Chapter 15 of Hero Tales from History A small English boy, straight away from his grandmother's house, after she had warned him, that gypsies encamped nearby might carry him off. When the old lady found the little fellow, sitting beside a stream, too wide for him to cross, she exclaimed, Why did you run away, Horatio? I was half-dead with fear. Fear demanded the little fellow, still in petticoats. What is that? I never saw a fear. The boy's father's name was Nelson. He was a clergyman of the Church of England. His wife had died when this boy was a baby, leaving eight children for the invalid father to care for. Once while the father was away for his health, young Horatio heard that his mother's brother had been appointed to the command of a British man of war. Horatio said to an older brother, Do William, write to my father and tell him that I should like to go to sea with Uncle Maurice. Thinking the navy might be a good place for the boy and a benefit to his health, Dr. Nelson wrote to his brother-in-law, the bluff sea-captain wrote right back, What has poor Horatio done? Who is so weak that he above all the breast should be sent to rough it out at sea? But let him come, and the first time we go into action a cannon-ball may knock off his head and provide for him at once. Thus young Horatio Nelson entered the Royal Navy. One of his first trips was as coxswain on a voyage to the Arctic regions. While dragging the ship's boats over the ice, the sailors had to fight with walruses and polar bears. Coxswain Nelson killed a big white bear and carried home the skin for his father. When Horatio was fifteen, he made a voyage on the warship Seahorse to the East Indies.  Of his thoughts while sailing home on sick leave, he once said, After a long and gloomy reverie in which I almost wished myself overboard, a sudden glow of patriotism was kindled within me and presented my king and country as my patrons. My mind exalted in the idea. Well then, I exclaimed, I will be a hero and trusting in God I will brave every danger.  England was then at war with France and Spain, and he fought his country's enemies in malarial regions where hundreds of his fellows died from the poisoned air and serpent bites. When Horatio was twenty-two, his health again failed, and he had to spend months in Brighton to recover it. When peace was signed between England and France in 1783, Nelson was twenty-five. He was presented at court in that year, as he was a favorite with the Duke of Clarence who afterward became King William IV. The next year Captain Nelson was placed in command of the battleship Boreus. He was very kind to the thirty midshipmen on board. When a boy was afraid to climb a mast, Nelson would say to him with a winning smile, I am going to race to the mast-head and beg that I may meet you there. Once when he was invited to dinner with the Governor of Barbados, Nelson said, Your Excellency must excuse me for bringing one of my midshipmen. I make it a rule to introduce them to all the good company I can, as they have few to look up to besides myself while they are at sea. It is not surprising that men under his command exclaimed in comparing him with other men, Nelson was the man to love. The wars of Great Britain with Napoleon kept the young Navy officer in active service. During a siege, a shell burst and destroyed the sight of his right eye. In another attack he was wounded in the arm. He shouted to those who wish to remove him from the fray, Let me alone! I have yet my legs and one arm. Tell the surgeon to make haste and get the instruments. I know I must lose my right arm, so the sooner it is off the better. In 1798, when Napoleon started out with the French fleet for an unknown port, to surprise and lay waste to the countries of people friendly to Great Britain, these instructions were issued to Admiral Nelson. Take, sink, burn, and destroy the French fleet. With his battleship, Nelson set out to search the Mediterranean, but for a long time he was unable to find the French fleet. At last it was found at anchor in Abacar Bay, at the mouth of the Nile. The French were caught in a trap. Though Nelson had not eaten or slept much for many days and nights, he invited his officers to dinner on his flagship, the Vanguard, to discuss the coming battle. If we succeed, what will the world say, asked one of the officers? There is no if in the case, replied the Admiral sharply. We are to succeed, but who may live to tell the story is a very different question. Admiral Nelson had the colors flying from six different places on his flagship, when they wetted a battle that very night. That engagement, now known as the Battle of the Nile, was one of the greatest naval combats in history. The French flagship, Lorient, on which Napoleon had sailed to carry war into Egypt, was blown up and the French Admiral killed with all on board. The battle raged from seven in the evening until three in the morning. Though the French had thousands more men than the British, most of them were killed. Nelson sent boats to rescue them from the burning French ships, but they preferred to go on fighting through the flames amidst bursting shells and exploding powder magazines. Nelson's fleet was utterly destroyed. Nelson wrote on that night's work, Victory is not a name strong enough for such a scene. It is a conquest. The whole world, which had suffered in dread of that monster Napoleon, went wild over the news. England made Nelson a baron and voted him a pension of $10,000 a year. Other nations, rulers, and corporations showered upon him great sums of money, gold boxes filled with diamonds, jeweled swords, and gem-encrusted souvenirs. The Queen of Naples, a sister of Queen Marie Antoinette, who had lately been beheaded by the French people, was beside herself with joy. The poor people of Italy expressed their gratitude when Nelson's fleet was anchored in the Bay of Naples, bringing cages of birds to the shore. They opened the doors and let the birds out to fly about the flagship and light on the beloved Admiral's shoulders. Three years later, the conquering hero was called to strike another blow against Napoleon near Copenhagen, Denmark. Admiral Nelson opened the attack on the Allied fleet. But the Admiral, higher in command, thinking it might be well to give Nelson a chance to withdraw a little, signaled him to retire to repair several disabled ships. Nelson, hearing of this, put his spyglass to his blind eye and winked, as he said, I really do not see the signal. Keep on flying mine for closer battle. That's the way I answer such signals. The men of both fleets fought with undaunted courage for five long, terrible hours. The enemy lost 1,800 men and 6,000 prisoners. But the British had only 250 killed and 680 wounded. Of the battle of Copenhagen, Nelson wrote, I have been in 105 engagements. But this has been the most terrible of all. For the victory at Copenhagen, Nelson was made a viscount. But there was no time for celebrations after this, for Napoleon was now waging war to the death. Lord Nelson seemed to realize that the next fight must be the end either of France or of England. At last the day came, off Cape Trafalgar, Spain, on the 21st of October, 1805. It is told of Admiral Lord Nelson that as he walked the deck of his flagship victory that morning, his knees trembled more with excitement than fear. The one-eyed, one armed hero looked down and shook his fist at his legs, saying, shake away there. You would shake worse than that if you knew where I was going to take you today. Then he gave the order for that immortal signal. England expects every man to do his duty. Trafalgar was the greatest of all Nelson's victories. It broke the power of Napoleon and paved the way for Wellington at Waterloo. At a shot from the mizzen mast of a French ship, the Lord Admiral fell. Captain Hardy of the victory knelt beside him. They have done for me at last, Hardy, he gasped. Nelson lived for hours giving his last directions, then died in the moment of his greatest triumph. Now I am satisfied were his last words. Thank God I have done my duty. CHAPTER 16 OF HERO TALES FROM HISTORY This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. Recording by Marcus Miller Tsifle. HERO TALES FROM HISTORY by Smith Burnham. COLUMBUS, THE MAPMAKER WHO FOUND A NEW WORLD In a tall narrow house in the midst of a block on a narrow street in Genoa, Italy, lived a poor wool worker named Columbus. This lender house was only two windows wide and seven stories high. In the lowest story in which there were a wide door in a graded window, Senior Columbus stored the bales of wool which he washed and carted using a tool somewhat like the curry comb for cleaning horses. He thus prepared the wool to be spun into yarn, which would later be woven and made up into clothing and blankets. A small boy named Christopher went in and out of this foul-smelling place to play and work. Very little is known of the boyhood of Columbus. As Genoa was a large seaport town, it is supposed that he spent much of his time on the warves, watching the boats galleys from Venice with gay colored sails and strange looking craft from Asia and Africa with long, slim, latin wings veering about the swallows of the sea. There were pirates or highway robbers of the sea in those days. Little Christopher was sure to hear thrilling stories of how they fought hand-to-hand with sabers and axes and of how the wicked but powerful pirates murdered the men on merchant ships and carried off the women and children to be slaves in distant lands. Young Columbus seems to have been fired with a boyish longing for a life on the ocean wave, a home on the rolling deep. For the next that is known of him is that he narrowly escaped from drowning in a shipwreck by swimming six miles to shore on a boat ore. He landed near a town in Portugal and soon found work in a map makers shop. Here he had a chance to learn all the geography that was known 400 years ago. Most of the maps he made were drawn as if the world were flat. But there were curious charts with lands and seas outlined on the six sides of a cube and others drawn as if the world were shaped like a huge section of stovepipe. Young Columbus found the maps very interesting. But what seemed most wonderful of all was the idea that the world was round, as every child now knows. In those days a man was not allowed to believe anything different from what everyone else thought. So when young Columbus began to claim that the earth was round people laughed at him. They thought he was crazy. Of course a few astronomers and scientists knew how to prove the roundness of the earth by the shadow it casts on the moon in an eclipse. But most people could not understand such things. Columbus himself could notice that the surface of the ocean within the short distance he could see was slightly curved. He resolved to miss no chance to prove his theory by learning all he could about newly found lands and even began planning to sail around the earth to India and Far Cafe as China was called in the old days. Travellers had been overland to the far east and back. Daring sailors had sailed along the coast of Africa but the great body of water to the west of Portugal was called the Sea of Darkness. People believed that terrible sea monsters haunted its dark waters and that if men were to sail far enough westward their ship would go beyond the brink of the world as over a giant waterfall and fall down down through space forever. So when Christopher Columbus tried to persuade the king of Portugal and the princes of other countries to fit out a few ships and let him prove the roundness of the earth by sailing west to the far east no one would listen to him seriously. But the poor man could not give it up. Though he spent many years wandering from country to country to persuade someone rich and powerful enough to supply the ships and men for such a dangerous voyage. Queen Isabella of Spain and her husband King Ferdinand listened to him. But when the matter was referred to the Royal Council those grave men shook their heads and said such a thing was absurd and unfit for a queen even to think about. Columbus was in despair. His wife was now dead and he had his little son Diego with him. The two were tramping across the country and came about sunset to a monastery on the border of Spain where the boy asked for a drink just as the monk in charge happened to be passing. This monk spoke to Columbus and seeing what an interesting man he was invited the strangers in. Columbus told his strange sad story. This monk had been a friend and advisor to Queen Isabella. Also he knew two sailors who might be a help in such an undertaking. He wrote at once to the Queen urging her to let Columbus come and talk over the matter once more. She wrote back that she would like to hear what her friend the monk might have to say about it. He started the very night he received the Queen's letter and talked with her about converting to the Christian faith the people of the new lands Columbus might discover. As a result of this talk the good monk wrote to Columbus who with his young son was waiting at the monastery. Our Lord has heard his servant's prayers. My heart swims in a sea of comfort and my spirit leaps with joy. Start quickly for the Queen awaits you and I yet more than she. Commend me to the prayers of my brethren and of the little Diego. The grace of God be with you. The Queen received Columbus this time with sympathy and kindness. She is said to have pledged her jewels to raise money enough to fit out three ships for his great voyage. Columbus was to command one of these and the monk's friends were to be captains of the other two. But after making the little fleet ready they could not induce sailors to man the vessels for their ghastly voyage across the sea of outer darkness. Sailors were always superstitious. Even today they will not start out on Friday and many seafaring men will refuse to sail with a ship if the flag should happen to be raised union down. Our wrong side up no matter how quickly it may be set right. At last Columbus had to take convicts out of prison and condemn them to hard labor as sailors for the terrible trial trip. Some of these men were desperate criminals. The unknown western sea was far wider than Columbus had thought. This showed that the world must be much larger than he supposed. As they sailed on and on day after day and week after week across the untraveled sea the superstitious convict sailors were half dead with fear. They planned to murder the admiral as Columbus was now called and his two captains in order to turn the ship about and go back before they were engulfed in some great whirlpool of disaster. Columbus kept himself well guarded and coaxed and flattered the frightened creatures promising them all kinds of wealth and pledges if they would only keep on a day or two longer. He offered an extra prize to the man who first caught sight of land. On the night of the 11th of October 1492 one of the sailors saw a glimmering light to the west. On the morning of the 12th the admiral was an early riser. There lay a tropical island with gardens of the most beautiful trees I ever saw. He said afterward. The sea was as deep blue as that along the shores of his native Italy. He and his two captains went ashore with well armed men in boats from all three ships. The water was clear and the bottom was white with sand and shells while strange bright fish darted about as they paddled along. On the island where parrots and other birds of gay plumage flitting from tree to tree as if startled by the coming of the first white men into their world. Columbus did not need his armed soldiers. After looking a long while he saw naked red men peering at them from behind the strange tropical plants. After he made signs of friendship the natives were no longer afraid. Christopher Columbus was first to set foot on the newfound shore.  The happy company repeated prayers and sang a hymn of praise. The naked natives looked on with wonder to see the leader who was dressed in rich red velvet set up a red white and gold banner the combined flag of Ferdinand and Isabella and go through a long ceremony. They did not know that those white strangers were claiming the country in the name of a king and queen far across the sea. Columbus named this island one of the group now called Bahamas San Salvador or Holy Savior. He still thought he had reached the Far East. Admiral Columbus returned to Spain to report upon his reaching eastern India by sailing west. With him went ten of the red men he had found whom he called Indians. He made several voyages after that only once landing on the continent of South America. Some of his Spanish followers were jealous of their Italian admiral and Columbus died in a prison in Spain after all he had done for that country without even knowing that it was America not India that he had discovered. End of Chapter 16 Chapter 17 of Hero Tales from History This is the LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer please visit LibriVox.org Recording by Marcus Milazufle Hero Tales from History Magellan, the man of the Straits Among the lads in many lands who were thrilled by the stories of Columbus and his discoveries was 12-year-old Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese boy. Like thousands of youths all over Europe he then made up his mind to sail the seas and seek his fortune. Portugal, though a small country, was the home of many men of great energy and daring. A Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama had sailed around the Cape of Good Hope at the southern point of Africa and discovered that way to India and the Malacus or Spice Islands. On these voyages the Portuguese had landed, traded and taken possession of important parts of Africa. Others had followed in the wake of Columbus discovering and claiming vast regions in South America. So young Magellan formed a partnership with another adventurer and started out on voyages of discovery. For nearly 10 years he journeyed to and fro between his little homeland and various points in East Africa, India, the Malay Peninsula and the islands beyond. Frequently he had to fight battles with savage native tribes. In one battle he received a wound that made him lame for life. When Magellan came home he suggested to the king of Portugal that it would be a great thing for Portugal if a passage across or around America could be discovered which would shorten the distance, time and expense of going from Europe to the Spice Islands. He hoped the king would equip a fleet for such a voyage of discovery but the king refused and he set out for Spain to get help for his great undertaking. At this time he received a letter from a friend who had settled in the Spice Islands saying that he had discovered another new world larger than that found by Vasco da Gama. Magellan wrote to this friend that he would soon be visiting those islands himself if not by way of Portugal then by way of Spain. After a long wait the Spanish king consented to furnish five ships with 234 officers and sailors and to stock them with provisions to last through a two-year voyage. It was agreed also that Magellan and his partner should receive one twentieth of the profits of their undertaking and that they should be governors of the islands they discovered.  Crossing the Atlantic seemed an easy matter then 27 years after the first voyage of Columbus. The first land they reached was the mainland of South America. The natives along the northern coast were friendly and ready to exchange enough fish for ten men for a looking glass, a bushel of sweet potatoes for a bell and several fowls or even one of their own children for a butcher knife. Those people lived in huts and went almost naked except for aprons of parrot's feathers. There were many birds of bright plumage and plenty of monkeys in those regions. Some of the natives were cannibals cooking and eating the flesh of men they captured or killed in battle. The little Spanish fleet coasted along toward the south. The wide mouth of the La Plata deceived them so that they sailed in until they found that it was only a river. As they drew nearer to the south pole it grew intensely cold. The men on the ships begged Magellan to turn round and go home. Some of their number died of exposure and want and the rest were afraid they could not live through such a winter. Not only did they suffer from the bitter cold but their ships had been damaged by storms on the way down the coast. They stayed several weeks at a port in the country now called Patagonia without seeing a person. But one day an Indian giant strode in upon them. He was so tall that the white man's heads barely came up to his waist.  When they let him see himself in a big steel mirror he was so astonished that he jumped backward and knocked down four of the Spaniards standing around him. When he understood that it was himself he saw in the looking glass he was pleased and they made him a present of a small metal mirror. They found the Patagonians to be savages of a very low and brutal type who ate raw meat and even rats like beasts of prey.  Many of Magellan's men now turned against him planning to murder him and those who stood by him and then sail back to Spain. Though they were the larger number the energetic shipmaster beat them at their own game. He executed one ringleader and sailed away leaving another rebel on the shore where he was no doubt soon killed or eaten by the cannibals. As July and August are the coldest months near the South Pole the weather began to moderate in October which is a spring month. January and February are the hot season in that climate. On the 21st of October 1520 they saw an opening like onto a bay and after sailing through its winding ways they found their great joy that it let out at the other end into a vast expense of water. At last they had discovered the only natural passage from sea to sea through the American continents. Some of their ships had been lost and their provisions were eaten. Most of the men backed to turn back now that they could report that they had found a great ocean beyond South America. No one knows they said how wide this open sea is and we may all starve before we reach the Malakas. But Ferdinand Magellan would not turn back. He accused them of having faint hearts and said that even if they had to eat the leather on the ship's yards he would still go on and discover what he had promised the king of Spain. One dark night the commander of the largest ship deserted the others and went back to Spain with the greater part of their provisions. The other ships were 38 days winding their way through the straits to which the great leader's name was afterward given the Straits of Magellan. They saw so many fires in the land away to the south of them that they named it Terra del Fuego, Land of Fire. Brave Magellan's threat had to be carried out. All their provisions had either been eaten or were wholly unfit to eat. So all they had to live on for a long time was the leather on the ship's yards. They hung it over the sides of the ship to soak several days in the salt water as they sailed along. Then they cooked it over a coal fire. The wide sea they were now crossing was so free from storms that Magellan named it the Pacific Ocean. After three months of hunger and thirst, risking their lives and their devotion to leader and country, they discovered a group of islands now named the Marianne or Ladrone Islands. Here they enjoyed the luscious fruits and reveled in plenty of fresh water to drink. From the loans they sailed on and discovered the Philippines, where the natives were friendly and brought them coconuts, oranges, bananas, fowls, and palm wine, which they gladly exchanged for metal-looking glasses, rat caps, beads, and trinkets. Besides his wish to sail around the globe and take possession of new islands for Spain, Magellan's great desire was to make the savage people Christians. He had the happiness of seeing thousands of dusky islanders kneeling before the crosses he had set up. But in his zeal to show those heathen the power of the Christians God, he led the warriors of one island in a fight against some unconverted savages and lost his life. In three years, lacking twelve days from the time they started out, the ship Victoria returned to the Spanish port from which it had sailed after making the first voyage around the world. This vessel was loaded with spices from the Moluccos as Magellan had planned. A faithful lieutenant represented their deported leader at the court of King Charles of Spain, who rewarded the few survivors with high honors and liberal pensions. Chapter 18 of Hero Tales from History This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer please visit LibriVox.org. Recording by Marcus Milatzifle. Hero Tales from History by Smith Burnham. Cortez the Conqueror Among the millions of people who wondered at the strange stories of the new lands discovered by Columbus was Hernando, a seven year old son of a Spanish noble family named Cortez. His young mind was filled with longing for adventure. As soon as he was old enough, Hernando left home to seek his fortune on the island of Santo Domingo in the new world. The governor of this island was pleased with the manner, pluck and energy of Cortez and offered to sell him a large estate on easy terms. But the young Spaniard answered heartily, I did not come here to plow like a field laborer, I came to get gold. It was not long before young Cortez saw a chance for adventure. He went with a Spanish governor to settle the island of Cuba. He soon became a favorite with this governor also. The censurer returned from the part of the mainland now called Central America and Mexico with tales of the great wealth of the people called Aztecs and of the gold mines there. The governor of Cuba decided to send ships and men to conquer that country and offered the command to Cortez who worked like a hero to get ready for the campaign. He equipped 11 vessels with 600 men. 100 or more of these were sailors and workmen and the rest soldiers some of whom were armed with muskets and some with crossbows. There were 14 small cannon and 16 horses in the outfit. As Cortez was about to sail, the governor of Cuba changed his mind and sent an order to Havana giving the command of the expedition to another officer. But true young Cortez got wind of this in time and sailed away before the governor's messengers arrived. The soldiers and other men of the expedition agreed to stand by the brave leader and capture the new country for King Charles of Spain in their own name instead of the Cuban governors. This was exactly what that governor feared Cortez would try to do. When the Spaniards landed on the continent the natives were afraid. They had never seen a horse and they thought the men on horseback were monster human beings with four legs, half man and half horse. Yet they came bravely out of their hiding places to do battle with such frightful invaders.  They are gods shouted the natives in deadly fear. They have the thunder and lightning in their hands. It did not take long for Cortez to make terms with these natives some of whom became allies and interpreters for the Spaniards. After founding a city at the coast which he named Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz rich city of the true cross now called Vera Cruz Cortez prepared to conquer the empire of the Aztecs with 600 Spaniards and several thousand Mexican Indians. Montezuma, emperor of the Aztecs heard of his coming and tried to make him leave the country by sending rich presence from his capital in the mountains. But that did not stop Cortez in order to ensure victory the Spanish general committed a brave though desperate act. Choosing one ship from his fleet he manned it and sent a trusted officer back to Spain not Cuba with some of Montezuma's rich presence. With these Cortez sent other proofs of the wealth of the country which he was about to conquer to add to the empire of King Charles of Spain. Then after taking from the other ten ships everything the Spaniards could use in the new country Cortez ordered those vessels burned and sunk. Thus having burned their bridges behind them they had no way of escape but to go forward and fight for their fortunes their country and their very lives. In the large of 200 miles to Montezuma's capital the Spaniards beat the Tlescalans in battle and made friends with those Indians against the Aztec tyrant as the Indians called Emperor Montezuma. The Indians of the hot countries of America were not so savage as those who lived in the northern part of the continent but they had a terrible religious right from the Aztecs. They offered human lives to appease the sun god. Though the Aztecs were appeasable people otherwise they often went to war to take prisoners for these horrible sacrifices. Cortez broke into a temple at one place on the way and murdered the priests who were killing and offering human beings to the sun god. He set up a cross and invited the people to become Christians or be killed. And that way he gained many converts from among the frightened Indians. But with Hernando Cortez this kind of conversion was but a step toward gaining gold and power for himself and for the king of Spain. After many terrible battles in which he massacred the helpless natives by thousands he and his few scared white men with thousands of Indian allies reached the capital of Montezuma. Built of stone on an island in the midst of a beautiful lake this civilized city was connected with the mainland by six long stone bridges or causeways. The splendid capital with its palaces and temples of hewnstone had much of the beauty of Venice. The city measured 12 miles around. It was then hundreds of years old and proved that the ancient Aztecs knew how to build great stone houses and bridges. Montezuma came out to meet Cortez born on a golden throne on the shoulders of Aztec nobles and officials. He wore priceless feathers and his garments were embroidered gems. Even his shoes were gold. His courtiers carried carpets to lay down before him so that his sacred feet should not touch the ground. How the eyes of those greedy Spaniards glittered when they beheld such signs of the great wealth of Montezuma and his people. The white men were received with great honor. They were served in golden goblets with a strange drink which the Aztecs named chocolate. This delicious drink is now called chocolate or cocoa. Montezuma told the Spaniards that their coming had been foretold by the priests for hundreds of years ever since the visit of a pure white man, the son of the son who had come down from the skies. This sun god had told the Aztecs that he would come again with other sun gods and reign over the empire forever.  The people who had no reason to believe in the Spanish soldiers crowded around the sedan chair of their king crying out against him because he was placing himself in the wicked hands of the strangers. Montezuma had told them not to fear for their guests were honorable men and he was sure that all would be well with him. But he soon found that he was not a guest but a prisoner betrayed by a pretence of friendship. The Mexicans came again and attacked the palace which Cortez and his men had now turned into a fortress. During the months when the Spaniards held Montezuma as a prisoner, a fierce war was waged with the Mexicans. While Cortez and his army were in such desperate straits, word came that the governor of Cuba had sent ships and nearly a thousand men to bring the general and his followers back to be punished as desertists. Cortez and the picked band out of the capital one dark night marched hundreds of miles to the coast and surprised and defeated the army the governor had sent. Then he returned with all those armed men and many more cannon and horses to relieve the small garrison he had left to hold the many thousands of Aztecs at bay and capture the city of Mexico. The Aztecs were frightened when they saw that thousand soldiers Cortez now brought up against them for it looked as if the new troops had come down from the skies to the help of the Spaniards. When the battle was fiercest, the broken spirited emperor went out to plead with the natives to stop their fighting. This made them so angry that they hurled stones at him and he died of a broken heart.  After more fierce fighting Cortez completed the conquest of Mexico. Years afterward he returned to his old home in Spain where he was for a time treated as a great conqueror but he suffered in later years from remorse for his treachery and cruelty. When he grew old he was imprisoned through the influence of Spanish enemies. One day an old broken man with shaggy gray locks pushed through the crowd around King Charles of Spain now known as Emperor Charles the Fifth and the most powerful monarch in the world. When the emperor asked the old man who he was he replied with indignant pride, I am Cortez the man who has given you more provinces than your ancestors left you cities. Chapter 19 of Hero Tales from History This is the LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer please visit LibriVox.org Recording by Marcus Milatzufle Hero Tales from History by Smith Burnham A Gold Hunter in the Southern Swamps Hernando de Soto was the Spanish grandee or noble appointed governor of Cuba and the Florida about 25 years after Florida was discovered. It was Ponce de Leon who landed near the southern point of North America on Easter day 1513 and named that lovely country Florida Land of Flowers de Leon had heard a beautiful story that far in land in the heart of the wilderness there was a magic spring that would make young forever all who drank of its sparkling waters Though he searched long and eagerly Ponce de Leon discovered no fountain of eternal youth but he did find endless swamps full of snakes and the Soto, the new governor of Florida made up his mind that Ponce de Leon was a very foolish old man. He ought to have known that there are no such things nowadays as springs of eternal youth He, Hernando de Soto, was going to show his practical good sense by finding solid yellow gold for what good is youth without money to enjoy it with De Soto was already a very rich man for he had served under Pizarro the cruel conqueror of Peru and he had gone home to Spain one of the wealthiest of its grandees in those days of wonderful discoveries and marvelous fortunes Still Hernando de Soto was not satisfied He wanted to be like Pizarro or Cortez to conquer a great country and capture from its dusky people gold mines and vast wealth Therefore on a bright July day he left Cuba in charge of a high official and sailed away. He and his knights in armor stood on the decks of their nine ships large and small and waved farewells to the fair ladies who stood on the castle tower at Havana weeping bitterly fearing that they would never see their brave lords and knights again Governor de Soto and his fleet came to anchor in the harbor now known as Tampa Bay During the night they were aroused by harborable yelts and showers of arrows from the shore In the morning the Spaniards made a landing though the natives fought hard to keep them back They met a man who could be of great use to them He was a member of a party that after de Leon's discovery had gone to Florida to find gold but had been driven back This young man Juan Ortiz had been captured and kept by the Indians as a slave A member of de Soto's scouting party tells how they met this poor fellow It pleased God that the soldiers described at a distance some 20 Indians painted with a kind of red ointment that they put on when they go to war They wore many feathers and had their bows and arrows And when the Christians ran at them the Indians fled to a hill and one of them came forth into the path lifting up his voice and saying in Spanish For the love of God, slay not me for I am Christian like yourselves I was born in Seville and my name is Juan Ortiz The Spanish governor received Ortiz as if he were his own long lost son He made himself very useful because he knew both the Spanish and the Indian language and thus could help the Spaniards to talk to the natives The capital now started inland leading a brilliant company of knights and private soldiers all in bright armor Over the shining helmets were waving plumes and many a mailed first held aloft a rich and beautiful banner They were hundreds of horsemen and many more men marching on foot No more richly dressed men and horses ever started out on a crusade to regain possession of the holy city But the object of this Spanish quest was gold Spanish serving men drove along with this rich and gay possession 400 fat hogs De Soto had decided not to risk being starved to death as so many explorers had been and gamekeepers held in leash not falcons to catch and kill birds or beasts but bloodhounds for hunting Indians Instead of mountains of rocks from which gold could be mined De Soto's men found swamps The weather was sultry and moist Insects got inside their nightly armor and stung them to madness and venomous serpents coiled around their armored legs Indians shot poisoned arrows at them from the bushes They were so heavy that stout nights sank deep in the bogs They advanced very slowly They wallowed rather than marched and their days and nights were spent in wariness and torture The fame of the white men went on ahead of them As De Soto advanced he found the savages on the warpath ready to drive back the invaders As they marched they could hear savage threats in the distance One artist told the Spaniards that the Indians were shouting Keep on robbers and murderers In Apalachee you will get what you deserve No mercy will be shown to captives who will be hung on the highest trees along the trail After the Spaniards had marched through the lands of 5 different chiefs They found a great chieftain to make friends with the white men De Soto gladly accepted, but Juan Ortiz warned him to look out for treachery So the white men were secretly prepared and when the trader chief gave the signal to his men to attack the Spaniards raised their battle cry Santiago and thousands of the savages were killed by a few hundred Spaniards Hundreds of Indians took refuge in a lake There five good swimmers would lie side by side on the surface like logs forming a human raft on which the best archer would stand and shoot back at the white men The fight lasted all day and nearly all night Before morning all the Indians were killed or captured put in chains and divided among the Spaniards as slaves The Indians who at first thought the white men were gods were now sure they were devils The boasted village of Apalachee was only a few straw huts on a nal in the center of a great swamp And the savages who defended it with bows and arrows were no match for armed Spaniards The white men killed nearly all of them and the Spaniards went into winter quarters A beautiful Indian girl chief in that region came bringing pearls and gems to the Spanish chieftain But he demanded gold When she understood this she sent men to a far country for the yellow medal he desired so eagerly De Soto and his men now rejoiced They thought they had found the object of their long and painful search When the red messengers returned the stuff proved not to be gold It must have been copper or or fools gold During the second year of their long march the Spaniards were led southward to Mabila which is believed to have stood on the shore of Mobile Bay This was a huge fortress in the town the white men had yet seen Within an immense stockade or wall of tree trunks on end stood a number of houses each of which would hold hundreds of Indians Tuscaloosa, the Mobile Chief set a trap for the Spaniards The battle which took place here was the worst of all The Spaniards lost 70 men and 40 horses Then they set fire to the Indians houses and the savages perished in the flames De Soto's men were heartily sick of fighting They also despaired of finding gold in the southern swamps The governor heard here that they were plotting to desert him at Mabila and returned by boat to Havana So instead of waiting for a ship to come from Cuba they ordered them to march farther into the wilderness As the prospect of finding gold became more desperate De Soto seemed to grow more cruel Indians were beheaded for small offenses friendly scouts were tortured and sent back with insulting messages to their chiefs The farther west the Spaniards went the more bitterly the natives fought and the more successful they were in battle In one place the Indians burned nearly all the Spaniards hogs and feasted on roast pork for many days After terrible wanderings the few remaining Spaniards came to a wide stream at Chickasaw Bluff a few miles above the present city of Vicksburg Though it is often stated that De Soto discovered the Mississippi he was not the first Spaniard to see that wide and muddy stream The Great River meant nothing to him As he wandered up and down its banks he contracted malarial fever and died miserably Faithful friends placed the body in his heavy armor and wrapped that in blankets weighted with sand Then on a dark night they pedaled out into the middle of the stream and sank it in 100 feet of water where the Indians could not find it and weak their revenge upon De Soto's remains His followers attempted to go farther west but became discouraged and descended the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico End of Chapter 19 Chapter 20 of Hero Tales from History This is the LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org Recording by Wayne Cook Hero Tales from History by Smith Burnham Sir Francis Drake, England's first great sailor Among the little Francis Drake's earliest memories was his home in the hulk of an old ship near a navy yard in the south of England His father was a sort of chaplain to the fleets which kept coming and going there Francis heard the wild tales of seafaring men about pirates and Spaniards and sea fights and the wonderful wealth in distant lands Young Drake's soul was fired with a fervent longing for life and adventure on the high seas or the Spanish main, as the region along the northern coast of South America was called were wedges of gold and silver from Peru and pearls and precious stones were stored in treasure towns waiting to be shipped to Spain But Francis was the eldest of 12 children and his father was poor So the lad was bound out till he was 21 to work for a skipper or owner of a small trading vessel called a bark In his work there was plenty of lifting and lugging to do moving baskets and bales on and off of his master's boat He had to work long hours, often at night His food was scarce and coarse and his pay was very small indeed for his work was thought not worth much more than his learning the sailor trade Sometimes they sailed the bark across the Channel to France or Holland and brought back a cargo to England but that was as far as such a small craft could be trusted to go Francis often saw great ships riding high on their majestic way to foreign lands and he felt sure that those lucky sailors would have thrilling times with pirates and Spaniards and come home loaded down with gold and silver, spices, precious gems and thrilling stories Much as he yearned to go on a long voyage the faithful fellow stayed by his master, worked hard and learned all the ins and outs of sailing a ship, whether large or small Just before Francis was old enough to be his own man the good skipper died and as he had never married and had no near relatives he left his bark to his faithful apprentice Young Drake continued the business running from port to port and market to market for about a year when he saw a chance to sail on a longer voyage and engage in a larger enterprise He had a cousin, John Hawkins, who was captain of a vessel This cousin now had a little fleet of five ships and was about to engage in the slave trade As Francis had learned to manage a ship Captain Hawkins offered to put the smallest vessel in his fleet under his young cousin's command So Francis sold his bark and became captain of his cousin's ship, Judith Now at the age of 22 Francis Drake was embarking on the voyage of life with a prospect of great adventures as he had always dreamed of doing Slave trading was not considered wrong 400 years ago The ships would go to Africa and Dubai or carry off Negroes and take them to some foreign country to work in fields and wines There the blacks would be sold for gold, silver, pearls, and other things of great value Sometimes the owner of a fleet would make a fortune in a single adventure Of course there was a great risk to run Although England and Spain were not then at war The English and Spanish treated each other's enemies when they met on the high seas For this voyage Captain Hawkins got leave of Queen Elizabeth to load Negroes in Guinea and sell them in the West Indies As a sign that the 170 men on Hawkins fleet saw nothing wrong in stealing black men from their homes and selling them to be slaves Here is a motto which that captain had written to govern his soldiers and sailors Serve God daily, love one another, preserve your vittles, beware of fire, and keep good company Hawkins and Drake seemed to have had no trouble in seizing Negroes on the coast of Africa or in selling their human cargo in the Spanish ports of America But as these slavers were starting back to England they were caught in a storm and had to go into a harbor in Mexico for safety and to repair damages While they were there a Spanish fleet five times as large as theirs loaded with gold and pearls came in also for repairs The English agreed to leave the Spaniards without touching their ships if the Spaniards would let them alone But the Spanish captain did not keep his word and there was a fierce battle Hawkins and Drake did great damage to the Spanish fleet They reached England safely with two of their ships though they had lost nearly all the treasures they had received as pay for the slaves Captain Drake complained to the Queen of the way in which the Spaniards had deceived them but she was afraid to go to war with a country which had such a powerful Navy as Spain's was then So the bold English captain took matters into his own hands He made one voyage after another attacking Spanish settlements where gold and silver were stored boarding Spanish vessels killing the men or taking them prisoner and bringing their rich cargos to England Within a few years the Spaniards lived in terror of their lives when they heard that Francis Drake was near and the King of Spain appealed to Queen Elizabeth with the stop those attacks calling Drake the master thief of the western world On one of these expeditions Drake landed on the Ithsmus of Panama or Darien as it was then called Some of the natives showed him the way across to the South Sea or the Pacific Ocean as Magellan had named it and when they had ascended a mountain about halfway across Drake climbed a tall tree from which he gazed upon the broad unexplored ocean May God give me leave and life to sail that sea but once murmured Captain Drake to his companions But Queen Elizabeth had heard of the terror of the Spaniards and ordered him to stop lest he plunge her kingdom into a Spanish war before England was ready So for a while Francis Drake stayed at home and suffered because he was not allowed to fight with the Spaniards About five years after his first sight of the Pacific Captain Drake sailed away from England in command of a fleet of five vessels of which the flagship was the Golden Hind The object of the voyage was a secret This was about 60 years after Magellan the Portuguese master sailor had discovered and passed through the straits named for him It took five months for the fleet to reach the eastern coast of South America In due time they found and passed through the straits of Magellan But the ocean beyond was more terrific than Pacific for a fierce storm drove the Golden Hind even further south than Tierra del Fuego so that Drake was first to land at Cape Horn the southernmost point of South America At the place where the waters of the Atlantic met those of the Pacific Drake laid down and embraced the sharp point of rock and exclaimed I am the only man in the world who has ever been so far south All the ships in Drake's fleet, but the Golden Hind had either been sunk, broken, or scattered Now at last he had lead and life to sail that sea but once with one ship alone The undaunted hero sailed up the western coast of South America to capture treasures from the gold mines of Peru When he came near Valparaiso some Spaniards in a ship saw the Golden Hind approach Never dreaming that an English ship could be in that ocean they were astonished to see a gun presented through a porthole and to hear an English voice calling on them roughly to surrender So they stared and cursed under their breath while the master thief of the western world took charge of their ship with 60,000 gold pesos jewels, merchandise, and a stock of wine When the people of Valparaiso heard that the dreadful Drake was in their harbor they fled from the city The little English crew entered the town and stocked up with bread, bacon, and wine which they enjoyed to the full after many months of famishing In a day or two the Golden Hind sailed away northward toward Peru At another port they waylaid three unguarded barks and captured 57 bricks of silver, each weighing about 20 pounds When they came to the port of Lima there were 17 vessels anchored in the harbor Not daunted by numbers Drake sailed right into the harbor captured them all with his one ship and made their men prisoners while he plundered the whole Spanish fleet By this time the alarm had been spread along the coast that Drake was capturing everything in sight The ship of Peru with 2,000 men was waiting for him at Caille Drake's good luck seemed now to desert him In the presence of that waiting army the wind died down and the Golden Hind was becalmed, helpless, and unable to move a yard The Spanish governor grinned as he went out in boats from the shore with 400 soldiers to take back all the precious cargo Drake had lately captured But before the armed men reached the English ship a gale blew up and Drake sailed away laughing and waving farewells to his pursuers The cargo from the last ship they captured overloaded the Golden Hind with tons of gold, silver, and precious gems It was useless to overhaul any more galleons for they now had all their ship could carry Their only thought was to get their treasure home safe and sound Sailing across the Pacific they were 68 days without sighting land The Golden Hind began to show the strain of their long voyage So they set up a forge on an island in the South Pacific and spent weeks in making repairs so that the ship might complete her voyage around the world After they had sailed more than a month longer the ship ran on a ledge of rocks Saying that they could not get her off they threw six cannon overboard then the sugar and spices then great fortunes in silver At last they managed to work her off the ledge into deep water Still it was nearly a year before they reached the harbor of Plymouth, England The wildest dreams of the boy Francis Drake were now more than realized All England buzzed with his astounding exploits The city bells rang and there was a general holiday with feasting and dancing Queen Elizabeth came down from London and dined with the great captain on the Golden Hind Before she left the deck the captain knelt before her and she tapped him on the shoulder with his sword thus knighting him, Sir Francis Drake After this the greatest of the English knights of the high sea dealing out destruction to Spanish galleons and treasure stores He attacked cities and burned fleets reporting to the Queen that he had just singed the Spanish king's bid Drake was one of the four chiefs in command of the English ships that destroyed the Spanish armada No one did more than he to take the sea power away from Spain and give it to England and thus make it possible for the English to begin the settlement of our country End of Chapter 20 Chapter 21 of Hero Tales from History This is a LibriVox recording All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain For more information or to find out how you can volunteer please visit LibriVox.org Hero Tales from History by Smith Burnham Chapter 21 Sir Walter Rayleigh, the favorite of Good Queen Bess A gay company was waiting before the old palace at Greenwich beside the river Thames below the city of London on a summer afternoon in the days of Elizabeth They were watching for the Queen and her intimates to come down the broad steps in front of her palace There had been a shower and the trees, grass and bright flowers glistened in the shunt's shine Here comes Her Majesty It claims him, in the waiting throng as a woman in middle life descended the steps attended by the Earl Lycester and other nobles and knights whose names are well known to history The Queen was slender with her light-overn hair dressed up from her high pale brow Her chief mark, Beauty, was her small, delicate hand with long taper fingers of which she was rather vain She was richly dressed in a heavy silk broadcade and a collar of costly lace stood up from her shoulders behind her slender neck like an open fan The court, after receiving her gracious meet greetings followed the Queen a grand promenade through the park As Elizabeth soon came to a spot with a recent shower had left a shallow pool of water A Queen to writer describes this scene Her Majesty, meeting with a placid place made some scruples to go on When Raleigh, dressed in the gay and gentile habit of those times presently cast off and spread his new plush cloak on the ground whereon the Queen trod gently over regarding him afterwards with many suits for his so free and seasonable tender of so fair a footcloth Walter Raleigh was a handsome young man six feet tall with curly brown hair and beard had been a soldier in France and an officer in Ireland and had made several veroages of discovery with gallant half-brother Sir Humphrey Gilbert It was the fashion, indeed it seemed necessary then for Menacor to flatter the middle-aged maiden Queen who was foolish enough to believe that she was as lovely as they told her she was The Earl of Lycester once entertained her at Kenilworth Castle where he had all the clocks stopped on the moment of her arrival to show that no notice should be taken of the passing of time during her visit there So Queen Bess could hardly help feeling flattered when such a gallant and good-looking courtier as Raleigh bowed before her and laid his cloak as a velvet carpet for her to walk upon riches, lands, castles, and even happiness go by favour in royal circles Some time after this the Queen made her favourite a knight with the title Sir before his name One day the Queen saw Raleigh taking a diamond ring off his finger and scratching something on a windowpane Fame would I climb, yet fear I to fall Then she took from her own slim-hand diamond cut in the glass under what he had written this rhyme If the heart faulty, climb not at all Of course, each reigning favourite of the Queen became an object of envy to the rest of the court Lord Lycaster, who was now slated by Her Majesty from this new night did all he could to injure Raleigh The young Earl of Essex did his utmost later to turn the Queen against Sir Walter But for a long time Raleigh remained high in favour Raleigh was the first Englishman to attempt to plant a little colony in the New World By way of compliment to the maiden Queen he named the whole region which he was trying to settle, Virginia Returning from an early voyage he introduced into Ireland the potato first found in South America He also discovered the pineapple, so named because it was shaped like a pine cone and imported it to England Another thing Raleigh is said to have introduced into England was tobacco which the American Indians raised and drank, as they called smoking, in pipes of copper and clay Raleigh had a silver pipe made for his own use Monday he was smoking in his library A manservant came in with a pot of ale and thinking that the stir was on fire, yelled with fright as he poured the ale over him It is said that the Queen asked her Walter to smoke in her presence But when she tried to learn to use tobacco in that way she stopped because it made her ill Sir Walter Raleigh was in active command of a number of English ships in the fleet which defeated the invincible Armado Sent against England by King Philip II of Spain For her favourites part in that great adventure the Queen made him an admiral He was wounded in a naval battle near Cadiz, Spain When asked what had been done for him on account of his heroic services There Admiral Raleigh sadly replied What the generals have got I know laced For my own part I have got a lame leg and deformed I have not wanted good words in exceeding kind and regardful usage But a possession of not, but poverty and pain So one must have told the Queen of this speech For she called Raleigh back to the palace and appointed him once more her captain of the guard When Queen Elizabeth died, James Stewart, King of Scotland became King James' mind had been poisoned against Raleigh Whose enemies told the new King that Raleigh plotted to place James' cousin Irabella Stewart upon the throne of England So Sir Walter Raleigh was imprisoned in the Tower of London He was confined there for twelve years Though he proved that the things his enemies had said against him were untrue One wicked creature who had accused him confessed that his story about Raleigh was made up out of spite During the long years of his imprisonment Sir Walter wrote his history of the world and experimented in a rude chemical laboratory Which he had fixed up in his prison He also wrote beautiful poems and made many letters to his friends For some time Lady Raleigh was allowed to visit him with their son, Karu The older son, Walter, had been killed in an encounter while on a voyage with his father Seeking El Dorado, or the city of gold, supposed to lie hidden in northern South America At last word came from King James that if Raleigh would go and find those fabled gold mines for his benefit His high treason would be forgiven So the white-haired knight, lame from a wound he had received in loyal service of England Started out on another voyage of adventure to fight the Spaniard to the bitter end But Sir Walter was only hoping against hope for there was no such mine there And the expedition proved an utter failure Instead of escaping to another country, as he might well have done He went back and bravely told King James that the El Dorado story was only a Spanish lie So the disappointed king ordered Raleigh back to prison and a corrupt judge pronounced him guilty of high treason For that crime the Raleigh's beautiful home estate might legally become the property of the crown And Raleigh himself condemned to death Raleigh made the best even of this terrible experience He cheered his wife by telling her that he was ready and glad to go where she would come to Where they would be happy together always On his way to execution Raleigh noticed a man with a bald head and no hat Taking off his own cap he tossed it down to the old man with He need this my friend, more than I do On the scaffold he made a patriotic speech to the assembled crowd Then he asked to see the axe He smiled as he tried the edge of it with his thumb And remarked to the executioner who stood before him Dressed as he was the custom in black velvet tights With the black mask over his face This gives me no fear to shop and fill medicine to cure me of all my troubles End of chapter 21 Red by Elijah Fisher Chapter 22 of Hero Tales from History This is a LibriVox recording All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain For more information or to volunteer Please visit LibriVox.org Recording by Betty B. Hero Tales from History by Smith Burnham Henry Hudson, the man who put himself on the map Just as Magellan set out to discover a way through America From the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean So Henry Hudson determined to find a north-west passage From ocean to ocean The reason for wishing to cross in the north One ocean to the other was to save going round the horn As sailors call the long voyage around Cape Horn The southern point of South America We now know that there is no north-west passage At least if there is such a waterway It is so near the north pole that it is always frozen up But Henry Hudson, like all sailors in his time Thought that it would be a simple matter to sail through the open polar sea And pass from the Atlantic to the Pacific north of North America In 1607 this bold British navigator Undertook a voyage in the employ as he wrote in his journal Of certain worshipful merchants of London The object of this voyage was to explore the coast of Greenland And as he explained, were to discover a passage By the north pole to Japan and China His crew numbered only 12 persons Including one boy, his own son John After sailing about for five months Suffering great hardships, Hudson returned to London Without discovering that northern passage The next year he started out again This time sailing northeast along the coast of Norway And returned after four months without finding anything but hardships Hudson's third voyage was made in the employ Of the Dutch East India Company He sailed from Amsterdam Holland with a crew of 20 men And his young son on the half moon He started out a second time for a northeast passage But he found so many difficulties that he turned his prow westward again Determined to discover the way past North America About the 4th of July 1609 He came to the Grand Banks of Newfoundland Where he saw a fleet of Frenchmen fishing for cod After catching over 100 of these fish for themselves The crew of the half moon proceeded to the southwest As Hudson had heard from his friend Captain John Smith That there was an open way to the Pacific south of Virginia After wandering down the coast and back The half moon entered a broad bay And anchored beside an island which the natives called Manhattan Hudson took possession of this region In the name of his Dutch employers And named it New Netherland Here he traded with the Indians And sailed a little way up the beautiful river Which now bears his name Here one of his men wrote in the journal The land grew very high in mountainous Hudson and his crew were afraid of the Indians They captured two red men and tried to hold them as prisoners They thought that the other Indians would treat the white men well For fear that Hudson would kill these two prisoners They made their escape through a porthole And swam to the shore As the half moon got underway again The two Indians and their friends stood on the bank War whooping, brandishing tomahawks And calling for vengeance The half moon sailed on upstream And towards night came to anchor near what is now Catskill Landing There, as it is written in the journal of The Voyage We found very loving people and very old men Where we were well used And went to fish and caught great store of very good fish The next morning the fishing was not so good The savages having been there in their canoes all night In the two days following the ship went only Five miles farther up the river Hudson was kindly received by an old chief Who gave him the best cheer he could The natives came flocking on board the ship Bringing grapes, pumpkins, and beaver and otter skins Which they traded with the sailors For hatchets, knives, beads, and trinkets The ship's log states that they gave some of the savages Brandy to drink One of these men fell sound asleep To the astonishment of the others Who feared he had been poisoned They took to their canoes and paddled for shore After a long powwow a few of the Indians returned With a quantity of beads They wanted to pay the white men to lift the spell Which they had put upon the sleeping Indian The next day the intoxicated Indian was walking about Well and happy after his first taste of fire water This made his friends believe in the white men again And the journal goes on to say So at three o'clock in the afternoon they came aboard And brought tobacco and more beads And gave them to our master And made an oration And showed him all the country round about Then they sent one of their company on land Who presently returned Got a great platter full of venison Dressed by themselves And they caused him to eat with them Then they made him reverence and departed All saved the old men that lay aboard Hudson found that it would not be safe To take the ship beyond the sight Of the present city of Albany So the half-moon's prow was turned downstream On the way back the sailors were met By the two escaped prisoners With quite a company of savages More than a hundred braves surrounded the ship One climbed up the rudder And others swarmed over the sides The crew fired upon them with their muskets And with the cannon blew holes in their canoes The thunder and lightning from the guns Frightened the Indians so that they fled to the shore And took to the woods Hudson himself had had enough The half-moon lifted its anchor And sailed away from the river Whose name is Henry Hudson's most glorious monument Stopping in England on his way to Holland He was engaged by the London Company To make another voyage in their behalf The following year This time the ship he commanded was the discovery The course was past Iceland Around the southern part of Greenland Siding Desolation Island Which he charted as in the northern part Of Davis Strait Through the strait which now bears his name He entered the sea known for all time As Hudson Bay This crew was a bad set of men One young fellow whom Captain Hudson had picked up And befriended in London proved the worst of the gang They did not face their hardships and sufferings With real courage When starvation stared them in the face Every man looked out for himself They hoarded food and robbed And fought one another like wild beasts At last they turned against Hudson Saying that he had brought them there to starve The young man to whom Hudson had been kindest of all Bound his master The rest tied up the six men Who were most loyal to their chief And Hudson's son These eight men were put bound into the ship's boat Then the crew hoisted the sail of the discovery They towed the little boat for a time As if they were loathed to do the dastardly deed That they had planned But when they reached the open sea They cut the rope and the little boat Containing Henry Hudson and his son Was never again seen by white men The ungrateful young man met a fate he richly deserved In a fight with arctic savages he was killed And several of the rest were mortally wounded Still others died of want Before the few remaining deserters Were picked up starving by a passing vessel Their names are forgotten And they are only remembered at all Because of their wicked treachery But the map of North America is a fitting monument To the heroic but ill-fated adventure Henry Hudson End of Chapter 22 Chapter 23 Hero Tales from History This is a LibriVox recording All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain For more information or to volunteer Please visit LibriVox.org Recording by Rita Butros Hero Tales from History By Smith Burnham Chapter 23 La Salle and the Mouth of the Mississippi Little is known now of the early life Of Robert Cavallier de la Salle Until at twenty-five or a little less He came from Rouen, France to Montreal But of his life in America In those days when the land was still A howling wilderness There was much to tell He was born a century and a half After Columbus thought he had found The coast of China Yet this young Frenchman still believed That China was only a little farther west Than the land Columbus found For he had but a narrow idea Of the width of America The people who were living in Canada The new country along the river St. Lawrence Were French They traded with the Indians And trapped and skinned wild animals For their fur Those were the days of Indian scouts And wigwams And of war and scalp dances Many of the French lived like Indians They played Indian games Running, shooting, snowshoeing, lacrosse And they learned to hunt and ride And to travel stealthily Through the forests like real red men So the Indians liked the French people better Than they liked other white settlers The French called their scouts woodrunners These brave shrewd messengers Went out among the Indian tribes And learned their languages and customs Many of them ran from tribe to tribe Thousands of miles into the wilderness And came back to the French settlement With skins of the mink, beaver, otter And other animals They also had strange stories To tell of meadows Which they called prairies As level as a floor And hundreds of miles wide Where there were no trees except along the rivers Down through this thousand mile prairie region They said there were rivers Which flowed together into a wide stream Which the Indians called the Mississippi Father of waters, which kept on in a mighty flood To the unknown South country These stories fired the fervent soul Of Robert LaSalle He believed that mighty river should be used As a water highway to the South Sea As the Pacific Ocean was still called And that if they could sail down to its mouth They would find an outlet to China Which the Saint Lawrence gave toward Europe He was always talking about China And trying in every way he could To raise money for canoes and food And Indian guides To find the way to China Through the Western wilderness The French people laughed at his enthusiasm And called some land which he owned Beside the rapids above Montreal La Chine, French for China That suburb of Montreal is still called La Chine And the rapids are the La Chine Rapids Not having wealth enough of his own LaSalle went to France to ask the King To approve his plan And to provide money for the planting of the lilies Of France on the banks of the Mississippi LaSalle's practical way of planting French lilies Was to build and maintain forts at different points Through all that great Western country Already Fort Frontenac had been built Near the outlet of Lake Ontario And Father Marquette, a heroic French missionary Accompanied by a trader named Joliet Had found the Mississippi and explored That great river for hundreds of miles On his return to a French settlement Joliet wrote to Count Frontenac Governor of Canada, telling of the dangers Of his voyage I had escaped every peril of the Indians I had passed forty-two rapids And was at the point of debarking Full of joy at the success of so long And difficult an enterprise When my canoe capsized After all the danger seemed over I lost two men and my box of papers Within sight of the first French settlements Which I had left almost two years before Nothing remains to me but life And the ardent desire to employ it On any service which you may please to direct When Robert LaSalle had permission From the king and his treasurer And had borrowed money Of his rich relatives in France He returned to Canada and made up A party of brave French and Indian guides Scouts and interpreters Who were to fight if need be To plant the lilies and forts of France In the great western valley of the father of waters After they had paddled through Lake Ontario And carried their canoes past Niagara Falls And the rapids above the falls They built their sailboat, the Griffin On this ship they sailed through the lakes To the lower end of Lake Michigan They paddled their canoes down along the shore of that lake To the St. Joseph River Where they built Fort St. Joseph Canoing up this river Which flows into Lake Michigan They carried their barks across to a little stream Which led away from the lake Toward the greater rivers of the South Country And away they saw Indians of the Illinois tribes And smoked the calamet or peace pipe With most of these red men Some tribes were so savage and unfriendly That the white travelers were afraid to shoot game for food Or even to build a fire Lest a band of Indians on the warpath Should see it and come to kill and scalp them all But it seems to have been the fate Of the most discoverers to find their bitterest foes Among those who should be their friends One of LaCelle's own party was caught just in time To keep him from shooting their leader in the back Floating down a small stream The travelers came to the Illinois River On their way among friendly tribes They shot plenty of game Once they captured a huge bison or buffalo And left behind by the rest of the herd And feasted on buffalo meat for many days At last they came to a place Now called Lake Peoria Where the Illinois is several miles wide They decided that this would be a good place To build a fort Seeing smoke they guessed That it proceeded from the campfire Of an Illinois tribe Which was said to be hostile to the French Seeing wigwams in the distance LaCelle arranged the canoes in rows And pulled up to the Indian camp There was a stir in the Illinois village The Indian braves came out And received the white men as friends And there were feasts and games and dances In honor of their French guests The Indians said that LaCelle and his friends Might build a fort there Built without delay The fort was named Fort Breakheart For Robert LaCelle had been going through Some heart-rending experiences One of these was the loss of the lake boat The griffin with all the supplies and equipments When LaCelle explained to the Illinois tribe What he was seeking The chief gave him and his men A solemn warning of perilous falls And precipices of cannibal tribes And man-eating monsters He said that if they should get by those awful dangers The mouth of the river was an awful whirlpool Which would engulf them For no man who had ever gone down into the mouth Of the father of waters had returned alive These stories so frightened the men of the party Both red and white that they deserted their leader They preferred to endure the ills they had And risk their lives among savages known to be cruel Rather than fly to ills they knew not of So LaCelle had to go hundreds of miles back to Canada For more men, funds and supplies Before he could venture to make the rest of the trip After many months delay He started out again from Montreal There were now 54 in his party 23 Frenchmen, 18 braves 10 squaws to do the cooking And three papooses When they got back to Fort Breakheart LaCelle gave up building a ship As he had decided to make the voyage down the Mississippi In canoes There was plenty of game along the river And in its muddy waters They caught catfish six feet long And weighing about 200 pounds They saw wild beans along the banks With stalks as big as your arm Reminding one of the tale of Jack and the Beanstalk They had varied experiences With the different tribes of Indians Chickasaw, Arkansas, Natchez Along their course And found that the man-eating monsters Described by the Illinois chief were only alligators When at last they reached the mouth Of the father of waters There was no whirlpool to swallow them down But the river calmly divided into three mouths Each leading into a broad expanse of salt water Which they learned was not the Pacific Ocean But the Gulf of Mexico On a hill nearby LaCelle raised a wooden pillar On which he nailed the coat of arms Bearing the lilies of France And buried near it a leaden plate On which letters were engraved To tell future comers That the whole country drained by the Mississippi Belonged to France At last the patient worker And traveler had triumphed He went back to Paris And reported all he had done In the name of his beloved king and country Robert Cavalier de la Celle Had done a greater thing than he realized 120 years later Napoleon, emperor of the French Sold to the United States The territory of Louisiana Claimed by LaCelle Which is now half of the Great Republic This was an achievement Which meant more than the discovery Of an outlet to China Although a boat may be sailed Through long rivers and short canals From the mouth of the St. Lawrence To the mouth of the Mississippi This fact is hardly thought worthy Of mention in these days A far greater benefit to America And the whole world Was achieved by Robert LaCelle Because he enabled the French government To give to the United States Her broad empire of the West


Hello, I'm Javier Hernandez reporting from Washington. Naturalization ceremonies are a common occurrence in courtrooms across the country. But for one group of immigrants, their experience was anything but typical. In fact, it was historic. Arlington National Cemetery evokes a somberness among the headstones of so many American heroes. But on this day, for the first time in the cemetery's 140-year history, visitors are not here to say goodbye to the fallen, but rather welcome 70 new citizens. It is a wonderful day for each of you because today you will join the land of the free and the home, the land of the free and the home of the brave. Senior Judge Tim Ellis III is also an immigrant. Around 68 years ago in Bogota, Colombia, he typically presides over naturalization ceremonies at the federal courthouse in Alexandria, Virginia. Last year, more than 450,000 people became citizens in courtroom ceremonies across the country. But Ellis, who will retire soon, wanted to conduct a ceremony at a more meaningful location. It reminds all of us about those who are buried here and the sacrifices they made so that we can continue to enjoy being Americans and being free, and we need to be reminded of that. I'm very honored to be here to be a nationalist in this holographic United States. I expect maybe in the oath some courthouse would never expect to be this kind of labyrinth ceremony. And for the service members gaining citizenship, it means that much more. At this moment, it's overwhelming and you just want to make sure that you do the best that you can do and that you uphold the legacy that has been put before you. It's been nine years in the making, so it took me a while to get here. A lot of overseas appointments, filling out paper, losing it, but I'm finally here. Air Force Sergeant Brian Potvin is here to support his wife. It's awesome. It's amazing to see her fulfill this dream. She's wanted to be a citizen. She's lived here almost her whole life, and I'm very proud. This is one of the reasons why I serve and why a lot of other people serve. So I'm very proud, very proud to be wearing the uniform today. Many here today fled from dictatorships, persecution, or economic hardships. But with her documents in hand, all of that is in the past. These new Americans look forward to the freedoms and rights that many of us simply take for granted. It feels awesome. I want to vote, and I can't wait. I can't wait, simply can't wait. This was not the first citizenship ceremony at Arlington Cemetery. General Robert E. Lee lost his citizenship for his role in the Civil War. His citizenship was restored posthumously at Arlington in 1975. Reporting from Washington, I'm Javier Hernandez.


Good evening, everyone. Good afternoon. My name is Jastu Asloof, and I successfully completed my Google Summer Code project with Python Software Foundation. I worked on more and more in the Key Engine project. So I'm a third year undergraduate student. I'm an open source enthusiast. I've contributed to various organizations, such as Mozilla, PSF, KD. I like building web applications. I've worked on a lot of web applications, such as Jake Berry, DT Mart, Stalki. I've worked at a few startup companies, such as Zomato and Rotify. So let's get started. So has anyone heard of Moin Moin Wiki? How many of you have heard about Moin Moin Wiki? So do you know about Wiki? What a Wiki is? So Wiki is a place where you can collaborate, edit, and share information. Anyone can edit, add text information, and share it with the world. So the Wikipedia is powered by a Wiki engine, which is called Media Wiki, which is written in PHP. And similarly, we have a Moin Moin Wiki engine, which is written in Python. And it's being used by a lot of technical communities, such as Pythons Software Foundation users, Canonical users, and Debian users. And the advantage is that most people are not familiar with PHP, so if they want to make some changes, it's difficult for them, because PHP is a little different. And some people are familiar with Python, so they choose Moin for that. So my project was to build a user interface and design UX for the next Moin Moin version, which is called Moin 2, it's still in beta. So I started with the prototyping. I use Sketch application for building the prototype, because I'm a programmer, I'm not a designer, so Photoshop is complicated. Sketch is very easy to use, and you have UIKit, so if you're going to build, let's say if you're going to use Bootstab, you can download the Bootstab UIKit if you're working on iOS, so you can use UIKit in Sketch and you can very easily prototype it. So Moin Moin is powered by Flask. Flask is used for writing the server. In Python, it's a server in Python. And the way it works is, so let's talk about how the website works, like in 20 years ago, how it used to work and how different it is today. So earlier, a user would send a request whenever a person opens a website, he sends a request to the server, and the server listens to the request, the kind of request that it has received, and gives the appropriate response. So it is a one-way communication, a client to the server and server to the browser. So every time a person clicks anywhere, a person wants to navigate in the web application, the web page needs to reload every time. And so a lot has changed after the asynchronous server calls, that is the Ajax calls. Now we can have one HTML page, and then we can render different parts of the web page at different times, according to what the user wants. But quite recently, something different has happened, like people are now combining both the server side rendering and the client side rendering. So to get the best performance out of it. Quite recently, I think the Twitter experimented, Twitter engineering team experimented with this. They combined different techniques, such as server side rendering and the client side rendering, and they figured out that 50% of the content, the web page content rendered in client side and 50% from the server side mixes up, gives the best performance. So yeah. So in the server side rendering, the web page is created in the server side only. Every calculation, it just gives you the content rendered into the client's screen. So it is faster. In cases when you're using a very high speed, if you have a high speed internet connection, and if the server speed is high, and you don't have a lot of requests, so the server is able to perform a lot of calculation. So it gives you the response almost immediately. So the website works really fast in those cases. But in some cases, when the website is really large and you don't have a very good internet connection, in those cases, it will take a long time to load all the page into the client side, because the data will be a lot, and download speed will be low, so it will take a long amount of time. So what we do instead is we load the base page, a very light page first to the user, which is very lightweight, it just has a navigation bar and a few footer, and just a very light content to the user. And then as the user interacts with the website, what we do in the client side running is instead of sending you the HTML page, we send you a JavaScript. So the browser knows the JavaScript, so it actually can send requests, or whatever the logic is inside of the JavaScript, as the user interacts, it loads the appropriate data into the screen. So this is a piece of code which is very easy to implement, as you click on something, only then we are going to fetch some data using this API, and we will append the data as the user is interacting with the website. So now let's compare the performance between the server side and the client side. So the initial loading time will be obviously faster in the client side rendering. Server side will take a lot of time because the data is locked, and for slow internet connection to glow. Another thing is that the control, so some things are not even possible in server side sometimes. Because I want to build a bookmark, kind of a plug-in in the Moin-Moin-Vic engine, so that you can add certain vikis as a bookmark. And I took inspiration from the Google Chrome browser, which has bookmarks at the top of the, like, at the top. So the way it works is as you resize your web page, the links decreases, and as you change the dimensions, it adds up more of the content in the bookmarks. So there you actually need to know the screen size of the browser. There you need the information, specific information in the browser itself. So you can't just calculate everything in the server side and say, you don't even know the screen size of the user, so you can't actually do this. So the only way to do this is using the client side rendering, where you know the dimensions and the amount of data that you can actually add up in that space and then accordingly load all that data. Yeah, another thing is caching. So if the data is load, the browser do not actually cache, but the Chrome browser, for instance, if it's using the same API again and again with the same data, the browser is able to cache the responses that it receives from the request. And so if you're using the website again and again, the website will actually perform a lot better. And as I talked about bandwidth already, the bandwidth is because since the data is cached already, so the bandwidth required is much, much lower in case of this, in case of the client side rendering. And it also forces us, because in Flask it is much better. In Flask, there are two approaches. Actually, if you're doing the server side, you will just listen to the request and give out the HTML response to the user. So it doesn't enforce you to build the APIs. Whereas if you use the client side rendering, you require the APIs there. And building APIs is a neat way of doing things, because in the future, if you want to make a mobile application, or if you want to make something for another different hardware, so you can have the common API and the common backend, and it could work on different devices there. So it forces you to actually use the API and better. So yeah, that's the conclusion. So actually, we do a lot of experiments to see how it's performing in different internet connections, and different browser, and different operating systems, and different caching systems, whatever there is. And only after a lot of calculation, we see how the response is there, and how fast the website is being rendered. Because the 100% client side is not actually a good way of doing it, because then the search engine will not be able to see your website. So you also want SEO to be there. So the content in the client side rendering, the data is being rendered in the real time. The Google bots or the search bots will not be able to understand any of the text in your website. So you have to mix both of the contents in order to get the best of the both worlds. So with mixing the client side and the server side, you get the SEO, you get the best performance. You can also implement it to work like a mobile application as well. Single page, the web application will not reload every time you're navigating in an application. So right now, we have a lot of frameworks to use. We have also a lot of frameworks which actually enforces us to use such kind of the styles, such as React is the new one, which also enforces us to use the components boxes, which I think is a fantastic way of doing things from the UI perspective as well. So thank you. My Twitter handle is at yaskuntutri. And my email is yaskuntutri at gmail.com. And you can find me on ISC at yaskuntutri.gmail.com. Any questions? Thank you.