Hey welcome back to my YouTube channel guys. Today we are sitting outside on my porch in the morning enjoying the birds and the sun and it's spring here in New Zealand almost summer and so I just thought I'd film outside. So today I'm going to talk about 20 things, 20 things that surprised me that were just normal things in New Zealand. Now some of these I've touched on in previous videos but in this video you're going to get the summation of the 20 things that New Zealanders do that are just normal here that it was like oh this is just normal here. It kind of surprised me so you're not going to want to miss it. You're going to want to listen to all 20 because I tell stories throughout and it's going to be a good one so stay tuned here we go. This video is sponsored by Squarespace. Squarespace is a great all-in-one platform to get your business online quickly. So I hope you get to hear the beautiful sounds of nature here in New Zealand as I am talking to you today because I love it. The birds are literally my favorite here in New Zealand so but let's get started. 20 things I have to talk to you about that surprised me that are just normal in New Zealand which I love. So number one can we talk about beans on toast for breakfast okay because I was at a place that I paid for breakfast and they served like baked beans like beans out of a tin or a can depending on where you're from on toast like that's an acceptable breakfast.  Number two these fruit stands where you sell eggs sometimes even sell poo manure on the side of the road like you just okay so they'll have these stands and they'll have like a little thing where you can put the money in and it's just like on the trust system where you can just put the money in take some eggs and they'll put like a price on it or they'll bag up some spices or some fruit that they have. I just actually did a trip down to Blenheim area and there stands everywhere and in fact we went on some garden tours there and there some of them one of the ladies had like this fig farm and I'm like well where do you sell your figs I mean she has hundreds of trees and she literally sells them all in the stand out front her of her house like it's not like someone's standing there and taking the money like it's just you can totally trust people here I guess I am sure that there's ones that get stolen from but yeah there's literally just fruit stands where they sell eggs and fruit or whatever else they have that they want to sell just on the side of the road it's kind of everywhere here it's amazing I love that about New Zealand. Number three it's an interesting concept to me here in New Zealand where people just leave work when you know they're tight it's their time to leave work so if they're supposed to be done at four even like I've even seen it where like people are like working with a customer or in the middle of a project that really wouldn't take more than maybe 20 minutes to finish like oh it's four o'clock it's time to go and they just like get up and leave like that's an acceptable thing here and in the States it's not like it's not even acceptable probably to work within the hours you're contracted you're just expecting to get the job done and if it takes you the extra 20 minutes then you're gonna stay and do the extra 20 minutes but like it's just like little four o'clock time to go so it's actually like I guess you don't even have to be uber efficient I mean you're just you're just there doing your job the best you can and then you're just gonna go do you hear that it's so beautiful okay number four let's talk about the fact that people will walk around barefoot people just walk around barefoot so if you're flying into New Zealand and you're a visitor or you're moving here you'll just get off the plane and you'll walk down the street and people will be barefoot you can even go into stores being barefoot yep I don't really have anything more to say about that just so you could be barefoot in New Zealand number five it's interesting here that nobody ever asks you what you do for a living so in the US if you meet somebody for the first time like oh hey I'm so-and-so what do you do for a living and that's what you talk about it's always like kind of the first thing that you talk about other than like maybe the weather but in New Zealand like people don't ask each other they have like this tall poppy syndrome here where you know you can't talk about yourself being better than anybody else or you know it's just not cool which is great like I think that that's the the humble attitude is preferable to be honest but it's just so interesting it's just like it's just normal to not talk about work like I've mentioned in other videos that you know I've had friends that I've known for years and still don't know what they do for a living and then you find out you're like oh I'm quite surprised that that's what you do for a living I had no idea because it's not talked about it's not important here what you do for a living is not that important okay and then number six fish and chips on the beach can we talk about this first of all eating in general in the sand not great like why don't we want to get sand and everything but here it's like completely normal life to just get your fish and chips which is all kind of folded up in like all these big pieces of paper and you like unfold it out on the beach and you just eat it there yeah I guess that's a new concept for me that we're just going to eat on the beach like I mean it's not like you wouldn't have a picnic or something but I just don't think that sand is generally the preferable place to eat food and so but here it's just like what you do on like a Friday night or you know what you would do on the weekend like it's a like a like it's a normal thing and like that's what we're going to eat on the beach so just another thing that surprised me okay and number seven let's talk about the crosswalks the zebra crossings what do you call them here I don't think it's called crosswalks but when you are you know you go out and do a crosswalk people just walk out into the crosswalk like I feel like not everybody looks like they just assume that cars are gonna stop and that makes me stressed out because I am happy to step but I don't always see you and you just walk out and so it stresses me out but yeah so it's just totally normal in New Zealand to just walk out and do the crosswalk and expect people to stop so if you are traveling to the US specifically like New York City don't do that they don't follow any rules like that um really any big city in the US don't do that okay and number eight let's talk about white bread it is very normal in New Zealand for things to be served on white bread specifically there's sausages so if you go to a sausage sizzle if you buy something it'll always be a sausage on white bread with tomato sauce or ketchup okay so don't be alarmed by that I just know that in the US you know you just generally don't ever serve anything on white bread and so it seems you know unusual and so just good to know it's perfectly fine it's good like that it's easy it's cheap um and then they also have like their cheese rolls I haven't actually really had one because I'm trying to wait till I go to South Island is also on white bread and so yeah so keep that in mind sausages are served on white bread that is totally normal here in New Zealand so it just was a little bit surprising okay and number nine can we talk about f posts when you get off the plane you in the airport and you need to buy something a coffee a little some gum whatever it is that you need they're gonna say is that f posts and you're like what so it means like electronic funds transfer in the USA ask you debit credit it basically is the same as a debit so it's just not it's not like um run by visa mastercard like a debit system would be it's just literally just moving money directly from your bank they're very comfortable with doing that here so yeah so f posts is what that is and so you're welcome because you're gonna get here and you're gonna be like you know people are like I I just remember he just kept I couldn't totally tell what they were saying so you already have an accent involved and then they're saying f posts which is what and so I said I'm not sure you know like a couple times and I'm like sure just pay with that and it worked and it went through and you just never know when using international cards and stuff if it's gonna work but yeah so f posts means electronic funds transfer whatever it's just the same as debit that's what you need to know when coming to New Zealand I don't know about you but I have been putting off creating my website until I found my solution with Squarespace you guys are going to love this product they have so many beautiful templates to choose from you just pick your template and then you go in and just add the details of your business and literally within one day I was able to get my website up and running another feature that I love on Squarespace is that they have this social sharing where my community can just go right out into my youtube channel my tiktok channel which is where most of my content exists and so it's really nice that it can connect directly from Squarespace other features that Squarespace offers that are really great is there the fact that you can collect donations you can do email campaigns from it it's just overall really great I personally also love the analytics I always like to know what's going on behind the seeds who's really reaching me on my web page and that's just such a nice feature as well I highly recommend that you check out Squarespace take some time today to go to squarespace.com and check out your free trial and then when you're ready to purchase your website or your domain you get 10 off with the link below okay number 10 along those same lines is the concept of the bank transfer and that you can just give your account number out to people just anybody if you're buying something off facebook marketplace or off of trade me or anything like it's totally normal to just give people your bank transfer and just do bank transfer it's amazing it's literally probably at least in the top three or five things that I love about New Zealand is managing money and paying for things is so easy you guys don't understand it's not like that in the u.s me just even banking in the u.s from here is so ridiculously hard that's probably another video um but yeah bank transfer so when you buy anything you literally people give you your their account and you move the money into their account and they can if it's the same bank they can see it immediately or it's it's pretty quick anyway what totally normal to do that here totally surprise me don't have to write checks don't have to like send a check so easy I love it so good number 11 okay it's totally normal to here for okay first of all coffees here come with two shots the standard coffee will get two shots you don't have to ask for two shots they're not just giving you one they're giving you two unless you go to Starbucks here they're only giving you one because that's the Starbucks way anyway two shots but it's just normal for people to have two or three coffees those strong coffees a day like just when I've worked in the city that's not everybody you know a lot of people drink tea but it is totally like yeah let's go get a coffee let's go get a morning tea afternoon tea getting another coffee totally normal to drink really strong coffees all day which I love but you know then you kind of get a little addicted and you start getting headaches if you don't have it so I don't do that I just have one one uh a day but yeah that's totally normal here in news okay number 12 okay you know what is really surprising is like when I've gone to camps or I've gone to retreat centers like it's totally normal for like places to create like their own slides their own climbing walls their own like yeah like you know like water slides like it's very Kiwi ingenuity like okay but you know there's no regulation around it there's no you know I mean they have to be safe but it's not the same in the US like you don't have the liability issues and the suing potential um so they just create these really fun things for kids and really anybody of any age uh to go on on these things and that's really just like normal and they just create very efficient ways to do things like when you have large groups and very sustainable things like the like one place one camp that I was at they had like this big tub and we all use the same water to wash dishes and then put it away everybody brings their own dish and washes it and like that's normal I was like oh that's cool it's very cool it's just like very cool the way that they do that bring your own cup bring your own dish bring your own uh spoon or you know you use what they have and you just wash it right there so anyway just a lot of Kiwi ingenuity I notice when we are looking at like retreat centers or uh camps that's very cool okay number 13 when you go to a cafe now let me tell you there are cafes everywhere you know how in the US there's like gas stations everywhere not here there's cafes cafes everywhere but it's just normal guys to eat out of that glass I think I think I've mentioned this in other videos that took me like two years to eat out of there because like to me like in the US that's normally like display of food that like you wouldn't normally eat that they would then make separately like they would display it maybe I don't I think I mean the only place I can think of that does that in the US is Starbucks but you know in bigger cities there's going to be more of that but like yeah so like it took me a while but they actually take it and they heat it up they put some salad on the side they sometimes give you sauce that goes with it and it's good it's great like I have no problem with that now but man at first that was weird to me it just surprised me that this is totally normal that we're just going to eat something out of the glass because it was like made that day and it's totally fine but in my mind like a lot of the stuff in the US that would be in the glass would be like not real would be like plastic I mean sometimes there's those diners where they have like the cake that kind of goes in a circle in the pies you remember those and you just kind of pull one out when you want it okay so that's fine I don't know it's just not a lot of food behind glass in the US number 14 totally normal hanging your clothes on a line everybody hangs their clothes outside so it's great it's an adjustment I've definitely looked down upon frowned upon because I have a dryer it's okay it's okay you can look down on it I've done the calculations it's not that expensive to dry your clothes in a dryer just so you know but like yeah everybody hangs everything out on the line and it's actually a very therapeutic process and it's also like I mean I'm from Wisconsin where you have a significant part of the year freezing cold and it's not even possible to do that and so I think that that's probably why it is a tradition whereas here it's you know it's nice all year except for when it's raining I just feel like people go through a lot of effort here though like in the wintertime and when it's raining to hang their stuff inside and it takes forever and it creates dampness and I'm not convinced that that's better um so yeah I you know I have four kids so it's an efficiency thing for me there's no way I'm not using a dryer but um yeah but it's okay I do I do like when it's nice out try to hang my clothes out there try to get my kids to do that um because I think it's good to to do that and I just love the the feel of the smell and it is very nice um having that so that's cool that's different and number 15 the eggs that you buy here are so beautiful like so orange so like the the yolks in the US are yellow and here are their orange and they're so beautiful and all the eggs are brown doesn't matter just saying that all the eggs are brown um I don't know why it almost feels like not natural now if I see a white egg I don't know why that is I'm I'm sure that there's like all these reasons why they're the different colors um and I didn't research that for this video because I have 20 things I'm trying to get through but uh yeah and they're not refrigerated here because they don't um like the US makes them go through this other process which then requires them to it's like a a cleaning process and they go through the US and then it like is required to be refrigerated after that so and then also like once eggs are refrigerated they need to continue to be refrigerated so it's great I mean I can't tell you so like if you're coming here and you're looking for the eggs they're not in the refrigerated section took me a while okay number 16 when you go to the toilet in New Zealand there's two buttons one is for like a stronger flush and one is for a softer flush and that's for like if you just go number one or number two I think you can figure it out but just thought it'd be helpful to mention that that these are just totally normal things and they have some of these in parts of the US uh in different parts of the world and so you may be familiar but if you're not when you're flushing the toilet there's generally two or three sometimes um buttons to push and so that's what it means it's a way of being saving water and uh just not overly flushing things when we don't need to so yeah and the water levels are much lower here than in the US and so it kind of freaks people out I guess when they travel the US I've heard a lot of Kiwis tell me like why is the water like is the water gonna come out so yeah so it's much lower they're just more conservative about the water um it's just good 17 we're on 17 also the outlet switch is the outlets have switches on them so to turn it on and off and to apparently save on electricity I don't know how much it really saves but it's an actual process like that is just something that I haven't gotten used to I haven't gotten used to like actually turning it off all the time I've gotten better but like people will literally come to my house and start turning them off like it's just normal to have them off I don't even notice it number one because I'm not used to having a switch on my outlets it is a kind of a fun cool job for children to kind of go around and turn them on or off depending like if you're gonna be gone for like a month you would probably just go around and turn them all off but yeah so there are switches on outlets to save on electricity and number 18 can we talk about Mufti Day this is a total so story time when my when we first moved here and they the principal said oh tomorrow's Mufti Day I was like sure yeah pretend like I know what that means how in the world would I know what that means I don't Mufti I just thought it was like an activity that they were gonna do so of course we show up full uniforms nobody else's in uniforms and my kids are traumatized because they would really like to wear their own clothes and they're young and so it's a big deal in primary school and so there was tears and I was like okay I didn't know what Mufti means and the fact that you have to pay to wear your own clothes now I understand that it's for fundraising activities but mentally it's interesting to me I'm going to pay you so that my kids can wear their own clothes so I think like fundraising around like something else would make sense but that one always weird to me and Mufti like where does that name come from I feel like I've put this on my tiktok before and they've told me but it's not coming to me as to what Mufti means and I think it's actually is associated with fundraising but like you just don't know that inherently in the name and so yeah so if you're coming here and they say Mufti Day they're referring to dress down day number 19 story time again my kids went to school I was helping out as much as I could I was one of those helpful parents I'm not as much anymore you know you kind of get to that point when you have four kids like I've done my time okay you know but now I should help out anyway um it was like a craft fair I think it was like there was just like stalls of things that we were selling and I said that I would do the one for our school and I volunteered time so I showed up and we were selling worm we I wish you could have seen my face when they were like we are selling worm we first of all what worm we like worm pee it's not worm pee it's something from anyway it's a fertilizer for your garden it's a liquid fertilizer and they call it worm we it's like uh it's just from like the worm farm it's like the excess I don't think it's actually we but that's what they call it yeah totally normal in New Zealand to sell worm we at a craft fair okay and number 20 as a kickoff to the Christmas season they don't sell eggnog at the supermarkets no they don't they don't sell eggnog and if you are in New Zealand and they sell eggnog at your supermarket tell me where I bet you I could get them to ship it tell me where you have to make your own eggnog here this is very disappointing I love eggnog and I've made it every Christmas because that's the only way I'm going to get it but yeah it's totally normal not to sell eggnog at Christmas here in New Zealand they sell other things they have okay at Christmas here maybe we highlighted a couple Christmas things that are different um crackers is that what they're called Christmas crackers that's what they're called there's these little things and they pop and they make a pop and like things pop out and sometimes they'll have like a little crown that you can wear or a special treat inside and so like before you eat Christmas dinner people do the the Christmas crackers honestly you guys I was here for three years before I've ever even realized that that was a thing so there's Christmas crackers that's different I've never seen that before and Christmas mince pies very popular does that sound like something you want to eat no it doesn't here's the clue the mince in New Zealand is ground beef and so when I hear Christmas mince pies I think it's meat but it's actually minced fruit and nuts it's like minced fruit and nuts so it's actually really good if you get it homemade some of my friends make it it's like oh so good so it's just basically minced fruit in a pie crust so good so that's different for Christmas um so yeah those are I'm trying to think oh and then like fruit cakes is an acceptable thing to bring to a party not like on Christmas vacation um where they bring fruit cake and it's like huh nobody actually eats fruit cake in the US I know that you can buy it like I remember seeing it at Aldi once but yeah fruit cake not a thing that you eat but a thing that you eat in New Zealand so that's also different well I could probably go on and on about Christmas but anyway this has been long enough talking about the 20 things that surprise that may surprise you coming to New Zealand that are just totally normal here well I hope you enjoyed the video this week and all the lovely bird sounds and thank you for Squarespace for sponsoring this video and don't forget to click on the link below to get 10 off your website or domain guys I just would love to know what it is that you would want me to talk about as I start planning for next year for this channel so please come below with uh any topics you'd like me to cover thoughts on things you'd like me to share I hope you enjoyed uh this week's episode on the 20 things that surprised me about New Zealand and I will see you next week


An Israeli missile strike on Syria's capital Damascus on Saturday killed four members of Iran's Revolutionary Guards, including the head of the Forces Information Unit in Syria, a security source in the regional pro-Syria alliance told Reuters.Iana statement carried on Iranian state television. The Revolutionary Guards confirmed that four of its military advisers were killed in the Israeli strike and said further details would be announced later. State TV said the targeted building was the residence of Iranian advisers in Damascus, media Sana said the attack on Saturday took place in the Matze neighborhood. It said Israeli aggression targeted the building.A well-informed source told Al Jazeera the target was an IRGC intelligence unit, adding that a senior IRGC intelligence official in Syria and his assistants were in the building. In a brief statement, the IRGC said an airstrike by Israeli fighter jets killed a number of Syrian forces and four military advisers, without mentioning their names for their titles. Iranian state television called it a terrorist attack by Israel, Iranian state media reported the attack, which is believed to have been carried out with at least four missiles, the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, a Britain-based monitor that relies on a network of sources on the ground, said the attack killed five people in a building where Iranoline leaders were meeting. An Israeli missile strike targeted a four-story building, killing five people and destroying the whole building. Where Iranoline leaders were meeting, said the Syrian Observatory.


Hello and welcome to another Japanese Giant Salamander video, but before we get into the meat and bones of this, I want to share something very special I've been working on with Richard for the past few months and that is this guy. This is the Japanese Giant Salamander plushie, part of the new Game and Beaver collection. It's by far the highest quality plushie I've ever made. There's little wiggly feetsies, a Game and Beaver logo 04 if you've been keeping up with the plushie collection all these years and it doesn't come in any plastic. In fact, when you get it, it comes in this amazing tote bag that's reusable and shows you a support for the Salamanders as well as a thank you card signed by me. So all the profits from these plushies are going to go towards sustainable Dyson, that's the charity that is going out of their way to protect the Japanese Salamanders like we showed in my previous video. It also doesn't shy away from the hardships that these actual real creatures face and I thought, you know, if you're going to be donating to help towards these creatures, you know, you want something to show why you're doing it. Alright, well with that out of the way, where's Richard? He should be arriving any second in one of Mr Yamano and she's Spaceships but no sign of it. Oh, there he is! Over here! Let the Japanese Salamander adventure begin then! We emerged from one of Mr Yamano and she's Mars Spaceships. Mars is part of an exhibition that he has on right now showcasing how he uses washi, a type of traditional Japanese paper that has been made in this area for over 1300 years. You've got to believe in this power. First believe in the light. After believing too much, you've believed in too much. Down the light, down the light. It's giving birth! As well as showcasing his other creations that we saw in the last video when we went to visit his workshop. They also had on display these other really creative uses of washi too. But we couldn't stay too long as we had something quite special planned before seeing the salamanders in the evening. On to the next adventure. Off we go! Waterfall training. This was also the first time I got to show Richard the salamander plushie in person. Look at him! He's adorable! Um, where you play as a dinosaur, there you go. There we are! Luckily, Richard is friends with the monk who looks after the shrine we're about to visit. We'll also be joined by a group of US marines. These guys have been helping Richard build stone ramps for the salamanders and clear away a lot of the branches and debris out of their waterways. So as a treat, we are participating in one of the old rituals of the Shugendo. But what is Shugendo, I hear you asking? Well Richard's actually practising it, so I'll let him explain. We do training in the world and they used to live for years, just living off nature and praying at the shrines and stuff. And part of that training is waterfall training, which is what we're going to do today. Richard also explained that a long time ago in Japan, originally all the religions were kind of a blend of each other, that includes Shinto, Buddhism and Shugendo. And the temple that we're in right now has a mixture of gods and saints from all those religions. In the centre, you have Fudomyo, a Buddhist messenger. You'll often find them near sacred waterfalls in Japan. And then Richard's favourite called Enogyoja, or as he calls them, who is believed to have been a real person and also the founder of Shugendo. But when modern Japan was formed, the governments decided that Shugendo was too superstitious and tried to close it all down, and the same went for Buddhism. But some of them are still around, this temple being one of them. So now it was time to begin the ceremony. And after that, we had to get changed into these really cool robes. Oh, as well as have introduction. Anyway, sorry I didn't introduce you, this is James, by the way. Yes, hello. Hello, James. Marines. I know. I held up. That's supposed to be it. Next there was a blessing at the shrine, as well as the waterfall itself had to be blessed by the monks. And then it was just a case of waiting in line for your turn to get wet. I like to see how it goes. Well, I like it. It's just a laugh, right?  Having a good time, wearing something cool, sort of thing I can get behind. Until I'm in it, and then I'll probably regret it. And before I knew it, it was our turn to get wet. Oh, my cold. I have to say, it was mildly refreshing. When you get in, it's cold. Then, sort of with the chanting and the monotonous fall of the water hitting you, you sort of get into a zone, and you're like, actually, it's not so bad. But then there was taking it a step further and sitting down in the waterfall. And of course, I couldn't be shown up by the Marines. I'm feeling myself becoming the salamander, the long restator. Now, let's see if we can find some. Before checking our usual spots, Richard went out to check the weirs right next to the ocean, the very limit of the salamander's habitat. And in my last video, I received a few comments asking why we didn't pick up the salamanders that were stuck downstream and placed them somewhere further upstream. For a start, they're a protected species, which means touching them is actually illegal. Really, they need a way to get themselves up and further upriver. This kind of work is stuff that Richard's doing off his own back. He's not getting paid to do this is completely, you know, this is sustainable dice, and this is his charity. And this is the sort of efforts that we want to continue to try and give these Japanese giant salamanders the fighting trends that they really deserve. Fortunately, Richard didn't find any. He also elaborates on another problem when lifting the salamanders from one part of the river to another. You're just lifting between sections, right? So how do you know which one's got more fish? You might be thinking you're doing it a service because you're bringing it upriver, but then you might actually be locking it into a situation where it has no food. We also made a brief pit stop to try and find a viper. Let it be known that Richard's love for nature knows no bounds. Here he is, sticking his head into the drain to find that venomous snake. So we're now back at the place we were in the first video, the one that's a very disrupted environment next to the ocean. And we're just going to see, because last time we came here, I think maybe we found one. And we're just going to see if we can find these salamanders there before next going upstream to a better environment. It seems to be something going on. There might be just the light, but this is a good place to check or there might be one there. You know, this is as far down as you can get. If they get pushed further past this, it's no good for them. They're going to die. And again, you've got all this reed that is a byproduct of all of the pollution that's put in and nitrates. And also that's sucking up all the oxygen for everything else in here. Have you found some in here before? Yeah, we have a few days ago. However, this time, Richard couldn't find any salamanders. The problem is Richard has found salamanders in here in the past. So it's a case of did they fall further down with it? Or, you know, what's up with that? Did poachers get it? Did somebody move it upstream? Or did it succumb to the flow of the river and eventually get washed out to the ocean? We'll never know. So we pushed it further up the river to where things seemed more promising for the salamanders. So we have just arrived at the ginormous dam that you can barely see. It's over there. We ended the last video here. We walked all the way up the stream to see if we could find some. But hopefully, this time, we're going to go to the bottom bit of the dam where we couldn't go before and have a look to see if we can find these salamanders there. This is an area that Marines and I cleared the bamboo yesterday. Oh, right. You'll see just further down. Did you clear out in the river itself? Yeah. Oh, OK. We can study it earlier. And it's too much bamboo, makes the water murky, less oxygenated. That's the word I'm looking for. Before we had a chance to get into the river, Richard had spotted one. I found one. Salamander. I found one, James. Quite a big one. This one looked to be a female who really didn't want to be filmed by the camera. Because, yeah, I actually instructed the Marines yesterday. Oh, to make a... No, to not touch this one. Well, not a nest, but somewhere they hide. The salamander then used those branches to hide in. So we thought it best to leave her alone and see if we could find any other salamanders in the area. I felt as though this time I could see a lot more of the wildlife in this river. Of course, you have frogs and firebelly nutes that we saw last time, but also the prey that the salamanders would eat, like the various types of river fish, which is, of course, good news for the salamanders stuck in this part of the river. And then we entered an area that Richard and the Marines had removed a vast amount of bamboo from. This is a good stretch. We looked at it once before, but we've cleaned it out now. Oh, okay. Can you see that it was all bamboo? Remember, we were like... Yeah, yeah. We've cleared that right out now. And this is where I learned something. So bamboo is an introduced invasive species. So it was introduced from mainland Asia. It was used for housing, for basket making. But once plastic came along, everybody stopped using bamboo, so it's just gone crazy and taken over the countryside. So in other words, you're just getting rid of more pollution from the river system. Yeah, waste material. Yeah. That's not native as well, you know? So now we can have a good look in here. So good work, US Marines. And I. I do, yeah. I was there. If they can't beat the old guy, something's wrong. Every little nook and cranny, thanks to Richard and those Marines, this place was all covered. You couldn't see any bit at all. So the bamboo's been taken, it's been put up there that hasn't removed any habitat for the salamanders, because this is what they like. This is the rocks and places to hide, and that's still here. I was a salamander in the bag. Is it still good? The stuffed one, right? I do mean the stuffed one. Yes, can't buy the stuffed one in the bag that is helping these ones. All right, don't think there's anything in this stretch. So we'll walk a little bit up towards the dam, and there might be another one. They're having a quiet night, quiet night in tonight. You're not going to just go into the river, find the biggest salamander in the world. Modern television has got people thinking, why don't you just go in there and find the biggest one ever? This is the reality of it, is that a lot of it is just looking. Patience. And patience, yeah. Like I mentioned to you before, it's actually a much bigger thing when we find the small ones. Not this river, but the next valley over. We found a larvae, so about this big. Oh, right. Not much bigger than the five-bedded nutes that we're seeing, still had its gills. So that shows us that's less than two years old. So it's definite evidence that they're breeding in that area. And then even yesterday, when we cleared a blockage of a tunnel going under a road that was separating that important breeding area, just as we finished one about this big, which is, again, the second smallest one I've seen after that larvae came out. And again, so that's, you know, that one might be around seven, eight years old. Right, and it's only that big. It's quite small relatively. Yeah, absolutely. For a giant salamander, it's tiny. So that's for me, super exciting, encouraging. They're definitely breeding here. It's a very special habitat. We need some rules. We need some protection. Maybe even we might be able to buy the land and then if we control the land, then we're definitely not allowing bad actors in. And this is the tiny, giant salamander Richard is talking about. You might be wanting to see the big ones, but really these little guys are the most important. And this is what Richard and the Marines cleared out. A tunnel blocked by massive amounts of debris, now a vital connector for these salamanders to use and thrive in. And again, this is all on a voluntary basis. So my hat goes off to these guys and the amazing work they have helped Richard with. Further upstream, we spotted another female salamander. It's just love a myth. Ooh, get my good side. So the salamander won't go over that rock no matter what. Not no matter what, but if there's any way to get around it or, you know, just to say completely submerged, in my experience of observing them, that's what they'll choose. Then only a few meters up from her, we found this male, which we ended up calling Simon. Can you see how different the, just in what? Is that like 25 meters? How different the coloration is? Yeah, like the other one was completely dark colored. This one's got lovely yellowy color. Yeah, they don't, they don't like to come over the rocks unless they really have to. They'd rather reverse and stay completely under the water. James, what I'd like you to do is to take as clear as possible, is in a really good spot now. There's not much moving water and zoom in or get as close as possible and take a clear photograph of its head from above. Okay, and then what you're gonna do later is download an app called iNaturalist. So I recommend to all of your viewers to download this app. It will suggest to you what it might be, but you can also write Japanese giant salamander and choose that. Or what iNaturalist considers an expert will verify that later on. While Sustainable Dyson and Sustainable Dyson's collaborators are working on, is an AI program recognizes each individual by the patterns on his head. So the patterns on his head are like a fingerprint. So it's unique to each individual. And we use iNaturalist to do that as well. Because it's a protected species, iNaturalist will actually automatically hide the exact. Location. Oh, that's great. Whereas if you use iNaturalist to identify other species, which is great by the way, be it a flower, a tree, a snake, a bird or whatever, if you get a clear enough shot, it will record where you've seen it too. So you can build up your own kind of... Zepedia. Indeed, Zepedia, absolutely. Right, well, I definitely got a good shot of its head. Yeah, you couldn't get it in a better spot really here. There was a reason this salamander was staying so still. While Richard was telling me about the iNaturalist, something had just happened. Recognize this. I had just managed to capture this moment. An AI program, right? Wait. With that insane burst of speed, I had just recorded, be it very low quality, this salamander hunting. And if we slow down that footage, you can see the salamander lets the fish come right up to its face before it executes the attack. Then it holds onto the fish for a while before swallowing it. I had no idea I had actually captured this footage at the time. I remember hearing a splash, but I thought nothing of it. So when I was editing this video, this was a complete surprise. I was so happy. 40s, I'd guess. Okay. Let's say around 45, something like that would be my guess. The life expectancy of this kind of animal is maybe 80 to 100? Potentially. Potentially. You know, it's thought that they could live that long, but no one has taken, you know, no one 100 years ago identified one that we can go and lift down and go, oh, hello, it's you from 100 years ago.  It really is at the moment. Because it's like, if I stay still, they'll leave me alone. Yeah. Yeah. Now, look, you see the huge bite mark on it. Is that a bite mark? Yeah. So that's from another salamander. Oh, really? Yeah. I just thought that was like a marking or a birthmark or something. Sure. It could have just be when it was a bit smaller, just another salamander male or female could have just taken a bite at it. It's the males that guard the nest, right? Yes. It's not guaranteed because we don't know.  Right. Compared to its body size and length. The salamanders don't care if it's a fellow salamander or a fish or a snake or a pepper army. If it's meat like, it will take a bite out of it. Without taking it out to do proper measurements to get this close without it moving away is pretty rare to be honest. Like this is the perfect model. Simon. Is that what we're calling this one? Yeah. Simon. I think so. TV people especially want to portray it as some kind of river monster, right? There's anything but. It's just perfectly chilled out.  Then it's time to worry. And it would bite if I dangled my finger in front of its mouth for long enough. It's more like a peaceful dragon. Yes. So this salamander could have been here before that dam even existed. I'm 90% sure it got stuck here after the dam was made.  Or I should say that should have been the end of our adventure, but it wasn't. Some eagle eyed viewers may have realized that the salamander on my back had actually disappeared. That's because it kind of had. We'd actually even recorded the moment it had fallen off. So when I finally realized, I kind of had to tell Richard what had happened. Richard. Yes. We might have lost the plushy salamander. What? Luckily, Richard was able to find said salamander and also sent me a lovely picture of where he found it. He's got now proper salamander juices in him. Yeah, absolutely. There was one hump in him as I came along. No! Was it Simon? That randy bugger. So we were planning and doing a bit. Maybe, oh, we found him. But actually, it fell out. So we've just had to go hunt for it. Richard managed to find it. It took a lovely picture. So what started out was like, oh, it'd be a sketch. No, we actually did find this salamander dome. So when I got back to our guest house, I made sure to give her a lovely bath. There's something quite sad and poetic about this image, left alone and forgotten like the rest of its brothers and sisters, only the steady trickle of the stream to break the darkness of the night. The longer I look at it, the more profound this completely unintentional picture becomes. Anyway, even though I was only into Tory this time for a day, I had an amazing time. I met some great people, new and old, as well as enjoying everything this hidden gem of a place had to offer. And before you go, quick reminder, down in the description below, you can get your very own Japanese giant salamander plushie, all of the proceeds of which go to sustainable Dyson, not being Richard's charity to help preserve and protect these amazing endangered species. And with that, well, hope you liked the video and I'll see you later. Bye-bye.


Tämä video explained the basic idea of structural recursion models that are sometimes referred to as structural equation models in the literature. What is a structural recursion model? This technique is used in, for example, the MESQUIR & LASERINI paper. They explain the technique that it's a combination of a factor analysis and a path analysis. A path analysis is basically a recursion analysis where there are multiple equations. For example, when you do a mediation model using the simultaneous equations approach, Tämä al from the path analysis. The path analysis is just regression with observed variables except that they are more than one dependent variables. And factor analysis is the analysis where we check what different indicators have in common and perhaps whether we can group those indicators and consider them as measures of the same concept. So SCM or structural regression combines these two analysis approaches. että mitä SCM on ja mitä se tapahtuu, voimme esittää basic recursion analysis modelin. The basic recursion analysis model makes the important assumption that the X1 and X2 here are measured without any measurement error. The X1 and X2 are the quantities of interest instead of being measures of the quantities of interest. X1 is of direct interest instead of being a measure with possibly some error in there of some concept that we can't measure observed directly. So recursion analysis makes that assumption if the assumption of no measurement error fails, these recursion coefficients beta1 and beta2 will be inconsistent and biased. Then we have the factor analysis model. The idea of the factor analysis model was that we have a set of indicators and then we ask what these indicators have in common and what they have in common is one factor. In converter factor analysis we ask, do these indicators represent one factor or not, the computer gives us an answer in an exploratory analysis, which is not part of structural recursion model, the computer finds the factor. So we define a factor structure here and then we estimate it. So that's part of structural recursion model. The idea of structural recursion model is that we take these variables, these analysis approaches and we combine them. So we have a recursion analysis model here, where instead of having the indicators that are possibly contaminated with measurement error, we model a regression between latent variables x1, x2 and y and then we add the factor analysis directly to the model. So we have a combination of factor analysis and a regression analysis between the factors in the factor analysis. This is a clearly more complicated concept than simply applying regression analysis on scale scores. This model has two parts. This inner part here with the latent variables is referred to as the latent variable model. Some people call this part of the model as the structural model, but that's a bit misleading because these measurement relationships here are also equally structural in terms that they have theoretical causal interpretations. Then the outer part linking the measures to the factors is called measurement model and this is uniformly accepted definition. So whenever anyone speaks about or talks about measurement model it means the part that links the latent variables to their indicators. So that's a big model and it's a complicated model. This is clearly more complicated than taking a sum of indicators and using regression analysis. So why would you want to use a more complicated analysis approach? The structural regression model approach has a couple of advantages over regression analysis with scale scores. Let's take a look at this example. So we have these concepts A and B represented by these two latent variables and then we have indicators here. The indicators variances here consist of variance due to the concept A and variance due to the concept B plus all these different sources of measurement error variance. So we have random noise E and then we have some item uniqueness here that is not related to the concepts B or A that these indicators are supposed to measure. When we take a sum of these indicators of A, sum of these indicators of B, then all the sources of variation including the measurement errors will be in the sum. So we just take everything together, we take a sum and we have this combination of mostly variation of interest but also some variation that is not of interest. When we estimate this regression coefficient beta here, then the estimate will be too small, it will be attenuated and it's going to be inconsistent and biased. So what can SCM bring us that will help with this problem? The idea of SCM or structural regression model is that instead of taking a sum of the indicators, we estimate the factor model and a regression analysis between the factors. So the idea of a concrete factor analysis was that we take the variation of these indicators apart. So for example the B1, B2 and B3 indicators variation is modeled as being due to the factor here and also due to these measurement error components here. Because we have now these factors that are presumed to be free of measurement error, the correlation between the factors, the beta, is going to be correct. The advantage is that structural equation or structural equation model corrects for measurement error. This correction comes with certain assumptions that I will explain a bit later in this video, but this is the basic idea. If your model is correct, then measurement error is controlled for. The practical outcome is presented here. So this is a paper from a paper that I have written and we simulated a data set from two concepts that we are measuring each with three indicators. So we have six indicators together. Total, we take a sum of the first three indicators, we take a sum of the indicators 4, 5 and 6 and we calculate the correlation between those two sums. We vary how much the concepts correlate in the population. We vary it between 0.0 to 0.6 and then we replicate this analysis 300 times. We estimate the correlation between the, they are using SCM or using our sum scales, sum of the indicators and recursion analysis. We can see here clearly that when we take a sum of the indicators and when we apply recursion analysis, regardless of whether we take a sum of indicators or we use weights that are maximized, the reliability of the indicators, there is not much difference. These correlations here will be too small because there is any way measurement error ending up in the sum of those scale items. In SCM, because we model not a sum correlation between two sums, but a correlation between two factors, this effect is unbiased. We can see that the effect here, the estimates here, or whether it's correct, so that's the true value here and it's roughly equally, roughly normally distributed around the true value. SCM provides you this small advantage in precision and that's a good thing if you can apply it well. There's also another advantage in SCM that I have demonstrated in earlier videos and it's testing the model. So we had the confronter factor analysis example model. We have the chi-square test that tells whether the factor model fits the data. If it doesn't, you have to do diagnostics and then we have the mediation example where we also have the chi-square test that tells whether the full mediation model fits the data well or not. The idea of the chi-square test again is to test if the constraints implied by the model are close enough to the correlations in the data so that we can say that these differences here are only due to chance only. And we want it here to not reject the null hypothesis because rejecting the null hypothesis that these are discrepancies in the implied correlation and opposite correlations are due to chance only means that we have to declare or we have to conclude that the model is not correctly specified and we need to do some diagnostics to understand why. So this is the second advantage in structural regression models. It allows you to test whether the model fits the data. Regression analysis doesn't allow you to test the model. It only allows you to assess how much the model explains the data. It doesn't allow you testing whether the model is correct. So that's the second big advantage. There are also other advantages in SCM such as we can model relationships that go in the both ways. So recent provocation for example but that's more advanced and these are the reasons why people typically apply structural regression models or SCMs instead of regression with some scales. There is this slippery slope to SCM. So whenever you have a scale with multiple items you should apply a factor analysis. So every time you have a survey instrument for example you get data, then you run a factor analysis. You must do that to, for example, calculate coefficient alpha to assess reliability. Then if you do an exploratory factor analysis then in most cases actually the confirmatory factor analysis would be better because it's a bit more rigorous. It allows you to test whether the model is correct and also in cases where exploratory factor analysis cannot find your solution then it's possible that confirmatory factor analysis still works because you give the solution and you don't require the computer to find it for you. But then if you apply confirmatory factor analysis then instead of taking the sums of indicators and using those as regression analysis you really should be using structural regression model for rigorous and it allows you to control for measurement error and it allows you to do overall model testing. So every time when you do a survey or any other multiplied measurement you must do a factor analysis. If you do a factor analysis then it's better to apply CFA. If you do CFA then it's better to apply structural regression model than to do regression analysis with some scales. So this is all good. But there are reasons why you probably shouldn't apply structural regression models as your first analysis technique. So if structural regression models are so much better than regression with some scales why would I not use it? So that's the question. There are good reasons. There are reasons not to use structural regression models. The first reason is that it's more complicated to apply. So that has two implications. The first implication is that if you are a beginner and you want to get your first paper for a first conference publication out then doing that with regression and some scales it's easier and you can get more done with regression analysis than SCM. In SCM it's possible that when you give the computer data the computer doesn't give you any results at all. That doesn't happen with regression analysis. If it happens with SCM then you need some expertise to be able to get the model to work. There is also another reason related to the complication of application. It is that it's better that if you know a tool well like a regression analysis that is slightly suboptimal so regression analysis can deal with measurement in the same way that structural regression models can. It's nevertheless better to use that technique than a more complicated technique that you may not understand very well. So it's better to have results that you know are done correctly using a slightly suboptimal techniques than having results that are done with the state of the art technique but you are not sure whether they are done correctly. So I would encourage you to first do regression analysis really well and only after you know that then move to the more complicated models. SCM also has some statistical issues. So SCM requires that the model is correctly specified. The idea of correct model specification is that if your model is not correct, the SCM results can be highly misleading. Motor correctness means that the measurement model must be correctly specified so each indicator must belong to those factors that they say that they do and then all this causal relationship between the factors must be correctly specified. Otherwise, the results can be very misleading. Then what helps you here is the chi-square test. If your chi-square test rejects the model, then that means that something is incorrect. The model is incorrect for the data in some way you have to understand why and you have to do diagnostics. That requires some expertise to do and unless you do that, then the results could be widely misleading. It's probably easier to get misleading results than structural recursion models than recursion analysis with some scores. My personal take is that if you know how to use structural recursion models well, you probably always use that as your own the main analysis technique instead of recursion analysis. Then again, I have the impression that most people who apply structural recursion models or structural recursion models probably don't understand these techniques well enough to use them in a way that we can rely on the results to be correct. That's a big problem and for that reason I recommend that people start with recursion analysis instead. Finally, if you want to get started with recursion analysis, study a good book. There are so many different ways that can go incorrect and my favorite SCM book is Klein's book Principles and Practices in Structural recursion modeling. He concludes his book with this nice chapter of how to fool yourself with SCM and then he had at least 52 different things that can go wrong and you need to know these things really before you apply this technique because otherwise you will have problems with the technique and your results may not be trustworthy. But it is a technique worth learning in the long run because it allows you to do things that you cannot do with recursion analysis.


The Golden Deputy Shepherd, mother-general of the Leven Christ Mission, Princess Samuel Divine Gift, or Lord Machuco, M-O-N, has handed over keys of ultra-modern toilets, borehole facilities, and generators she built, and donated to Ogadag Community Primary School, the ancient kingdom of Atah, in Ikedu, local government area of Imo State, commissioning the project. The mother-general expressed gratitude to God for provision, emphasizing that the presence of such project will attract many more developments to both the school and the entire community. On his part, his royal highness, Eze Jeffery Annika, the traditional ruler and Eze Umunnaweke, the second of Atah, ancient kingdom, alongside the sole administrator of Ikedu West, local government area, very reverend, Dr. C. N. N. Umwanneimo, eulogized the benevolence of the Christian leader, Princess, or Lord Machuco, describing her as a selfless philanthropist and a blessing to humanity and his people, even as he further eulogized the godly woman, saying truly she is a Christlike who has redeemed many in need with miracle.


Hi, I'm Aisha triggers the director for the city of Columbia office of business opportunities We invite you to food truck Fridays every Friday during the month of July from 11 a.m. To 3 p.m. We'll be located at the REI co-op parking lot at 2300 Bull Street We're excited to invite vendors from all over the city to bring food including chicken and waffles Barbecue even ice cream for those hot summer days in July Food truck Friday is important to our office because it's an opportunity for us to support our local Entrepreneurs and their small businesses as well as bring the community together So come on out to food truck Fridays every Friday during the month of July


The Penguins are getting absolutely destroyed, 5-0 in the third and oh no, Crosby goes down, Guy goes on top of him, this breakdown is brought to you by DraftKings, watch this. Hits his ankle a little bit, Anderson says don't like that. Perfect fetal position by Sid and then he's going to go down and then he gets tripped over and it's a whole mess of a situation in front of the net.  It's what?  That was stupid and then they do this and this is very important because they both got 10 minute penalties for that, for what we just saw. Anderson got two for the cross check and then they both got 10 minute misconduct, okay okay I got it, I got it, both, both, we're taking both and Sid's like what? I got a 10 minute penalty for that? Like yeah, you got it, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, I'll tell him, yeah. Hey, Sid get off the ice, go, go. What? It has to be a mistake, right? Kind of can't figure out if he's being punked or not and he's going to skate to the ref and he's going to be like for what? For what? And now the ref's like, hey leave me alone, we got to play, go.  That's not how the song goes. Anyway this one was brought to you by DraftKings, like I said earlier and thank you very much to DraftKings for sponsoring the video, I appreciate that, it was very nice of them to do and yeah, I don't know, that was, that was a whole lot of nothing for gaming misconduct.


So, how was Project 3? F**k, you're awesome! Awesome, because it's over? I'm the Project 4, awesome. Cool, yeah, I'll release those details out today, so you can get started on that one. Actually, DoubleTales isn't very nice as what we're talking about today, about type systems, so. Cool, alright. Let's see, call break, go to the housekeeping staff. Alright, let's get back to it. They are a third of the way of being created? I have no idea. I have no idea. No, that would be extra work. So, it would be 500 and never going to do category. Do you want to say it's like a high number or a low number? Alright, so here we return to example C code that we've been looking at to study memory errors. What are the specific types of memory errors that we looked at on Friday? A dangling reference? Yeah, what does that mean? From somebody else who didn't just say a dangling pointer. Yeah? It's not when we have a pointer pointing to something and the thing points to goes up a scope, so it's pointing to some memory address that could be overwritten or two. Could it also have the same value as before? You ready? Yes, so dangling reference in generally means we have a reference. One of our pointers has a value in it and that points to memory that is deallocated. But deallocation could have happened in two different ways, right? It could be deallocated due to scoping rules, so the memory that it pointed to went out of scope, or the second alternative is the programmer manually freed and deallocated the memory, but we still contain a reference to that memory. So either way, as soon as that happens, right, we have a dangling reference, it's not that dereferencing it causes a problem, which is a problem, but in itself it is a dangling reference. Cool. What's the second page? Second page involves what's caused from what? De-referencing null pointers. De-referencing null pointers, which is basically the same thing as a dangling reference. What's another type of memory error that happens when your program, let's say, accumulates memory over time? Garbage, yes. Right, so what's garbage in relation to memory errors? A memory leak? Yes, what does it do? You don't have access to the memory anymore? Right, so we have memory that is allocated, but we have no way to access that memory, right? There is no series of pointers we can follow to access that memory. And so therefore we say because that memory can no longer be accessed, we can no longer free that memory, and so it's going to exist forever. Cool. So we have this little program here. We have an integer pointer called dang in the main method. It gets the result of foo, and foo is returning the address of x, where x is a local variable inside foo. Is it considered a memory error if we inadvertently corrupt aliases? Does that follow that category? If we have some pointers that are alias and we change it one place and it's magically changing somewhere else and we don't see the connection, is that considered a memory error or is that just being done? I think I would file that as a bug. A bug due to aliasing. I don't think it's a specific name. I mean it'd be like an aliasing problem. But yeah, I don't think it's a specific term, and I don't know that I'd necessarily clump that in with all memory errors, like these ones. These ones are very specific, very concrete things where we can say, yes, this is wrong because of this. It may be that you wanted to do that, right? So like the problem is your intentions as the programmer are different than what's actually there, whereas like a memory error exists in a program and you can say definitively just by looking at the code, yes, there's an error here, or no, there's not. I think that's it. Don't hold me to that. Maybe there's some fancy classification of all these errors. Okay, so we have foo. foo is returning an integer pointer. It's returning the address of x, which is an r value. We store that as dang, and then we print out the value that's inside dang and also what dang points to, right? We dereference dang and print out whatever point to. We call r, which has two other variables, y and z. Print out y and z, and then print out dang and dang star. And we saw on Friday, we're going to do this. We just wanted the results. We saw that when we compiled this, it actually does give us a warning, which is nice. Compilers are pretty smart. It's telling us that function foo returns the address of a local variable which we know is a problem because that local variable's address is only valid in the scope of that program, right? So that by returning that, we're basically essentially guaranteeing that that memory of x is deallocated by the time we use the return value of foo. When we run this on this specific machine, which is 64-bit, we got some memory address of 100, and then we saw 10,000 and zero. It's actually what we expect so far, right? Because here we have, so this would be the address of x was inside dang, which is being output right here. And then we have, what does it point to? And it points to 100, which is what we expect. I mean, we expect incorrectly because you should not be able to do this. Because at this point, dang is a dangling reference, and so there's no guarantees on what that value is going to be when we access it. Inside bar, we see it should be 10,000 and zero, right? y is 10,000, z is zero. It prints out y and z. 10,000 and zero makes sense. But then when we return, we see that things have changed, right? So how come dang did not change this first output? It's still pointing at that memory address. It's not going anywhere now. So where is dang allocated? What type of allocation? Stack. It's allocated on the stack. On the stack, at some memory address that we don't know, we can just call it the address of dang right now, has the value 7FFE3E680FFC, which was the address of the pass, right? And because these function calls don't change the value inside bang inside this variable, right, it's clear that it should not change anything. But we see that maybe surprisingly, maybe not what dang points to changes. And we'll see that this is not consistent across different implementation, different programming like a different operating system. So this is on CentOS67. Here is on the map. So compiling it also has a warning, which is nice. And then when we run it, we see obviously a different address makes sense. It prints out 100, the same thing. It prints out 10,000 and zero. It prints out the same thing and 10,000. So we can see that actually in this case, dang, what was the address of X is now probably the address of Y, right, in this call to bar. But we can't guarantee that that's going to remain the same. These are going to also be very tricky to debug and figure out what's going on, because here you just have something that you're pointing to and it's just changing randomly throughout the program. Questions here? Let's go through another example. So here we have two variables, dang and foo inside main. Dang and foo are both integer pointers. We're saying dang is equal to malloc size of int. So what's malloc going to do for us? It's going to give us a new memory location, right? It's going to give us a new box. And what does malloc return? What specific r value? The address of the new box, exactly. So crazy new box that returns an address to that box. And then we store that into dang. Is everything good so far? Can we say foo equals dang also good? So star foo is equal to 100. Cool. Then we freeze foo. Is that also valid? So we have, let's see, let's do box circle here because I think that's going to help. So we got to here, let's say right here, right? So we have dang. We have foo. Box is attached. Circles. So on this line, this creates a new box, which I don't know if I'm going to drop here. I have an address. Let's call it. So malloc size of it gives us four bytes or eight bytes depending on what system we're on. And it returns an alpha, puts it into dang. Then here we say foo is equal to dang. So we copy the value inside dang and copy it into location associated with foo. It's going to put alpha here. So now when I say star, what is star foo in this diagram? Pretty close. So what does star always return? A location, an L value. D-references always return location. So when I dereference it, I'm actually talking about this box. Foo. So I set that equal to 100, right? And then I have free foo, and then what happens? Delete which box? The foo, this box? The new one. So then what does star foo point to now? Things. Yes. Perfect. So at this point here, what dangling references do we have? foo and dang, right? Exactly. So here when I try to print out dang, the problem is, even though I freed foo, because dang still had this address in it, star dang is now dang. Like dang is a dangling pointer at this point, a dangling reference. Cool. So it's going to open something. I say foo is equal to int star size of int. So this is going to malloc create me a new, let's call it beta here. So it's going to copy beta into here. Now when I say star foo is equal to 42, what's it going to change? Inside this new box. And then I free foo, it goes away, and then I print out star dang. What do you think it's going to output? What can output semantics wise? Anything, why anything? Something else might take it over that number. Yeah, we're pointing to memory that's been deallocated, right? Dang is a dangling reference, so dereferencing it now means it could literally be anything in there, right? The semantics, they can absolutely no guarantee about what that value is. So let's see. Okay, all the way through here. So running this on sendOS67, and unlike before, we compile this with all warnings enabled and we get nothing, right? Nothing to tell us that we're doing something wrong. So when I'm running, one time when I did it, it output zero and zero. Is that what you expected or not what you expected? How would you expect it? You expect it to maybe be the same like 100 every time? Straight out of different operating systems. So running this on the Mac, but again, no warnings, right? This is very tricky behavior. Because of the aliases, it comes back to the aliases, right? We're freeing food, that automatically means that dang is now a dangling pointer. And now when I run it, I get 100 on the first output, which is kind of what we expect. But then the next time, I get 42. So why do you think that is? What was that? Yeah, so instead of when we talk about it symbolically, right? We said malloc returns some new address which is some box that is a brand new box, which is the case kind of abstractly. But what actually happens here is malloc, when you call free, it's free to reuse that memory location. So the next time here you ask for, hey, give me four bytes, it's this great here. Got four bytes, here's alpha. And so by changing that value in there, we're changing the same memory location. Questions here? I thought those were kind of cool. It doesn't change the value for this compiler and maybe same to us. So the free and malloc are libc functions. So it actually doesn't have anything to do with the compiler itself. It depends on the library. So yeah, it could be the different library versions. Some library versions could zero things out when they free it, but you want to run fast. So by the C standard, you don't have to do that. So you're just doing extra work and your malloc and free is going to be slower than somebody else's who doesn't do that. It may make sense for small things. You think about you could malloc a huge chunk of data in the gigs range and it will work and do that. So if you have to zero that whole thing out, you may be wasting your memory now. Are you guaranteed a segmentation fault if you try to write to a dangling point? Ooh, are you guaranteed a segmentation fault? No. So if we chose to... Here I'm essentially accessing the dangling point. I'm reading. I can also write to it the same way it would work. Because that memory segmentation fault has to do with the operating system that tells your programming to use memory segments you can use and you're trying to access something that's outside of those segments. Here you're accessing something that your program has been allowed to access. It's inside the segment, in the heap segment specifically. But because... So there's no error when you read or write to that. Secondation fault is reading or writing. If you write to a dangling pointer, is it still a dangling pointer? Now you know what it is and you know where it is. It is still dangling because you shouldn't have access to that memory. You are changing memory that has not been allocated to your program. You want to try it real quick? The worry is that at any point it could get written over. You're never guaranteed what if you put something there. You could write to it and then immediately read from it and you have no guarantee that it's going to be the same value you just put there. Somebody shout out a number. No, you said it. I want to see what values it returns. This could be interesting. We want to change it. No errors still. So we can see here... So the first output of the printup is the first thing that malloc returns. So this is some memory address on the heap. 7f8690c05390 whatever. Then we output 100. We're outputting what dangle points to. Then we change it to 3 and in the next line, even though it's dangling, we're still just writing to memory that we have rewrite access to. So this works and it outputs 3. Then we call malloc again and we can see we actually get back that same memory address because we called 3. Then we can set dangle to 53 and it outputs 53 even after we've freed it. So if we output boon right there it's going to give us 53 as well. Which one, right here? Cool. Because they bolt pointing to that same memory location. Can you throw another malloc in there? Don't even assign it to something because it gave you back the same one, right? Yes. So we can do maybe this one to do to simulate two of them. Before? Sure. So now we can see that the memory address changed. Here is 940030 and here it's 00020 and now we can see they're not pointing to the same thing anymore because we can essentially malloc more memory. Let's see if we're really tricky. What's the difference between those? Let's have to do hexamups very quickly. So they aim or not? Yeah. What is that? 16? 16. So we could do something very not good. We could one thing plus 16. I'm doing something wrong with it. We should be able to do this in one direction. Just keep experimenting until we find the correct way. No, I think it's in two seconds. Part of the problem is it's doing pointer arithmetic. When we do foo. So it knows that foo is an integer pointer so it's moving it like 12. We have to like add a word. Yeah. Huh? But it's not, it's 16 bytes from the other one and I think an end pointer should be 8 bytes. Yeah, so that's what I think. I think foo minus 2 but foo is foo is the larger number. Yeah, I feel like that should work. The easy way to do this is to I'm not supposed to see all the slots I've just made. It seems to be all prepared for me. Cool. Any questions on this? Any pointers? Scarlet? This is from one of them. We have a program. We have a global variable q and we have a scope here. We have an end pointer b. We see a is equal to malloc size of int and what does this memory 1 say of being over here? Giving the box an address. We're saying it's returning memory location 1. So that's what we can use. So how many boxes do I have already before I get to that point? When I'm right here. Three boxes. I have q first. That's not a q. When I get to this line it's a box and it's telling me that its memory is address 1. So I know I have some new box here. Memory address 1. Do I know what's inside that box? Nope. No idea. But the return of that is stored where? A. So it's 1 inside of A. I then execute this next line where I'm doing the same thing. I'm mallocing a new memory location. 2. And I'm storing that inside of A with B. Then I set star A to be 42. So how's that going to change my diagram? The value inside memory 1 is going to be 42. So some of the things I should be able to do is at these various program points draw the box circle diagrams. And I can even draw star A and star B. And label those lines as well. Is that required? Possibly depends on what the question says. So after this next line I say B is equal to instar malloc size of memory 3. So now I have a new and so what do I do? How else does this diagram change? So I just called malloc. I created a new location. What else do I do? Port it into B. And then I say star B is equal to star A. What's star A? 42. 42. This location? The value associated with this location means to where? 3. So this is star B and I'm copying 42 into there. Then I say Q is equal to the address of A. We'll say we didn't give these things addresses. We'll just call this address of A. Address of Q. Address of B. I think it'll usually be here in a comment. So how does this Q is equal to address of A? So now we use the program point Q. 2. Sorry. What memory is garbage at point 2? 2. Memory location 2. What are the aliases at program point 2? Q star and A. Q star and A. So let's start Q points to here. And A also refers to that same box. So at point 2 we have star Q and A. These are both aliases. What else? Let me say star A and star B. Are those aliases? Why not? Aliases are references different names for the same box. And here star A points to one box star B points to another. Even when they have the same value they are different locations. Cool. Now we get to point 3. Except Q and A all the other memory blocks are D-allogated. All the memory blocks are D-allogated? Except Q and A. So like 1, 2, and 3? No. So which specifically is D-allogated? B. B. Cool. The question about the aliases so can we say that star star Q and star A are aliases? Yes, that's a good point. So star star Q and star A are both aliases. So could you say because this happens on this test we've seen it a lot. Are Q and A aliases? No. Address of A is an R value. It can't be an A. That's great. What definitely does not count I guess we should get this clear but I've never had this come up but you can't do like star so that A and A. That doesn't count. You're just having a visual struggle. It would be clever at this point since I just warned you. Cool. So program point 3, what memory is garbage? 2 and 3. Right? So the way to think about it is you can say starting from the variables that I know is there any way I can follow their pointers? What memory can I access? Right? So starting with Q and then follow A to get here. Starting from A I can start here and follow here but there's no way I can get to and access 2 and 3. Right? It's impossible. So 2 and 3 are both garbage because at this program point 3 B went out of scope. So what about dangling references? Do I have any dangling references? No. Do I have the aliases of the same? Right? Start Q and A and start Q and start A point going on. Now there's no more code. Memory 3 is still in scope. Memory 3 was manually allocated on the heap by the programmer so it has to be manually deallocated with the call to the free function. But because B is on the stack as soon as we leave it in scope it is automatically deallocated. Right? The same as A when we return from main A will be gone. Q will remain forever. It's global allocation. We talked about various types of semantics. Right? We talked about assignment semantics. One of the semantics that we see A equals B. The value in the location associated with B to the value in the location associated with A is this true in every single program language you've ever used? No? Which is it not true in? Semantics wise that's a syntax issue. You would tell me I didn't zero Pascal model. Except maybe for that one fact. So what about I did something like out of this assuming there's a print function. Another test? But why? Semantics wise what should happen here? Referencing the same object. Referencing the same object but I don't have pointers in Java. Syntactic thing? They all essentially pointer the references. Oh it's a syntactic thing? You want to argue that a little bit more? I mean they're they're just already references. You don't have to declare them as pointers. It's just how it works. But then what if I change this Well, it's going to mess it up but let's consider a very similar example. Those are primitive not objects. So Make it capital integer with the object wrapper with the primitive around it. There you go. This doesn't really work right? So what's it going to output? I actually don't know. My job is a little rusty. What am I doing? How do I get an output? Is that it? Stupid. So an output of 42 42 and 25 How far is it for you to assign the 45 to it? 42, 42, 25 That's interesting. Object is tricky here. We have to have attributes and we have to be able to change the attributes of the object. That's why it's not changing. String is also... String since you're in a primitive? String is an object in Java. String is an object in Java? They're still readable like integers. So, okay. To make it even more confusing, right? This actually follows our assignment semantics that we talked about. It's essentially copying this value 42 It's copying it into bar and they are both separate locations that store values inside them. Whereas even though we probably are not going to go through it and do this if we see this what would this output, assuming an object has some Baz field should output another test, right? But that means then that the copy semantics are different. Not only just different than this case they're different than what we normally think about when we think about copy semantics, right? This assignment semantics if we were using copy semantics like we talked about it would be copy the object food into the object bar. Get a brand new copy of that object and then changes to one object like here we're changing bar should then change Baz. And then Java of course confuses things because not everything is a class and some things are primitives and some things are class primitives just to make it even more annoying and weird and some data types are mutable or it's like actually if you want to really explore object oriented programming I suggest you check out Ruby literally everything is an object in Ruby like even numbers like numbers have a method something like really the syntax of this isn't right but you have like every integer has a method called up to which does a loop and we'll go starting from one up to whatever parameter you want and execute a chunk of code for every time so it's like a custom for loop built into every integer and they have other things too so it's just kind of nice because it strips away and says okay let's not deal with this nonsense that Java has where you have sometimes objects integers and primitives it's like let's treat everything as a class okay so what does Java actually do? so when we see this variable spoon what is it doing? and does this completely change? do we have to change the way we draw our diagrams or think about box circle diagrams and all that? and does what? so in this case of the objects what is it doing here? so there's actually two ways to think about this one way is to think about what is a Java doing under the hood? under the hood foo and bar are pointers and when every time you access any field of foo or bar or pass it into a function you're passing a pointer to that object another way to think about it which works the same is to change the way we think about pointer semantics sorry not pointer semantics assignment semantics here here when I see I have an object foo normally I say I have foo that means it has a location associated with it here when I have an object foo I just have a main foo and when I see it's able to a new object this new object actually creates the new location and the assignment operator in this case does the binding and this says bind the main foo to that object and then here when we see object bar we just have a main bar but no location associated with bar until here this means foo-bass to test we'll just put testing here and now when we say bar equals the foo now the assignment semantics do not mean copy it means bind the main bar to something different bind the main bar to the same thing and so it's bound like this so you can see it two different ways depending on how you whatever is easiest or best for you to think about the semantics of Java but it definitely works it does work this way it's called sharing semantics so you're saying that A and B you're basically allowing your semantics to say that the assignment operator rebinds names to locations rather than copies things around so we have like A, B we can say A is a new object we're going to create a new object, bind it to A we can say B is a new object we can say A is now a new object and then finally assign B to A and so now we can know exactly what happens when we manipulate objects that are associated with either A or B cool questions on this? so if you change something B it'll also change to value 9 exactly so if you want to copy an object you need to specifically clone that object to get a brand new object but let's get split clone it or just point? essentially they are referring to the same object A and B so any changes to A will be reflected when you access B pass by reference pass by reference we're going to get that we're going to do that's going to be when we get to the runtime environment so we need to go a little bit more a little bit more I like to do more in depth into the runtime environment so we can talk about exactly what the stack looks like where the compiler puts things in memories and then that gets into how parameters are passed and all those kinds of things so we'll learn about pass by value pass by reference, pass by name in different ways that the compiler can do those so for now we're going to talk about type systems so let me kill another one we're going to switch to type systems so how are type systems and semantics related what is a type system good question how an operator works could change so the built-in operators may change depending on their types in some languages plus operator if its arguments are integers it will do addition if its arguments are strings some languages that are super annoying where you have to use a different operator plus is only defined for integers so if you want to add floats you have to use a different operator makes it incredibly annoying to program in those so what are type systems useful do you wish you've never had a type system and didn't have to worry about it probably type languages are safer safer now you could have made your computer explode your face have you ever had a computer explode your face well maybe if you have a Gaussian L7 it's the job right don't tell myself so do you like it or not like it I think that's a fundamental question I personally like it one nice thing about static type things is that you can do a lot of refactoring and develop your tools that can be used by an operator so there's there definitely is a lot of benefit so okay so we're talking about type systems so the idea is if every variable has a type and every function knows what type of parameter it takes you can actually do pretty cool things and you can say like in this method change this variable to a different type or change the type of type functions to change types and do all kinds of cool refactoring I think you can do cool things like in Java some of the fancy stuff here is highlight some part of your code and say refactor this into its own method and it will allow you to figure out inputs and outputs depending on what things are using things now what is a type system so does it help you be more expressive does it restrict what you're trying to do keeps it from teacher program keeps you from writing programs that do weird or unexpected things so semantics semantics is about very precisely defining exactly what everything in the programming language means here with type systems now we're saying okay we know what the program does but what types of things are allowable it's actually I think of it as restrictive the type system tries to stop you the programmer from doing things that could end up harming yourself like trying to add a string to a number right which doesn't make any sense or like Python can multiply a string and a number which actually is handy but also makes no sense it repeats that number that many times like what happens if you have a negative number see it doesn't make sense it's just weird programs I can see that one of the drawbacks you guys have just been praising strongly typed languages it's slow to write it's what? slow to write why? you have to type in if you think about it you're annotating right the computer doesn't necessarily need to know the types of all the variables but you're having to tell the computer exactly what every variable in your program what you think the types of that variable should be so you're literally typing what else? speed memory management in what sense? if you know the type of something you know how much space to allocate it it'll never need more space in that because if an object can randomly change types if you have a variable that in an instant changes from an integer to a string you're going to have to figure out how to allocate more space for it there's actually performance any performance benefits write a bunch of code and it gives you very cryptic type warnings and type errors casting always works casting is the way that you can intentionally trick yourself up and say I definitely know what I'm doing here and it turns out in five hours later that you didn't you have to go back and take that out and fix it so there's pros and cons and I want you to think about that


Hello, I am Dr. Poonam Patil working as Medical Oncologist in Manipal Hospital here in Bangalore. Breasts are considered to be a sign of femininity. So, any talk of cutting the breast in any way traumatizes a woman. And now in this era, it is the era of organ preservation. So, there are modalities with which even if there is a cancer in the breast, there can be breast-conserving surgeries done. But it is between the operating surgeon and the patient to decide first whether breast conservation is feasible or not. If it is not feasible, then either the entire breast needs to be removed or we give something known as new adjuvant chemotherapy where the tumor size comes down after giving chemotherapy so that breast conservation becomes feasible. So, these things need to be discussed with the operating surgeon before going for surgery.


Dad you didn't film any of that There you have it that is a finished bricked up doorway Who are you on the hottest day July 18th 2022? Second hottest second hot of tomorrow. I don't think anyone's going to work tomorrow. Where were you on one of the hottest days?  I'll take you over Yeah I've got as a fan so Excellent so there you go 44 solid concrete's concrete's concrete's and It's been a while since we've been at work, so We're a bit weak Just come back from from just come back from Building careers life, which is an absolute Belting yeah but back in the real world again, so We're gonna get all these loaded up when we can mix is Half ready, which means get it to the side, so Enough to the deli and we'll get you ready Oh, that's not right As you can tell by my mega mind. It's not even 10 o'clock. It's not even half nine yet. I'm rude yet unbearable temperatures So we're I think we're approaching the 30s, aren't we? So it's getting hot Yeah But we've got these blocks all that for now because of how loaded space we have we're gonna We've over there half so use them up and get the other ones ready once they've used up, but I'm getting the mix on now. So it's just a case of once I'm ready They can get cracking Starting with this and then I can come and join There's the much it's a we're a bit flustered. It's been a while since we've asked you done some work, isn't it? Yeah, I've been doing a lot of a obviously had our weekend it Lemmings in for the building careers live had some Freelancing in there Yeah, so right enough boring with details. Let's crack on with some actual work, shall we? Damn courses set out if you can see underneath. I've just got some course and brick building and Damn courses in so After break, it'll be I'll get I'll get the motor knocked up a bit and then devil get the whole filled up for these screw tires And then let's get knocked in as quick as we can So yeah, so you have to break time and you're still watching break language Do you feel like it's not the live action attack on Titan remake?  That is a finished Bricked up doorway does just mean a bit of final touches on the other side, but Finished all pointed up from screw ties are in just given it a flush finish And consider it was the well one of the hottest days today. It's definitely gone. Well today. I'd say Especially thank you to the customers because they give us our sign kept as a large rink. So You've helped us survive this awful heat but There you had it, so I think that's that's the end of the video then so if you enjoyed it be sure to give us a thumbs up It's massively appreciated and if you're new to the channel be sure to hit subscribe and tap on that bell for notifications That way you'll always know when we upload Again, that's a massive help and we greatly appreciate all the help with the channel that we can get so This has been Brickling with Stephen Alex with a blocked up doorway, and we'll see you in the next video


It's often difficult to get folks to talk about money, and farmers aren't any different. But we were able to catch up with Brian and Nick Jorgensen, who were happy to discuss their economics and to share some of their out-of-the-box thinking with us. In the next five videos, we'll present a case study of the Jorgensen Land and Cattle Partnership in Ideal South Dakota. And in this first video, Brian provides some of the context to the thinking that shapes the way they see their operations' economics. One of the greatest teachers that I have ever had in doing what we've done is the native prairie system. We're fortunate enough to have about 7,000 acres of native prairie in our operation. And not that I spend a lot of time with the cows, that's not my passion. But the native system itself taught me a lot about how Mother Nature works, how the kinds of things that she can grow. Because really, that system dictates what we can and can't do from the crop site. So if you understand how that system works, then we bring some of those management aspects back to the crop site. Obviously no-till is paramount in that whole scenario. But along with that is the livestock as well. Now yes, we have always had some level of managing residues with livestock, putting cows out on corn stocks, for example, which has been a practice for many, many years. But the cover crop, the addition of the cover crop in our rotation, for example, behind the winter wheat has led us to a whole other dimension of that grazing capacity that we didn't have before. And what we have found is that if we can put livestock on more acres more often, we do a couple of things.  We cycle more nutrients. But the third, I think, really important aspect of it is we're taking pressure away from our native prairie system. We're giving it a chance to rest and rejuvenate. So we are learning from the native prairie system and bringing some of those ideas back to the crop site. Conversely, we're taking some of those same concepts now and putting them back on the native grass side by intensely grazing and then letting rest those areas. And I think that's really going to help both sides of the operation. What I hear Brian say here is that if we figure out how to work with nature, we make more money. Exactly. Now, stay tuned for Nick Jogensen's first analysis. See you soon.