How's it going lads and ladies? It is Petrifying Pumpkins here and I have got some exciting news because we are talking about first contact entertainment and we're talking about PS5 virtual reality together in the same sentence and it's getting exciting up in here. Perhaps even moist some would say. This is going to be a quick video because it is just a little bit of a crumb bit of information to go off. This was brought to light by a person on Twitter called Zubitech. That's what he goes by. I'll link his profile in the description. He happened to come across the first contact entertainment job listings that they had on their website and for the rest of this I'm just going to read from upload viewer from Jamie Fulton's article there where he puts it all into a nice nice neat little package and bundle for me to easily digest and read this and you know we'll go over the important stuff. So I'll just pop it up here. Firewall Zero Hour Dev hiring for next generation virtual reality project. So Firewall Zero Hour and Solaris Off World Combat Developer first contact entertainment is developing a next generation project for virtual reality as spotted by Zubitech on Twitter. The developer currently has several positions listed on its website many of which point to a new virtual reality project. I've highlighted the important stuff here. Most telling is a listing for a lead engineer which says the studio is seeking someone to help us create the next generation of high end virtual reality games. If you're thinking about the next generation of high end virtual reality games I mean surely you're thinking of PS5 viewer that is like the big generational leap that everyone's kind of waiting on right now. Other listings make mention of a triple A virtual reality project and work on a next generation consoles or work on next generation consoles. The rest of this now is just speculation which is what we can do by ourselves which so we don't need that but I will link this article as well in the description if you want to take a look for yourself first contact entertainment getting me very excited immediately what comes to mind obviously which probably comes to everyone's mind is the potential for firewall 2 or firewall some kind of sequel to firewall or spin-off or continuation or whatever I think that's what I want the most boss you know we've seen them spread their wings we've seen them do Solaris off-world combats who's to say they won't go and do a brand new IP who knows you know or maybe like really expand upon firewall and do something like a big battle royale type thing you know we're gonna have greatly improved hardware for them to work on so they don't necessarily need to keep it four versus four it could go any direction again complete speculation obviously I'm gonna want to know what you guys want in the comments below do you want more of the same but better in every way in terms of you know the first firewall we were missing the flashlights that were there originally we were missing the night vision mode I feel like all that stuff was supposed to be there but the psv or one cutting hand list especially the PlayStation 4 you know not the pro the pro could probably do it with the PlayStation 4 really holding that back or would you like to see first contact you move away from that kind of thing and maybe do something completely unexpected let me know in the comments below so again there's not really much else I can say about us other than you know things are really starting to he's up now you know I feel like Sony would be very very silly not to have first contact on board for the launch of the ps5 the or headset even if it's not necessarily launch day in days then like in the launch window or to make sure it comes to that headsets like what I really don't want to happen is that this game is like a pc viewer only title I don't think that'll be the case I think if Sony allow that to happen it would just be foolishness I think firewall did very very well on psv or you know I think that game charted very well I imagine the seasons and whatnot did very well it was probably the most successful multiplayer on psv or outside of free to play titles like rec room or something like that so yeah Sony would be very very very silly sausages and not to snap up this opportunity and I'm not talking about buying first contact or entertainment as the studio although I think they should definitely do that as well seen as they just bought fire sprites so why not but definitely be involved in this IP and if it is firewall too then it's guaranteed to be a PlayStation thing because PlayStation own that IP as far as I understand before I end this video let me thank patreon supporters whose names are on the screen as I speak thanks to their help this channel is continuing to be nice and moist in particular the top tier patreon supporters tradition Pete Hawkins Daniel the pumpkin patch kid and crumb thanks to their support and their generosity if you'd like to join the patreon the link to that will be in the description as well finally let me thank Decepticon for letting me use his music in all of these videos you can find him decepticon.com link to him in the description also and with that I will end this video hopefully brought some moisture back in your life I feel like this dryness inside me has been dampened with this news and I'm really looking forward to seeing more fingers crossed whenever they show off the ps viewer 2 or ps5 viewer this game will have be ready to show or like a teaser or something just just to get us nice and hyped that's what I'm hoping on anyone goodbye petrifying pumpkin


Thanks for checking out this video. I'm gonna talk about monster mania monster mania 40 to be exact that just happened Just finished over the weekend. I went to the Saturday one You can do Friday night Saturday all day or night and Sunday all day or night Oh, you can get a pass for all that. They also have like VIP They have like pre-show where you can get in like an hour early to see the vendors tables and stuff like that Which is what my buddy and I did on the Saturday because Robert England was going to be at the convention And we wanted to make sure that we would be there very very early because we knew that he would be very very popular As most people watching this would assume as well So just kind of want to talk a little bit about the convention in general and how that went overall had a very good time It was pretty seamless. They did a really good job this year. So monster mania very good job In start comparison to the last one that they had in March. They had a lot of problems there I know what they've been saying about that and all the issues they had is that there were a lot of counterfeit wristbands that are your past to get in that were going on and That's what caused the crazy influx in people I ended up having a situation where the fire marshal showed up and they started limiting people going in because They were over capacity. So it was a situation where people who literally had some Passes, you know the wristbands had purchased them were had to wait outside of the hotel Which was the crown plaza hotel in Cherry Hill, New Jersey They literally had to wait outside for other people to come out in order for them to start letting other people in and it Was just like a mess the huge influx of people ended up causing issues with lines for autographs But also with like their photo ops. They have a photo op area where you can get photos done with the celebrities Just you and them and they're like high quality really nice and then you can try and go and get those signed but They had a lot of problems with a lot of things and some people who even headed into a purchasing Couldn't even get in Because of all these issues So I think in the end they did refund money for a lot of people But the but the big thing for me is that they They took care of things with the the one that we just had in August the number 40 They really really stepped it up. They limited ticket sales. That's another thing in March. They weren't limiting ticket sales I know they'll say that it was all the the counterfeit wristbands that that was the problem Oh, and also people reselling their bands when they left they would like take them off and Resell them and give them to people which I don't doubt that happening I could definitely see that type of stuff happening, especially because with their staff They were so understaffed for how many people were there, which I'm sure they didn't realize it would be that many people But they couldn't check all the bands at it back in March They really the their staff really couldn't and I don't fault them for that. It was just too hard So this time around they did scannable bands, which was super super smart They have like a kind of like a little chip inside of them So that literally they had like these kind of choke points to get into the vendor area to get into the autographing area and People could get into the hotel lobby With no problem But then to get back into like the vendor areas and autograph areas you had to be scanned in Which worked very very well. They really took care of that things were very smooth start contrast to what happened in March They really stepped it up. They took care of those issues and it was great. So what did I do there? I mainly just want to talk about Not just, you know how things went but what did I do? What did I have fun with? so The big thing for me is autographs there I don't really buy much in the in the way of stuff from vendors Every now and then I will when it's something I feel like oh my god. I have to have to have this But really don't get a whole lot of stuff because I'm very focused on just using the amount of money I allotted for myself for autographs because I really like to you know get horror autographs But I will say as far as vendors go. There are a few vendors there who I really enjoyed and I'm thinking about purchasing some of their stuff online. There was one guy. I didn't even catch what the company was I wasn't thinking I was literally thinking about purchasing and then I was like, maybe I'll come back later But I ended up not but it's I don't know if people have seen it before It's like VHS tapes with like a horror movie on it And then they have like lights on the inside like wrapped around the reels So it like lights it up and they look super cool And this guy was doing it only for like 20 bucks a pop, which is a really good deal But I was like do I really have a place to display that do I really want it? So I was like himming and hawing so I might try to go online and look for it But they had a really cool Phantasm one that had like green lighting in it and then they had a really awesome shining one that had blue Lighting in it because there's a picture like Jack Torrance on it and said the shining so the blue with like the fact that he was frozen Spoilers, I mean if you haven't seen it by now though shame on you the spoilers not that big of a deal But the some of the other ones had a really good time talking to Whoo, sorry try to make sure my ring light doesn't really cause too much reflection vinegar syndrome had a really nice time talking to one of the guys at the vinegar syndrome table I Don't think I even asked his name. I feel bad about that I want to say his name was Chris for some reason, but I may very well be wrong. I'm probably wrong But a really nice guy who's there. He was telling us some really cool things just like pointing out DVDs and Blu-rays is just like this movie is crazy. This movie is crazy vinegar syndrome does a lot of more fringe things that they They put out Not like mainstream studio stuff, but like smaller more independent things like sexploitation films and horror and You know stuff like that, but They had some really interesting stuff and the fact that the guy would just like in-depth talk to you about what each of them were And he was very very passionate about it. So that made me really excited about vinegar syndrome I didn't purchase anything because as I was saying I was saving all my money for the autographs But I grabbed the card because I do want to check them out online Few interesting films there they do some restorations too So they had like basket case which if anyone's seen the movie basket case like it's it's nuts If you have it you definitely should see it. It's it's worth it The other cool vendor I did pick up a card from was nightmares on the limited So there we go nightmares unlimited You can find him on Facebook So this guy makes like prop replicas kind of and it's like a bunch of like Freddy gloves and he does like the phantasm Like sphere with the the prongs coming out of it and like the drill and stuff So he does a bunch of different variants of those things Including like an eyeball coming out of one of the phantasm balls and he'll like mash things together too from time to time like a Freddy glove with the Syringes on the end of it, but it's reanimator So it's like neon green in there and it has like a picture of Herbert West on it Like just cool things like that like and a bunch of them So you should definitely check out that stuff like really really interesting stuff. So nightmares unlimited nightmares unlimited check out nightmares unlimited I really wanted to get one of those phantasm Replicas looks so good. Just look it up. You'll know what I'm talking about. It was like 150 bucks. And once again, I was like Yep, trying to save this money for the autograph. So I'm gonna look online I'm gonna think about it Maybe it'll be like a birthday present for myself next year or something because it's a really awesome Display piece like really really awesome, especially if you're a phantasm fan, but check those out So that was pretty much it about for like the vendors So I did want to say stuff about the people I met to get autographs from the celebrities I'll start with the the lesser Not that they're lesser people, but the lesser of fame people We met Rob Schneider. I didn't get anything signed by Rob Schneider I wasn't wanting to really meet Rob Schneider, but he was a nice guy. My buddy really wanted to meet him He got a douce big low thing Picture signed and he wrote my friend seems rich But he has him right out Richard and he said to Richard a good jiggaloo I thought it was pretty funny, but he was really nice. He took some time to just kind of chat with us Obviously wanted to talk about what he was doing Currently he has a show on netflix called the real rob or I think it's called real rob And I can't remember but he was really saying oh check that out if you like my stuff So it was just nice guy to talk to was you know more than willing to talk about some of the behind the scenes stuff About some of the snl skits he did and stuff like that So that was nice Uh, Billy zane was there. We did not meet Billy zane, but he was right next to Rob Schneider And at one point Billy was walking uh away from his From his table and my buddy rich was just like yo Billy zane and without skipping a beat He keeps walking and just goes every day And just walked on and it was one of the best Oh, sorry about that. It was one of the best Responses just like automatic responses. I've ever seen like Billy zane's the man So that was fun. I met shane and Elizabeth. So this is where we start we pick up with my actual autographs I got so I met shane I'm sorry with the glare try and like get in a position so you can see it pretty well like that No glare Sorry guys Yeah, but you can see it well enough. So I got shane and Elizabeth signed A skit. Thank for scary movie for me. Um, she she was really nice Um, she you know, I don't know if this is how she is just in normal life But she's like super saccharine Like overly nice in my opinion seemed really fakie But that just might be how she actually is in real life and just to me it seemed like that But you know, she wasn't rude to me or anything She was quite nice like chatted a little bit about her stuff because I wanted to say, you know I liked her in 13 ghosts. I liked her in scary movie Um, obviously she I didn't Bring up american pie because I just have this feeling that like Most likely whenever people like guys come up to her at conventions She probably just feels like oh, they saw me naked in american pie and that's why they want my autograph Which for me is like not the case. I mean, obviously I saw american pie movies But it's not the case like I respect her I've seen a lot of things she's been in so I kind of felt like it was cool to get her autograph for that And I you know, I really like scary movie the first two scary movies and she did a really good job And 13 ghosts 13 ghosts is a good movie. It is a remake, but you know It's fun a lot of good visuals and there's there's good acting in it. So also Matthew Lillard's in it and I really like Matthew Lillard as well. He's great So yeah, meeting her was fine. That was cool. Uh, the other one another one I only have two other ones that I got uh, Justin Long was there So I got him. I know probably a lot of people are gonna see this and be like, what the Why would you get him? I'm a lot of people are like, why would you get him to sign something from task? So the main reason for that being I like Justin Long and I've not seen the gibberish creepers movies So if I had seen him at that point and I really liked him I would probably get him to sign a gibberish creepers thing because that's way more horror than something like tusk is because tusk like is horror But it's kind of like comedic like it's dark humor Um, but I really love Kevin Smith. I'm a big Kevin Smith fan and he did tusk and he like talks Trash about tusk all the time and he's just like that's the movie that ended Justin Long's career And that's the movie that ended my career and it's such garbage And I just like hate how self deprecating he is about it because it's not a bad film Like it's it's a decent film if you watch it for what it is And there's some really good stuff in it. Like the acting was super good. The script was not bad It was like good script It's just people I feel like people didn't know how to feel about that film because it was kind of ridiculous in concept But executed really well, so I think people are just kind of confused so they're like, well, I don't like it You know, but so I wanted to get him signed something from tusk because I'm a big Kevin Smith fan So that connection he always connects in my mind to Kevin Smith But I did tell him when I met him that Um, one of my favorite roles of his was Brandon st. Randy and Zach and Mary make a porno that Kevin Smith also did and he kind of laughed about that and he's like, yeah, you know, thanks Thank you very much. Um But he was super cool. He was down to just like chat for a while He looks like he hasn't aged at all that guy looks the same So good for him. Um, but I started talking to him about moose jaws If people aren't familiar Kevin Smith is working on another film. Um, that's in the trilogy was tusk yoga hosers, which I can't recommend yoga hosers, but it's also not as bad as I assumed it would be based on the trailer So I don't know So the third one in the trilogy wants to make one called moose jaws Which is going to take place in canada and it's kind of like jaws but on the land and it's a moose instead of a shark so I mean i'm in just because I like kevin smith and i'll see pretty much anything he does Uh, but I assumed that just along would probably be in it So I started talking to him about and he was like, oh, yeah, can you know kevin told me? I'm gonna be in it So and he was like is it happening and I was like, well, I heard like a month ago in one of his podcasts that he got Money for it like he has funding at the moment He's like, okay, and I was like you got to check in with him then he's like, yeah, yeah, I'll contact him See what's going on with that so when I got back to my house, I took a picture of The autograph and I tweeted it out and tagged kevin smith in it and said You know just got this autograph from just along talked to him about moose jaws He said that you know things look good. He should be in it And so I was just like kevin smith call your boy and lock him into this film And it was cool because kevin smith liked my tweet So hopefully that means that that got kevin thinking and was just like, yeah, I need to call justin and lock him in for this movie So fingers crossed I like just along. He was really nice and I like the stuff he's done Oh, and if people couldn't read it because I was trying to like show it without glare Uh, it says I hope this doesn't happen to you So just along hopes I don't get turned into a walrus, which was a really nice You know kind of personalized-ish thing that he put on there I like that Now the piece did resistance for this convention as I talked about it freddy kruger himself robert england was there I feel bad because I'm sure a lot of people who wanted to get his autograph did not get his autograph the thing was First of all in addition to pretty much everyone probably wanting to get in line for his autograph He takes a lot of time with the people he meets So he doesn't just like take whatever you want to get signed and just sign it and be like, oh good to meet you by He tells stories He answers any questions you have he just wants to create meaningful interactions And that's something I'd heard about him And it kind of sucks for people who want to just get his autograph because it makes the line go pretty slow But for the people who do get to meet him It's more than just hey, I met this person and they slapped their autograph on this thing So it's kind of like this catch 22 I got lucky my friend and I got lucky because we got in line at the right time super super early We just missed the cutoff for getting stuck For waiting like another hour hour and a half Because he was going to have to go do lunch and do his photo ops and stuff like that So we were very grateful for that literally they cut the line off two people behind us for that And we were like, oh my gosh. Thank you so much because otherwise we'd be here another hour hour and a half just waiting in line So all in all we were in line for like three hours waiting for for Robert england But uh, I'd also waited in line years ago for george romero for about three hours as well. So You know it I wasn't too concerned Plus when you have a friend with you and you can just chit chat the whole time it makes time go a lot faster But it was cool. Um, they they did a really good job Monster mania did because they didn't have people just standing They actually had like these kind of like banquet rooms and they set tons of chairs up So what they're doing is allowing people to sit in the chairs Um, and they added in two rooms the room where he was signing and then an additional room And then there was like a standing line outside of that additional room And then people would just kind of like filter in and as you know, the autographs were done Everyone would get shuffled up So it was nice to be able to be sitting and we were sitting for like the the entire three hours since we got there Early enough. So that was really nice So when you're in the room where um, he's signing you can hear what he's saying to other people and just see other people's reactions And what they're getting signed And uh, it was cool because he did some some freddy krueger voice from time to time He did like next victim and everyone, you know, like lost it But he's just he likes to entertain and he likes to tell stories and you know, give information And it was just really nice. So when I did get up to talk to him, uh, we chatted about um Well, I I listened to a podcast called post mortem With mcgaris and if people don't know mcgaris is a horror writer and director who's really underrated and actually Robert england said to himself when I was talking to him He was like mcgaris is a great guy and he's totally underrated and I was like, I agree with that So I was just telling him that I listened to that podcast and robert england was on and was an interviewee By mcgaris and I was like that was like Honestly, the best interview I've ever heard of like anything like he is crazy entertaining. He's a super smart guy He's had such interesting stuff to say and so I was just like, I just loved it I just wanted you to know that so then talking about mcgaris kind of went to um talking about the shining because mcgaris was involved with a mini series adaptation from steven king's book the shining And he was talking about how steven king hated stanley cubrick shining which I which I've known about that But he actually liked the mini mini series that mcgaris was involved in because it was closer to the actual book and We were just talking about I was just like I was like freaking out in my head because i'm just like I cannot believe The robert england is currently talking to me about one of my favorite movies the shining like It's crazy because like I love him. I think he's awesome He's such an icon and here he is talking to me about one of my favorite horror movies And it's just it's a unique experience and that's one of the great things about people like him is He's interested in creating those unique experiences first fans when you meet some and I really like that But I do have to tell you this amazing quote from him. I will never ever forget it and I have to pass it on to you guys He was talking about the big difference between The shining series and the shining movie by cubrick and he said the big difference is that Jack Nicholson's character was more Already kind of bad before he got to the overlook hotel Whereas in the mini series is more he was Like closer to the book He was less way less bad not really bad and then when he got to the overlook hotel The overlook hotel is what made him bad and you kind of see that progress or process of becoming bad and so When he was talking about that he broke it down and he said Because when he when jack torrance goes to the overlook hotel The devil already has one finger up his ass and I was just like First of all, that's a hilarious quote. Second of all, that's a very unique quote and I will always remember that So I was just like That's awesome. I can't believe you just said that to me and I will always remember it And I pass that along to people because it's hilarious and it was cool. So But let me show you what he signed I'm not unfortunately, you know, one of those people who does the super Unique stuff there were people bringing like huge posters that looked really awesome And like dolls and figures and funko pops and all this kind of stuff I I like small things that I can display on my walls Um, and this is how I've been doing it for these horror autographs for a long time So I just stick with it So I just got one of his pictures and he put fork carlin Sleep kills freddy k and then signed it robert england down there. It looks really good. It looks really good And uh, it was awesome. I will say, uh People are probably wondering well, how much were the prices? So Shannon elizabeth was 40 dollars Justin long was 40 dollars rob schneider was 40 dollars. A lot of the people on that level were 40 dollars um Robert england was 100 bucks Which when I was like waiting in line people would ask like, do you know how much it is? How much is it? Maybe like it's 100 dollars and everyone's reaction was the same.  And then they go, well, it's worth it. It's robert england Which, you know, what are you gonna do if you actually want to meet him? You'll spend that money I mean, he's horror royalty really. So what are you gonna do about that? And I did I did it although I heard that carl weathers who was at the convention Was also charging 100 dollars, which is kind of weird seeing is that he hasn't really done any work in some time and he's not Even close to being the level of someone like robert england but The celebrities get to set their own prices and I saw plenty of people in carl weathers line So, you know, it's kind of like a supply and demand thing if you can charge it and people are gonna pay it then You know, that's what you're gonna do But anyway, I mean obviously my favorite thing from the convention was the robert england signed picture But overall, I just wanted to say monster mania number 40 was really good I'm really bummed. I can't go to 41 in hunt valley maryland because Like ray wise is going to be there. Uh, the girl who played laura palmer and twin peaks is going to be there. I forget her name Dang it. Why do I forget her name? well, people can tell me down below but Uh, or I'm a big twin peaks fan. So I'm sad. I'm gonna be missing out on that There are some other really good people who are going to be there. I can't think of at the moment But monster mania does a good job. Uh, they got things really well on track at the moment So I'm excited to continue to go to their stuff So that's kind of gonna wrap it up for me for this video I do want to thank everyone for checking this out. Uh, go ahead and put in the comments You know, your experiences of monster mania whether you went to this one or past ones or if you're excited for Once for the future Um, or just want to talk about like celebrity autographs or you know, ones that you have once you paid for Cool stories surrounding ones that you got, but let's just you know, create some nerdy Comments and discussion down below and we'll do that. You can give it a like if you like the video You can give it a thumbs down if you don't really like the video. That's fine But um, do me one favor no matter what just hit the subscribe for me It takes you like literally literally sorry Literally a second and if you want to know every time I put up a video You can hit the little notification bell and that'll let you know But at the least please just hit that subscribe because it means a lot for the growth of my channel And to you it's painless because it's literally like a second So I really would appreciate that and spread the word if you like the videos let people know Hey, there's these videos. I like checking them out. So thank you very much for checking this out And until next time keep it brutal


Welcome, everybody. This is the advanced lesson on working with images with Prezi. And we are going to talk about a few things. The first is alignment and distribution. When you grab an image and you move it, you will see these yellow lines that are telling you what the image is aligning to. For example, if I wanted in the center of the logo, in the vertical center, I would drag the image until I see this orange or yellow ruler. I can also do that to this text or to this. I can align on top horizontally, at the middle or horizontally, at the bottom. This helps me with distributing the content throughout the presentation without having to use difficult methods or having to size the images outside of Prezi. For now, we are going to align this image with the top of the logo to have as much white space as we can. Another, let me see, tablet. Let's find a cool tablet image. Let's see if this works. Okay, it's not perfect, but it can work for our example. When I bring an image into a Prezi presentation, it's at the top level. It's on top of all the others. If I want to show this image on top of this image, I will select this image, right click, and bring to front. I will do the same with the logo and bring it to front. Note that the logo is transparent while the images that we included is not. It works with topics too. Topics behave as images. For example, if I bring this image here and I right click this topic and bring it to front, because I brought the front only this topic, this image remains in front of these other topics. So it's up to us to decide on which layer each of the images will reside, especially when we are superimposing images one to each other. The last part of this advanced lesson on working with images is about actually editing the image. Let's find the skyline. In the basic lesson, we saw how to crop an image. Go back to the previous lesson in this course to find how to crop an image. Remember that when you crop an image, with this option, you only crop the visual, but not the actual image, keeping the weight of the image as part of the presentation, making it heavier. If we select the image and choose this other option, which is the advanced image editing, then we have a bunch of options that include changing the format of the image. So if we want a square image or a wide screen, we can also have color filters. We have saturation, brightness, contrast and gamma options. Let's say that we want to represent a dark evening. We want to make it even stronger. We want more definition, and we are not going to touch the gamma because it will touch our colors. We can play all we want with the different options, and if we are not happy, we just reset the default and keep playing with options. Well, it's up to you to play around with the different options on the advanced image editing. Let's go to focus, where we can actually add effects to the image. We can add a focus to a specific part of the image. This is a mirror effect. This is a linear focus. It's similar to radial on a Gaussian effect, which is the effect that uses iPhone for the back of your portrait pictures. You can draw stuff or you can point to stuff, though I suggest using pretzels arrows. This is a very cool feature where you can add a frame to your image and you can change the opacity of the frame, so the frame is not solid on top of the image. You can also change the size or the width of the stroke of the frame. I like this very much. Once you are done with your effects, click on Update, and it will go back to your pretzels presentation and give you the modified image. In this case, it doesn't work like the crop option, which only adds a mask leaving the image as the original. In this case, the image is fully modified and unless you undo here, you use the undo option, this image will remain permanent as is. Okay, that's it for this lesson. See you in the next.


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Thank you very much for the introduction Don. A few words on the guide for scientists for quantifying the value of structural health information for decision support. Okay, this is the slide we have just seen. This is the structure of this document. It contains the approach for the value of structural health monitoring, the description of structural health monitoring. The scientific core here in terms of the structural performance adaptation and with structural health monitoring information and its modeling and principle example. You may have recognized, we have been talking about the value of structural health monitoring or monitoring information. You may have recognized also from the previous presentations that in general we cannot really distinguish between inspections and monitoring and maybe some other kinds like non-destructive testing. So in this sense we introduced the term of structural health information. This is what we are dealing with and we will see later in the presentation that there is various kinds of information we can obtain from a structure covered. To have or to visualize broad perspective we should consider the life cycle of a structure from the planning and design phase over manufacturing construction, a large area of large time span for the operational maintenance and then the commissioning phase. In all phases there are decisions, symbolized with the decision tree here. If we zoom in then we have the system states here which may distinguish in a way of risk analysis into hazards, constituent damage and failure states and then system and damage and failure states but we should also not forget the intact system. And then all these decisions are about the maximization of the expected utility. This is the foundations we are working with going back to utility theory and they are somehow related to the economical efficiency, safety and environmentally friendliness of our systems. They are subjected to some boundaries like in terms of utilities. This is formulated here as an acceptable utility and acceptable minimum utility. And yes we are optimizing across sets of decisions. From this rather broad perspective we have also been seeing today this is defeated basically from the theoretical framework. Working group one we see many exemplary decision scenarios which are part of this perspective in the phase of the operation of an infrastructure system. Yes many many this is for the state now relatively good explored. We have code and standard calibration structure prototype development and design by testing and this is what we have not heard. Yet we also have the structural health information system development. And this is also something we need to use our framework for because this is providing the utilization scenarios and also the perspective on where the development of structural health information systems should get us on maximizing the value of information basically not necessarily the precision of the information. Yes well there is a probabilistic part in this document I will try to keep this short. So this is a zoom into the objective functions for the value of SHI. This is formulated in the way of a preposterior decision analyzers. We have seen this before with combining the preposterior branch here with the prior decision analyzers. So that's the U1 which is quantified here the U0 quantified here and then our optimal decision is about the identification of the optimal information strategy the optimal set of actions depending on outcome and also the optimal action without the SHI without the structural health information. Subjected to acceptability boundaries. So this is what we do when we do value of information analysis in the sense of that we are optimizing the information requirement before implementation. We can also quantify the posterior value of SHI. So this is the situation where we all already have measurements and an outcome and then the decision is basically about here quantifying the optimal actions with and without information. This is symbolized here so we don't have a decision of identifying the most optimal strategy for information requirement. We have already obtained the information so the path is drawn here and the decision note here is gone and also this decision note here is also gone. So this stands for the decision whether to implement SHM or to acquire any information at all or not. So it may be that the value of the information may be negative and in this sense there should not any system be implemented. So this is the description of the framework for the quantification for the value of structural health information in a wide perspective and then with examples including a general probabilistic formulation. We now go into the structural health information so this part is inspired by the work of Working Group 2 what we have heard today already and Working Group 1. We have seen this terminology about information conditions we need to account for or need to be at least aware of what information we can obtain or not. So this gives us a definition for the structural health information which is information with relevance for the decisions influencing the infrastructure performance and utility. And specifically we need to model the type, content of information, the probabilistic properties, costs and consequences having these conditions in mind. How can we classify the types? We have had quite some discussions about this at this level with this guide. We keep it at a very general level, temporal characteristics, discrete or continuous and periods of measurements. We have spatial characteristics, are we on system level, are we on component level or constituent level or subsystem level. And then is the, do we have a direct information or do we have an indirect information so that's rather an indication information. What probabilistic characteristics do we need to account for? Close to what we have heard from Working Group 2 you may recognize it is about the measurement process. So that means the conversion of electrical, optical signals to structural properties. It is about the SHI installation and operation. So sometimes there's the issue where the sensor, where exactly is it? Yes, we don't know exactly but it must be here somehow. This can make a large difference if the measurement was very local like with strain gauges. Operational conditions need to be somehow modeled. Best is if they are somehow normalized. Human errors we have here, human errors we have also in the SHI data analyzes. So this is about statistical uncertainties and model uncertainties. Limited precision also of the data normalization algorithms and very important. And I think this was not mentioned so far. The dependencies between consecutive or multiple SHI information, that's doubling, multiple structural health information. So here we need to have quite some attention to it. The dependencies are originating from the measurement system. So the part of the measurement system which goes to the sensor, it's just maybe rather independent. But if the same amplifier for instance is used then we have already some dependencies. So these are the main probabilistic characteristics which we should find in our models. One way to model the traditional way is we are basing upon signal processing and detection theory. So basically we have a distribution of the measurement signal and the threshold. And then we can distinguish one or the other state so that originates in hypothesis testing. And again we need to account for the dependencies here. So this was an outline of the structural health information modeling. In a little more detail, the type, the probabilistic modeling, of course there must be the cost modeling. So what is the lifetime of the SHM system associated with the replacement interval? What is the cost of installation? What is the cost of investment? Okay, coming to the part number four, structural performance adaptation and structural health information modeling. So we may develop very similar approaches for different types of structural health information at a very local level, inspections or damage detection. Damage detection for systems may rely on the statistical and dynamical behavior of the structure and analyzes in regard to a reference state. Low testing is a way of information requirement and then we are coming also to monitoring information which may also be modeled in as a quality information where the limit state function is an inequality and we have a quality information because we know that some property, some structural property is equal to the value we measure. So short zoom into with a few formulas. This is what we know relatively well. That's the posterior probability of it could be a constituent state X and we obtain the vector of the information Z here. This is the posterior probability. What is not so clear and causes sometimes confusion is this is what we don't do in the pre-posterior analysis unless we do the extensive form and then multiplying with P of Z. So what we're actually doing in a pre-posterior analysis is we are after this expression here and this is for illustration how do we determine the probabilities of the system state of the constituent system state X1C here. This is a limit state function. It's basically the resistance minus the loading but the resistance dependency dependent here on the damage and we also count for the model uncertainties. Then we can also model the limit state function probability of the outcome Z1Z2 based on the probability of indication for all damage states. This is much more extensive in the guideline or in the guide and we also have a principle example where we pre-assess the value of SHI with simplified approaches. We assess and optimize before SHI system implementation. We use the posterior decision analysis or posterior value of information analysis to assess and optimize after SHI system implementation and we provide a starting set of literature for adding complexity to the principle example. Thank you for your attention. I will hand over now to Dimitris and we will take the discussion at the end of the presentations.


Hello everybody! This video will tell you what to do if your flash drive doesn't work. As practice shows, there are a number of factors to cause this problem. For example, everything works fine with a PC, but other devices – a TV, car audio, digital camera, dashboard camera, etc. – can't see your flash drive, or the drive is infected with viruses, and so on. In my previous video How to fix flash drive errors, I have told you about other issues related to problems with a USB drive, a memory card, or an external hard disk. Let us begin with a situation when your flash drive works perfectly with a computer, but you encounter problems when it is connected to other devices, such as a TV, car audio, etc. For example, a device can't see your flash drive. The first possible cause is the drive's incompatible format. Both devices support only FAT file system – FAT16, FAT32, or XFAT, which is rare.  The solution is quite simple. All you need is to connect the drive to a computer and format it in FAT file system. If there is any important data on the drive, copy it to the computer. After that, go to the Explorer, right-click on the flash drive, and click on Format. Then select the necessary file system, for example FAT32, choose Quick Format, and click Start. You will see a warning that all data will be deleted. Click OK and wait for the process to finish. As you do that, copy the files you need to the flash drive and reconnect it to the device. The other possible cause is the excessive memory size of the flash drive. Almost all devices have a limit on the maximal size of the drive memory they can work with. It varies depending on a certain device type – 4, 8 or 16 GB. If your drive's memory size is larger than this figure, the device won't be able to see such drive. In this case, you can connect a drive with a smaller memory size. If you can't do that, create a partition with a size suitable for your device on this bigger flash drive. To do it, go to the command prompt as Administrator, enter the command DiskPort, and then ListDisk. Now we can see the list of all disks connected to this computer. My flash drive is marked as Disk5. Before you continue, make sure your flash drive contains no important data. It will be deleted. After that, enter the command SelectDisk5, check the number carefully, or you can erase the wrong disk. And then enter the command Clean. Then enter Create Partition Primary. That is, you are creating a partition. And specify its size in megabytes. For example, 2000 megabytes using the command Size equals 2000. Enter Select Partition 1, you select this partition. Then format the drive in the format you need. For example, in FAT32, with the command Format FS equals FAT32, quick. Open the drive letter by entering Assign letter equals X. You can choose any other letter, which is not assigned already, and finish the work of Disk Part with the command Exit. After that, close the command prompt, and now you can see. My flash drive has only 2 gigabytes now. All you need now is to copy the files to the flash drive and reconnect it to the device. The third possible cause is that the USB port of the TV, car, audio, etc. can have operability problems, or can be a service port, if there are several USB ports in your device. In this case, try reconnecting the flash drive to another board or visit a repair shop. Another cause of possible problems with a flash drive can be about viruses. For example, there is no problem with listening to music with your car, audio, or watching films on TV, when your flash drive is connected, but your computer is anti-virus, flashes a warning that the drive is infected. Another possible variant is that files are not displayed, or your computer can't see this drive at all. In my case, the computer can see that the drive contains some data, but it cannot display it. This problem can be solved by cleaning the viruses with special anti-virus software – Kaspersky, DoctorWeb, and so on, or cleaning the driver's partition table with the command clean and the disk part too, as I have shown before. After all, a flash drive can be out of order because of various physical problems, both since the drive itself or in this particular problem, a particular computer that the drive is connected to. For example, one of the ports in your computer is out of order. In case with desktops, it happens to front the panel USB ports very often. In this case, try reconnecting the flash drive to another port or another computer. Thank you for watching and good luck! If you liked this video, click the Like button below and subscribe to our channel to see more.


emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants contain mutations in a spike protein that may affect vaccine efficacy. Show, using SARA from 180 BNT162 B2 vaccinated healthcare workers, that neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7 is not affected, while neutralization of B.1.351 variant is 5-fold reduced. This article was authored by Pinja Jalcanine, Pepka Kolmaynen, Hanny K. Hakkinen, and others.


Remote sensing techniques can provide accurate measurements of solar radiation absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere and surface. However, more research is needed to understand how this energy is distributed throughout the climate system and at the Earth's surface. Satellite-based remote sensing algorithms have been developed to estimate evapotranspiration from landscapes and regions with remotely sensed surface temperatures. These algorithms have limitations due to temporal and spatial scaling issues, as well as the need for continuous estimates in space and time. Remote sensing has been used to estimate evapotranspiration on a rice paddy in Taiwan, but further research is necessary to improve accuracy and reliability of these algorithms. This article was authored by UNLU and Sanjeev Kumar Kar.


Welcome to the Fandal Hurry Up for the Open Championship golf's final major of the year. I'm Brandon Gedulla here to break down three of my favorite golfers for the British Open across various salary ranges on Fandal. That's going to start off with Xander Schroffle at $11,500 on Fandal. I easily could have gone with John Rom here in this spot at $12,300, but in major fields we have a lot of flexibility at the top of the salary pool. Despite that, Xander's salary is a full $800 lower than John Rom's. While Xander is always a popular pick at majors, he has the fourth highest average draft percentage on Fandal across this year's majors. It's for good reason. Schroffle's elite all-around game just lends itself to major golf. He's the only golfer in the field to rank in the 85th percentile or better in all four adjusted strokes gain categories over the past year, according to my database. Schroffle also has three made cuts and three tries at his past Open Championships, and he has had 10 top 20 finishes in his past 13 majors. Coming off a 10th at the Scottish Open last week, Schroffle should be primed for yet another strong showing in a major. Moving on to the mid-range, I like Scotty Schaeffler this week whose Fandal salary is $9,700. Schaeffler finished 12th at the Scottish Open last week at a course not nearly as lengthy as we'll get this week at Royal St. George's, and while this will be his first Open Championship, he's dominated his majors to start his career. That includes five straight top 20 finishes, three straight top 10s including two straight. Schaeffler came onto the scene as one of the game's best ball strikers and has cooled off a little but not much. The driver, the irons are still strong, still well above field average once adjusting for field strength and recency. He has elevated though his short game. He's up to the 70th percentile and adjusted around the green play, 62nd percentile and adjusted putting. You love to see that. You will need to scramble well at Royal St. George's, get up and down, save par, but the wedge numbers for Schaeffler are looking really good right now. He's hitting some greens in regulation with great iron play. That's going to be a big plus, but Schaeffler's upgraded his game to hit greens in regulation, picks them up against the field, but also now scramble and save par, get himself out of trouble. So, Schaeffler at a salary of 9700 makes a ton of sense this week on Fandall. And now jumping down into the value range for the week, below 9000 on Fandall, I'll be looking at Alex Noren at a salary of 8600. Noren's not a golfer. I typically target because he's very dependent on his short game. That's not nearly as predictive week to week as ball striking is. However, the elite short game, the elite scrambling has worked really well for Noren in past open championships. The suite has gained an average of 1.7 strokes per round over the past five iterations of the British Open. That's a top 10 rate in the field that pairs him with some of the game's best players. And Noren has four straight made cuts at open championships. Noren's driver stats are also on the upward trajectory, the iron play getting a bit better as well. So, he has to rate stats to make a cut, another cut I should probably say, at the open, push for a top 25, possibly even a top 15 at Royal Saint George's. So, there you have it for the Fandall hurry up. Best of luck this week with the open championship.


Let's see if I'm loud enough. Okay, so I'm a theoretical physicist and I work on a variety of probes and population dynamics ranging from invasive species to cytoskeleton. But today I'm going to talk about all about microbes and of course as you know microbes affect all aspects of our lives and they do it by working together, right? So any of the function you will hear is a product of many species from ten to a hundred, potentially a thousand species working together to provide a particular ecological function. And therefore people have been interested for a long time to understand how the microbes interact, right? You can construct interaction networks based on the metabolic exchanges, based on time series data, based on experiments or you can look at cross-sectional samples and infer correlations between microbes and interpret those interactions, right? As a result of this, you typically end up with a network which is a human microbiome based on these cross-sectional correlations and you can't see the links very well but believe me this network looks like a nice hairball and that's a typical result you get from these studies. So the goal of my talk is very simple, I want to convince you that all of these interactions cannot be happening at the same point in space at the same time, right? And why that's the case? Well, because microbes have a finite size, right?  And things are worse than that because spatial structure is not random. So here is an example of spatial structure obtained by Gary Barisi's lab who was able to fluorescently label up to 20 most abundant species in the oral microbiome and you see that microbes from this got patches and the number of interactions in different species is very small compared to what you would imagine in an alumnus population. So this spatial structure forms for a variety of reasons. It could be a product of ecological succession, you know, different organisms could chem attacks towards each other, they actually have special receptors to bind to each other. But apart from all the biological, complicated reasons, this structure arises just from the fact that if a blue cell divides, well, it's right next to another blue cell. And so over time you end up with a patch of distribution where similar cells are next to each other, right? And so my goal is trying to understand how this very simple process of, you know, limited dispersal affects microbial interaction, right? Cells have been studying this process in a simple laboratory environment by doing the following experiment, right? You take your favorite organism and design two strains that could be interacting, but for the simple example, they're not interacting, in fact, they're identical except they have a different fluorescent marker. You mix them together, put in a pitch redish and then wait for a week and you have a nice colony. This colony doesn't have any features because it doesn't matter whether you grew one strain or two strains, they're identical. However, if you look under fluorescent microscope, you end up with an interesting pattern, or the pattern of sectors, where different strains tend to separate from each other. And again, that's simply just the fact that, you know, when blue cell divides, it's next to another blue cell, right? We can also think about it maybe more theoretically by making a connection with population genetics. And again, to do that, you can imagine looking along this arrow, which is kind of tracing the history of this expansion, and I point out that in these experiments, most of the growth happens outside of the colony where there are enough nutrients. And so in the beginning, you have a mixed population, however, as the expansion proceeds, there are fluctuations, which in population genetics and all in the genetic drift. And these fluctuations eventually cause one of the genotypes to go extinct and the other one to reach fixation. So as a result, you end up with the formation of a sector of a single color. Right? So these patterns occur for a variety of organisms. Here, I just showed a few examples, right? So on top, you see E. coli, which is now expanding in different geometries. They've been expanded from a droplet. There was a linear inoculation that grows up and down. There is our favorite lab yeast. There is 2-demonus. And these patterns have been found for aspombi, so satelus, and many other organisms. It's also very straightforward to simulate these dynamics. All you need to do is somehow populate on the lattice where you have sides. Each side may have an organism, and there's migration between sides. And in no time, you can reproduce patterns like that in simulations, which are very simple simulations without any complexity that reproduce biological experiments. And you can also do more complicated simulations where cells mechanically in a rack, they exchange nutrients. But regardless of the complexity, the robust behavior of sectoring and genetic drift is preserved, right? In addition to being able to simulate these patterns very easily, one can actually solve them entirely analytically. One can compute almost every property one wants about these expansions. I just as an example, I'm showing you that one can calculate how the number of the sectoring domains depends on migration rate, velocity of the expansion or size of the colony. And these predictions are in quantitative agreement with experiments and simulations. So these patterns affect many processes in microbial populations because almost all evolution of ecological processes are going to be confined to the boundaries between the different strains, rather than being happening everywhere in a population. And I've spent quite some time trying to figure out how these patterns affect species competition, mutational processes, horizontal gene transfer. But today I'm going to focus just on microbial interactions. And I want to answer a few questions. The first couple of questions that I'm going to answer in quite some detail talk about how spatial structure affects interaction networks and then talk about the diffusion of metabolites in this colony. And then as we have time, I'm going to address maybe some more interesting questions which are part of the unpublished work, which is how does the geometry of the habitat affects interactions. What can we say about hybrid interactions that involve more than two species? And then maybe we can identify some design principles in microbial communities and maybe even try to infer interaction patterns purely from the spatial patterns of microbial abundances. So let me begin with the first question. And to do that, we're going to begin with a very simple system, a cross-fitting of two strains. It's a common motif in more complex interaction networks as well as probably a key element in synthetic microbial communities that we would like to design. And for that reason, probably Winning-Shu has introduced this system about a decade ago, trying to understand how simple heterotrophic cooperation works. So here are the two species that exchange an amine acid and they really require each other for growth. We're going to label the species A and B because we're physicists and then we're going to denote the relative fraction population by Fs and these fractions sum up to one. To model the interaction between them, you have to define their fitness and their fitness must depend on the abundance of the partner in the population and in the simplest possible model, you can say that the fitness of species A is going to be some basic growth rate plus a term that is proportional to the abundance of the partner organism, right? So the fitness of A depends on the abundance of B and vice versa. So if you define a fitness function like that, then in a well-mixed population, you end up with a following dynamics where every species is going to invade when rare and they're going to stabilize at a certain fraction, F star, right? This fraction is given by the relative benefit that organisms get from crossfeeding and the rate at which they converge to this steady state is given by the strength of the interaction, right? And here's a simple mathematical expression that one can obtain from the evolutionary dynamics, right? In addition to describing mutualism, the same model can also account for by-stability and competitive exclusion and that's pretty much the same diagram that Jeff Gore was showing a couple of days ago where, you know, if both alphas are positive, you end up with mutualism, if they're negative, you have by-stability and if they have different signs, then we have competitive exclusion, right? And again, so what I'm going to try to do next in the next five minutes is try to tell you how this diagram changes if we put this interaction in the spatial population, right? So the first step is very simple. You can just put this population and simulate this dynamics and, for example, you can look at the spatial patterns as you change the strength of interaction, right? And so here what you see is a population that was initially occupying this low edge and was allowed to expand outward, right? And if you look at these pictures, you immediately see that cross-feeding can overcome the spatial separation to domains, right? So the bigger the cross-fitting, the smaller the domains that we see. However, this is not a simply quantitative effect. In fact, there's a qualitative difference between small and large cross-fitting and we can see just by running simulations longer and what you find is that if the cross-fitting is too small or is below some threshold, then the populations will completely face separate and eventually one of the species is going to take over while the cross-fitting is strong enough then the mixing is going to... Yeah. Okay. So the dynamics of simulations, we have lattice of sites. Each site has n organisms. They can migrate between them and we do a Moran type of update, right? So one particle is always killed, one is born and the probability of birth is depends on the local fitness and the local fitness in this case is computed according to those formulas where it's proportional to the fraction of the partner species, right? So in these guys, it's effective. So I showed you both 2D. These guys are 1D where we simulate just the growing edge of the colony because that's where all dynamics happens. But we will get to some 2D simulations later as well and I'll try to make clear which one is which. You can also do 2D, but again, as long as you expand in one direction, it's going to have the same results. Okay. So I'm going to...  How about characterize spatial structure? The first index you can define is somehow a mixed index which is analogous to heterozygosity that we have in a certain genetics and just tells you the probability to find two organisms, two different organisms of the same spatial location, right? So in the simple model I'm talking about now, this mixed index actually tells you about fitness because if, I know, age is zero, there is no cross-feeding because species have to be present at the same location. As we move to more complicated models that for example include diffusion of metabolites, this will no longer be the case because even though these species are locally demixed, they could still exchange nutrients and so it's nice to define a more general quantity which I'm going to call community productivity and it basically measures the fitness gained due to cross-feeding, right? So it's your fitness minus the fitness without cross-feeding normalized by the fitness you would get in a well-mixed population, right? So I have my definition of W's, right? So, you know, W naught plus alpha beta so I can compute the fitness at every spatial location using my definition of fitness. So I mean in simulations you define a fitness function and you run simulations, right? So of course you can always compute fitness in your simulations. No, it's a Moran model, right? So in Moran model you can have more complicated models where you have no carrying capacity, growth rate, competition. In this case, it's just one number because it affects, I mean, you can think of it as a growth rate, right? Yeah? Sorry? Well, that's the probability, right? Because if you know, if for example F's, if you have 50-50 ratio, right, you only have 50% chance to take two different organisms, right? And that's why the factor of two is there. It's really a kind of, it's an exact formula. So really the probability to get two different organisms. So this H is gonna go between zero and a half. And if we didn't have a factor of two, it's gonna go between zero and a quarter, which is not quite right. Yeah, so we don't have nearest neighbor. We have many organisms per site. And within each site, it's one, whatever, W naught plus alpha times F of the partner. Right? Okay. Any other questions? So again, as I said, in this very simple model, there is a very simple relationship between these two quantities. And it's just, you know, the productivity just proportional to the to the mixed index because it's all interactions are local, right? Okay, so this measure, I can show you pictures like this where I can quantify the community productivity as the function of the interaction strength. And as I said earlier, I have a phase transition where for strong interactions, I have positive community productivity. But below also on threshold, the productivity drops to zero, right? So this was, this is the data for symmetric interactions. So we can also of course do asymmetric interactions. And what turns out is that the symmetric interactions are significantly more stable than asymmetric ones, right? So here we see the heat map of community productivity. The white regions correspond to productive cross-feeding while the black regions correspond to competitive exclusion, right? And so I also show you the well-mixed diagram here so you can compare and see that this entire region of coexistence was squeezed to a much smaller region shown here in white. And for the physicists in the audience, of course, we see this picture with slightly different eyes. You know, these lines over here are lines of phase transitions and these phase transitions can be classified in a relatively small number of universality classes, right? In this case, most of them belong to the so-called directed percolation transitions, but this very special point is a different universality class called DP2. And the crossover between these universality classes, of course, determines the shape of this phase diagram. I know we see as a go forward that this idea of universality classes and phase transitions can sometimes give you significant insight into the dynamics of these populations. Around the same time as we were thinking about these ideas, Winning-Schrupp was also thinking about it together with her post-doc, Babak Momeni, and they've done experiments to demonstrate precisely that. So they have engineered a few strains of yeast and they indeed showed that cross-feeding persists only if it's sufficiently strong and populations that coexist in a well-mixed culture fail to do so in spatial populations. A few years later, Melanie Miller in Andrew Murray's lab has done a much more thorough experiment so where she basically tried to tune the degree of cross-feeding by adding amino acids to the media. So she can have these two amino acids that the species cross-feed and if she doesn't add them to the media, then of course, the mutualism is obligate. However, if she adds enough of these amino acids then the benefit of cross-feeding drops to zero and in that case, you have demixing, right? So in shape, no, made this entire diagram, I'm gonna simplify it on this picture. So basically the summary is that in the experiment she indeed found that there are these four regions, there's a region of coexistence, there's a region of almost neutral dynamics where there's demixing and the regions of competitive exclusions. Okay, so I have now addressed the first question and I wanna move to the second one which is talk about public good diffusivities. And the diffusion you can think of, you can imagine it's gonna be very important because all my main assumption was that the interactions have to be local, right? You have to have both species at the same time but you can imagine in a situation like this if the nutrients can diffuse across the boundaries then the species do not have to be at the same point and they can still productively cross-feed. So what's the following question? Well, how does community productivity depend on the diffusion of metabolites? Okay, so I mean, again, now you modify the simulations so now we don't have these dynamics, now the species secrete public goods, they consume them, they produce them, the public goods diffuse with a different diffusion constant and now the fitness depends not on the fraction of the partner species but rather on the local concentration of the public goods. So if we do these simulations we find that actually if we increase the diffusion constant then the productivity of the community goes down and below a certain diffusivity it drops precisely to zero which is a little bit different from what we expected and to see why this is happening we looked at the spatial structure and we found that as we change the diffusivity the communities transition from being mixed to being demixed, all right? Moreover, the demixing, so the length scale of domains grows much faster than the length of which nutrients can be exchanged. So even though as you increase the diffusion constant you transport nutrients further along but this process cannot catch up with the growth of the domain length, all right? To understand why this is happening again it's sufficient to look what happens in the main boundary and this is probably one of the most complicated figures and the stocks are looking to try to work through it slowly. So here these thin lines they show you the concentration of the species, right? So here it has species A, here it has species B and this is a transition zone. The thicker lines show you the concentration of the nutrients or the public goods of the exchange and these lines are smoother because of the diffusion constant that smoothies the variation. Now the differences in the public good concentration tells you the local strengths of selection for coexistence and as you can see here it's pretty high away from the boundary but right at the boundary you have both nutrients present and the selection for coexistence is actually zero. And now you can see that because natural selection can only operate when both species are present it is confined to this very narrow region of the species boundary where the selection is small and one can actually estimate how small it is by a very simple argument the selection coefficient here is gonna be given by a selection coefficient outside times the ratio of the boundary with to the length scale which an nutrient diffuses. So this is a very simple argument tells you that diffusion does not really have any, no new fundamental role in the system it simply renormalizes the selection coefficient and makes it smaller, right? And this is not the way the argument we can use it for example to compute how the critical diffusivity when the productivity collapses depends on the migration rate, population size and selection and indeed absorb the same exponents in simulations. We can also now use the fact that the diffusion does not change the phase transition in the system and immediately argue that for any phase transition we will expect that as we approach the critical point the length scale, in this case the main length scale has to diverge with some exponent given by the universality class of the phase transition and this is indeed the behavior that we see, right? As we approach the critical diffusivity we see that the main length diverges. And again this is something you would not probably guess without the theory of phase transitions and indeed people have been trying to use other approaches like dimensional analysis and the scaling and predicted that for example the main length's gonna go as d to some power which is of course inconsistent with this picture. Okay, so I wanna maybe mention one last thing about the public good diffusion, right?  But then we were very inspired by this paper that looked at other public goods in this case Hedera force among different organisms and what they found is that even though all Hedera force have a very simple function of side given by this pair of OH groups, they have amazingly diverse set of shapes and they were able to compute the diffusion constants for these different shapes and again they have similar molecular weight but they have very different stickiness to the environment which affects the diffusion constant and they found that diffusion constants can vary by orders of magnitude between different microbes. So I'm not gonna show any data from our work but we explored the effect of whether a species can get a benefit by changing its diffusion constant and we found that diffusion constants are under very strong selection. However, there is no simple answer like I wanna have a very high diffusion constant and I have a very low diffusion constant because the answer depends on the nonlinearities of the dynamics. In particular, whether you have diminishing returns from the public goods or you have somehow accelerating returns and other nonlinearities in production and consumption you may wanna choose different diffusion constant either faster or slower than your partner and so as a result of these dynamics it's quite possible that the diverse chemical shapes could be indeed optimal for a given ecological dynamics. Okay, so by now I've answered the first two questions at least to some extent. I've told you about the role of spatial structure that it can for example remove some interactions in the microbial, basically it can remove cross feeding so you might think that you have this interaction but if you put things in space the interactions don't exist. In a few slides I'm gonna tell you that spatial structure can also create new interactions and I basically told you that diffusion is not a fundamentally new thing it's basically just renormalizes the parameters in the model. So now I wanna move on to so maybe some more interesting questions about the geometry and the high number of species, right? So the simplest of these questions is the question of geometry and dimensionality because in physics we understand it quite a bit and the general answer is that the high number of dimensions you have the more the most similar the dynamics is to a well-mixed population. So why do we have different dimensionalities? Well, so let's think about the growth in a colony where you grow only at the very edge and that's effectively one-dimensional population growth or you can think about growth on top of a biofilm in which case the dynamics is quite two-dimensional, right? And in many cases the difference between one and two dimensions is just quantitative but there are a few examples where one really gets very different qualitative behavior one of them is this symmetric mutualism so in one dimension as I showed you earlier there is this phase transition where below critical strength of cross-fitting the cross-fitting is completely lost this doesn't happen in two dimensions in two dimensions if you tune the cross-fitting arbitrarily small the species maintain their coexistence. However this is a fragile point and if you introduce any asymmetry between the cross-fitting that you recover the phase transition, right? Now the more challenging question than spatial structure is the idea of high number of species, right? And I have this network of the human microbiome but I actually have no idea how I'm gonna model it and if I'm gonna ask simple questions well how does the genetic drift affect these interactions? I don't know how to answer it because I can put some random matrices that Pankaj did on Wednesday but I never know whether the properties I see are from the specific assumptions that I put into the model or from the topology of the interaction network. I don't think we have a very satisfactory answer to how to proceed but we come up with I mean at least maybe a step forward what we call topological model, right? So let me give you a basic idea so we have some habitat, right? And this habitat you're gonna have different species and different number of species in different location. So for example this location has only two species and so what I'm gonna do I'm gonna simulate the dynamics of just these two and say for blue and red there is no interaction so I'm gonna evolve them neutrally. Now in a different patch I have three species so now I'm gonna evolve them according to the dynamics for these three species, right? And I'm gonna say that there are two, I mean I'm gonna basically evolve them according to a well-mixed prediction so if for example these guys are strongly mutualistic then I'm gonna evolve them towards say an equilibrium and equal fractions. And I'm gonna do it with some probability I was gonna capture the strength of the interaction so in this case I'm gonna set them to be one third, one third, one third of probability S and with one minus that I'm gonna evolve them under neutral dynamics sort of binomial sampling, right? So again this model is not perfect but it allows us to quantify the strength of the interaction relative to genetic drift. You know these models give you very similar results if you compare them to mechanistic models, right? So here again my plot of one and two dimensions I mean the actual numbers you see here are very different but like the type of the phase transition is exactly the same it happens in one deep it doesn't happen in 2D. So the models again they're not exactly the same but I think they capture the core the core aspects of the dynamics, okay? So now with these models I can ask some interesting questions. So the first question I'm gonna ask, well what happens to higher order interactions, right? And I'm gonna take a specific type of high order interaction which is I'm gonna call collective mutualism so imagine where you have a community where all three species have to be present to accomplish a particular goal, right? So it's not a combination of some pairwise interaction where you really have to have all three if you have only two, nothing really happens, right? And I can of course do it to four, five and higher number of species. And when I change the number of species I see that these are very different dynamics, right? For two species I always have coexistence and community is always productive no matter what the strengths of the mutualism but as I increase the number of species I have now have a phase transition moreover the critical strengths of interaction increases dramatically as I increase the number of species, right? We can understand the difference between high number of species and two species by looking at the spatial structure and again two species are very special because if you look at the boundaries between the species they're active and what I mean by that is that if you have a migration between red and blue you're gonna create a mixed patch and that mixed patch is now productive because it has both species. If you look at three and more species again most boundaries for example this one are between domains of two colors and if you have a migration across that domain you're not gonna create a patch with three species. So most boundaries are inactive and only when three boundaries meet for example here then you end up creating productive domains and that changes the universality class of the phase transitions again. So here you see the spatial patterns as a function of the number of species and the selection. The first thing we see is that so the black squares show that one of the species went extinct and you see that for each number of species you have to increase the selection by about an order of magnitude but you can also see these plots, right? So let's show you how the productivity changes within the close to the phase transition for high number of species it has the same behavior consistent with the directed percolation universality class but it's a different behavior for two species. And that of course reflects the fact that you are much more likely to have two species interacting than high number of species, right? For example for five species you only have coexistence almost when you deterministically every time update them to be at equal fractions. Well given that how the interactions seem to be unstable but you might somehow one design communities that have them the next question is can one stabilize them by adding pairwise interaction to the dynamics? Okay and the most natural interaction you may think about is adding pairwise interactions that would help these two different species, right?  Now whether this happens in nature I don't know but I can tell you a story. So in fact it's very hard to find a community where you have this high order interactions and that's not surprising because we think that they're unstable. One of such communities is shown here this is a community that has to live off beauty rate without oxygen and that's a very poor energy source and it grows only when all three members are present because of some metabolic interactions that are involved in this community. This community is so poor that it's doubling time approaches a year compared to 20 minutes for E. coli so it grows extremely slowly so you can see the time here in days and it goes to like 2000 days. And then if people looked at the oxotrophis in this community they found that each of the partners makes a unique and amino acid. For example the first one makes these two amino acids the second one is the only one who makes histidine and lysine and the final partner is the only organism that makes serine. So again this is not the main ways to prove but it's quite possible that this pattern of cross-feeding might be useful for the organisms to stabilize the spatial structure in the community. Okay, so I also promised you to show that spatial structure can create new interactions and this is an example of that. So here I'm plotting the probability to find three species in a patch as a function of the strengths of the mutualism. So again the blue one is the collective one we have a threshold and then a higher probability but the same dynamics also occurs in the reciprocal mutualism. And I emphasize that if I had this interaction in a well-mixed culture I would not get that because I only impose pairwise cooperation so if I put all three in a test tube actually any fraction of the three including for example the blue guy going extinct would be equally how likely the species would have the same fitness. So in a well-mixed population you would end up with one of the species goes extinct stochastically but in a spatial structure there is really a selection towards coexistence of equal fractions. Okay, so now moving on for maybe a different topology of interactions the next thing you can ask, well what about a cyclic interaction which is kind of maybe the most opposite to the reciprocal interaction I showed you earlier where species A goes B and B helps C, all right. Again it involves few interactions to engineer so it's maybe more useful. Well this interaction can also stabilize how the cooperation, so again this is without any cyclic interaction and this is with cyclic interaction you see that even a small amount of cyclicity already removes the phase transition and now you're stable throughout the strengths of the mutualism however there's a trade-off even though you become more stable at low values of S you are less productive at high values of S. And this becomes even more clear if we just compare a pure cyclic interaction to a pure collective interaction so the cyclic interaction is always stable however it never becomes very productive. So to understand this difference we can of course look at the spatial structure and here is the spatial structure and again it may not be very illuminating but I wanna point out that the productivity and stability come from different spatial length scales. So the productivity required that three organisms occur at the same spatial point while stability just required that all three occur somewhere in the ecosystem and so we can make it more quantitative by measuring the probability to find species across different length scales. So what do we expect? Well at very large length scales the probability to find all three species has to approach one. The length scale whether it happens is known as the main size of the correlation length. Now the productivity is determined by the interaction length which could be a lattice side in my simulations or the diffusion range in a microbial community and so the value of the productivity depends on how steeply this function decays from one and that decays usually a power law where the exponent is given by the universality class of the phase transition. So again if you look for the actual data so here we have these plots for different types of mutualism and we see that for the psychic interaction the exponent is about a factor of two larger so you lose productivity much more rapidly compared to other topologies. I also wanna point out that this plot is done with just a few, I mean 200 by 200 lattice sides so you don't have to have all the data to infer that you have different types of interactions among these communities and this is perhaps spatial patterns are perhaps the only way to study interactions without perturbing the system because if you take them in a lab you never know whether the interactions are gonna be different from the natural environment because of the different conditions or because you didn't take all the species present in the natural habitat. So perhaps you can use these spatial patterns to at least say something about the interactions present in the ecosystem. So this I wanna summarize, I begin to summarize so I begin by telling you about genetic drift I showed you that it can destroy cross-fitting that diffusivity does not really help and then I moved on to talk about high number of species dimensionality as well as different topologies and how they change the spatial structure which in turn affects productivity and stability of the community. So the earlier part of this work was done very long time ago in collaboration with David Nelson, Kevin Foster, Giorgio Zavio, Andrew Mare, Oscar Howard, Jack and Melanie Miller and all of the new work was done by Rajita Menon in my group and I wanna conclude with a very simple single take home message, right? So when we think about natural dynamics or design of microbial communities we often think that we can go from interaction to the community functions and that may very well work in the wellings populations but if you have spatial structure I argue that there's an intermediate establishes conceptually very important. You have to think about whether your interactions are consistent with the spatial structure and if you're designing some community function you might wanna first think about what kind of spatial structure would facilitate that design and particularly you may choose different topologies of the interaction depending on whether you're designing a stable or productive community because in our case we see that cyclic and reciprocal interactions achieve one of those two goals of the expense of the other. With this I wanna finish and I think I should still have some time for questions.


The energy was palpable when the emergency management Victoria delegation arrived at Cal OES headquarters and was greeted by state, federal and military officials as well as local news media. California's longtime friends and partners traveled literally halfway around the world from Melbourne in Australia's state of Victoria, shake hands and solidify their ongoing partnership. At this time I would like to introduce the director of the governor's office of emergency services, Mark Gilmour-Hugheson. Well good morning everyone, happy to be here with you this morning and on this really auspicious occasion where we are going to today sign a historic agreement. I'm very excited about our partnership with Victoria. California's partnership with Victoria isn't new but it is about to be formalized for the first time. You know there's some great collaboration that can take place between our two states and be able to help each other learn from each other as we move forward. Both our states deal with very similar challenges of fire and drought and we need to be sharing all of our approaches to those issues to ensure we're doing best practice and looking after our people. California is enduring its fourth consecutive year of drought. Australia suffered through 13 years and each year the Golden State fights devastating wildfires. Australia calls them bushfires but the effects are the same, even worse at times as it's documented in an ABC1 special called Inside the Firestorm. It was a wall of flying that came up that mountain. Known as Black Saturday was February 7th, 2009. One of Australia's most destructive bushfires killed 173 people in Victoria, left more than 7,000 homeless and burned more than one and a quarter million acres of land. It's interesting though, California is one of those states that's got a high risk of earthquake. We in Victoria don't but yet there's so much we can learn from earthquake planning about how communities are warned, how communities cluster together and work together. So to ensure their strong relationship continues, these emergency manager top guns from their state's respective agencies put pen to paper in the ceremonial signing of a Memorandum of Understanding. One of the things though that's really important at this agreement is to actually grow our people. To actually have the Victorians come to California and Kalampholans come to Victoria and experience the way in which we manage. So it's not just about a system, it's not just about training, it's about our leaders growing and being better at what they do. So working with the way we build capacity, engage our private sector, engage the academic sector, bringing all those together with the public to be able to build capacity in our communities. Those are the kind of things that we can share. Kalawia's fire trucks made for a great photo opportunity before the Victorians make the long flight home and until they meet again, possibly on a wildfire here or a bushfire there.


America's soup-brained president says the U.S. never interferes in other countries' elections. During an astonishingly sycophantic press conference after the Geneva summit with Vladimir Putin, President Biden posited an entirely hypothetical scenario about what the world would think of the United States if it were interfering in foreign elections and everybody knew it. When AP's Jonathan Lamar asked the president of the most powerful government in the world what consequences he'd threatened the Russian leader with should the Kremlin interfere in U.S. elections going forward, Biden meandered his way through one of his signature not quite lucid word salads and then said the following. Let's get this straight. How would it be if the United States were viewed by the rest of the world interfering with the elections directly of other countries and everybody knew it? What would it be like if we engaged in activities that he is engaged in? It diminishes the standing of the country that is desperately trying to make sure it maintains its standing as a world power. The fact that the entire press corps did not erupt in side-splitting laughter at this ridiculous utterance is itself proof that western news media is pure propaganda. The United States has directly interfered in scores of foreign elections since it began its ascent to global domination at the end of the Second World War to say nothing of all the coups, color revolutions, proxy conflicts, and regime change military invasions it has also participated in during that time. The U.S. openly interfered in Russia's elections in the 90s and literally just tried to stage a coup in Bolivia by interfering in its democratic process. The U.S. is far and away the single most egregious offender in the world on this front which is largely why it is perceived around the world as a greater threat to democracy than any other government. This is not a secret internationally or in the United States. Anyone who has done any learning about the U.S. government's actual behavior on the world stage knows this. Well, a former CIA director openly joked about it on Fox News a few years ago. Fox's Laura Ingram unsurprisingly introduced former CIA director James Woolsey as an old friend in a 2018 interview about special prosecutor Robert Mueller's indictment of 13 alleged members of a Russian troll farm in which Woolsey unsurprisingly talked about how dangerous Russian disinformation is and Ingram unsurprisingly said that everyone should actually be afraid of China. A bit surprising, though, was what happened at the end of the interview. Have we ever tried to meddle in other country's elections? Ingram asked in response to Woolsey's Russia remarks. Oh, probably Woolsey said with a grin. But it was for the good of the system in order to avoid the communists from taking over. For example, in Europe in 47, 48, 49, the Greeks and the Italians, we... We won't do that anymore, though, Ingram interrupted. We don't mess around in other people's elections, Jim. Woolsey smiled and said, Well... adding, only for a very good cause. And then they both laughed. The fact that not one person in the press pool questioned or criticized Biden's outrageous remarks tells you everything you need to know about the Western media and what its real function is. This is further illustrated by the rest of the behavior of these odious propagandists during the summit, which was illustrated quite well by the glowing praise of Democratic Party insider Andrea Chalupa on Twitter. The winners of the Geneva summit are the White House Press Corps, Chalupa said. Excellent questions confronting Putin and challenging Biden on holding a summit with a ruthless dictator. And they literally held their ground when shoved by Putin's security and propagandists. That actually says it all. Western reporters are forbidden by their oligarchic owners from ever confronting power in any meaningful way. The closest they're ever allowed to get to punching up is challenging the leaders of CIA targeted governments and demanding to know why their leaders aren't being more hawkish and aggressive toward those leaders. As RT's Murad Gazdiev pointed out, ABC, NBC, BBC, CNN and many other Western outlets were invited for Putin's press conference. No Russian media was invited to Biden's press conference. The whole thing was a naval-gazing, masturbatory Cold War propaganda orgy where Western journalists made up fantasies about their soup-brained leaders staring down Putin. Where they yelled nonsense about Alexei Navalny at the Russian president and then fangirled at Biden's response. Real journalists go to Belmarsh prison for exposing U.S. war crimes. Western propagandists ask Putin why he's such a doo-doo-dum-dum poopy-head and then dream about Pulitzers all night. Western news media exists to funnel propaganda into the minds of the public. It is controlled by plutocrats who work in alliance with opaque government agencies to weave narratives about why the U.S. government needs to do the things it had already planned on doing anyway. This gets more obvious by the day.