So, well, welcome to everyone. This is the second event of the Robert HNO Family Foundation lecture series on Chinese Buddhism of this year. You might remember that we had a launching event on Buddhist arts, Chinese Buddhist arts and material culture. And this particular lecture will be engaging with the broader team of the intellectual history of Chinese Buddhism. And of course, it is my pleasure to thank again the HNO Family Foundation for their support in developing this very exciting series of lectures. It's also a particularly great pleasure to be opening what promises to be a highly interesting talk by one of the leading figures in the field of Buddhist theology as a whole of Buddhist philosophy and of Chinese Buddhism. And I also take some pleasure and also some emotion in introducing what will be the last talk I share as the chair of the Center of Buddhist Studies, because as some of you know, I will be leaving to us at the end of this year. And since I am not myself an expert of Chinese Buddhism, as is very well known as well, and since I didn't have the privilege to read a lot of Professor Funayama's work because he has published extensively in Japanese, in the language I have yet to learn, I have asked a very dear friend of Funayama and very well-known experts of Buddhist studies and a very grand connoisseur of also Japanese scholarship who has been bleaching a lot between the both worlds of Japanese Buddhist studies and Buddhist studies in Europe and in America. So it's a great pleasure to invite Professor Jean-Althe Tseo, who is professor in the study of Buddhism at Laigana University, to present properly Funayama's work. Well, thank you very much for your kind introduction of me to introduce, Professor Funayama. I think part of what you said was slightly misleading. I'm also not a scholar of Chinese Buddhism and not claimed to be. But that's certainly not true of our guest. But to say that he is a scholar of Chinese Buddhism is also, in a sense, misleading because the implication is that that is what he does. But in fact, Professor Funayama is in some respects almost unique in that his background and his formation in the French sense is actually in both the study of Indian Buddhism and in the Buddhism of China. And he began his work. And if you look at his quite extensive publication record, both in English and in Japanese, what you will find is that he has contributed extensively. And so both broadly, I would say, but also very deeply to the study primarily of logic and epistemological traditions of later Indian Buddhism. At the same time, he is also a specialist indeed in Chinese Buddhism. And I wanted to, in the course of introducing him to talk just a little bit about why I think what he brings to the study of Chinese Buddhism is, well, it's a very overused word and usually used incorrectly. But I think in this case, one can say, what he brings is really unique. And the reason is as follows. That for a long time in the modern history of the study of Buddhism, scholars have appreciated sources in Chinese. And those people who are interested in the study of Buddhism from the Indian side primarily have looked at Chinese sources and tried to understand how they can be read and used really if one is honest about it as a kind of encoded Sanskrit. So these are Indian texts, which happen, unfortunately, to be written in Chinese. So that's one way of looking at it. On the other hand, scholars who are looking at Chinese Buddhism view, generally speaking, sources in Chinese as sort of universally available, whatever is there, and just kind of look at it. Because of profiling, I would think it's fair to say because of Professor Konayama's unique background and the kind of problematic he brings to the study, he looks at Chinese sources, that is to say, sources in Chinese, and tries to understand them with different lenses, not just a single lens. And one of the things that he has really stressed in, I would say, his scholarship over the last 10 or 15 years is that our adoption of a way of understanding Chinese sources as either authentic Indian sources or Chinese apocrypha or forgeries or questionable texts, this is really to fundamentally misunderstand their nature. And so in the course of his research, he has asked questions like, what does it mean to translate a text into Chinese? How does that process work, not in the sense of trying to know what did the person who the call of funds tell us took up the brush, what did he do, but rather conceptually what's going on in the process of transforming Indian material into Chinese? What happens when scripture summaries are produced? What happens when texts are produced that are inspirationally Indian but in some sense composed in China? And he used the example, if I remember right, of the production of a car, or was it a stereo or something like that. Anyway, the production of a car is easy enough example. You have a car which is put together in Ohio out of some Japanese parts, some parts which come from Southeast Asia, and it's put together and it gets the name of a Japanese carmaker on it. Is that a Japanese car? Is it an American car? What is it? I think what Professor Phanama suggests is this is the wrong question. So in that perspective, he is also looking at, and he will talk to us today, I think, about a very important text, which we will, a small part of which we will read together tomorrow, which is one of the foundational texts, in fact, for all of East Asian Buddhism. And I am not going to tread on his territory by talking about the content, but simply to say that all of us are really thrilled and delighted to have with us a truly interesting scholar. Welcome. OK, thank you very much. Really kind and thoughtful comments of Professor Silk. That's the closest it's going to get. First of all, I want to say thank you very much for all of you for coming to this lecture. And it is really my great honor to be here, actually, for the first time at SOAS. And I also thank the Robert Hall Foundation, which supports my visit. And of course, I want to say thank you very much for all kind arrangements done by Dr. Bonson Tunier. So I'd like to start my talk. This is related with one of my recent topics. And the main text I'm talking today is nothing to do with Indian Buddhism, actually, because it is called apocryphal text. But I would like to suggest some common characters between the Indian Buddhist sutras and Chinese apocryphal texts in the final part of my talk. So I want to start. Can I do this? Is this one? Yeah, OK, thank you. So the text I will take up today is called Fan Wang Jin in Chinese. This Chinese Buddhist scripture exerted enormous influence on the formation and evolution on the idea of bodhisattva precepts in East Asian Buddhism. Traditionally, it is regarded as an authentic text of Indian Buddhism, translated by the central Asian monk, Kumara Jiva, who was active at present day Xi'an, the old Chang'an, during the first decade of the fifth century. However, numerous modern studies have clarified already that it is not a pure translation by the Chinese Buddhist apocryphal. The term Chinese Buddhist apocryphal refers to those scriptures, or the genre of such scriptures, that while appearing in form to be purely Chinese translation of a scripture or sutra originating in India, were in fact composed in China. The today's text Fan Wang Jin was most probably composed during 450 and 480 CE. The main context of the text are bodhisattva precepts or bodhisattva's daily life in general in Mahayana. However, the precepts include the teachings such as do not kill any living beings, do not tell a lie, or do not eat meat, do not drink alcohol, which I don't like, all of which represent general aspects of Mahayana. The Fan Wang Jin also indicates or includes some quite unique rules too, one of which is do not eat five pungent vegetables. The five pungent means five kinds of vegetables which intensively with intensive order, such as garlic and green onion. Now let's think about the meaning and the possible translation of the title Fan Wang Jin. Maybe you feel very strange about my questions about the translation of Fan Wang Jin, but actually after I carefully studied the contents and tried the Japanese translation, I found that nobody had carefully thought about this problem. So as a matter of fact, this is a big problem. Previous studies use the translations such as Brahma's Net Sutra or Brahmajala Sutra. But I feel it inappropriate to use these translations. One of the reasons is the use of Sanskrit words. The typical case is Brahmajala Sutra. All three words are Sanskrit and not English. It is difficult to explain why this Sanskrit translation is convincing and why it is possible to use Sanskrit words for the title of Chinese Buddhist Apocrypha. Fan Wang Jin is not a translation of Sanskrit text. Therefore, the equivalent Sanskrit did not exist in India. Nevertheless, modern scholars like to use Sanskrit words for translation. It is very strange to me at least. In Chinese Buddhism are translations of Sanskrit word Brahma as created god in Hinduism. And then the Brahma is used in the masculine singular form in Sanskrit. However, to the contrary, the Fan Wang Jin itself uses the signograph, Chinese characters, Fan, always as plural, not in singular form, without exception in the text. Therefore, the meaning of Fan cannot be created god Brahma in the singular form in the case of this Sutra, this Fan Wang Jin. I understand that Fan means pure divinities who came to hear the Buddhist teaching of this text. Each holding and stick, a stick with banners, the top of which is ornamented with a special kind of net. By the way, I tried to explain by using illustration, but it was not easy to find the best pictures I want to use. But I just found this one. I imagine this type of stick with banners. And in some cases, Indian gods or Indian bodhisattvas holds this stick and banners like this. So I think this is the meaning of the title Fan Wang Jin. Thus, I like to propose a new translation of the title, scripture or pure divinity's netted banners. But let me stop talking about my argument here because of time constraints. This year in March, I have published an over 500-page monograph about the Fan Wang Jin. The book has seven chapters, and two chapters are directly related to today's talk. In chapter 2 in Orange, I made an edition of the text by using 22 versions of manuscripts, stone inscriptions, and later woodblock printed editions. And this is the breakdown of 22 sources I consulted to make a critical edition. Can I go back to the previous page? How can I go back? Which one? It's OK. The left one is the book. Ah, this one. Thank you. Another point I personally think significant is chapter 5. This one. It is the world's first study of an old important manuscript of the Fan Wang Jin copied in 757 CE. Currently preserved in Kyoto National Museum Japan, registered as important cultural property of Japan. Chapter 5 is a diplomatic edition of the whole manuscript, including marginal notes. I'm sorry, I can't show you the picture itself because I don't have any permission of the museum. But this is the one I tried, I published in chapter 7. So this is the main part. And sometimes these words are amended by using marginal space. And there are some comments on the top sometimes.  But in the case of the novel publication, I can't use two colors. So I distinguished the difference of colors by using brackets. This means red, written by red ink. Next, I will explain the basic contents of the text. Fan Wang Jin is made of two fascicles, or in Chinese language, it is called scrolls or chuang. Fascicle 1 is spent for the detailed explanation of Bodhisattva's religious practice, especially on the 40 stages of Bodhisattva practice. And Fascicle 2 is renowned for its unique theory of the 10 major and the 48 minor offenses or transgressions. Bodhisattva should not do. The term major offenses signifies the 10 most serious offenses for the Bodhisattvas, such as intentionally killing other beings. If a Bodhisattva commits a major offense in an intentional way for many times, then he or she is not a Bodhisattva any longer. As a result, the possibility of enlightenment and salvation is extinguished. Thus, the Fan Wang Jin is fundamental to understanding the history of Mahayana practice in Sino-sphere. Furthermore, the text has philological significance, too, too many variants. That's my point. I want to talk about this one. We normally rely on the Taishou Canon, a modern Canon, as the basis for the study of Buddhist texts. The Taishou edition of the Fan Wang Jin is a version of the text copied from the second Korean edition, which was made in the first half of the 13th century, along with a collation of five woodblock printed editions dating from the 12th century or later. On the other hand, excellent versions of Fan Wang Jin dating to earlier periods include early Dongwan manuscripts, one stone steely version or stone version from the 8th century, and two Japanese manuscripts, one dated 757, as I said, and the other in 9th century. They reveal intriguing details concerning the formation and reformation of this scripture. Generally speaking, the use of manuscripts of the Fan Wang Jin offers two important contributions to philological research, I think. First, a careful comparison of early manuscripts and woodblock print editions reveals that the Fan Wang Jin was reformed again and again over the centuries. Manuscripts before the 10th century offer particularly valuable data about the texts' earlier form, as it existed prior to the woodblock printed editions of the Buddhist canon, which started with Kaibao canon at the end of the 10th century. Second, a large number of variants in the Fan Wang Jin are worthy of attention. The second fascicle of the Fan Wang Jin in the Seven Pages Long in Taishou edition has more than 300 locations for which variant readings exist, more than 300 variants. This is a quite large number when compared with other texts. For example, the second one, Gunabhadra's translation of the three and other sutras is of nearly the same length, seven pages in Taishou. But it has only 79 locations of variant readings. Actually, 79 means very many. Similarly, the first seven pages of Xuanzang's famous translation of the Great Sutra of Wisdom, Mahaprajna Paramita, have only 24 locations of variant readings in the first seven pages. So, compared with these cases, the existence of more than 300 locations of variant readings of the Fan Wang Jin in Taishou edition deserves special attention. Moreover, by incorporating variants from nine manuscripts, two stone carvings, and 11 woodblock print editions, I have found that the number of variants becomes much higher than the given in the Taishou canon. The number of variants in my book is over 660. So, just compare the number of 660 with Xuanzang's translation of Great Sutra of Wisdom, which has only 24 variants. So, I'm tempted to think about, ask my very naive question, what is the difference of these? Maybe in the case of the Great Sutra of Wisdom, it is a repetition of the stereotyped expression over throughout the 600 fascicles. So, actually, it is not very interesting to read through. And I've heard that the latest guy who read through the 600 juan of the Great Sutra of Wisdom is not human, but scanner. I think this is true. But in the case of the Fan Wenjin, it has over 660 variants. And I think that it is because of, it shows the curiosity of readers and they could understand the contents. Therefore, and it is directly related with their actual life as Bodhisattva practice. Therefore, they can compare the contents of the text with what they are doing in reality. So, if there is any difference, readers are tempted to change some wording. Therefore, such a big number of variant readings took place. This is my personal speculation. Please see the next slide. I want to speak about the implication of Fan Wenjin's too many variant readings. I pay special attention to the two points. First, the Fan Wenjin of the Taishou edition does not show the form before the production of the woodblock editions. Still more, the earlier text in the form of manuscript to say nothing of the original form. Taishou edition only, they are based on the woodblock print editions, which is probably more than 700 years after the original sutra. And second, the number of variant readings in the Fan Wenjin is too many to an unprecedented level. When compared with normal Chinese Buddhist translations. Here, a lot of people, including me, may have questions. For example, how was the Fan Wenjin prior to the woodblock print age? Can we get access to the original form, which was composed in the fifth century? And why were such copious amounts of variants made in late, later periods? Actually, I want to ask these questions to me, or I want to ask someone else who knows, but it is not easy to make a reply to these questions. So in order to give possible answers to these questions, I think it is significant to divide a long history of the Fan Wenjin roughly into two periods. In the first period, number one, the earliest form of the text we can attest through 22 versions prevailed in China. Actually, it is the period around 500 to 700 CE. As I said above, the original text was composed around 450 to 80, I'm sorry. Therefore, the first period 500 to 700 cannot directly relate it with the original period of the text. Nevertheless, this is the earliest period we can trace and identify by using philological sources. In fact, it is impossible to confirm the original form by any of extant versions, simply because we don't have a manuscript in the fifth century. However, at the same time, we can philologically ascertain the earliest if not original form of the Fan Wenjin on the basis of plural sources. They are old manuscripts and the oldest commentary. There are three manuscripts, actually. One is Dunhuang manuscript, B.D. in 1972, currently kept in Beijing, China. The Chinese catalog suggests the dating seventh or eighth century. The second manuscript is a catalog. The second manuscript is a Chinese manuscript, formally kept by Nakamura Fusetsu, Japanese calligrapher, currently kept in calligraphy museum Tokyo. Fortunately, beautiful color pictures of the manuscript are published. The third manuscript is dated 757 CE in the color form, currently preserved in Tokyo National Museum, Kyoto National Museum, as I said before. In addition to these three manuscripts, we can also consult the oldest commentary entitled Commentary on the Bodhisattva Precepts, composed by Chi. This is not worthy that this commentary is based on remarkably old wording sometimes of the Fan Wenjin. Therefore, by using these plural sources, we can make a critical addition of the earliest form, if not the original, the earliest form of the text to ascertain the textual form in the first period. The second period, this one, number two in blue color, signifies the start of revisions or commendation. In other words, foundation of later editions. This period started around 700 CE. With regard to this period, too, we have two kinds of historical sources to ascertain the initiation of revision. One is what is called stone sutra or stone carving produced at Fan Shan near Beijing in the early 8th century. Another one is a manuscript available online. It is a Japanese manuscript in the 9th century, formally kept in Horyuji Monastery in Ara, and currently preserved in Tokyo National Museum as important cultural property. The other source is Fa Zhang's commentary, composed nearly at the same time at the turn of the 8th century. The variant readings commonly tested in the three texts and Fa Zhang's commentary unanimously indicate that the change of the text started around the beginning of the 8th century. There are examples of three significant manuscripts in the first period. This is the Du Wan manuscript and Nakamura Fusetsu collection. This is the one preserved in Kyoto National Museum. Actually, this is used by using two colors. This is okay because this is open. The first part is open online. Next one. These are examples of the two important sources in the second period. One is Fan Shan stone sutra carved in stone around the beginning of the 8th century, and another one is Horyuji manuscript in the 9th century. The classification of the two periods are summarized in this way. First, we can assume the original form composed by the original author, or authors around 450 to 480. But we cannot attest this form by using any kind of manuscript. And from the theological sources, we can divide the period into two succeeding periods. The one is the earliest form. This is from 500 to 70. And the revision started, or foundation of later edition started, around 700 CE. So this means that there is a border either before or after 700 CE. And that is exactly the time when this stone version was carved. And Fan Shan's commentary also was made composed exactly at the same time. So what are characteristics of textual emanation in the second period? That is my next question. First of all, I must emphasize the fundamental feature of the text in the first period. Usually, we assume that the original form of the text shows the best form, and by lapse of time, later transmissions expose a variety of deterioration of the text. So the quality is getting lower and lower and lower. In contrast to this usual assumption, the earliest form of the Fan Wan Jin certainly gives evidence of rather low quality of wording, both grammatically and stylistically. So it's very hard to read. And it's a very strange text. In short, the earliest text around 500 to 700 CE is full of ambiguous and inconsistent words. I will give some typical example of this feature on the next slide, but before that, I want to claim that the problem of quality in the first period caused the necessity of revision in the second period. Because of the bad character of the earlier form, people at later period had to change or improve the wording. And under the condition that the earliest form has ambiguity and inconsistency, the readers are quietly requested to react to the problem of the first period. The reaction has actually two options. One is to leave the text, all the text as it is, without any change. This type. In this case, and inconsistency of all the text are not resolved. In fact, there are lots of such passages in the text of the second period, too. The other option is to revise the text or change the wording. This bold reaction realizes clear and consistent wording. However, at the same time, revision of the sacred text has something to do with the criticism or refutation of Buddha's words. So pious believers are very careful about changing words. Two kinds of amendmentation is possible, as I wrote shown here. One is amendmentation concerning the meaning and thought. However, this type of amendmentation is a small minority in the case of the Fan Wenjin. The other type of amendmentation is stylistic improvement of wording without changing the meaning of the sentence. The great majority of amendmentation belongs to the second type, this second type in the case of the Fan Wenjin. More importantly, a large majority of those variants suggest not scribble errors, but a clear intention to improve ambiguous or inconsistent wording in the original text of the Fan Wenjin. Indeed, some kind of amendmentation should be caused by scribes' carelessness or the lack of concentration. But the number of such miscopying is very few in the case of Fan Wenjin. So here are three examples of the first case of amendmentation. This means this one, amendmentation concerning religious meaning, which is very few. The earliest form has the expression Buddha's great presets like here. Great is colored, blue. And it was amended to Buddha's precepts of great vehicle or Mahayana by adding the synograph, shen, vehicle to express the attitude of Mahayana fundamentalism in my conjecture. The second example shows a slight change of meaning from practicing or acting as bodhisattva to practicing bodhisattva path by adding synograph dao or path. The third example is concerned with the similarity of character form between Zhu, master, this word, and shen, living. As I said, only a small minority of amendmentation belong to this type. However, the next slide shows three other examples of the second type. Stylistic amendmentation without changing meanings. The first example is an attempt to resolve grammatical ambiguity of the first phrase. I mean the first phrase means here. So the earliest form just said any sick person, respect, just as the Buddha. So the meaning, each word is clear but it is very unclear from the meaning. So later edition adds these three Chinese characters. Adding seeing, that means that when you see any sick person then you always should respect them just as you respect the Buddha. So by adding three characters the syntax and grammar becomes very clear. And the second example aims at consistent phraseology before commit a right and impure offense. So there is no change around here but the former part improved by using rule and jer which means that if you do not on purpose then jer means that end of conditional clause then you commit a right and impure offense. So by using four character expression which is quite common in Chinese Buddhist translation it is rewritten in this way and it is a clarification of the syntax of if and when. The third example is interesting at least to me. On the basis of Buddha nature thought which is very deeply concerned with the essential part of the Phan Wan Jin this text evidently assumes the existence of the potentiality for any animals to become a Buddha in the future. So even a cat can be a Buddha later. And hence the text says in a context like this in one context you are an animal arouse the mind of Bodhisattva and then it was changed into a you are an animal arouse the mind of enlightenment or arouse the mind for enlightenment. This phrase is common in Buddhist texts. The problem of commendation in the second period is deeply related with the Chinese attitude to sacred text I think. Phan Wan Jin has more than 660 variants in 22 versions. This is an extraordinary number I think. Question is why such a huge number of corrections were necessary for this text? As I said above this is based on the nature of the earliest form of the text as being of rather low quality of expression in terms of ambiguity and inconsistency. This is indeed true but what was the intention of those who dared to change the wording of sacred text? Did they attack the Shakyamuni Buddha or not? In order to answer this I want to draw your attention to the Northern Song commentator whose name is Yuxian this person, Yuxian who died in 1163. A careful reading of his commentary on Tien Tai Chi's classical work Commentary on the Bodhisattva Precepts reveal that Yuxian held two interesting views for the critical selection of variant readings. I mean that his commentary called such in Chinese is a kind of sub-commentary on Chi's commentary so commentary on commentary. As for the reasons for adoption adopting a certain reading Yuxian certainly gives priority to the founder of this school Chi. For example, Yuxian says this is our great master's reading therefore we have to take that so this is conservatist idea I think and when he agrees on the reading of someone else which is not Chi's reading he says it is also fine or it also makes sense although it differs from great master's reading. So this is a logical choice I think. More interesting are the reasons for the rejection of a variant I think. Number here reasons for rejection of other variants. So Yuxian says errors and omissions wrong omissions can happen at any time. This is really modern scientific idea don't you think so? He also says later scribes easily fail to make a correct copy like me I always miss copy and this is a scribal error this is also one of typical examples of Yuxian. And these expressions suggest Yuxian's view on the nature of manuscripts namely, manuscripts are far from perfect and they are not free from scribal errors. So let me summarize Yuxian's idea in his commentary. He claims the necessity of improvement of the Fan Wan Jin and he tried to justify his choice and his idea is just like this. First, Yuxian takes the Fan Wan Jin not as an apocryphon but as a Kumara Jiva's authentic translation this is the idea opposite to modern view we call Fan Wan Jin as apocryphal work and consequently to Yuxian the Fan Wan Jin is the Buddha Shakyamuni's true words it is nothing to do with apocryphal character and second Yuxian considers that no manuscript is free from scribal errors third, Yuxian attempts to improve the transmitted Fan Wan Jin in China and consequently restore the original state of the Buddha's words as correctly translated by Kumara Jiva Yuxian's intention is not to deny the Buddha's wording itself but to correct the garbled Chinese text after Kumara Jiva's death and fourth Yuxian does not take into account the possibility of Chinese scribal emanation in a time between Kumara Jiva and himself so he just gives the negative evaluation to scribal function my explanation is tentatively based on Yuxian's commentary only therefore it is still a matter of speculation however I hope that this case this case study will lead to our better understanding sometime in the future so among the four points the fourth especially thought provoking to me exactly the same view is found in the latest theological work of professor Dr. Ernst Steinköner Vienna in his edition of the 8th century Sanskrit commentary on epistemological work of Indian Buddhism he wrote in this way and in my words Steinköner states the following two points these two points number one only the author's work is important in the case of Mahayana treatises and number two scribal changes are all wrong and valueless in the history of thought for example, Nagarjuna's work is important but the scribes copying wrong errors of Nagarjuna's work is meaningless in my view Steinköner has in common with Yuxian with regard to their negative evaluation of scribal improvement after the author however I suppose that there is still some room for reevaluation or reconsideration of scribes' activity or scribes' role Steinköner's view is quite understandable and correct I think because he deals with a philosophical work as a single author however on the other hand how about the case of Mahayana sutras and other orthodox sutras in India we know that wisdom sutra Prajnaparamita sutra in India has a history of often repeated rewriting and reediting again and again and the same is true for the history of other Indian Mahayana sutras Lotus Sutra, Sattarma Pundarika which has various Chinese translations and Sanskrit versions therefore I don't think that Steinköner's attitude is attitude to single authored theological work is applicable to Sanskrit Mahayana sutras too if we totally deny the evaluation of later revision or reedition we cannot explain a long history of Mahayana sutras over centuries furthermore exactly the same viewpoint is indispensable when we trace a history of Phanwanjin and its later reformation so needless to say there is a fundamental difference between Indian Mahayana sutras and Chinese Buddhist apocrypha the former is made in India and the latter in China therefore the language used language is also different and the actual way of revision and reedition has also difference Indic Mahayana sutras often realized reformation in the form of either enlargement or deduction sometimes new chapters were added for enlargement of the text however such a kind of revision is not found in the case of Phanwanjin immigration is realized by changing some Chinese characters on the minimal level and not addition or deduction of sections is discernible no deduction and delusion is discernible in spite of such fundamental difference we are able to find some characteristic characters between them firstly both Indic Mahayana sutras and Chinese Buddhist apocrypha has anonymous works anonymous works and those anonymous authors were active after the Buddha Shakyamuni Buddha and secondly both have a kind a long history of reformation and reformation of the earlier text the most noticeable affinity is the fact that later changes of words were made not by mistakes or errors but with a clear intention for revision of the text in this sense it is decisively important to give the changes of early the positive evaluation in the case of Mahayana sutras and Chinese Buddhist apocrypha so finally I'd like to speak about the methodological remarks on the condition editorial work of course I intend how to edit a text like the Phan Wan Jin which has a large amount of variance and evolves even after the formation of the original form in the case of the critical edition of the earliest form of the Phan Wan Jin it is possible enough to make a critical edition based on critical apparatus in a normal way for example the slide on the screen like this slide on the screen is a critical edition of the earliest form and the critical apparatus on the second major offense in my monograph here I just followed a normal traditional way and presentation in Indian Buddhist philology the method here has no contradictions with Stinecomner's methodology because I am I aim to present the earliest form of the text by using the 22 versions therefore the style of critical apparatus is also fit for the normal methodology I admit that the editorial work goes well in so far as I present the earliest form as critical edition however at the same time I see a serious problem of this type of critical apparatus regarding the later evolution it is almost impossible to understand what kind of revision was made in later periods if we when we see this list of change so this is effective to confirm the earliest form but this is not really good to explain later development or later changes in my conjecture in order to solve this problem I decided to add a selected list of later editions of my monograph like this I chose I first I presented the earliest form as a critical edition and this is the basis of my critical decision and after that I introduced six kinds of the other important resensions in a chronological sequence and one manuscript in 757 this one and the next one is the one stone sutra at the beginning of the 8th century and the next one is one manuscript in the 9th century and actually these three sources are much prior before than the before the the wood proclinth editions and this actually suggest the first original form and this shows the start of revision and this also reflects the start of revision and then later I presented the first edition of Korean tripitaka and then the most famous one for us the second version second edition of Korean tripitaka so in this way I presented I made a list of six major versions as diplomatic editions not a critical edition, diplomatic edition only difference is that I try to add punctuation in order to make it clear so I think this is the one I try to present in my new monograph this is in a sense just a mixture of the critical edition in the western style and the diplomatic edition in the East Asian traditional style but at least I thought that only this critical from this critical apparatus it is extremely difficult or actually almost impossible to understand the later changes therefore I wanted to add these later versions by choosing not showing all of them but choosing only six important ones and in order to make it clear I also add underline like this for easy comparison between this and this and this so I don't know whether my new work and new idea goes good or anybody else will follow me I don't know but I would like to present as one style or one challenge to proceed just one step further to the next age so any critical remarks is welcome thank you very much for this amazing lecture and we clearly see that it represents a considerable work and thoughtful thinking about how to represent the kind of life and plurality of the most central text it shows also very much the connection between the kind of diversity and use that has been used and read and reinterpreted as a result and not unlike the larger Prajna Paramita which maybe was never read in full and it was extremely interesting question on the kind of methodological level as how to deal with multiple texts with living texts I'm sure there will be a lot of questions there was a lot of chattering on the front row so I'm sure they are getting ready to articulate their questions maybe to open up the discussion I was wondering whether so you about this issue of Urtext you contrasted the contrast you established between Shastras and Mariana Sutras grouping very much the Chinese apocryphal apocrypha Mariana Sutras was between the Shastras being author text and the Sutras being an author less in a way and more fluid and this is of course, for example, this junction that was done earlier by Professor Ruegg for example and Steichenler as a point that is representing this so I was wondering in this particular case actually one of Steichenler's other student cruiser actually even started relativising the very notion of an Urtext in the question of Shastras for particular cases like the Tarkachvala where texts emerged Shastras attached to a particular name emerged out of the notes of students and were edited later but in the particular case of the Fan Wang Jing to zoom back into the kind of Sutras genre I was wondering because you seem to take the earlier version as a bit in a way hesitant and ambiguous and this in itself seems to be representing not so an early situation but I was wondering whether you would qualify this as really the Ur version or a frozen written version of something very lively that is still going on and for which we have only very rare witnesses and if you could develop a little bit on how what you understand as the kind of early state of formation of the Fan Wang Jing so I try to clearly distinguish the two cases the earliest form and the later form but the question is that what about the original form and that is a very important question but as far as I check as far as I carefully try to carefully check the possibility of the earliest form it is very difficult to assume the Ur text in a very clear and non ambiguous text in that case suppose the original text is very clear then we don't explain why such a strange unclear text was produced later and then came back to the original one in later period and as far as I check earliest manuscript and by using especially by using three manuscripts and the oldest manuscript commentary by Tien Tai Chi then all of them suggest this form so there is no old source which suggest the other possibilities yeah at least philologically maybe this is a limit by present situation and someone else may find the new text which is very old and very close to the later text but I think it is not very it is not very likely and of course I would like to assume that the original form is very close to this one yet I have to admit the difference between the old text which is Uo text which I can't hear and the second oldest one which I called earliest excellent text the reason is that in some commentaries especially in the Tien Tai Chi is oldest commentary there is a quotation of Sutras the Fan Wan Jin passages not appear in any of text and Tien Tai Chi's commentary is the oldest one therefore I would like to assume that Uo text has a little different version different phraseology and expressions which disappears for some reason and we cannot place we cannot put in the correct place so it's just at least of the unidentified old passage therefore that is there the evidence for assuming the slight difference between Uo text and the earliest version I don't like to say that this earliest version is the original text that's what I don't mean thank you and also maybe the question is goes to the formation of Vinaya too because Fan Wan Jin is the Mahayana type of Vinaya according to Chinese understanding of course this is not a Vinaya but a kind of monastic rule and lay rule which has equivalence equivalent in the form of Vinaya in the public text but I don't have any special idea about that thank you first of all thank you very much I really enjoyed it and there are many things that you might already be inspiring I'm sure you wouldn't have but I maybe I should say something also in defense of the larger Paraniparamita no and the thing is that I don't think that the reason why there are so few variants is really due to the text itself because all of Xuanzang translation has very few variants so I just had a quick look at the for instance the Mahayana also there are very few variants and in other texts and I think the reason is that at the time the transition between translation and transmission was very smooth and very quick in fact so we there are these very interesting manuscripts produced in Chang'an studied by Fuji and Akira and they show that the texts were copied by scriptoria which also were left in part with translation teams so basically the quality of the transmitted text was fairly high from the beginning and so generally I think there was less room for samples that we find like in the case of earlier texts so that's how I felt I had to to say something but I had a question about because I find very very intriguing and suggestive the fact that the earliest texts that you can reconstruct be that the original one but the earliest one in it linguistically is very old as a Chinese text and so since we seem to know I mean we know that this is an apocryphal text the oddity and this middle wooden syntactic quality which you completely show is the regular library it does remind me of early translation so I wonder if that's not the this kind of syntax or syntax it might not be a way to attempt to reproduce the language of translation in a way you know these people knew how to fabricate texts I mean she seemed to do it in another case of a text which is clearly apocryphal and it's quite carefully crafted as a translation in the use even of syntactical construction so I just I don't know that's something that came to my mind I don't know whether it makes sense to you I feel I have the impression that the original author of the Fan Wan Jin has a very strong consciousness about the translation style and they want to follow and they want to make it appear as if it was translated and sometimes the very odd sequence of words which is not easy to understand is they thought it is a common character of Chinese Buddhist translation but another point I would like to add is that this is not known so far this is my new contribution I think so far on the Taisho edition and the base text such as the second Korean version was used and even reading these woodblock print editions some modern scholars claim wanted to claim that Fan Wan Jin is wording was very strange and difficult to read and grammatically incorrect sometimes therefore they would like to assume that the author of the Fan Wan Jin was not Chinese but Central Asian but I don't like to agree with the idea it is too hasty conclusion and thinking about my case or my friends or any students around me I have a lot of I know a lot of examples who are Japanese but their Japanese is very bad so it is concerned with level of education I think and in case of monastics for example some Chinese aesthetics is very bad may be bad at writing so from the bad quality of writing style we cannot conclude that the author is not Chinese it is too much and too hasty I think first of all I'd like to echo what Professor Zacchetti said thanking you but also for raising very many stimulating questions I want to ask you about a single one of them right now which is that if I understood you right you you propose the kind of contrast between this fluid situation of Indian Buddhist scriptures let's say in Sanskrit to be vague about it and the situation that you find in the text that you have studied here in that what you propose what I understood you to propose is a kind of anarchy in the Indian situation lots of variants lots of maybe variants is the wrong word lots of different wording and here what you see is a kind of self-conscious revision have I understood you right so far okay because I wonder if I'm not sure I agree with that but I wonder if partly the picture emerges because the chronology of the sources is so clear thanks to your work whereas in the Indian case we have no idea of the chronology of the sources so we can't develop a hypothesis of revision I agree but when I started my work I wanted to talk about the background of my interest research interest first of all when I found such a different wording and variant readings in the phalangean I immediately wanted to connect this situation with Indian Mahayana texts therefore I try to find the preceding case studies which very nicely deal with this type of text in the field of Mahayana but I could not find only the recension A, recension B or Kashi Garu text like this and there is no comparison just a list of the enumeration and there is no analysis therefore I cannot I gave up using such a text and instead I would like to make my own version then as a next stage by using computer actually I'm not very good at computer but I have some friends who are skilled in computer programming and so on so I try to ask them to make a program to deal with this kind of text as a software but many of them just told me that don't do like that don't think in that way writing the computer software is not so easy and you need some platform text or platform methodology on which we have some variant or change of application form so I thought at first that I wanted to relativize each text not absolutize the original text so by choosing which one do you like to make focus on then if I choose this one then this text comes in front and then as critical apparatus other text is listed in this way and we can use double monitors and so on but the computer specialist of my acquaintance just said that in order to do that you should present your own idea in a printed version otherwise no one among computer specialists can make the software like this because of course this is good for in the case of the Fan-1 gene but if you like to use multilingual sources then the situation changes quite a lot and in the case of the Fan-1 gene nearly all of the variant readings is related with a small change, minimum change and there is no difference like the change of chapters and addition of chapters and so on, just a small number of the minimum change was made but it is quite different in the case of Prajnaparamita Sanskrit text or Saddamapandarika in in so in order to use for the use of such a different type of text you have to make a really good program in advance which I can't do therefore what I did here is just one example in the case of the Fan-1 gene this is not the time to go into detail about this but my new research project is exactly to build this so please this is being done good so the next thing I should do is just join my research team no, no, no, I just I'm a simple user let the program I want to use that thank you and after this promotion of the new established project is there any last question you you raise your hand first, so please thank you thank you for talking I have a very tiny question regarding you Xian because you mentioned that this date is like 1163 that's in the Dalmatian dynasty but then you mentioned in the I'm not sure how you would date the text because if it's not so then that must be the point of period so do you see any kind of because we all know that the religious policy were interesting and also it involves a lot of the promotion really on the side of Dalmatia so do you see any kind of that I don't know say government policies influence the context of the construction of this text regarding you Xian and if we can date it of course yeah dating is not clear that's why I just indicated his death year even the the year of birth is not known but as far as I check this author you Xian refers to only manuscripts reading and not woodblock print I don't know why but that is his circumstances and surroundings so yeah the another one the father also the father is well known this person and his life period is certain but we cannot identify the exact year of the composition of this text so we should last question thank you thank you I was wondering about your method of critical editing as we know critical editing is based on the assessment of errors in your case as you have mentioned most of the revisions starting from the beginning of the 8th century actually assisting the improvement of the text so I wonder what you are actually doing when you choose from among the errors so are you supposed to choose statistically the worst error in case of the earliest version the earliest version but statistically are choosing the worst one no I I simultaneously compared the one Tunghua manuscript and Chinese but Japanese Tokyo version and another version in 757 and in order to choose the original to judge this is the original one my principle simple actually and not always I did not always choose the oldest one and I did not always choose the most difficult reading I know what you mean because usually the very strange variants can be the oldest one then because it does it is not understandable therefore other later want to rewrite in a clear way that is really typical in the case of the text of the second Korean version this one this text is full of reasonable readings but not very old this is just the logical reading as a result of compromising one thing I want to show I forgot to give you the final one this is


Namaste, welcome to the course human resource management as a function has evolved through many stages in last 150 years. If we look at the very early signs of the human resource management function in the business organization or in the workshops and factories, we can look at the examples of the welfare offices, hiring offices, safety bureau, time offices. They were set up at the time of industrial revolution 1 and industrial revolution 2. These offices were mainly related to ensuring the safety majors or some of the important facilities important for the workers or employees in any organization. In 1900, hiring became and it was recognized as a very important function and for that hiring offices started to get established in factories, workshops and offices. In 30s, we see that as a aftermath of the Bolshevik revolution and emergence of the labor as a very powerful force in a society, we see the emergence of the trade unions. So, in the 30s, the job of dealing with the trade unions also fell in the lap of a function today which we called human resource management. There were some major changes and development in the form of introduction of equal opportunity regulation in 1960s that came as a very important responsibility of HR function because now it was the very important duty of HR function to ensure that there is no discrimination in the recruitment process in offices, in factories and at workplace. In 70s, the strategic management and the concern for getting competitive advantage in the increasing globalizing world became a prominent concern. As a result of that, HR function at that time it used to be called administrative function or industrialization function or sometime called personal management. For them, it became an important responsibility to keep the employees engaged in their work and committed to their work and organization. That was the moment in the 70s. In between, behavioral science movement also played a very important role in emergence of human resource management function. With the HEPHON experiment conducted under the leadership of Elton Mew, we came to know the importance of relationship, importance of giving autonomy, importance of giving facility and importance, most importantly importance of giving attention to the employees. That was a significant landmark step in the moment called human relation moment which emphasized on the human aspect, aspect related to relationship, aspect related to care, concern and attention and their importance at workplace because that those were found to be very significantly affecting the productivity of the employees. From Elton Mew, we have the work of Maslow who worked on the motivation, Argyres worked on the learning, Herzberg who again gave motivating and hygiene factors of motivation. These were the important thinkers who influenced in the 60s. These were the important thinkers who influenced the emergence of human resource management in 1960s. Application of the behavioral sciences and the tools and techniques emerging from that is the basis of organization development. The field of organization development though it started with the path making work of Kurt Levin who looked at the who systematically studied the group dynamics in the national training laboratory and the group dynamics center. But Ben is systematized the field of organization development and that also contributed immensely in the development of human resource management function. In the mid 70s, flam hoards started a significant process of bringing human resources under the ambit of some form of accounting. It was not typical financial accounting, but the flam hoards effort was aimed at giving the monetary value to the human resources. After the work of flam hoards, there were many other human resource accounting model developed like Chao and Lai model or Jaggi model of human resource accounting. But that also gave a push to look at the human resource management function and their impact in more tangible ways. So, this is how the emergence of human resource management function has come to the current stage which is actually a combination of the personal management strategy HRM connection, administrative function of the business organizations and industrial relations. We need to understand what is the meaning of strategic perspective of HRM because of late strategic perspective of HRM has gained a significant currency and in fact, the importance and the contribution of HRM is now expressed in the form of strategic benefit or a strategic advantage. So, we will look at the strategic advantage and the strategic benefits of the HR function and how to examine that more and how the strategy in HRR are closely connected, but before that we need to understand what are the other different roles HR function can take up in different organizations or in the same organization may be in the different stages of its development. This typology was given by Ulrich, what he suggested that HR function can have very operational focus and it or it can have a strategic focus HR function can also have more emphasis on the people and can have more concern for people or it can gear up more to sustain and maintain the system in organization. At the cross section of these two continuum, we get four roles of HR function, what are those roles? First of these roles is can be called administrative expert. The administrative administrative expert role of HR is the combination of the focus of HR function on creating system and having operational focus. Employee champion role emerges with the combination of the focus on the people or concern for people and maintaining the focus at the operational aspects of business. Operational aspects are more related to efficiency and strategic aspect are more related to effectiveness. Operational of focus or operational aspects are related to more related to short term objectives and strategic focus or strategic concerns are more related to long term objectives. At the cross section of a strategic focus and people focus, we get another role of HR which is called change agent. Importance of HR in terms of preparing organization to meet its strategic objective, we see the role of change agent. Change agent as a HR function as a change agent focuses on the development of people to embrace the change, to innovate, to change their behavior, to build the new knowledge base, to meet the new challenges in emerging in the business environment. Fourth role is called strategic partner. Strategic partner role of HR emerges at the cross section of strategic focus and system focus. HR function as a strategic partner looks at the long term objectives of the business organization. In fact, it is geared up to achieve the business objectives in the medium and long term and accordingly it takes the stance. Policies and processes of HR are defined, designed and implemented in view of the medium and long term focus and with the objective of developing and maintaining systems and processes within the organization. So, we come across these four roles of HR. Which one do you think is the most important role? The answer is no one role is the most important role at different stages of the organization life cycle and according to the demand of environment different roles can be more sought after in business organizations. For example, in the very beginning when an organization is just setting up HR function to manage its personnel, they need to identify processes systems and make rules and regulations. In that stage, administrative expert role is more important. As organization grows, many a time rules and regulations become obstacle in on the pathway to give best by their employees. In that situation, HR has to come to the forefront and take care of the employees and it has to champion the cause of the employees. That time employee champion role becomes very prominent and very important. When organization has been set up, when the operations have begun and organization is looking at the meeting the long term objectives, it is aiming at getting the competitive advantage or it is aiming at harnessing its competitive advantage. When it is aiming at coming ahead of the competition in the market, then HR has to support the business by being a strategic partner. As a strategic partner, they need to help the business to translate the long term objectives into HR processes and systems. They also have to develop the HR processes and system which can help the business to achieve its long term objectives. They need to develop systems and processes so that the transaction cost involved in the day to day transaction between the employer and employees can come down. They help in making the organization a solid well functioning, well oiled machinery which can move towards the desirable objective that role is played by the strategic partner. In the process of development, in the process of functioning an organization can achieve its objective, can grow, but all organizations meet roadblocks or they are they face competition. Many a time their functioning become less efficient and they many a time organizations are not able to cope up with the changes in the technological, political, social or global environment or business environment. In order to make the organization cope up the challenges and to regain or gain its efficiency and effectiveness, HR has to play the role of change agent. In the role of change agent, they need to help the leadership to develop. They also need to help the business leadership to prepare their employees, prepare their team members to look at the challenges, to understand the challenges and meet those challenges with full vigor and employ the most optimum competency to regain or gain the concrete advantage. So, you can see that according to the business environment and according to the life stage of the organization, the role of HR can change from strategic partner to change agent to administrative expert to employee champion. Ideally HR has to play all the roles at the same time. In last few years, at least in particularly in two decades, the HRM function has transitioned and is supposed to transition from being reactive to proactive. That means they may not keep looking at the lagging indicators, they need to look at the leading indicators and proactively suggest the ways of enhancing productivity or enhancing the engagement of the employees to the management to the business leader more proactively. HR cannot just remain prescriptive, they need to actually set up the systems and processes and help the business to set up the systems and processes according to the nature of the people working in the organization. HR function has to also transition from being administrative, where the job is more giving instruction to executive, where the job of HR function is more hands on, wherein they look at the systems and processes and work in close contact with the other functions of organization.


The Dutch River floodplains are important for storing water during high flows, but they are also used for restoring damaged ecosystems. Vegetation growth in these areas can block the flow of water, increasing the risk of flooding for nearby communities. Hyperspectral imagery can be used to measure the amount of vegetation in the floodplains, allowing managers to better understand how much water can be stored there. This information can then be used to determine the best locations for planting vegetation to reduce flood risks. This article was authored by Lammer Kuistra, Erika Romijn and Joakim Verlst.


You guys watch my last video bet cuz uh since then I found out a lot about lag switch And I found out exactly how they do it the software that they use and who some of the people are I've really pissed off the lag switching community, which by the way I didn't know was a thing in my last video. I was doing some investigating. I even built my own personal lag switch Okay, the setup is almost a million times better than I could have possibly anticipated my ps4 is down there Modem is here and the switch lands right to where I could use it lag switch work perfectly Except I realized that's not how they lag up entire playgrounds and based on the information that I have it would be Impossible for 2k to not have known that this was happening. Alright, let's get started So it was process of elimination. Let's do some problem solving They were lagging up the 2k server which meant somehow some way they were attacking the server now for me The complicated part was it was described to me as a lag switch a lag switch is just you turning off and on your own Connection I didn't understand how me turning off my connection then turning it back on would somehow lag other people I even said this in my last video. So how do you do that? I mean, there's one way you could do DDoS attack but DDoS attacks bring down the whole network and they're expensive And they're most definitely illegal So that's not it.  So let me break this down in essence These delayers or lag switchers use some type of program to grab the IP of the 2k server that they're on So if I load into a park you're connected to a server that's hosted by 2k All they're doing is getting the IP of that server once you have the IP You can send and believe it or not This is actually what they do which by the way would make it illegal and punishable It's a in felony they DDoS 2k servers Not to the point where the whole network collapses like you might see sometimes where hackers might throw a DDoS attack on The FBI website for example They do it just enough so that the game either lags up or is heavily delayed and the latency increases Ladies and gentlemen, you cannot make this stuff up Remember when I said this in my last video if 2k has dedicated servers Which you're basically doing is just stressing 2k servers to the point where everybody lags like crazy Intermittently whenever you want it to right it makes sense for them to slow down the game add latency and or to lag NBA 2k on the playground They would have to somehow alter the speed of the server or the responsiveness of the server The only way to do that is to attack the server and to send a DDoS attack for those of you who don't know what a DDoS attack is It's pretty simple. Let's say that we're playing for tonight. You have 200 HP Let's say that I hit you with a snipe that does 2,000 damage that would you up pretty bad who mess you up so much that like the whole server would go down You would crash and you wouldn't work It would take a while for you to reboot and get everything working again But they're not shooting a 2,000 damage sniper. They're shooting like a 175 damage sniper and so it doesn't destroy the network You're still alive, but it slows it down dramatically and they do it at the flick of a switch So on your offensive possessions, they can lag you out the building But on defense turn the switch off and everything is fine I can't believe that is 2018 and this is happening So I sent some messages to the relevant personnel at 2k and I was told that we're gonna get someone on it Which by the way, I've heard before plenty of times from LD 2k when he used to be the community manager And all that really means is that they pass the information along But whether or not 2k does something to mitigate the issue that is growing is up to 2k They have delayed in the beginning of their name like they move in like a movement I have to message one of them be like yo put me on the list. Let me live and they like okay You should be there's a list of people that live. Yeah, that's unbelievable So that means that if people are actively attacking 2k servers the tech support at 2k knows it's happening You don't get a job working at 2k and can't see a DDoS attack, right? If your server is lagging up all of a sudden, hey, I have a question Why is server number 59 that's hosting this playground lagging every 30 seconds? That's really odd So you might be wondering agent. How do they figure out who's doing it? They can't if you're smart and you're doing something illegal like this What you would do is you would create a VPN and then you would want to proxy through that VPN So 2k would never get your actual IP.  What am I gonna do guys?  Let me let's show you this guys Hold on is it illegal to DDoS? Hmm National crime agency DDoS attacks are illegal. All right. That's a start. Let's see how illegal these things are So this is a UK website, but it works about the same for Canada and the United States I checked the NCA and the police take cybercrime super seriously if you become involved in cybercrime You can face the following consequences having your computers taken away and your internet access restricted paying a penalty or fine a Significant prison sentence. All right a criminal record This could affect your education future career prospects and ability to travel overseas So in my last video when I said that when I brought up the idea that it could be DDoS But nobody would be that stupid is because I assumed that everybody knew the potential risks and doing something like that And obviously winning a game of 2k is never that important. Let's not call this a lag switch no more They're not lag switching anything. They're sending DDoS attacks to 2k servers actively and so far They're getting away with it on the last video I brought up the idea of them being IP banned people like agent But that's not really possible and I was like how about if we console banned them and then you're like But then if they do this and this they can get around that close their account These are try-hards.  We see some objectivity when it comes to who's getting these bands What I don't understand is why people would want to ruin the gaming experience of everybody Well, I don't get what you gain from doing this to begin with if the person knows it's happening They can still maneuver around the lagging situation because remember 2k has dedicated servers So if you're gonna D-dots your connections get messed up, too So if we're both lagging is can you defend me lagging better than I can score lagging? Yeah, baby and with the blow-by's and mba2k All you really have to do is hold up on the left stick in order to and there's a good chance I'm just gonna blow by you I don't understand the logic and I'm troubling to understand it There was a couple people there was actually more than a couple people that were pissed off about my last video They were like agent How could you use a lag switch be in the past but then now when people are using like switches you're mad First of all what they're doing is not a lag switch. We just established their D-dossing I would never cross that territory second of all I fully said it was in retaliation to the dickheads abusing it if I buy a gun place it in my house Shock it in my bedroom.  You're taking one to the chest. It's the same thinking I actually didn't think it was gonna escalate to this level and I hope that 2k wasn't just fluffing me or get like Deflecting me when they said that they were gonna get someone on it We need to get someone on it if anything there at least has to be a way to report these players So that if it's happening 2k knows and their account could get banned or something could be done at the end of the day We want to play a basketball game and have fun Who are you to take away that fun from somebody else because you want to ruin that experience? You don't just let them sit around all pretty and then let the situation escalate to the point where it's a catastrophe That's not how you handle it. All right, that's it. That's really all I wanted to say Click on one of these two videos on the screen We dropped a new podcast about LeBron going to the Lakers and our podcasts are now on Spotify So I'm gonna leave a link in the description if you didn't watch it and so do one of the three Watch the podcast for these two videos. I'm out peace


Guys we're here today with a classic You know it you love it.  It's a game that's been around for millennia all honestly Everyone thinks that Pong was the first video game nay. It was cookie clicker.  I want some ooh a cursor. What's this auto clicks every 10 seconds? I like that we've made 50 cookies now your cookies are popular in the neighborhood Well, of course they are they're my cookies, you know this is all it is. I'm just using my mouse I'm just clicking right now dude, and we get grandma a nice grandma.  So what I'm gonna do really quick our cursor Is at 40 I'm gonna get a a few of them. Ooh, you can buy or sell 10 at a time Oh, let's do a hundred. How many 300 and Oh my gosh 811 okay 10 is is more my More in my budget I think and these things that I get along the way like the cursors and the The grandmas and stuff like that. They'll help me make even more and more cookies We've already made almost five hundred cookies. You know how many people you could feed with five hundred cookies At least three or four of them, you know, I'm doing the double finger clicking method right now guys It's a pretty advanced method But you can get twice as many clicks. I'm not clicking on the cookie right now Just because I was showing an example, you know, but you can get so many clicks in there. Oh my gosh Well, let's buy 10 more cursors because why not and there we go and look at them They're just constantly they're doing some good clicking business here I you love to see it. Grammar's are twice as efficient with a thousand.  All right, miss poopy butthole. This is also the first time that I've ever played cookie clicker by the way I don't know if that I have to do anything to activate these also Justin I hope that you're putting crazy background music in here Heavy metal is the only thing that will accurately describe my thirst to become The world's best and most sought-after baker in the land. What do I need for this a hundred? Okay? I have a hundred. I have a hundred. Let's upgrade because why not look at that Look at how many cookies are being made just right now The mouse cursors are twice as efficient once we get to 500 at 10,000 You know we can do so much here twice as efficient The grandma's at 5,000 cookies. I am going to upgrade these so they are twice as efficient Because that is helpful. I am going to buy 10 more cookies or 10 more cursors I think I think that that would help. I don't know the cookie clicker strats though guys again This is my first time playing cookie clicker is what I just said I See guys, I just want to turn on my C look how many cookies are being made Well, I'm just sitting here doing nothing dude like they are just going whether it's the cursors or my grandma's and also see every Click is plus four cookies now So I'm I'm no longer just clicking to make him one cookie like I was in the beginning I'm making four cookies per click. I'm making 16.8 cookies a second dude. That's nutty You love to see it. All right. The question is should I upgrade this at 5,000 which makes the grandma's twice as popular Let's see grandma's producing 10 cookies per second.  What was it two cookies per second? So they'll do four cookies per second. So it's more beneficial really for me to spend That and then I'll get the 5,000 back because now they're making they're making more cookies for me I've got so many grandma's the the the cursors really aren't doing anything incredible for me Although I will do it just for funsies. I do want that complete circle to be honest I really do how much is one 654 man. Oh man, they're getting expensive guys. Whoa The mouse cursor gains point one cookies for each non cursor object owned Oh, how much is that because that that's a hundred thousand damn But that gives me point one cookies for every non cursor object. So for every grandma, that's pretty good actually We can't afford a farm now. I mean we could afford a farm long ago grows cookie plants from cookie seeds Well, of course, I'm gonna do that.  Is that what my bakery is called? What is that? Oh a frenzy Time seven.  Oh my god. Well for sure. We've got to do some stuff Oh my god times seven six hundred cookies per Second are you kidding me dad? Okay, gonna buy ten more 61,000 Jeepers. I don't know if I should have spent that money. Honestly guys I don't know. I don't know if I should have spent that money. I got to keep going I got to just click as fast as humanly possible while this is still Happening 772.8 cookies per second. It's incredible. This is where this is where we do it good, dude This is where we do it good. All right now. We're back to normal. We're back to normal for a bit So now we're doing a hundred and ten cookies per second, which is pretty good. Let's definitely get a mine Let's get a couple more grandmas in there and we're gonna get another mine as well 130,000 for what looks like some sort of cookie cookie factory, which I think would be good How much is that a hundred and thirty K? So we're definitely gonna need another multiplier here another multiplier is definitely what we will need Sorry guys, you couldn't see my cursor that whole time, but I was clicking away. Jeez. I fixed the issue cookie farms It's suspected of employing undeclared elderly workforce. Listen, you know the elderly they've got to work Can't deny them that it's their right. We've got 47,000 cookies coming in We need some other things to do though. I think we just need to save up for that factory Maybe we'll get a few more grandmas Sorry, I did I spent too much guys. I spent too much. I spent too much I spent too much all my money is gone all my money is gone, but now we're at 400 cookies per second pretty much look at the number go up.  Okay now. We're over 400 or at 415. That's pretty fancy Oh boy, it's time to upgrade. Let's see the factory produces large quantities of cookies. That's vague, but all right 675 cookies per second Your cookies are worth a lot of money. Oh, well, maybe get a loan out of the bank and then buy my cookies consume. This is capitalism at its finest What makes these cookies taste so right probably a little Okay, we need to make some upgrades here folks We need this to be going much much quicker Sturdier conveyor belts factories are twice as efficient. Okay, but that's that's that big Cookie though dude. We don't have that many cookies yet dog. We're almost doing a thousand cookies a second though, dude I like that. I like that factory made cookies linked to obesity says study No, no, dude. No, dude. Just eat all the cookies. Don't worry about it.  I do I do I do it look nice. It looks so nice Oh, there we go. There we go. There we go. Now. We don't have to waste any more money. Everything's fine Everything's fine.  Look at that dude a thousand and two cookies for Second you love to see it now. I know I know you guys we just started But I know that people have have have cookie clicker things that produce Billions trillions even quintillions of cookies a second. I know that but we're just starting out dude I've only been playing this for 30 minutes. Okay. All right. I'm about to upgrade to thousand fingers See how much of a difference this makes only 200 more cookies, but look guys that's going quick It'll keep you know It's an investment because the more that we put down that's not cursor based The more cookies we will be making you know So now I need I need to save up for the mines and the Factories which we really need to get a multiplier. We need that time seven multiplier back dude How often does that spawn? I do not I do not know but I really want it It's super bad because yeah, I'm being really nice of them to do farm gains point or 1% CPS per grandma. Oh my god a nice farmer to grow more cookies. Oh Baby, I like that. That was a good upgrade a good good upgrade. All right, so we need to save 120 At least for that and then everything else is really gonna We're gonna have to wait a little bit because everything else is over a million So we'll upgrade our farm or sorry our mines at one at 120, which is right now And now we're almost at 2,000 cookies per second. Oh my god. I love it and our cookies are selling very well into some countries guys You that's nice. That's nice. It's very nice. We are almost to the mines being twice as efficient gamers We are all most to there. What is this cookie production multiplier plus 1% peanut butter cookies? Well, I don't want those. I'm allergic game. Don't you know that?  Okay, so we have almost 4,000 cookies per second 3922 now let's upgrade the mines 4700 almost a thousand more cookies just by doing that, baby Now we should get more mines. I guess one more But that's almost 5,000 cookies a second and that's 5,000 cookies a second. We need more factors We need more factors. We need more factors. How much is it to upgrade the factories? 1.3 million. Oh my Scoob I accidentally bought more cursors. I didn't mean to do that. I'm selling all right. We are going to buy a factory We're going to buy oh a mine. Whoops. I'm clicking all over the place guys My aim is not good. You know my cookie clicker aim What's your Katie and cooking clear people come very far from very far away to get a taste of your cookies?   No crunch here. Just melt butter It's just butter actually That's not cookies. I don't know why people keep calling them cookies. It's just butter We need the this this cookie upgrade dude. We need it bad. We need the 1.3 million cookie production multiplier plus 1% Would it I mean it's a good investment in the long run guys We're almost there to a million cookies We've never hit that high before but we are almost there and then we'll be 300k away from that Sweet sweet factory upgrade twice as fast. It's gonna be great Million cookies, baby. Oh guys. We are about to get that 1.3, baby. There we go 7,000 cookies per second. Yes, and then we are going to get Something I don't know dude. We'll get something. We'll get it someday I think we're gonna buy 10 more mines or 10 more farms Excuse me because that'll give us like 450 cookies per second because of a dish. It only gives you it only gives you if you get Factory it only gives you 520, but that's 300,000 and this is well, I guess I should just buy a factory We'll buy a factory. Should we buy more cursors? Is it worth it? How many are they doing 8.8 per second?  We are gonna get more farms for sure. Maybe we will get more cursors Let's just do it. Let's just see what happens. How much is it to get a hundred? Oh my god So much. Let's just do it. Let's just do it 10 more cursors really didn't do much TV I feel like I should have seen another golden cookie boy by now Because we've been recording for almost an hour. I've only seen one. I feel like I'm getting scammed, dude I just looked it up and just said it should appear every five to 14 minutes and I've only seen it once All right, you know what I'm gonna do guys, you know what I'm gonna do just so we can gain some real big Points I'm gonna stop this recording. I'm gonna go record another video But I'm gonna keep this cookie clicker going in the background Okay, and then we'll come back and we'll see how many cookies we have So I'll be back in like an hour or so. All right. See you soon. We back, baby Oh, it's been a little bit longer and it's 32 million While I was recording I had this up on my second monitor and I didn't see a single Cookie boy come up and I'm a little bit nervous about that. What if my game is bugged? What if I can never get good good? Multipliers ever again did what if what if but we've got 32 million cookies hair guys So let's see what we should do. So we've got the temple full of precious ancient chocolate We've got generates cookie from interest. So we'll definitely do that 1400 cookies per second Should we get a temple or should we just focus on upgrades real quick? Factories are twice as efficient. Grandmas are twice as efficient. How much are we getting for grandmas? So that'll be 1600 more cookies cookie production multiplier plus 1% All right, we'll do that. Grandmas are twice as efficient. Hey, hey, hey Grandmas are twice as efficient, but only 600k for that one baby, baby, baby, baby, baby, baby Okay, what do we got here banks are twice as efficient 14 million dude. That's a lot. That's a lot That's a lot cookie multiplier plus 1% should we get more banks or should we get a temple? Let's get a couple of banks and then let's make banks Twice as efficient. How much are we bringing in through the banks? Okay, we're gonna make banks twice as efficient 34 34 34,000 cookies a second dude 34,000 cookies a second. That's pretty sick. Dude. That's pretty sick. If only I could get a multiplier That would be nice wouldn't it feel like it right now What's the strategy the main way to increase the frequency of golden cookies is by getting achievements relating to collecting them specifically after collecting 727s, but none of them have shown dude What are you talking about man? None of them have showed up. I haven't seen one in a billion years, dude Spencers great dog Cookies no golden cookies spawning how to fix title says it all tried restarting browser How can I fix this refreshing is the normal fix but if that didn't work? Are you sure they're not spawning at all? You're just getting unlucky golden cookies are guaranteed to spawn every so often But you can't you can't simply have no golden for 20 minutes due to bad luck in addition to no golden cookies I also have no reindeer in Christmas mode. What? Oh my god. It changed the milk color. Oh my boy Here we go, baby Maybe this will fix our thing if it doesn't guys if we don't get any more golden big boys I've only gotten one then our game is bugged and we were doomed from the start dude We can't have that dude that sucks All right We about to hit 20 million boys and we're gonna buy a temple, but I've got bad news guys Not a single golden is cooking a spawn and I I really want to do this, you know I want to be I want to be the best cookie clicker player in the world I might have to wipe and restart dude like if I'm not getting a single golden cookie like what do I do?  How much how much one? 89 it's pretty good. It's pretty good. Alright guys listen listen our cookie clicker game I don't know what happened something's gone wrong, and I know that what I'm about to do is drastic But it's the only thing that I can think of so we're at 86 thousand four hundred and fifty one cookies per second But we're not gonna get to go much further and Less we do this. I know I know what I've just done is Incredibly drastic Okay, I realized that if we do this We might get golden cookies back and the next time I do this I'll be back where we were and we'll have golden cookies a plenty and then we will have so much of a higher potential Than we did before are you picking up what I'm putting down here? So I will continue on my journey to try and get Back to where we were but until then stay strong Keep eating cookies and keep clicking the like button. Okay. Bye


What's up Navigation Traders welcome to today's update today is August 5th We've got about 20 minutes until the cash market closes S&P up 20 Dow up 3 50 Nasdaq up 28 and Russell leading the way up almost 2% Kind of feels like Groundhog's Day, right?  There's silver You know, is that a flight to quality in anticipation of something is that just based on the US dollar Continuing to get weak We shall see whatever it is. They are just ripping higher bonds that about a half percent today So seen a little bit of weakness today in bonds, although it's been on a pretty steady grind to the upside as well I tell you what's not Groundhog's Day is day trading We've been doing a lot of this lately and don't forget I know you guys have heard me talk about it every single day for the last few months But tomorrow is finally the day August 6th 4 p.m. Central time We are doing our day trading options for income class. Just go to navigation trading comm slash day trading dash registration and sign up for the class save your spot The strategy we're teaching is called the mighty 90 the reason we call it that is because we only trade the first 90 minutes of the day and then we're done in fact sometimes we're done after about 60 minutes. So Pretty powerful stuff.  Yeah, I think this I think yeah I think it's kind of on your screen here, but basically if you go to Facebook and search navigation trading or Day trading options for income. You'll you'll find our group here You can join this where we've been posting our performance each day. So you can see today booked over $476 trading the mighty 90 strategy and we're trading it. Let's see.  So I think I what I did every every day I set a rule and I've been kind of varying this all over the board But today I said, okay, no more than $3,000 on any one position So on Tesla Amazon Shopify is only using like one contract on those because those are big big boy symbols And then the others I was using, you know around $2,000 maybe and so you know like Facebook I was using eight contracts and some of it You know depending on the pricing of the others, but no no more than $8,000 at any one time so that you know If you look at $8,000, you know, so almost 5% return on capital for what was in play at any one time today So good stuff. It's been very consistent. I think over the last month. I've only had three losing days So continuing to hone my skills a lot of emotion and discipline and mental discipline and focus when it comes to this But it's been pretty awesome if you just simply follow the rules And we're gonna be teaching you step by step every step of the way holding nothing back Tomorrow August 6th at 4 p.m. Central. So look forward to seeing you there. Make sure you register save your spot It is going to be a good old time. All right back to the platform. So what did we do today? Well, we had some I showed you our earnings trades yesterday So let me let me kind of pinpoint where those are at Disney first. This was the expected move It's opened up at the expected move We did not have a chance to put on a post earnings trade We have that iron duck on and so remember with our iron ducks We have no risk to the upside and so no matter how high this thing went We still booked a little bit of a profit there. The other one was Twilio Twilio came down a bit and so it's positioned Right here. We're up a couple hundred bucks hoping it comes down a little bit over the next couple days We book a what we call a duck head profit Otherwise, we'll still book a little profit no matter how high it goes in the beak and then lastly beyond meat Bynd we did a reverse duck so we had no risk to the downside and price went down So we're just gonna book a little bit of a profit there try to get filled on just taking these off today But didn't get it so we'll try again tomorrow or you can just let them expire. So That is what we did today We did add a new iron condor in gold as well You know with this with this rally that we're seeing in gold if we look at the ETF GLD With the rally that we're seeing we're seeing elevated continued elevation of implied volatility level So good time to sell some premium. So added an iron condor in our gold position and that's about it We're just trying to see if this thing if this market can have a little bit of two-sided action and And see what happens tonight after the bell Roku announces now implied volatility Surprisingly it has contracted. I mean this is one of the symbols It's actually the IV percent IV rank below that 50 level especially leading up to earnings is not normal But it is what it is. So we passed didn't really get a good setup on what we would consider doing in Roku So no trade there, but we will be watching the earnings announcement after the bell And then let's see a few other stocks here, you know, Amazon up another 2% had a nice day to the upside Boeing up 5% Starting to look like it's got some legs Booking calm up 3% now booking announces tomorrow after the market closes So we'll be taking a look at that one. It's a nice big juicy stock with some heavy premiums in it Banks are up today capital one up 2% Disney up after earnings. I already showed you that it was up Over 11% come down off of its highs, but still up nicely. Let's see Tesla is What's Tesla doing today? Tesla is flat So that's all we got. Hope everybody has a great evening. We'll talk to you tomorrow