personal notice dangerous my stock and trade if the job's too tough for you to handle you got a job for me George Valentine right full details standard oil company of California invites you to let George do it in just a moment we'll begin tonight's adventure of George Valentine but first are you using new RPM motor oil in your car if so then you're already using the oil that doubles engine life between major overhauls due to lubrication if not then now is the time for you to switch over to new rpm the oil that more than meets the heavy-duty motor oil requirements of all car manufacturers and be sure you always get new rpm at independent chevron gas stations and standard stations where they say and mean we take better care of your car off the record another adventure of George Valentine dear mr. Valentine I need you to do a little job for me somebody I don't know who seems to feel that I would be better dead of course you've heard of me Dan Dana radio commentator my broadcast is called off the record well strictly on the record I've been getting a number of anonymous letters suggesting that if I don't change my career will come to an untimely end suppose you drop in my office at the radio station tomorrow afternoon about three George yes angel this man must be crazy somebody's threatened to kill him any acts as blase about it as though he were buying a new necktie he probably feels that way about it too haven't you ever heard him on the air no I don't think so well if you had you'd know it crusader type rips the daylight side of everybody he thinks is not a line I'm surprised somebody hasn't bumped him off before now if he needs protection oh you get it a fee is a fee make a note broke see this afternoon three o'clock Dan Dana all right Babs type up that March and bring it in I'll get the rest of my notes yes all right now what is it you wanted to see me about I'm George Valentine this is Miss Brooks Valen oh yes I'm sorry I sent for you that's right three o'clock your punctual it's good I have to prepare the rest of my broadcast for tonight now here are the letters the rest is up to you yes I've made out this check for your feet thanks all these notes are typewritten that's right haven't any idea who sent me I see one of them George oh sure sorry as you'll notice they all suggest that I know too much talk too much maybe even live too much yeah mr. Dana just as a starter could you tell us haven't you made enemies with your broadcast enemies certainly I've stepped on toes when I've revealed local corruption someone is afraid I'll ruin him with what I'll dig up but if you think I'm going to stop oh I don't of course well that's the way I've built my reputation Valentine that's the way I'll continue to build it you certainly believe in living dangerously down to mr. Dana that sort of thing pays off miss Brooks all right Dana I'll do what I can to uncover this person who's threatening you but just for a little help whom are you working on at the moment I'm digging up a lot of stuff on Corey Dennis you mean the big politician that's right I think the man's crooked I can't prove it yet but I'll have my report in this afternoon and give it on your broadcast naturally and now I have work to finish and so do I okay Dana I'll see what I can do thanks Valentine you might listen in tonight nine o'clock sure sure we'll be listening George this is the craziest case you've ever taken you have no thing to start with that's right so I think we'll have to talk with a guy who hired this fearless fosdick his boss his boss who manager the station emerson Craig I saw his name in a door when we came in let's find him and Dana yes I hired a mr. Valentine well pardon me mr. Craig but you don't sound as though you were very happy about it frankly I'm not I hired Dana for the commentator spot yes I did because I was told to but you're the manager of the station mr. Craig it's like you there happens to be an owner of the station to miss Brooks he ordered me to hire Dana oh you had somebody else in mind I certainly I had another of our announcers all groomed for the job Bill Trask but the boss didn't say it that way I gather you don't like the way Dana operates I don't he fancies himself a crusader crusaders are always troubled I'm interested in the good of the station you want to know something well I'd like to know anything that would protect a man's life a man's life listen every week the day after Dana's broadcast I'm sent a clip from a tape recording and what he said the night before does mr. Dana know about that of course he does certainly I've told him time and time again and he prays no attention just one more thing mr. Craig I'm hired to dig into this thing for Dana but I'll have to know more about it who's close to him nobody really oh his wife I suppose but I understand they're not on very good terms lately there's been some talk of his running around with Babs Lewis his secretary but I don't know mm-hmm well it won't do any harm to have a talk with Mrs. Dana anyway thanks mr. Craig not at all only one thing I'm afraid of your planning on protecting Dana you're wasting your time there's the door George this is a way out finally yeah a guy that designed this radio station was to build the catacombs come on what's next darling you still haven't anything to go on no not yet but we have found out that Dana could have some enemies of course the crooked politicians he's after and the man we just saw upstairs Craig and Dana's wife who thinks he's running around with another woman here we are let's get out I don't start by seeing this politician Corey Dennis if he's been sending threatening notes to Dana and tape recordings to the manager he's not going to admit it isn't no I guess not hey wait a minute brook see let's go this way all right what are you doing George come on and you'll get back under the marquee but that thing on the sidewalk it almost hit it looks like it was meant to hit us lucky we changed our course what is it George it's a sandbag one of the things they use in studios for sound effects if one of those windows up there how could it just fall out of it was dropped out on purpose George I'm weak for that Valentine hey Valentine oh Dana what are you so excited about I saw you leaving the building something's just come up Valentine yeah something just came down to know anything about that sandbag there in the sidewalk no what about it always dropped from somewhere up there it just missed us yeah probably just an accident this night I just got another threatening note it just came special delivery for once you sound excited Mr. Dana here take it says if I tell anything about the Dennis affair and my broadcast tonight as I said I would I'll never go on the air again well that's putting it right on the line certainly now look Dana I have a suggestion that'll save us both a lot of trouble yeah what's that don't tell anything about the Dennis affair tonight oh I'll tell something all right and it'll be something nobody expects I've finally got the facts what it's your next question not mine better listen in Valentine because maybe after tonight I won't need your services at all horses are working against the best interests of the people in this city has been stated and proved many times this commentator is called shots and name name one of our names as well as we have to get to the point he's a man with power and great influence we've made it a point to unearth all possible information about this man very well ladies and gentlemen the facts are always much of a surprise to you as it was to me only this afternoon that sounded like a shot exactly what it was booksie we'd better hotfoot it down there and find out the condition of our clients where do you think you're going this is a lieutenant Johnson how are you I might have known that you've got a client here someplace hello miss Brooks I was who my client who's your client Lieutenant let's not go into an avid and Costello routine how's Dan dating oh that's your client or was no fee for you my friend no case he's dead dead that's right so to suspected that when I heard a show on the air who killed him if I knew that I wouldn't be standing here Gavin with you all right then how was he killed shot of course through the window of that client's booth up there deserted corridor upstairs nobody saw anybody then you don't even have a suspect of course I've got a suspect when this Dana had just opened his mouth to give the low down on a political big shot and was murdered before he could get it out wouldn't that provide a pretty good suspect you mean Corey Dennis of course what does he have to say about it he doesn't it so happens he's conveniently out of town boys are looking for him naturally naturally well looks like when we find him you'll have your case wrapped up sorry I couldn't help you on this one oh boy just a minute Valentine you don't usually get out of my hair this easy what's on your mind nothing no just have a few people I want to talk to that's all see you later Johnson yeah yeah I'm afraid so George who are the people you want to see well Mrs. Dana for one and Bill trash the announcer and the secretary Babs Lewis just because my client is dead is no reason to quit the case especially when we got such a nice fee in advance that's right who we start with nobody tonight too late we'll check the address is first thing in the morning and then start off with Mrs. Dana then you don't think you can help us Mrs. Dana no I'm sorry I can't I don't know anything about it one thing I wanted to ask you Mrs. Dana is it true that you and your husband went on very good terms that's none of your business I'm sorry but what a man is dead those things become everybody's business was your husband running around with the secretary I I suppose so yes and you were pretty jealous weren't you of course I was jealous who wouldn't be but if you think I killed Dan you're dead wrong I suppose you have an alibi for the time of his death anyway Mrs. Dana by of course I do I was at a bridge party got there at eight o'clock and didn't you heard the broadcast from there the shot yes I called the station and they told me Dan was dead the police are going to call me this morning to go down to the morgue yes I know well just one more thing Mrs. Dana do you have any idea who did kill your husband no no probably one of those big shots he was out to get he was a fool well thank you thank you Mrs. Dana come on Brookstein goodbye Mrs. Dana well all roads seem to lead back to Mr. Corey Dennis Angel guess we better see him after all George you don't know where he is Lieutenant Johnson said this morning they hadn't found him yet that's right but I happen to know that whenever anything happens this Dennis spends a few days at a certain golf club we'll tee off for there Mr. Dennis what oh yes yes I'm Dennis I'm very sorry to disturb your shot there my name is Valentine this is Ms. Brooks how do you know Valentine and I've heard of you you're a detective well something along that line Mr. Dennis I suppose you know the police are trying to locate you they are why something in connection with the death of Dan Dana the commentator I believe you were you heard that he was murdered yes yes I did too bad of course I didn't quite agree with his tech I believe they'll want to ask you where you were around 925 last night Mr. Dennis thought I'd beat them to it last night I was out of town making a speech the meeting lasted from 830 until about 10 but why do you ask me this the police seem to think you're their number one suspect Mr. Dennis I suspect for a murder oh well that's ridiculous why would I want to kill Dana when I was a dentist they seem to feel you had a motive Dana had unearthed a lot of stuff on you and he was just on the point of putting it on the air when he was killed yes Dana did have the idea that I was being crooked about something but he found out differently too bad for my sake he didn't finish his broadcast last night what do you mean by that he called me on the phone late yesterday afternoon just before I left from my speaking engagement he apologized said the facts proved he was completely wrong and he was going to say so on the air he was also going to call the names of the people who were guilty of this fraud it was who are they Mr. Valentine I haven't the slightest idea he didn't tell me but I might suggest that if you can find out who they are you'll find your murderer we'll return to tonight's adventure of George Valentine in just a moment say I know you'll enjoy this you've heard me mention my neighbor Whitey and I'm sure you know how much he delights in kidding me about the extra care I take of my car well the other morning I looked out our kitchen window and spotted Whitey trying to start his car but the battery was dead so real casually not letting on I knew about his battery I called him up on the phone and offered him a ride to work of course he accepted and of course he didn't mention his dead battery well sir all the way to town I told him what a good idea it is to have your battery checked regularly by the car savers at standard stations and independent Chevron gas stations then I mentioned that a battery just has to be inspected regularly in order to perform its best then I said to Whitey why anybody knows that if a battery is weak it should be recharged by car savers they give it a fast powerful charge the kind that gives new life to tired-out batteries for Whitey he never did come out and admit that the battery in his car was dead and I never let on that I knew but as he got out of the car the sheepish embarrassed look on his face was all the reward I needed so friends if you want to avoid the embarrassment of having to hitch a ride some frosty morning better drive in soon and have your battery checked and if needed recharged by the car savers at any independent Chevron gas station or standard station where they say and mean we take better care of your car and now back to tonight's adventure of George Valentine you're engaged by Dan Dana a brash and fearless young radio commentator to find out who has been sending him threatening letters but before you can really get started on the job you find yourself working for a client who is no longer in the land of the living two people you've talked to have seemingly perfect alibis the dead man's wife and the big shot politician he's been out to expose your name is George Valentine you decide to go back to another theory George yes I know you'll laugh at me but I think coming to see this an answer what's his name trance built trash I think it's foolish just because Dana got the job this trash person wanted isn't a reason for him to keep yes oh hello mr. Trask yes that's right my name is Valentine mr. Trask and this is miss Brooks I'm working on the Dan Dana case police well no not exactly this is more of a private investigation may we come in oh I certainly certainly I I'm forgetting my manners I'm sorry do come in thanks to see too bad about Dana really sorry I can't say he was such a nice chap no I know now look let's not waste time you hated Dana didn't you hated him no no I wouldn't exactly say that disliked him yes as most everyone did but I guess the one who killed him must have hated him trance I'm not going to waste your time of mine but you mind telling me where you were last night at 925 what am I telling you of course not my dear chap I was right here here in your apartment that's right it was my night off at the station was anyone with you here mr. Trask I know but then you you don't have an alibi for that time last night to you now look here Valentine if you're trying to accuse me of killing Dana you're making a big mistake I'm only interested in facts buster you dislike Dana because he got the job your station manager Craig had all set up for you right well suppose I did is that any reason Dana were out of the way you'd still get that job also right of course all right then it seems to me you'd better find yourself an alibi for last night or you might be in trouble wait wait wait a minute you know boy even though I'm not guilty of murder you had me worried about that alibi business for a moment you mean you do have an alibi mr. Trask of course I have and I don't know a better one come over here to my breakfast look what's your breakfast look got to do with it I'll show you just that tape recording machine that's right you see I have a hobby of recording shows off the air so so last night I happened to be recording Dan Dana's broadcast he said he was going to blow the lid off something and I thought I'd record it you mean Dana's broadcast is on that tape the one that's still on the machine that's just what I mean so if I were here recording his program off the air how could I have been at the studio to kill him yeah I see what you mean you were you heard the whole thing and the shot and all hmm how could I miss it mm-hmm and when you heard it what did you do I turned off the radio and called the studio the lines were all busy but I finally got through and asked what had happened they told me Dana was dead you might check and operate it by the name of Mirtel she answered the call yeah well I put you in the clear all right Trask but another thought occurs to me yes what's that wouldn't you be the person who's been sending clips from tape recordings of Dana's shows to the station manager all right so I am you see Valentine I did want to kill Dana but professionally not physically that was one way I was taking to do it now if you'd like me to play back this recording to prove what I know that won't be necessary sorry to have disturbed you I wish I might have been of more help to you oh that's all right I have another call to make and that may clear up everything oh where we're going now George they're going to see Dana's secretary Brooks see Babs Lewis yeah that's right think she might help us Trask well I don't know I doubt it but it's worth I isn't it now since that's our last hope I think it is appointment K the man said let's see you certainly don't think this Babs Lewis would kill her own boss do you George especially if they were supposed to be going on she know of course not Angel I want to see her for two reasons one she might have an idea who killed Dana to she might know if Dana was actually going to make a public apology to Corey Dennis I'm afraid I'm a little confused right I am too Angel here we are apartment she isn't then I guess it's not George you're not going in there have a look around I can tell maybe the lady kept her records what is it George what you say I didn't miss Lewis can't help us much I'm afraid Brooks II on the floor there the lady happens to be dead wait a minute shot through the heart been dead for quite a long time to George doesn't this prove something to you what well don't you see maybe Mrs Dana had a phony alibi maybe she killed Dana and then he's sweet I doubt it oh well all right then maybe Dennis's alibi was a phony maybe he killed Dana and then his secretary because she knew what he was going to say that makes more sense in your first idea but that would make Johnson right and Johnson so seldom right I can't believe it Lieutenant Johnson could be right once in a while couldn't he George oh yes sure I suppose so hey wait a minute all right George I'm waiting I got a hunch yeah what is it come on well all right but darling yeah don't you think it would be a nice idea to call Lieutenant Johnson and tell him we've managed to find another murder oh yeah sure and I'll also tell him to stand by because I think I got an idea how to find out who the murderer is George you ever see running a good average aren't we breaking into two apartments the same day and why this one I want to listen to this recording now where can I plug in this cord oh here we are an outlet on the electric range one of those names is well known to every citizen he's a man of power and great influence we've made it a point to honor all possible information about this man very well ladies and gentlemen the facts are all in the result will be a surprise to give us to me now in the case of Mr. Corey Dennis the fact right Brooks see that does it did you tell Johnson to stand by for our call yes judge but that voice sounded like the manager of the station what's his name Craig that's right it was now let me have that phone Johnson come on in okay come on in trust once more Lieutenant what's the meaning of this don't ask questions go on in oh hello there trust Valentine what are you doing in my apartment here on business buster working for the exterminator don't be stupid I was on duty at the studio this afternoon this tenant came out and got that's all right trance don't get excited about it I fixed everything with Mr. Craig what do you mean yeah just what do you mean Valentine and you won't be seeing Mr. Craig for a while trance oh Brooks see come here a minute will you Brooks see when we heard Dana's broadcast heard the shot over the what did we do well we shut off the radio and went down to the station that's right normal reaction and what did Trask here say he did well he said he shut off his radio and called the station on the phone to find George just what are you building up to Valentine yes what and why did you get me up here because you've been the witness to two murders trance to what what do you mean you had to be a witness because you committed them you lie I do you bring that little package Brooks II okay thanks this is for you Johnson and handle it carefully it's a gun with two shots missing you'll find those in a couple of bodies you're holding in the morgue where did you get that hidden in that compartment in the back of your tape recorded Trask too bad you couldn't have had time to get rid of it all right how about it Johnson okay come along Trask I guess you've made your last announcement I would have to get mixed up with some smart jerk like you get down okay okay I'm going George how did you even suspect Trask he had a perfect gal about well I'll tell you in a minute Bruxy but let's get out of here I'm hungry I'll bet you're making frequent shopping trips in town these days to finish your Christmas buying so it's a good time to remind you that for all-round performance in your car for those short trips and for occasional long drives you need chevron Supremes all eight high-performance qualities starting warm-up acceleration vapor lock prevention anti-knock mileage area blending and power to get all eight just say fill her up with chevron supreme at any standard station or independent chevron gas station where they say and mean we take better care of your car well you earned your fee all right darling but I still don't understand why you suspected trash he had a perfect alibi sure he didn't he was home recording Dan Dana's broadcast when Dana was killed only he wasn't oh now I'm mixed up again you mean somebody else made the recording he made it all right but he wasn't there you remember when we broke into his apartment to play it back sure it wasn't turned off right after the shot as he said because he wasn't there to turn it off he had the recorder in the breakfast no gonna kick you remember that's right what's wrong with that well the plug-in core just reached to the appliance outlet on the range and that outlet has a timing device it was set to start at 9 and turn off at 9 30 easy as that you mean he set the thing went down and killed Dana off from a phone booth somewhere and he had an airtight alibi darling that's wonderful you work out so many mechanical things sometimes why don't you try to work out some culinary things that's a good idea Angel a waiter bring us a menu please oh George tonight's adventure of George Valentine has been brought to you by standard oil company of California on behalf of independent Chevron gas stations and standard stations throughout the West Robert Bailey is starred as George with Virginia Greg as Bruxy let George do it was written by Lloyd London and directed by Kenneth Webb Ken Christie was heard as Lieutenant Johnson Bob Stevenson as Dana Joe Devall as Dennis Alice Reinhard as Kathy and George Pembroke as Trask the music is composed and presented by Eddie Dunsteader your announcer John Heaston listen again next week same time same station to let George do it let George do it is heard overseas through the worldwide facilities of the armed forces radio service this is the mutual Don Lee broadcasting system


Throughout the history of mankind religion has played a crucial role within politics and international relations with the world becoming increasingly interdependent Because of globalization migration has led to the interaction of different faiths and cultures Respective Jewish brothers and sisters in Islam. As-salamu alaykum wa rahmatullahi wa barakatuh Welcome to the birth of nobility with me your host Ahmed Ali and my dear and special guest Doctor Francisco Jose Luis. So my condolences. Thank you. How are you professor? Great. I can only feel Really happy to be back here in Karbala. Yes, it's been a while. Yes, it's been a while Yeah, it gives you the ability to appreciate This gift of being being here and appreciating the blessing the wonderful time It does it does especially in the land like Karbala and occasion like the birth of Mamrullah I guess I'm which I actually forgot to you know send my congratulations to you my dear viewers as well as to you doctor And you know to everyone across the world under a very auspicious occasion You know the birth of Mamrullah peace and blessings be upon you. Yes, because Imam Radha, alaihi salam is is I mean all of the Imam the special but Imam it's it's with Imam Radha, alaihi salam. That's actually, you know, the if-narshery Faith becomes really the if-narshery, but it's it's it's with Imam Radha that that particular line of Imam starts So, yes, it's a very important month. Yes, and we'll get the touch upon that either in tonight's episode or into more depth so inshallah, but Professor there, you know during the time of the Abbasid Empire The religious situation was different You know we find in the Empire Abbasid Empire We find many Jews many Christians many people from different religion faith Residing under that empire so Can you describe the religious situation? That was occurring or that occurred during that time. Yeah So it's very often assumed by a lot of Muslims nowadays that After the Islamic conquests both east and west that everyone became Muslim all of a sudden I was not the case at all. It took actually a long time until The populations in those countries actually converted to Islam. Yeah, the evil I mean the omayyads and the Abbasids were generally not interested in forced conversions they first of all because it Forced conversions always promise some sort of counter reaction and rebellion. Yes, first of all And secondly because when especially the omayyads at the beginning believed that Islam was really just the property of the Arabs. So that was one of the Was one of the reasons why they didn't really try to enforce Islam on local populations and also because you know having populations that were Christian and Jewish Also enables enabled the You know relations with those countries that had strong You know Christian population or Jewish populations So that was out of really out of pragmatism that the sort of religious pluralism was was kept So that sort of policy You know what was kept even during the Abbasid Empire? Although In general it was there was a more or less lenient policy towards religious minorities Although in those days there was still not really minorities I mean especially in the east of the empire what we know it is called Iran and Afghanistan There was still a huge Amount of the population that still clung to Zoroastrianism for example you had in several great great cities at the Persian What was one to Persian Empire? Yeah, you had great, you know big in Jewish communities and Christians as well and then keep in mind There was I mean especially in the east of the empire. You also have Buddhists and in fact the Yeah, yeah, yeah, actually there's some really interesting relations between Islam and Buddhism that you know that occurred at that time. Actually Sheikh Hamza Yusuf wrote a really beautiful article entitled How Buddhists save Islam there's at the level of knowledge It's actually a lot of interaction between Buddhists and Muslim scholars at that time There is a very clear Importation of Buddhist logic and our Georgian logic logic into the main body of Islamic logic So so in terms of the study of Mantak, it's very important So for example, you there's very one very important family that became the became the advisors to Mahmood for example where the barbasids and the barbasids actually were an Iranian Buddhists Family that had converted to Islam, but you know still kept some influences from Buddhism, so when you stick to keep these things in mind, it was it was a pluri with a multicultural also, you know pluri religious empire and One also needed to take into account how to deal with that sort of diversity So yeah, it was it was certainly from the point of view of the cultural interaction a fascinating time and That's where we need to also be aware globalization is not something that came all of a sudden in our country age globalization actually, you know already existed in those ages, you know, for example If we take with a mashat or to us is actually on the road It's actually on the Silk Road, which is this important Mercantile road between the Middle East and Europe, of course and China So there's a lot of intercultural contact that is established between the Far East the Middle East and Europe through that through that channel.  It's just a way things It's just the way how people dealt with it that that is different Contrary to today people still kept their culture and Even though they were able to interact with other other in other cultures and other religions without any problem There never was the feeling that one had to adopt fully adopted the culture of another There was no real desire of one culture trying to dominate over all other Yeah, it's very different today when we have this this this this invasion of Western modernity Which is very different from traditional West of course, but these are these are questions I think for another show. Yeah, yeah, inshallah. We can have a show on that But you know mentioning that so many cultures that you know live under that blasted Empire And so many faiths as well that the various religions mentioned Where are the conflicts going on or was it just you know, I've lived the life after well I mean, it was big complicated because see the Abbasids were of course in conflict with Byzantine Empire Which made the situation of Christians a bit complicated because they were seen as very often as a fifth column and This becomes very obvious in the story It's narrated in a hadith edition for example about the the mother of our master the thought of mom And Haddad Nargis who according to the narrations is by Byzantine princess and The the background of the story Of course brings to light the suspicion under which Christians in the Abbasid Empire lived because the Christians Still lived under the spiritual jurisdiction of the patriarch of Constantinople So while they were living in Christian and Muslim lands, it was spiritually loyal to The head of the Orthodox Church in Constantinople. So for them it was a bit It was a it was sometimes quite difficult and to be seen as a fifth column Although that was not the case of all Christians for example, Armenian Christians were when a different Different gave all the gas together or Caldian Christians involved in historians, of course All together as well. That also needs to be emphasized when we speak about Christians We also need to be aware that there's a whole range of different types of Christians. Yes, for example in in in the in the East So we find a type of Christianity that has you know, that's pretty much disappeared in the West Which is just an historian Christianity historians were Christians that believed that even though Christ had a divine and a human nature these two natures did not intermix So that for example, they refused to call Haddad Maryam, I guess and I'm they used to they refused to call her mother of God They were talkers the title was given to her by the Council of Ephesus The the historians refused that because they very clearly saw that even though in there in their theology Jesus is Jesus as a human being is Bearing or is carrying with him there the divine nature of God God the word of God the son the two natures do not intermix Which is actually more compatible with a certain type of Islamic theology regarding the Imam Where's you know the the Concilia Christianity which became the Catholic in the Orthodox Church do here, you know You believe in the homosia meaning that the two natures are Intertwined and intermixed which we categorically refuse But one needs to take into account that there were different so these different types of Christians also India, Basi, Danpai and so when when we read the hadith Narrations about interaction with Christians we need to be aware that there were different types of Christians and in this Interestingly enough a lot of the converse to to the Islam of the I have a Dalai Lama came from the Nestorian tradition Which is quite interesting because when we look at the history of you know Imami theology in a sense These debates about the nature of the Imam the relationship between the Narsus The human aspect of the mom the Malakuti aspect of the moment is that is the Celestial aspect of the mom and the lahuti aspect of the mom that is the mom as the manifestation of the attributes of God We actually still continuing debate that were going on in third fourth century Christianity Yeah, so and that is why it's very unfair when for example certain people in the West You know claim that there is no possible Interaction between Christianity and Islam Islam and early Islam and Christianity had actually very They actually shared a lot of the common issues and debates So so you have this a cross-pollination of ideas that goes on in both ways. So it's Very interesting. Yeah, we'll get to actually touch upon that. We don't want to rush it a little bit. But yes As you mentioned, you know, a conflict did happen quite well on a a minor scale, but There's one Incident that happened during the time of Imam Rada al-Islam. I know we're jumping like the years into the life of the Imam But the debate that happened between him and and the figures the prominent figures of other religious Faith and or religions We find that Imam Rada Incident was very interesting. I'll let you talk about that. But what was the context of that incident? Well, as you know, um You know the the caliph of time al-Mahmoun actually had decided to Nominates Imam Rada al-Islam as his successor and it comes at a time when the That branch of the Abbasid family had to seek Some sort of support by the alids what we nowadays would call the shia been in those days We call it the the the ala with the the supporters of the of the al-bayt al-islam and uh, so it's uh By nominating the Imam as a successor It was a way for him to gain that political control of that political support For his rule because you know, he was in conflict with his brother Who um was in control of the western part of the abbasid empire So it was a way to to gain support of the um of the alids um Of course this brought up. I mean, he was also opening up a kind of worms because This brought into question of course all legitimacy of the abbasid Family because basically when you're accepting to being the heir to the throne You know, you're you're kind of admitting wouldn't that deviate almost sometimes? Well, it's a very uh The kind of worms consists in the following in the following issues If the abbasids were legitimate rulers Why give the rule away to one of the alids exactly exactly because the the um The uh, the narrative of the abbasid is that they were the ahl al-bayt Okay, that's and and and that they were that you know, the proper legitimate Uh successes to the uh to be the caliph of authority Now by giving away that authority to the uh to the alids um I'm a woman is sort of questioning the whole narrative of his own lineage, right? So it's it's a on on the other hand, and there's another It's another there's another problem here If imam ridah ali salam were to accept that position Which he did eventually which he did but then of course he says that he was forced to do so But that would mean that he would That he would have um accepted the authority Accepted the the the the you know the Digitimacy of the of the abbasid empire, which is of course another question And which is also i mean it's also, you know, beautifully shown in that series. Uh, that um, you know, the iranian safety state television made about imam ridah uh, where uh, there's this beautiful moment where um i'm a woman is about to play uh to pay a payout to the imam and uh, the imam says you know You're giving me the khilafah, but are you an authority to be able to give me the khilafah? Wow, and and yeah, it's a very important question because the thing is this is a we believe and there's always been the Doctrine of the imams of the the all power only comes from god all legitimate authority cannot can only come from god The imam is the imam. He's the caliph uh, even if there's only one person on earth and even if that one person were to You know Not acknowledge him as the as the imam or the caliph, but he still remains the caliph. Yeah I mean proof for that is uh, you know when when nuh wasn't the ark, right? And the whole in and the world was being submerged with the flood and most of humanity was being destroyed by the flood he still remains the um The imam and caliph of the age if there's a certain density nowadays to argue that Even though the imam receives his power from god He still needs the people to recognize him to be effectively the imam And that is something as a very modern idea and I'll problem for that Because and I take here the argument of joseph de nest regarding this issue and Without the imam There would be no people there would be no umma Because it is the imam slash the prophet who created the very notion of the umma So so the umma is in no position Really to to to have any power of decision on who becomes the uh, the caliph uh, because without the caliph But there would be no there would be no umma and the lesser cannot decide over the greater. It's a logical You know, it's it's quite logical. So, uh, yeah, there's there's a whole, you know Can of worms is opened up by that By that situation and in that situation that, you know, this debate occurs, right and in a way to because of course the The caliphs As proof of their competence had to also prove that They were able to deal with different communities of the empire So, uh, al-ma'mun tries to You know sets up this debate to sort of prove that imam reza is not as knowledgeable As he thinks he is because let's not forget During the abbasis, we have the emergence of this new religious current, um, you know, which With nowadays would call the spirituality of Sunni Islam, which is Sufism and the Sufis were sort of the spiritual competition to the imams And so very often these debates were organized to where the Sufi masters would would, you know, try to prove themselves against against the imams and So this debate was, you know, most probably organized in order to Prove to everyone that imam reza was incompetent Right in a sense as this al-ma'mun was saying, okay, you guys want power. Sure, you know, let's have your imam Let's let's put him in a position of rulership and let's see how far that will take us And little did he know that he was dealing with the most competent person on earth Of course, he's the manifestation of God's attributes.  Stay tuned respected viewers welcome back hoping insha'Allah enjoyed that short report once again I do congratulate you on the blessed birth of imam al-Allah peace and blessings be upon him Hopefully we can go and rejoice uh one day in his holy shrine, uh, you know, I was there a couple of weeks ago and you know, it's it's amazing Uh, masjid ma'mun roba It's a beautiful scene. Oh it is and it's uh, I mean sheikh Baha'i with the architect behind the the the present day I mean central part of the shrine was uh, was an amazing architect And and did a wonderful job Creating this wonderful structure. Yeah, the south of it were at great taste in architecture and has to We'll get to talk about architecture over in a different in different show, but uh What was the content of the debate? I know before the break we talked about the context of the debate and what led to that And you know, what were the you know, what was the reason for the imam to accept the position of leadership? Under the abasid government But what was the content of the debate? Well first of all notice this Imam Reza alaihi salam isn't just discussing with any christian He's he's he's he's actually debating with the leaders of these communities. Yeah, and and this is very uh significant because It shows how the traditional mindset Um functions when it comes to such debates. So contrary to this day and age Where where any tom deacon harry With behind a computer screen can you know considers himself as a scholar thanks to um share google In those days, uh, you were only allowed to debate if you were in a position of authority than the scholarship Uh, and and this is still in in vigor in some traditional structures, but uh, unless you're a sheikh or or an academically proficient and confident person You were not allowed to debate of religious questions. Wow at all. Wow. And this uh, you know Was not the case whatsoever because here's the thing Uh, are we debating in order to advance in terms of knowledge? Or are we debating just to uh, just to you know, just to have our egos Feel satisfied by it and feeling superior to another and that is And that is why there's there's always been this prohibition on non-scholars Uh debating with with with you know, in terms especially in this in this field of Of religion, uh, because because of the dangers that it implies and and we see nowadays in this religious strife That we have between different communities the world over it's mostly done by very ignorant people have no knowledge no training whatsoever in um In religion, I mean very recently. I came across someone who um, you know, who was mentioning a a a a uh a revered scholar And and poet from another from another denomination within islam saying that he was going to disrespect his grave and this is disgraceful behavior because uh This has never been the attitude of our scholars ever never. We we've always, you know, our scholars have always very respectfully Disagreed even within she-ism. For example, uh, sheikh mad yassai was a great great spiritual master and a merger of actually from from the From the qajar period wrote Wrote a commentary on the mulasad of shirazi's kitab al-nashair and he criticizes Mulasada but always in a respectful manner And and it's always substantiated by a proper scholarship There's no cursing involved. There's no insults involved and this is how religious debates are to be conducted nowadays Oh, nowadays, I mean it's it's but the thing is I do believe that there's a sign of the akhara zaman total decadence and This utter all opening of the ego to to to to just uh, you know, spread darkness all over the world Yeah, now so notice first of all that the the imam is debating leaders and scholars from the other religious traditions So they are what are these other religious traditions were the christians Uh, so the head of the christians at that time was the catholicos. Uh, the catholicos is um It's a position of hierarchy within the the eastern churches And then he had uh debates with the rabbis from the jewish tradition and with the sabians Uh, who were people we we have very little information about what they actually are It's still unclear the sabians. I mean from the debate it seems that these people were very much into beliefs that were very close to uh, daoism, although In terms that they believed that the cosmos had no had no beginning. They were eternal And they had a great knowledge of astrology and an astronomy as well. But the imam debates these three groups And the debate pretty much Is about these the following three points with christians it's about the the the the notion of affiliation The relationship between god the son and god the and god the father. Yeah, which is a big problem From the point of view of islamic theology So, uh, the christians claiming that jesus is the son of god and imam redha alaihi salam said, uh, you know Why do you say this the christians say well, you know, because uh, you know, um jesus had no father and then Imam redha alaihi salam mentions the case of adam who had no father and no mother no mother But behind that there's a there's a there's a crucial issue here, which is that uh The islam of the ahlul baits It's really staunch about Not giving any qualifications to the divine essence And that is that is what we find very much in in in the uh, the first sermon of natural balada Yes, where amir mu'minin alaihi salam makes clear that, you know, god has no Has no possible qualifications and that's what we call in technical terms apophatic or negative negative theology This is the uh, it's the first part of the actually the uh of the shahada when we say la ilaha It's actually a a it's a form of theological barah We remove any sort of man-made qualifications Uh from you know from our definitions of god But then at the same time comes what we call the cataphatic theology it is what god says about himself and so, uh The imam really is uh, you know points out that we cannot possibly Give human qualities to uh god and especially this whole idea of affiliation Yes, of course, there's a there's a form of You know multiplicity within or you know within the divine life Meaning and that as is a reference to the relationship of god with his attributes But this is not an at this is not a relationship of affiliation And and and one would be and and that is why some has always been very careful about Refusing outright this the notion of this this notion of son of god because this notion of son of god actually came with fellow of alexander who was a who was a uh A jewish Greek-speaking philosopher and here's the thing So and this is common to um jewish christian and islamic theology. Allah swt creates the world Through what we know what is known as the logos the akal uh or the kalimatullah, which is the same thing Now the question is uh, what is the status of that logos if the logos created? Is the logos god And if it's not god and if it's not created what is that relationship between god and the logos? And a lot of the debate that go on until up to you know Up until the time of the raibah Actually are about this is a this is the debate and you know that started in the third century You know ad and continues and starts with you know With with the greeks and judaism and then you know continues with christianity and and and you know Flows over into islam So and there's a very important discussion that we don't have the time to to to get into yeah But so the imam is referring to that with uh with judaism It's rather about the prophethood of his majesty had a muhammad and mus'a far sallallahu alayhi wa alayh It is about proving the prophethood of his majesty through the use of the Torah And this is really important because imam redan it is a point we'll discuss later on the imam redan is using the scriptures other of the other religions To prove the prophethood of the And then he discusses the sedians on the issue of the eternity of the universe whether the universe is created That means has a beginning and and or whether it's always been this way was was was created Infinite and it's a huge. I mean it's a huge point of the debate I mean most of the great islamic philosophers normally When writing their proofs for the existence of god start with this point Ibn Sina does it and all the other great philosophers start with this issue. Even our own philosophy people like, you know Hajar Nasri in Tusi or ismailis Theologians theologians like Sajishtani. They start with this with this point. It's a it's a classical You know point of this one. Now you mentioned that there is some sort of relation between Judaism Christianity and Islam and you know To what extent is that the you know if there is and if there isn't why would imam ar-rullah use the Or use their texts and their you know scriptures To debate them. Why not? You know use islamic scripture, but in the debates You you you need You need to use sources that are accepted by both sides right to acknowledge what the exactly so The jews will not accept the Quran as a as a as a as a proof No, will the christians Whereas and this is where it becomes very interesting The islamic tradition While accepting the idea that there has been some sort of corruption Of the Of the sacred texts of the jewish and the christian traditions Those also acknowledge that you know, there's still some parts that left that are you know in in harmony with the divine revelation That not everything was corrupted. And so this is the for example Um, I refer here to the wonderful book written by uh, dr. Mohammed leganhausen Jesus in shiite narrations for example where you I think it's a it's a harith imam imam sadaq aleyhi salam That it actually corresponds more or less to the sermon on the on the mount that is found in the gospels So not everything in the bible is corrupt So whatever is in harmony with the teachings of the ahl al-bayn and the Quran is then accepted And that's what we can work with uh in terms of in terms of uh dealing with christianity and and and and judeism So, yeah, and I think it's a very important for us but nowadays Uh, unfortunately and especially in the diaspora we we are in a situation where muslims who live in the west Are very often not I mean first of all very much ignorant about their own religious tradition Which is a crime because when you have access to the internet access to books access to free education Access to you know bookshops and so and so forth and you still manage to be Ignorance about your own religious tradition. I mean, that's an accomplishment. That's quite an accomplishment. I mean Unfortunately, we live in an age where being stupid and ignorant is as seen as a quality Where's uh, I mean ideal with students who come from uh Come from poor regions in in in Pakistan such as Pakistan in India in the mountains where Some villages are cut off from the rest of the world during winter And for them going to school is a luxury and then when you see kids who are born in Dearborn or toronto or london and they still manage not not to know who sheikh saddukh was Or they managed not to know who I don't know. Mullah sadra was or mir damad or sheikh bahay This is unexcusable. There's no excuse for this Especially when we see them later on at our converts who after three years Know all these things. It means that that that knowledge is out there. It's it's it's and it's accessible Everyone has access to the internet. Yeah, everyone has a smart phone and stuff and the thing is this is that you know, um Nowadays this this is uh, absolutely disgusting Set of three novels that was published a few years ago that you know, that's been made into uh to movies Uh decency forbid me to mention the name in front of the shrine of haza abas, alaihi salam But unfortunately a certain section of our community You can be sure that at least 70 80 percent of the people have read those books And it's quite disgusting knowing that you know, our scholars led To preserve that knowledge and and and to pass on the knowledge about You know about our religious tradition So not only are they not knowledgeable about their own religious tradition But they manage also to be ignorant about the religious traditions of the society in which they live in So you have people who lived in london the entire lives were completely ignorant by christianity Yeah, uh, and and that is and and that is fatal because Especially nowadays where there's such a push towards destroying the traditional family structures That that you know that that western society the society is inherited from christianity uh, and which A danger that also endangers our family structures when we see that for example in countries like canada or the us or the uk there's a push to uh to force muslims and christians to adopt the The acceptance of homosexuality abortion and so on and so forth It is in times like this that we should really unite and build bridges between christian jews and muslims to Create a united front against this sort of decadence and because of this ignorance The those bridges have not been built And unfortunately nowadays a great deal of christians nowadays see muslims as a fifth column Uh, uh, you know that is participating in the destruction of a traditional western Uh christian, uh, you know family values, which is very unfortunate because we do share the same the same You know the same The same traditions when we see charlatans like linda sarsur. For example, you know Militating for you know aggressive feminism LGBT rights abortion and so forth, which is of course against islam Uh, you know, if you're a working class christian person you you ask yourself questions about you know, you muslim neighbors then So it's important to to have this knowledge about christianity about judeism So that's you know, even though we may be different in terms of our approaches to the divine There are certain common struggles that we have and we could really help each other And and and in fighting against that sort of decadence that is destroying our families I mean you mentioned a few points that really need more clarification on why uh, they're either prohibited or you know, just Run upon but we can discuss this In a different way inshallah But you know to understand or to learn How to treat because right now as you mentioned the fifth column being islam, how Do we learn from the imams? How to treat other religions? How did the imams treat other if we can just put that in a few minutes? I would say it is uh, first of all, we need to go back to this very important hadith Ali ma alhaq wa alhaq ma ali And this isn't just a hadith about the the right of the imam This goes way beyond that And the ali is with the truth and the truth with is with ali meaning what that Any any truth that is out there even in other religions Exists because of the wilaya so if Good darkness or the the satanic forces cannot come up with truth Of course, so for example if the buddhas or uh Anyone says something that is true. It's only through the grace of the wilaya Right, so when software from when a when a buddhist says something that is true No problem. We we accept it, but we Respectfully disagree with all the other things that are not in tune with the divine revelation so, um in a sense um, you know if if if if If the islam of the ahl of bayt were this cup the other religions would be like little mirrors, you know Showing different aspects of this cup, but they're not the cup itself. They're not the fullness of the truth itself So we and the thing is sometimes, uh, other religions may help us May help us remind ourselves of certain things that we've forgotten about our own tradition. For example, for example Well, for example, we do have In the islam of the ahl of bayt is a complete integral tradition. It has fiqh. Yes, it has akhlaq But it also has an important spiritual content Things like muraqabah, for example So when I see when when I look at the buddhas doing meditation Even though I may not agree with this theology Uh, him doing meditation reminds me of the fact that we do have something similar Within our own tradition and that maybe I should you know the fact that I I'm not doing that Um, you know, it should remind me that there is that aspect in my religious tradition or for example, when I see catholics well Fantastic when it comes to social work you know, uh It it it reminds me of the fact that I I come from a tradition where You know helping the poor helping the helping the orphans helping You know those who are in need. It's very important. Yeah, maybe I can learn I can relearn what already exists in my tradition by looking at what for example catholics do Uh, even though I may disagree with their theology So it's it's having the humility to uh to to to um to recognize that even though other traditions may not have the fullness of the truth They might have some aspects that that exist in our tradition, but that we have forgotten Uh, because of certain historical circumstances. So it's it's uh, it's the position of it's this the type of position I consist in saying Yes, um, you know, the slum of the ahab is the fullness of the truth But at the same time I do I can learn something about myself From a buddhist from a christian from a jew and so and so forth Was always recognizing that the imam is the fullness so actually From what I learned that you just boils down to respect To respect will disagree that it's okay. But you know, just don't excessively, uh, you know disrespect Others we do. Thank you very much for joining us tonight. Welcome to professor francisco And thank you very much to respect the viewers for tuning in tonight Open inshallah We can you know learn from the life of imam ar-raba peace of blessings be upon him And don't forget to tune in into more episodes for we will continue our discussion on the life of imam ar-raba peace of blessings be upon him Thank you very much. Wasalamu alaikum. Rahmatullahi


In this video I will define diffusion and explain the factors that affect the rate of diffusion, define the following terms, and recognize examples of each, passive transport, simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic, and explain the effects of hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions on cells in the direction solutes and water would diffuse. Diffusion is the movement of solute down its concentration gradient. If we had a flask filled with a chemical on one side connected to an empty flask on the other side as shown in the illustration here, and a barrier between the two flasks was opened to allow a channel to connect the two flasks, the chemical would spontaneously spread or diffuse from the area where there was a high concentration of that chemical to the other side where there was initially a no chemical or very low concentration of that chemical. So similarly in the photo on the bottom here we can see the idea if you had a test tube filled with water and you were to place a drop of a red dye into that water, initially there would be a high concentration right in the location where the drop of dye met the water and over time that dye would spread out until it was uniformly distributed through the water and this mechanism where the dye would spread out is diffusion. The concentration gradient has a major effect on the speed of diffusion. If there is a larger concentration gradient that will lead to an increased rate of diffusion. The permeability of a barrier between two compartments can also influence the rate of diffusion. If there's a lower permeability, that is if there's less spaces for the chemicals to move through then there will be a slower rate of diffusion. In contrast if we increase the permeability then the rate of diffusion will increase. Cells have the ability to regulate the permeability of the plasma membrane in order to regulate the rate at which molecules can pass through by facilitated diffusion. The molecular weight of the chemical that is diffusing will also influence the rate of diffusion. A larger molecule will diffuse more slowly compared to a smaller molecule. For example here we have an experiment where a crystal of potassium permanganate and a crystal of methylene blue were both placed into a petri dish that contains an agarose gel. Over time both of these chemicals will diffuse through the gel. The larger molecule, methylene blue, diffuses more slowly compared to potassium permanganate. Temperature will also influence the rate of diffusion. Here we have an experiment where two teabags have been placed into two different cups of water. The cup on the left is hot water and the cup on the right is ice cold water. You can see here that the color from the tea has diffused through the hot water much more rapidly than through the cold water. Passive transport refers to any movement of chemicals across the plasma membrane that does not require ATP in order to derive that transport. And so a passive transport mechanism will be a type of diffusion. There's two broad categories of passive transport. Simple diffusion is when a solute can diffuse across the membrane unassisted. A small nonpolar molecule is able to cross the plasma membrane by simple diffusion. However larger molecules and polar molecules are not able to pass through the plasma membrane by simple diffusion because the fatty acid tails in the phospholipid bilayer create a barrier that will prevent polar molecules from being able to enter or exit the cell. Examples of small nonpolar molecules that enter and exit cells by simple diffusion include oxygen gas and carbon dioxide gas. The plasma membrane contains lots of embedded proteins, integral membrane proteins, and many of these function as channel proteins that can enable diffusion through a mechanism we call facilitated diffusion. Facilitated diffusion is when an integral membrane protein carries or assists the solutes in order to enable diffusion across the plasma membrane. There are two major types of proteins that enable facilitated diffusion. Channel proteins enable solutes to flow through an opening like a pore that will just allow those chemicals to flow through the open pore. These channel proteins can be opened and closed in order to regulate the permeability of the membrane. Channel proteins are often the way that ions will cross the plasma membrane. For example, there are sodium ion channels that will enable facilitated diffusion of sodium across the plasma membrane. Sodium will be moving from a higher concentration in the extracellular fluid to a lower concentration within the cytoplasm.  The carrier protein will bind to the specific structure of the molecule that's being transported across the plasma membrane. Carrier proteins are typically required to enable facilitated diffusion of larger molecules like glucose, amino acids, or proteins. Hosmosis is the diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane down its concentration gradient. Tonicity is the ability of a solution to change the shape of a cell by altering its internal water volume. The tonicity of a solution depends on the concentration of non-penetrating solutes, that is, solutes that are not able to cross the plasma membrane will influence the tonicity of a solution. Isotonic solutions contain an equal concentration of solutes as is found in the cytosol of the cell. Therefore, if we place a cell into an isotonic solution, it will have no effect on the volume of the cell. There may be a small amount of osmosis carrying water into the cell, and that will be equally balanced by the small amount of osmosis carrying water out of the cell, so there's no net movement of water into or out of the cell. In contrast, a hypotonic solution contains more solutes than is found in the cytosol of the cell. If we place a cell into a hypotonic solution, the volume of the cell would decrease as water moves out of the cytosol into the extracellular fluid by osmosis. A hypotonic solution contains less solutes than the cell. If we place a cell into a hypotonic solution, the volume would increase as water would move into the cytosol by osmosis. The cell would swell, and if too much water enters the cell, it could cause the cell to rupture, or lice, also known as hypotonic lices, when a cell bursts as a result of being placed in a solution with too low of a solute concentration.


Elante Tambo, within Peru, is undoubtedly one of the most incredible ruins to be found anywhere on Earth. Although many people have been mystified by the site's characteristics, some even suggesting that its shelf-like construction was once created as steps for giants, its real original use however, being no less remarkable. The so-called pre-incas responsible for its original build did so with the intention of utilizing these layers of soil to slowly acclimatize plants that were once not used to a certain altitude through a process of selective breeding, eventually taking them far higher than they were ever found before, making it possible to cultivate said herbs, fruits, or vegetables within their high-altitude sanctuaries once virtually impenetrable fortresses so that with these newly-adjusted phenotypes of plants, and with the aid of what is the subject of this video, could stay high in the mountains virtually indefinitely, self-sustained thanks to the incredible achievements of Elante Tambo. The Incomisana Water Temple being the final piece of this now lost people's armory, for although the horticultural knowledge displayed by this lost civilization is evidence of advanced culture, their abilities to control the path of water is another of the pieces of evidence which not only proves that this people were highly capable, but were also unquestionably advanced in their execution of said feats. For although these irrigation systems or drinking water inflows are many thousands of years old, most still work to this day. Some of these water features were so well-made that even modern re-inhabitors still use several of these systems as they even rival that of the modern system which would replace it, bringing water to the locations. Dr. Richard McSodd, who studied the water sources of Incomisana in Ole Tambo, led a team of researchers from the University of Virginia known as the Right Water Engineers from the Right Paleo-Hydrological Institute and archaeologists Armenda Gabaja Oviedo and Dr. Gordon McCowan, all of whom conducted reverse engineering in an attempt to back-engineer the remarkable achievements seen at the water temple. Located north of the Manuraki Canal in the Sacred Valley of the Incas at an altitude of 3,000 meters, this sophisticated water complex consists of rooms, open spaces, beautiful complex pools, ornamental fountains, waterfalls, and buried channels. These pre-Incan accomplishments display an intimate knowledge of so-called modern hydraulic principles, even building their channels in such a way as to avoid hydraulic jumps. The water temple's architecture and hydraulic works define Incomisana as a high-status sanctuary for worship of water. Right and carefully executed cliff carvings parallel to the water temple add a mystical dimension to the temple's original purpose, which is currently claimed to have been the worship of water. Ancient roads also left by this same elusive group unquestionably tie Olente Tambo and the water temple to this once great now lost civilization's empire. Who built the Incomisana water temple? How did they build it? Why is the polygonal masonry, something which ancient Peru is synonymous with, found at many of the world's ancient relics? Who were these ancient people? Where did they go? It is undoubtedly an incredible place, one which we find highly compelling. From their curious writings made upon cuneiform blocks, there are endless areas of intrigue when it comes to ancient Mesopotamia. A fascinating and rare civilization, which had an equally striking appearance, often adorned with trinkets, with tightly braided, often thick flowing hair, with royals regularly depicted as giants. It is also a very special area of interest for our so-called fringe research. The reason for this is that Mesopotamia is one of those rare chapters of ancient civilization, which, regardless of all previously noted, has strangely continued to be accepted by mainstream institutions, field studies apparently still flowing. As previously mentioned, this astonishing, and we feel, far older than currently claimed civilization, is drenched with marvels of seemingly impossible ancient craftsmanship, many of which near impossible to explain in regards to currently claimed history. The reoccurring theme one finds when another post-Ice Age technologically regressed ancestor moves in to utilize these structures offered safety, will in turn leave behind an archaeological timeline. This then allows for an inaccurate and often blatantly ignorant dating. But to muddy said waters are then met with a detailed, competent reconstruction of said lifestyles, religious beliefs, systems, etc., etc., all in regards to a permitted ancestor, rather than any details or a logical explanation as to their technologies or constructions. However, as mentioned, going back to the recurring event we notice is the briefest of these supposed builder's legacies, for when one has laid claim to an antediluvian founder, the lack of understandings regarded the fortress' strength, or indeed how to efficiently use them. The ingenious design of some of the most impressive fortresses of Peru, Sacsayhuaman, Kulap, for example, we pause it if, under the control of the original constructors, would have been near impossible to evade and were completely self-sustained. Yet the academically claimed builders all seemed to conveniently fold within less than a few centuries at most. However, the subject of most importance, and currently the most compelling exhibits of an ancient advanced civilization, is the nature of many of the artifacts, either recovered or now documented as having been depicted across much of their stone-cut artwork. And across Mesopotamia, notably the Assyrian civilization, they had achieved levels of technological sophistication simply impossible to have achieved in the brief, currently attested chronological life of said civilizations. Whether the Assyrian civilization and many others spanning ancient Mesopotamia have indeed been accurately identified, then an explanation for the array of remarkable technologies they had developed becomes a very hard area of archaeology to describe. Scuba divers, secret teachings, sophisticated levels and practices of law and healthcare, and most notably, and indeed the most vital section of the civilization's skill set, their intimate understandings that lay within their ability to create irrigation and agricultural systems, which rival even those of the modern day. These tremendous abilities tend to make us suspect that either the dating of Mesopotamia is drastically off, or these feats of engineering were, like many others, adopted by this later settlement, ultimately decoded and claimed as an invention of their own. Astonishing legends of the past, accompanied by an astonishing level of sophisticated astronomical knowledge, is another crucial factor which not only indicates what we are attesting, but what we feel could have only come from an extremely old source. This is one of the most important aspects to which seemingly found incorporated into nearly all surviving relics, yet, as if academia claim, this ancient civilization merely wielded stone and very later bronze tools. The question is, how do they create such astonishing ancient ruins? The Multiton Lamosu, a mysterious stone-winged horse we have covered previously on numerous just like that of the so-called Pre-Incas, displayed levels of sophistication specifically around horticulture, far in advance of what we should have logically presumed to see. It is as if they had a helping hand, by a far more ancient yet highly advanced intellect somewhere within antiquity. Are these upart surviving remnants, memories left by a precataclysmic civilization once capable of such sophisticated irrigating and building on steep mountain land with ease, we can for now only hypothesize. It is a pursuit we find highly compelling. An official of Loristan's cultural heritage, academics of the handicrafts and tourism organizations announced the discovery of an ancient yet highly elaborate ancient clay water transfer system, akin to an ancient aqueduct found in incredible condition during excavations in Borgior, according to a report by Mir News Agency. Irrigation systems are yet another area of still existing features, which can be found to be indicative of an ancient yet highly advanced constructor. These irrigation systems, according to academic fallacy, were created by civilizations with far inferior knowledge of sewage and irrigation than modern man. Thus the construction of any systems should have, its matching with mainstream timelines, have been of a primitive nature, with their knowledge of building said systems in its infancy, and any claimed culprit within permitted history was also far less equipped than us today. Yet alas, regardless of these obvious factors, thus supposedly on their first attempts got them perfectly right the first time around. They did such a good job, in fact, that many systems within Peru in particular are still in use to this day. These supposed soft metal-wielding ancestors within our own post-ice age permitted history being claimed as the original installers of these perfect systems. We perceive such attempted postulations as an insult to those with intelligence. Furthermore, our investigation within Pompeii, for example, although we have also often covered advanced knowledge within metallurgy in the pipe works. Having ten pipes for drinking water, yet led for sewage, such awareness, such accomplishments, Pompeii, is truly an astonishing ancient site. We also covered the sewage and irrigation systems built to withstand an enormously larger population than would ever be accepted as having once before us been possible. Yet the fact that these systems were built to withstand and are still used within even today's heavily populated towns is an undeniable reality. In regards to the rather beautiful system, unearthed in Iran, however, has predictably thrown a few surprising, and for some individuals tasked with upholding current paradigms, their uncomfortable, controversial features surrounding its construction and the precision of its past function. The official Hoja Yahr-Mohammadi tasked with investigating the elaborate and simply exquisite surviving example of the abilities of the ancients in regards to water manipulation. The official said that the ancient aqueduct includes a, quote, smart water distribution system and was part of a historic castle. This, quote, smart water distribution system is only mentioned by this funded academic due to the public exposure the site has successfully experienced and anyone with experience in such fields could indeed identify these truths themselves. However, no so-called official or any funded individual or institute for that matter will ever accept a drastic alteration in man's chronology. The clay pipes, known as Tampushe and Farsi, once transferred water for an ancient castle's garden. According to the official, clearly impressed with the advanced nature of the find, the big clay irrigation pottery distributed the water and removed the mud as it functioned, an incredible feat for the time the system is claimed to have been constructed within. The system minimized the risk of blockage in the flow of water, yet what stood out about this old system to him the most was its optimal use of water resources. Who built this incredible clay watering system? When did they build it? How did they have such advanced knowledge and abilities in regards to water manipulation? A simple garden watering system from a few centuries ago? Or a once-submerged, unearthed, loved and maintained artifact, once again submerged, yet thus, when we have unearthed it yet again, found to be a marvelously preserved artifact, surviving into our age, possibly originating from a lost civilization? We found Bourgeois's aqueduct and the subsequent discoveries of its incredibly advanced features highly compelling. There are countless ancient ruins found throughout Sri Lanka, which are all indicative of a lost technology, and thus a lost civilization having once been responsible for their creation. One of the most striking of these, being the Sigiriya Mountain, an ancient stronghold made atop natural plateau, a sanctuary far away from the troubles that would have presumably been occurring below. Yet one of the most astonishing relics found within this ancient land is a rather well-hidden one. Although the water reservoir built into the Sigiriya site could offer one a subtle initial clue as to their existence, one would have to investigate the surrounding environment very carefully or be given local knowledge to ever find our next ancient anomaly in question. Hidden close by to the ancient mountainous stronghold, and now almost completely submerged into the surrounding landscape, Gargantuan Ancient Water Reservoirs, first documented by a Mr. Tenant from the UK and noted upon by William R. Corliss within one of his many volumes regarding lost civilization. Describing enormous water tanks found with the aid of the locals, all completely aligned with equally cut square blocks. One of the tanks, which the locals knew by the name Petheriacorn, has since been measured to be around 7 miles in length, 300 feet broad, with 60-foot-high earthworks along its biggest embankments. They are largely believed to have been constructed to gain complete control and subsequent mastery of irrigation throughout an impressive span of land. We approached an expert engineer to find out just what sort of feet these giant tanks would be. We received back an estimated price of around $4 million to merely construct the largest sections of the earthworks. They were undoubtedly an unimaginably large undertaking, one which we believe was beyond the capabilities of any ancient group known to modern history. Perhaps the sheer enormity of the undertaking, along with the fact that they would have been far easier to conceal than that of the Great Pyramids, for example, is a possible motive as to why there isn't more known about these marvelous groundworks, or why there is very little documented study and why any that has been done was by independent historians. Regardless, we find these incredible, gigantic, hidden ruins highly compelling. Although much of the world has focused their attention and awe upon the unquestionably advanced ancient feet of the ancient Pyramids of Giza, Mexico, along with most of Southern America, also possesses many equally astonishing feats of a now lost ancient civilization. Gigantic cities perfectly created to house those who built them, along with what is probably the most significant of ruins now known as the modern Mexico City, it was once the origins of the settlement itself, although the age is unknown, this magnificent and mysterious place was once known as Tenochtitlan. Quoted as the Venus of the Aztecs, an ancient capital of the Aztec Empire, it initially started as an isolated settlement created on natural islands within the Lake Texcoco. What makes it special, however, is that it eventually expanded out, with the now lost builders of the site constructing an entire city's foundations complete with giant pyramidal structures upon artificially constructed floating islands. It contained the palace of Montezuma II, said to have once consisted of over 300 rooms, as well as hundreds of other temples of considerable proportions. It was eventually destroyed by the Spanish conquistadors under Hernán Cortés in 1521. At the time, this amazing floating city had an estimated population of 400,000 people. It eventually spread over onto neighboring lakes and also the land surrounding them, covering a span of five square miles. It was connected to the mainland by several causeway dykes that terminated in smaller lakeside urban communities. Along with the many pyramid temples, the original construction is still highly debated, clearly due to its inexplicable architectural design and the clear advanced capabilities of its creator, one which does not coincide with the modern paradigms of history. The great market in the barrio of Tlateloco was reported by the Spaniards to have had at least 60,000 buyers and sellers on the main market day. How did acclaimed primitive culture create such an astonishing artificial island city, in addition to the ancient pyramids which surrounded it? It was undoubtedly a place which we would have found highly compelling.