the events that I want to go to because I'm out of town Like I'll be gone for 10 days and I'm missing like three or four things in Dallas And I would have been so excited about and I really just want to like invest in my life here I can't take myself seriously. So unless there's a trip that I'm like dying to go on I think I'm going to be staying home for the remainder of the year Unless like Margot when I plan something I know I'm doing a girl's trip with my friends here to Austin in October That's like different because I use my life here. So and Jess moves literally on Tuesday So very exciting stuff guys life is about to get so good Look at Fitz YouTube. Hi Just finished therapy But this is your friend the reminder that we have a YouTube channel for the podcast also guys Should I try a 45? I think I want to Leave a YouTube channel for the podcast So you guys can watch full episodes here See here's Jackie's Love this But full episodes are available on the YouTube channel. So go subscribe. I'll have it linked below guys I'm emotionally exhausted from therapy. I really really really really really really don't want to work out like oh my god I could cry the last thing I want to be doing, but I have no energy I'm gonna make a deal with myself Like these dogs are trying to ruin my life. Okay By the way, this set is your bars. I forgot to mention.  I just am obsessed. Anyways, my house is freezing. I'm tired I don't have that much time Dana's taking me up in an hour and a half I need to get ready and I don't want to work out I'm tired My god, can I complain some more? I could find some things to get laid off. I'm sure I was reading comments on A recent up like YouTube comment on the podcast and it was like first time carrying this podcast Highly recommend this podcast guest learn some pot or highly recommend this host look into some like podcast guest tips The best blah blah blah whatever listen. I'm not saying I'm the best, but like it is my show I'm always always looking to get better, but it just is Interesting to me people have so much to say about something they've never done before one Hosting a podcast is actually a lot harder than people realize and number two like do it yourself shut up You know, I'm like in a mood right now, but it's just like I don't know But I'm always like down to get better and stuff. It was just one of those things where I'm like, sorry, mister Are you on the world?  I feel so like cute and dressed up This is what I'm wearing to the last night event, which I have only talked about how excited I am for this event about 30 times today, so This set is Princess Polly. I just think that it is so Cute like I would live in who knew this juicy bag wouldn't come in handy so much honestly me I knew but you know Guys next week. I will have a different car key less than a week from now. I am so happy cash for valet lip gloss I Added lip gloss to the look I never wear my hair straight because I feel like it just never like Stays and I like it kind of messy so having like curls or waves or something I don't know but I just I don't know maybe tonight is the night that one of my friends will Go to Lila's with me. I just texted my friend Kelly Kelly stamps here on YouTube to see if she wanted to go to Lila's We're audio messaging this morning, and I should have thought about it before Dana is coming here soon And then we are going to the last line. I am so excited. We're gonna make the first people there It's kind of embarrassing here are some clips from the last line pop-up It's at Market and Highland Park Village So it's right next door to honor bar and it's towards the back of the store. It is so cute What I love so much about the last line is the branding and the details look at this attention to detail look at this and then wait for Wow opens and does so cute and then you're about to see something else. That's even cuter the whole thing I'm completely obsessed on all the books. That's what I love from the West Village location I've seen their other pop-up at Century City Mall to back in LA But so cute and then this is my favorite thing obsessed. I ended up going to issue supply after with Kelly Okay, bye guys. Good night. Good morning guys. I am currently getting ready because I have to be at the fossil store for my live shopping event by 9 I think so I need to leave here like relatively soon this white like Sure, I need a replacement one. That's like nice that won't get messed up But this like shrunk so much. I'm supposed to dress like Western kind of stuff. Here we are. I Have oh, I'm a little bit out of the frame But I made some coffee from a dolly mug this morning and I put vital proteins in it so that my skin would clear up I did some patches last night and it definitely went down. Just giving you a little break out journey update, you know Definitely went down a ton those patches work But the thing that works the most which I can't believe I didn't immediately go to this is the vital proteins Collagen like if I just put that powder in my coffee. It just goes away. It's perfect. Okay. I'm gonna do my makeup now. This is the look Western my face Changed my outfit into my top that I like won't get rid of even though I'm not even sure that I like it But it just works for random things and it reminds me of Jesse from the parent shop Like I really related to Jackie on the toast a few weeks ago But here it is we've got some denim on denim my cowboy boots and this top. Hopefully this works for them I'm pretty sure I feel like look at my brief again, but I'm like almost positive. This is okay So anyways, we're heading off. We're going to the outland outlets which I grew up in McKinney So it's like literally the outlet mall. They would have been like my outlet mall It's just always so busy or it was when I was younger Then I'm gonna get lunch with my mom I have to go to the bank and I have to go sign off for a loan and Then come back get ready again and go to a coach event and then go out for the night So it's gonna be kind of a busy day I'll actually be out of my house for a major of the day or a four majority of the day There's like I'm commuting to a job guys. It's crazy. All right I made it guys listen to another podcast with the foster sisters. We're shocked. I know You're gonna be buzzing Do you need more lipstick? Just finished with fossil now, I'm downtown McKinney This is like pretty much where I grew up fun fact my mom used to have a sore Well, she used to own when I was younger. Oh my god. I'm like obsessed with this. It's not normally this southern, but She owned a few companies and they did like bedding and stuff So at one point they had like a shop up there One point they had a shop up there and that was like me growing up That's where I would work like quote work, but I actually did work like I just loved being apart And then they actually had a different one over here around the corner All the way down there if you guys know about this place Oh, that's this is how much stuff. It's new all the way at the end And there's a gazebo over there and I used to go there even with my boyfriend when I was younger. How cute, right? Anyways, here. We are on the square.  I did a live show with them, but there was like 15 people It was felt like I was like back in LA on set. Honestly. It was really fun Yeah, but we're going to get some food.   Yeah, Landon did it and I saw it on Instagram and then I followed them I don't know where they're up, but I think we can go. Yeah, we're just gonna go. We're downtown on the square down there Anyways, it's very cute I'm signing for the loan on Monday now, so we can shop around guys my favorite boots Here we have to go in here. It's on so much more southern down here guys like this is literally my dream I love those Oh, I live in them. They're the most comfortable shoes you'll ever wear. No, I wore them to a concert that night Mine kind of was like that, but they're not We went to a concert too, and it was yep. They're the best. I mean The lights are up this square is like nothing like the rest of My hometown like that is really updated. This is like old downtown square And I swear it has gotten so much more southern like people have accents here and people Where we grew up like they don't have accents like that's not a thing But it's just really funny and it's become More Texan and I love that because they have the KC. Um, and apparently great sales So love that for me because my cowboy boots are You know leave it to me to like start loving cowboy boots And then I find the designer go like really expensive ones and those are the ones that I love, you know It's really unfortunate for me Grew up always going to spoons here Landed winery Oh The stores here turn over really quickly though. So like the stores are always changing I've been gone for like five hours. This is how many packages have come so many pr packages I got the alien perfume, which was like a favorite of my family.  I mean incredible from kipari I got their golden hour lip kit, which I love their lip products. Also. I love this makeup bag I ordered some of my own merch to have because friends keep asking me for hats By the way, the shorts and top are still available and the hats actually everything is available. So I'll have the link below There's also a mug. It made me very happy if you guys checked it out. It's really cute So I'll have that link below also get super. I'm having whitney on the pod and they sent over Some it's like cvd coffee. I'm not sure I haven't tried it yet. So I'm really excited one size I love one size. So there is a luminous setting mist and then a mattifying setting with list mist But I'm excited for kinder scott package Um, yeah, oh and summer fridays They're new heavenly 16 all-in-one face oil. I'm really excited to try this out. I don't know if I got two sets Thank you guys so much so much stuff today. I literally left the five hours and I have so much I came back home. I showered. I just got ready Here is my outfit. I'm going to a coach event Sarah is meeting me there.  It's actually at north park, which is exciting Um, I'm getting dinner tonight at 7 45. Anyways, I like my outfit. I feel like it's just kind of perfect for coach All right, we're leaving Hi Fitz He's truly the king of this house everyone I hope you guys enjoyed next vlog will be me getting my car in real time I already have it and I love it. Subscribe if you guys haven't already and I will talk to you soon Kirk if you had a bike, I feel like that would be you You'd wear the best like the bikers like they are not stopping. You know what it? Yeah, no It's a full-on like but I get it. They're on the move. They're guys on the go. Yeah


So a lot of people come into uni, some people have absolutely no idea what they want to do and some people have a really, really strong idea of what they want to do. My top tip to you guys is to keep your options open. If you have an idea of what you want to do, then that's awesome. But if you're coming into engineering, you have that general first year, you have that time to really kind of see what you do and don't like. And I would really, really encourage you guys to make the most of it and keep an open mind throughout the year if you really, really don't know what you might end up liking or not liking.


I suppose I started thinking about this issue probably 8 or 10 years ago when I would get a call from somebody in the media and they would say, well, why is it then if everybody, almost everybody is in favor of the environment that a lot of people just aren't doing anything? There seems to be a gap here. And to be honest, I had to prepare sound bites for the media. And gradually I gathered together these sound bites and put them into one package, which I'll deliver to you. And they seem to have resonated with a fair number of people as a collection of those things. I wanted to make a token effort to connect myself with Dublin since I haven't been here before. And so I wandered into a bookstore called The Secret Bookstore and opened a book of poetry by John Montague. And the first few lines I opened up to amazingly connected me and Dublin and John Montague. Just read you a few lines and it's related to the talk. All legendary obstacles lay between us. The long imaginary plain, the monstrous ruck of mountains. And swinging across the night, flooding the Sacramento, San Joaquin, the hissing drift of winter rain. I like to write poetry myself and I admire poets who can do better than me like Mr. Montague. The connection there is that I was born in Sacramento even though I've spent most of my life in Canada. And Montague is obviously an Irish poet. Okay, dragons, mules and honeybees. Why we do less than we should and how we can overcome. Most of the talk is devoted to why we do less than we should. And I see that as the equivalent of a physician diagnosing a problem. And if you don't have a good sense of the symptoms of a disease, the reasons for a problem, then there's not much you can do to solve it. And so I see my efforts to understand why people don't do what they ought to do as the physician's equivalent in terms of diagnosing the problem. So I also, I hope I don't insult anyone's intelligence, I'm always worried about this, but I always like to set myself in a context as an environmental psychologist who are interested in place and et cetera. So let's have a little. This is Vancouver. This is Vancouver Island, which is, I was going to look it up to see how it compared to Ireland as in size, but it's roughly similar in size. But most of it's full of cougars and bears. And then down at the very bottom here, sticking below the 49th parallel, here's Seattle is Victoria, which is the capital of the province of British Columbia, which I feel honor bound to say instituted the first carbon tax in North America. The province is enormous, province it goes up here somewhere like that. And Victoria is the provincial capital, and that's where my university is located. So the problem is, as I think everybody's aware, that environmental damage is inarguably caused by us, at least in part, or a significant amount. I don't think I'll find too much disagreement with that in terms of pollution, which was the cause, as I told some people in the room earlier, of our premier, conservative premier, instituting carbon tax, perhaps mistakenly, but doing the right thing for the wrong reason. This is Northern British Columbia, where there are a lot of pine forests, and I'm not sure if, you know, I'm far away from that, whether you're aware or not. But pine beetle usually are killed in winter, in cold winters and in last decades or so, as things got warm, they weren't killed.  And all this red that you see here in Northern, oops, ah, all the red that you see here is dead pine beetle forest in Northern BC. People in Northern BC have seen climate change out their back window, more or less, because of that. And of course, overfishing, which I'm sure you're aware of. And you know, I was just in Mexico City, which is threatened by volcanoes, earthquakes, and big storms, both coasts of Mexico or storms. So obviously, not all environmental damage is caused by us. Some of it is natural, of course, but we can only work on what we cause, I think. So since it's obvious to everybody that at least from time to time, we get hit by different things and slowly we're being hit, if that's the right word, by climate change. Why do we, why don't we do anything? Well, I'm a psychologist and I push the idea that each of us as individuals cumulatively, the seven and a half billion of us are causing the problem. I'm quite happy, more than happy, to acknowledge the other kinds of influences that are in action. And certainly some of them are geophysical. It's kind of hard in Singapore to go without air conditioning, it's pretty hard to go in Canada in parts of Ireland without heating the house at all. We have what some people call grower-dye capitalism. We have to make more stuff for people to buy and give away. We have these wonderful machines that drive us around and entertain us while we're going. Much more fun than riding a bicycle, much better than riding a subway. It's like a little living room. Why would I give that up for a subway or bus when there's people coughing and sitting next to me and whatever? And then we have also infrastructure problems, bike paths. My mentor actually is the godfather of bike paths in the world, starting in the 50s and 60s. And now they've spread all around the world and they're pretty good. But I've broken my arm twice. We've had a couple of ministers who were seriously injured or killed riding their bike in my town. There's probably been similar things around here. And as you get older, you bike. And you have political constraints. In my human dimensions of climate change class, I learned more by inviting people to the class than I probably learned since I was an undergraduate. And one of the things I learned from the policy people and lawmaking people is how difficult it is to pass legislation, at least in Canada. Not because of the left-right split, just the mechanics of legislation passing can be very, very trying sometimes. And that was news to me. So you've got geophysical factors, economic factors, technical factors, infrastructure problems. All these are reasons why people don't do things as well as the ones that I'm going to talk about. But what I prefer to talk about are the personal and interpersonal factors. That is we have barriers or obstacles that are related to people's values, to their attitudes, their level of skill, not knowing how to change behavior, having a variety of different aspirations besides saving the environment. And just plain lack of knowledge. And you have problems related to how we relate to other people in the household or at work or even in distant places. We compare ourselves to, oh, but what are the Chinese doing? Or what are the Indonesians doing, et cetera. And we have decision making. And I guess if you wanted to take home one or two messages from this talk that I would like you to take home, it would be that every one of us is making decisions almost every day. Whether we're just a house, a mere, mere householder. Or whether we're the chairman of some board. CEO is still an individual person working with the board and making decisions that affect the climate. So it's all about, I know I exaggerate, but it's all about psychology. Because whatever factors come to bear upon an individual, it's finally an individual who makes a decision to do this or that. So putting all that together, I have this sort of simple thing that guides my own research and has guided some policy makers in Canada. That essentially a lot of us are stuck with this dilemma where we know what we should do and a lot of times we don't do what we ought to do. So you go upwards and causally from that. What are the motivations and thoughts about that? What is the interpersonal context? What is the pricing and regulation, regulatory context? What is the geophysical context? What's the technological? When you put all these together and then the person says, well, I'm going to drive my car today anyway or I'm going to buy a bike. That's it or I'm going to ditch my car entirely. And so that's a decision made by an individual or a household. And so there are different kinds of strategies. And of course those strategies have outcomes for resources and sustainability. They also have outcomes for that person and that householder. I need to say to your partner, I'm selling the car and riding my bike. Partner says, hey, don't sell the car. I drive that thing too and I prefer the car or many other similar sorts of things. So this is how I see the whole picture, more or less. And this is, I'm certainly not going to bore you with this, but just to say that it's not just something I made up, all these little boxes. It's the same model, but every one of those fine prints that you can't read represents a study that shows that one of these arrows actually does cause another one of those boxes. And the part that is not in the other one also is the feedback aspect to it. Those kind of consequences I mentioned at the bottom then do get fed back into governance regulation pricing. And sometimes, of course, to geophysical changes, that's the C level rise and whatever that we see. And so then it all goes around and around in a dynamic complex picture. So this is the full version of the model. So given all that, what do we do? Well, at least where I come from, well, we're here too. This is Al Gore's statement now getting rather dated about the 10 things that we can do. If you look around on the web, you can find 50 things that you can do to make things better. If you look further on the web, you can find 51 things you can do. But unfortunately, my brother is an expert on Robert Heinlein, the science fiction writer.  And Heinlein wrote that in 1953, and I have to confess to you that psychologists didn't pick up on this till 1954 in the theory of cognitive dissonance. So science fiction sometimes anticipates something more formal understanding. But the main message here is that as much as classical economics, not modern economics, but classical economics views us as sort of rational animals, we really aren't, unfortunately perhaps. So we rationalize, and rationalization is at the heart of my talk. So the gap is that many or even most people are in favor of helping the environment, but we don't. Here is where I criticize some of my peers and their approaches. If you read French, here's road to hell is paved with good intentions.  So this main, one of the main theories in environmental psychology is called the VBN model or values beliefs norms model. And I'm a friend of the person who made up this theory, but we can have debates as well. And he says, this is kind of how it works. You start with these values on the end here. And then you, that leads to, if you have these values, then you have these kind of beliefs. And then that causes you to have certain kinds of norms that it's the right thing to do, and then that leads to certain kinds of behaviors. And I think on first seeing it you would say, yeah, that sounds okay. That sounds about right. But I don't agree completely with Paul Stern's theory as you'll see a little bit later. Basic short version of why I don't agree is you don't have to go through all those steps. We'll talk about that later. So why don't we do everything that we ought to? Me too, I'm feeling slightly guilty about flying here from Victoria. I thought about proposing a video conference. Technology's getting pretty good. In my university we have this giant screen where I've given talks in Mississippi from Victoria. And the screen is so big and it's so good both ways that you say, maybe we should do a little less flying and a little more video conferencing than we do. On the other hand, how would I get to shake your hand and talk to you? And that's how we rationalize it in academia is, oh, the networking's what's really important. It's not the talk, it's the networking that's important. Rationalizing again, or maybe not. That's, anyway, that's another issue. So now, it took me a long, long time to find a dragon to tape him. But I finally managed to do it, it was really hard. So we don't do these things because of what I call the seven dragons of non-sustainability. And this is them. You don't really probably have to write them down now if you're a no-taking kind of person because I'll go through each one of them. But basically, it's about limited cognition, having certain ideologies, the influence of other people, something I learned from the economists, sunk costs. Psychologists don't know much about sunk costs, but I'm still learning at my stage of the career, discredence, perceived risk, and limited behavior. But I'll be going through each one of those. So each one of those seven dragons has kind of a whole set of sub-dragons. Sub-dragon, is that a word? Or is that a concept? I don't know. Little children. Let's think of them as tribes or families or something. And so one of them is the ancient brain. I learned from my anthropological friends that we have a brain that hasn't physically evolved for like 30,000 years. And what were we doing 30,000 years ago? We were wandering around supposedly on the savanna, hunting, gathering. Did we care about what was happening 100 kilometers away? No. Did we care what was going to happen in 2050? No. We only cared about kind of the here and now, getting some food, making babies, making sure the other tribe didn't get our stuff. We were very here and now oriented. So clearly, none of us would be here if we weren't capable of thinking about the future and faraway places. But the kind of natural tendency is to stick in the here and now. And that's one of the problems. Ignorance is obviously, I don't mean in a pejorative way, but information does need to be out there. We were talking earlier about information deficit model and how it's flawed. But we do need information first. And then we need more than information alone. It doesn't do it. Environmental numbness is something I wrote about decades ago. That is just hearing a message too often. When you hear any message from a company too many times, it just starts to lose. It's been there to a certain extent. The average person has maybe sometimes heard the same message about the environment enough time so that it doesn't really hit anymore. It's just part of the wallpaper. Uncertainty, again, we are talking in lunch about this. The more that things are uncertain, the more that people tend to interpret that uncertainty in their self-interest, which is to say, it's not as bad as those scientists are saying. And we have experimental evidence about that. But it's not just a speculation on my part that when we have a, I forget now if I put my fishery program in here, but if you tell people, for example, that the salmon stocks, as best we can estimate, run from 50 tons to 100 tons. Well, fishermen assume there's 100 tons, not 50 tons. And so interpretation tends to be in my self-interest. So as long as there's a big confidence interval, I will tend to interpret that whichever way suits my self-interest or the tendency for that. Discounting is in time and in space. We have studies showing people discount things that occur far away. And they discount things that are happening here in favor of thinking that other places are worse. One classic study was done in England with two villages 20 kilometers away, apart from each other. And they were each same sort of village. How are things over there worse than here? How are things over there worse than here? So two villages are almost identical. Optimism bias is sort of illustrated by this fellow here in the picture. Optimism is a good thing or we wouldn't get anywhere in terms of advancing anything. Too much optimism when it becomes what we might call irrational becomes a reason for not doing anything. Oh, well, it'll work out. Well, not in the case of climate change, it's not gonna work out by itself. But optimism that I can develop some implementation or program that will make things better for climate change, that's okay. So optimism bias, for example, there's lots of studies in psychology showing that people of a given age think that they're less likely to have a heart attack than other people of their own age. Something like 85% of people think they're more intelligent than average. About 75% of people think they're better looking than average. So this is optimism bias when it really isn't rational. And lack of perceived control, which is probably one of the chief dragons of inaction. Who am I, what can I do? So that's all forms of limited cognition. And of course you have ideological problems in some quarters, political worldviews, political umbrellas that include a lot of issues, but one of those issues has to do with the environment. So not necessarily an anti-environmental bias itself, but part of a broad ideological perspective that would be consistent with not taking action. System justification is a relatively recent discovery. Is people who are comfortable wanna stay comfortable? Sometimes action in terms of climate change isn't always something that makes me more comfortable. So there's people who will say, well, I would do something, but I don't really wanna make any sacrifices. I don't wanna be putting on a sweater instead of turning my heat down or whatever. So system justification is a tendency among people who are comfortable to wanna stay comfortable, even if it's at the cost of the climate. I don't think the next one is all that common, but there's two forms of it. There's the religious form where people assume some sort of deity is in control of things, so therefore I don't have to do anything because the deity's in control. But the secular form you do hear more often, nature's in control. Nature is another kind of super human power and oh well, it's all natural stuff, right? And so if it's all natural stuff, well then again, I don't really have to do anything. And if there's any engineers in the room, I don't mean to insult them, but there are people who think that the engineers can solve everything. I have a son-in-law who's an engineer, at least he's willing to say, no, we can't solve everything ourselves either. We can help, we are helping. We're making nice wind turbines, we're making LED lights that don't affect your eyes as much as the old ones did. We're doing lots of things. But even the engineers come to me and say, we still have to get our message out, we still have to market these things and that's where psychology comes into account or can help. So ideologies, again, each of these four kinds can contribute to in action. Then there's other people. Much as we like to think we're independent, we're always frequently comparing ourselves to others in terms of our lifestyle, our accomplishments, our houses, our clothing, et cetera, and it's embarrassing to say it, but it's true. And if our people around me are climate inactivists, if you want to use that phrase, I just made it up right now, climate inactivists, then I'm likely to say, well, why should I? If they aren't, if she isn't, if they aren't. And at the national level, those of you who are in diplomatic circles must be especially aware of that kind of problem with, well, if that country's not, why should we do it? We're only a little country. We say that to Canada, even though it's a large geographic country, we say, if they're not doing it down there on the south side of us, that big elephant that we're the flea on, then why should we do it? Social norms, is it normal for a person to ride a bike if he's a CEO to take a train? Would Obama be seen riding a bike? But there are, I forget now which prime minister in one of the EU countries is seen riding the train to work. I know there's security issues, la, la, la, la. But, you know, or even a dean or can a professor be seen riding a bike? Well, yes, I guess so. But it's sort of the whole idea of what's normal in my circumstances. And if what's normal is to keep the heat on most of the time, keep the lights on most of the time, and I try to go against it, I'll get the usual kinds of flak that people usually hand out when people don't follow the norms. And related to that, of course, is the issue of perceived inequity. That is, why should I be doing it if they're not doing it? So it's related, these three are kind of related to each other. If it seems unfair, why should Ireland be doing this if country X is not doing it? It doesn't seem fair. Fairness is a very important value. Fairness is, you know, there are lists of values that you can take if you want. It's a kind of psychological test. And one of the most common is, has 20 values in it. And fairness and justice for some people is right at the top of the list. And for other people it's not so high, but it's often one of the most important values. And if it doesn't, something doesn't seem fair, well then I'm not gonna do it because it's not fair. Some costs, for those who are not economists or don't know about it, essentially means that you're invested in something already. And so when we're invested in something, there's a tendency to not want to change. And so when you think of investments, probably many of you are, first of all, thinking of financial investments, and that is one important thing. I have a colleague who's now retired. He and I have been friends for 40 years, about.  Another psychology professor in same kind of educational, social background, et cetera. And then as you dig a little bit deeper, you find out, oh, that actually he owns a whole lot of oil stocks. So suddenly there's a sunk cost problem here in financial terms, you can't do that. So we have, maybe there's some movements in Ireland, but in Canada, among academics, whatever there are divestment campaigns to try to get universities and other people to remove this particular sunk cost. Behavioral momentum is just fancy jargon for habit, which is boring topic, but very, very important. We really tend to do today what we did yesterday. It's hard to get people off the track to change their habits. And a really important problem is the conflicting goals and aspirations. That is, everybody wants to get ahead. I ask people who are in their earlier middle career, are you hoping to have a higher salary later? Yeah. You want a bigger residence, bigger fancier apartment house? Well, yeah. Do you want to have children? Yeah. So do you want to be in good health? Yeah, yeah. So a lot of, do you want to save the environment? Yes. Sometimes these things conflict. And which one wins out? Is the one that's, which one trumps another one? Is which one is higher on the choice list? And so often the environment loses out to other goals. Perceived risks I won't spend a lot of time on, but their psychologists talk about six kinds of risks that you can take. Social risk that you look bad to somebody else. Kind of anxiety or depression. Spending money on an electric car and finding out that battery might not work or that you install solar panels on your residence, but then you move the next year and had time to have them repaid. A functional problem that is the car doesn't work. Physical problems, temporal problems, I won't go into details there, but people generally speaking, this is one thing that psychologists have offered to the world over the last 20 years since Dan Kahneman won a Nobel Prize, about one of the few psychologists to win a Nobel Prize, is that people are essentially risk averse. If you're asking me to take a risk, I'm going to try not to do that unless somehow I'm nudged into it. So some of these things, some climate positive behaviors are mild or moderate risks. And the last of the seven dragons is limited behavior. That is, well, I recycle. What else do you want me to do? That's, I'm done now. And of course we know recycling is a good thing, but we also know that it doesn't really make a big dent in climate change that, not that we want people to stop recycling, but recycling is certainly not enough. And the rebound effect, sometimes called the Jevons Paradox, which actually is a UK invented concept that says essentially, if I take a small step in the right direction, there's a strong tendency for me to take a retrograde step that's even bigger in the wrong direction. So the way that I like to concretize the rebound effect is in Canada anyway. Let's see, I have to translate here to the local context. Honey, I bought a Prius, let's fly to India as a reward to ourselves. The way I put it in Canada is I bought a Prius in Victoria, let's drive to Newfoundland, you know. And believe it or not, there's actual evidence for that. A colleague studied the number of kilometers driven by Japanese buyers of new cars who bought the more energy efficient the car purchased, the more that they drove the next year. So it's sort of, and you know, so this is the rebound effect. I have to, you know, we learn this as a child, you do the right thing, your parents give you something. So I bought a Prius, so now, or Nissan Leaf or something. Anyway, so it's a problem that people actually can go backwards with a positive intent. Why is discredence here? I thought it was finished. Okay, discredence is a word I found buried in the Roseis de Soros. Can't find, I didn't even find it in the Oxford English Dictionary, believe it or not. But you can sort of see the root here. It's essentially, I don't believe you. And it means I don't believe that this program you're offering is worth it. You want to offer me 50 pounds to insulate my house, forget that. It's not good enough, I'm not gonna do it. Scientists, well they're all out just out for fame and making money off their grants. So no, we can't really trust them either. Reactance is a psychological concept that every two year old knows, that is, you can't make me do it. I'm not gonna do it.  And denial, we're all familiar with denial that for whatever reason I just don't think the whole thing is a big plot. I've even heard the word used. It's a plot, a socialist plot. So anyway. So this is a lot of dragon. So we did a big study where we just tried to find the main themes in all this. And one way to look at it is that all these things fall into sort of three categories if you want the highly simplified version. Either it's something about the resource that is, well, if we use fisheries as an example. Well, I just didn't, I just don't think that it's a problem to take fish. Or I just don't think it's really a big problem to heat my house to 25 degrees. Or I just don't really think my car is gonna use up all the gasoline in the world. Or it's about self-interest. Considering my situation, I really don't think I need to make any changes because profit's a good thing and I wanna get ahead. And it's only natural to wanna get ahead. And what's your problem with me getting ahead in the world anyway? Or it's some form of interpersonal problem. That is, I would get in trouble with my partner if I became a vegetarian. Or I would be ridiculed if I rode my bike to the office because it's not my place to ride a bike or some other sort of interpersonal comparison. So something about the resource itself, something about my justified, my rational, my deserved self-interest, or something about other people. So given all that, that's the professor's diagnosis of all the problems, what can we do? Well, I'm gonna offer you some generic solutions. If you're hoping that I can give you some magic bullet, silver bullet, I cannot, but I can point in directions, I think that's about it. One of the things we've learned is that there are different, these dragons vary by the population, by the demographics. So old people, young people, educated, uneducated, rural people, urban people. People are not just people, they vary obviously in all kinds of ways. So which barriers are the strongest for which kinds of people, which groups? Which barriers or dragons are the easiest and the cheapest which is the low-hanging fruit to use the cliche? And which just aren't gonna, it's not gonna happen. So there's no sense of wasting resources when it's just not gonna happen. And which ones are the easiest and the cheapest to overcome? So I talk generally about five ways of slaying dragons and I'll go through them fairly quickly, I'm happy to answer questions after or whatever. But one is, what is it exactly that people do right now? And I've discovered that policy makers understandably because you've got different kinds of goals and daily tasks, there isn't always an understanding of just who in a population is doing exactly what. And of course that's important to know what exactly are people doing and what are they not doing? Which of those are the most impactful acts? And that's if you're not aware of a book by a UK author called How Bad Is a Banana, has anybody heard of that book? Written by somebody not too far away from here. Michael Burner's Lee, one of the most fascinating books I've read lately, he goes through sort of everything that you do in your whole life and has a carbon footprint for each thing from eating a banana to having a volcano go off and having a war in Iraq. Great bathroom book. But anyway, a fun book to read. But which are, why spend a lot of effort trying to change behavior when it's something that probably doesn't have a very big impact? And yes, we should be putting a lot of effort into things that have a big impact, especially those that are easier to change. Assess the variations in the rates of those actions and discover what causes those actions. This is sort of the province I'd like to think anyway of psychology, looking at individuals' behaviors. What do they really do? What's causing them to do it, et cetera. Second way is to develop and evaluate interventions which won't be of any kind of news to most of you in the room, but it is sometimes to psychology audiences or social science audiences. What is the best intervention? But not only what is the best one, can we evaluate it in a proper way? We had a big campaign in Canada called the one ton challenge. Huge campaign by the federal government, by all accounts, pretty much a complete failure. So there was an attempt there to make a good attempt to have a national attempt and I could go into all the reasons why it failed. The main point was good efforts don't always work out. They need to be evaluated, refined, et cetera. And so exploring the most effective forms of communication, my own research right now is highly based on communication strategy and I'll tell you more about it if we have time or questions or whatever. And the next one is making the environment, making the right thing easy to do. So the classic example of course which I suppose is here is when we stopped having to take our recycling across town and had a blue box program, you only have to take it to your curb or in offices that the recycling was put under your desk instead of having to walk somewhere. It's a very simple example, but the idea is it increased the rate of recycling enormously because you make the right thing to do, the easy thing to do. And that can be done with technology too or practically any climate positive kind of action. How can we make this so convenient that it takes no extra effort? We're not asking people to sacrifice to do it, it's just easy to do. Third way is to work with other disciplines. When I'm talking to psychologists, I'm saying get out of your silos and start working with the policy people. Get out of your silo and work with the engineers. And several of my grad students are working with engineers right now on cars, on wind power, and on other things. And I wanna say two things about that. A, it's really hard because people have different territorial interests among different disciplines because the jargon is different in different disciplines because some disciplines think they're cooler than others and just because different backgrounds. But B is it's enormously fulfilling to work with another discipline. If you can get past some of these barriers and of course we're never gonna get any, no one discipline is gonna solve everything. Sorry, economists, it's not gonna do it. I'm sorry, engineers, it's not gonna do it. Policy makers, psychologists, and physical scientists. Everybody has to make a contribution if it's not obvious. So urban planners, I don't have any urban planners here but we need to change our cities around a lot and urban planners are ready to help out with that. But sometimes they need help from the other disciplines as well. Fourth way is to make the environment now. And there's plenty of evidence that says once you get people to realize that things are happening here, right here in Dublin, or right here in Ireland at least, or right here in Victoria, then people say, oh, okay, I thought it was just the polar bears. I thought, I'm really down on polar bears. I like polar bears, but polar bears as an example of, or a metaphor for what we should be doing is a bad idea. One of the cool ideas that we came up with in one workshop was to, again, sort of to make it easy for people. You have gardeners, birdwatchers, fishers, it's hunters and can we get people who have some sort of informal interest in the environment to extend that to become involved in documenting the change. So give you one more example from my own experience. I was at the Inner Harbor, Victoria's on a harbor. And a couple of months ago, I saw a brown pelican there. Now the last time I saw a brown pelican was in Mazatlán in Mexico. And I was absolutely floored to see this pelican, pelicans don't come to Victoria. They probably don't come to Dublin either. But once you see a plant and animal, something that never was here before, it's very, very impressive, at least it is for me, but for a butterfly collector to see one that never was here, to see some sort of mammal that hasn't been here before, to see a fish that's supposed to be in Costa Rica somewhere, it makes people really wake up. And develop social networks, I won't go on. Fifth way, again I'm sorry I'm preaching to the converted here, but I'm not always preaching to the converted, but you really have to get to the table. What I tell psychologists who don't normally go to the table is, you can rant all you want, you can do all the research that you want, but if you're not at the table, you won't be in the policy. And it's absolutely the case. And I tell them I'm not gonna tell you that because you already know that, but what's your comfort level? Is it just within your organization? That's okay. Is it at the municipal or the neighborhood level? And we discovered that different people have different kind of personalities at a sort of a comfort level of where to be active. I, for example, would be really uncomfortable trying to be active on the national level, I'm just not a politician at all. But within my organization, yeah I feel comfortable, I can suggest changes and push for changes. But other people, fortunately, are most comfortable at the national or even the global level. Here's where I go back to the Paul Stearns theory and talk about a couple of other new additions to my menagerie besides the dragons. Mules, which are the people who are already doing absolutely everything that they can. I mean, there's just no way to do much more. And we have to find ways to reward these people to give them something, tax breaks, give them recognition wherever we can. And so I think that they then serve as models for other people. The other new organism in the menagerie is honeybees. Honeybees are people, this is an English study actually that got me inspired here. What are honeybees doing when they go around pollinating their trying to get honey to feed the hive? Are they trying to help us by producing fruits and vegetables? Not really, no. So the honeybees come out of a study where somebody asked people who are riding into London within the levy now to drive a car in, stopped 100 bicyclists riding into London and said, excuse me, why are you riding your bike into London? In the back of her head it was, I'm gonna help the environment. About 30 out of the 100 said I'm doing this for the environment. What did the other 70 say? I'm saving money, I'm doing it for my health, I'm trying to get fit. Oh, LED light bulb goes off. LED light bulb goes off and says, guess what some people are doing the right thing but they don't care about the environment, not necessarily. It's a spin off kind of secondary effect, cool. What can we do? Let's say you've got my friend who has oil stocks and is against the environment. What do I tell him? Lauren, you should ride your bike. It's good for your health. Do I tell him you should ride your bike so you can save the environment? He laugh at me. Environment doesn't need saving but my health is important to me. Uh-huh, okay, opens a whole window of possibilities I think for moving people. So much pro-environmental behavior is not done to help the environment. It's done to save money for my health or for some other reason. Here are some other cases besides people riding into London. People who have voluntary simplicity lifestyle, monks or quasi-monks, nuns. The bottom billion who probably would burn as much carbon as they could but they can't because they can't afford it. People who choose not to have children. I hate to say this, I have three children myself but having a child is one of the worst things you can do for the environment. Cycling for health, insulating to save money and all that's cool except for the bottom billion which is not cool. So here's my talk in one slide. To maximize mitigation, policies and practices have to be designed and targeted to different groups of people. They can't be totally assumed to work one policy to work for everybody. It's almost like a Rubik's cube of understanding which people are we talking about? Which barrier is most important for them and which behavior of the sort of five main categories of climate relevant behaviors is the most important. And then we can begin to, this is probably an overcomplexification if you will of the problem but you get the idea that maybe this is the best combination for Dublin. Maybe this is for Victoria. Maybe this is for somebody in China. I'll close by talking about framing a little bit because that's what I'm doing right now. And the question is, well the main thing is words are important. Information doesn't do everything but framing types of messages do make a difference. It's the hottest topic in environmental psychology right now. What do we say to people? How do we say it? And there's a whole science of just of framing and I'm just gonna give you a feeling for some of the studies that have been done in this area. One that I've published myself and I think this is pretty well accepted or known now but we prove the obvious as psychologists sometimes do that giving people some sort of an empowering or motivational message is more effective in getting them to change their behavior than telling them they're gonna have to cut back. Don't tell people you got to cut back.  Second, make sure that the message is, hits home literally. In your household, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, your family, you will be better off. Doesn't matter about the polar bears. It does but not for messaging. Make sure the message is as local as possible. We have to stay credible. We can't say things that aren't true but every place has its own climate relevant impacts. In British Columbia, we have a whole raft of physical scientists whose only job is to tell each of the five main biospheric regions of BC what is how climate change is gonna affect them because the people in the north of this very large province don't care at all about people down in Vancouver and Victoria at the bottom in terms of climate issues. They care about their own issues. So we have to find the messages and impacts that are the most important locally as possible. We have spatial and temporal discounting. That's another study that we did a couple of years ago. People tend to think that where they live, which goes against what I just, not against but highlights actually what I just said. People, there's a strong tendency for people to think that it's not so bad here, it's really bad over there somewhere. So that tends to lead to inaction because if it's not so bad here, I don't really have to do that much. And people tend to discount the future and live in the present as I said earlier when I was talking about the ancient brain. So we have to make things here and now. We have to make them personal. We have to make them about people's central concerns. Those central concerns vary by demographic segments and those are some of the messages. There's a whole lot of more framing research that's been going on. I was just on the plane here reviewing some of 20 or 30 studies showing that this message works better than this one. This one works better than that one. And not only that, this message works best with young people. This one, Mark, works better with conservatives. Don't ever say the word tax to a conservative. But you can say something to a conservative. You can talk about carbon offsets. Semantics, words matter a lot. So, summing it up. Climate action is about the mules and there are quite a few people doing everything they can. And the honeybees, who don't care that much about the environment, but they're helping out in different ways, minus the dragons. A very simple mathematical formula for solving all the climate problems. Mules plus honeybees minus dragons. Get on board locally, regionally or globally. Thank you very much. Thank you.


Hey everybody, Dr. O here. In this video, I'm going to use the pancreas to explain the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands. So we're in the endocrine system, so we're primarily going to focus on those. Let's start there. So the pancreas, when you think of the pancreas, you probably think of insulin, and that's totally fine. But 99% of the pancreas is actually exocrine in nature because it makes digestive enzymes and it makes buffers that neutralize the acid coming from your stomach. So the huge majority of the pancreas is actually an exocrine structure. The 1% of the pancreas that is endocrine is actually the pancreatic islets. They were called the islets of Longerhans when I was a student, and they're going to be producing hormones like insulin and glucagon. So endocrine glands are going to dump chemical messengers into your body fluids. Think about blood primarily. So endocrine glands are going to dump secretions into your blood, into being the keyword there. Endocrine glands, so the other 99% of the pancreas that you see here is actually going to be making these digestive enzymes and making these buffers. They're going to be dumping their secretions on two surfaces. So I always think of endocrine glands are going to dump secretions into your body. Exocrine glands are going to dump secretions on two surfaces. So let me give you some examples and we'll come back to the pancreas. So here we see just different types of glands. You have intestinal glands making digestive enzymes. I just mentioned those. The sebaceous glands of the skin that produce sebum, the oil on your body would be a good example.  So I think it makes sense.  But let's go back to their picture. You have to remember something here. To understand these are exocrine glands, that your GI tract is a hollow tube traveling through your body. Right? It's actually not inside of you. It's a hollow tube traveling through you. Like if you were going through a tunnel through a mountain, you're not in the mountain or you're not part of the mountain.  So the contents that are inside your GI tract, like your fecal material prior to defecation, that's outside your body. So you have to envision this hollow tube running through you. So all of your digestive glands are going to be exocrine. They're going to dump their secretions onto a surface. But the surface is just the lining of the intestine. So you can see here all the, um, the ducts that are going to grab those secretions and dump them into the duodenum. In this case, that's the other key thing. Endocrine glands are ductilists. They don't have ducts. Exocrine glands do have ducts. All right. So endocrine glands, no ducts dump the secretions into your blood, into your body fluids. Exocrine glands do use ducts and they're going to dump their secretions onto surfaces, think your skin and then the hollow tube running through your body, your gastrointestinal tract. All right. I hope this helps. Have a wonderful day. Be blessed.