Alhamdulillah, just to begin, I want to say, just before I came up here, that there is a brother in the house tonight, or maybe more than one, maybe a brother and a sister, who is Muslim inside his soul, but he has not found the words to come out on his tongue yet. So he knows who he is and when I saw him, he's from the same background as me and when I saw him, I remembered myself 21 years ago. The first time I came inside a Masjid to find out more about Islam, I left saying la ilaha illallah, alhamdulillah, the greatest night of my life. So everybody, I just want you all to make a dua for that brother that Allah guides him to the best thing. Inshallah tonight or very soon when Allah wills. Say, I mean, alhamdulillah. So alhamdulillah, tonight we're speaking about the Isra and the Miraj. And the Isra and the Miraj is a story we all know. But as Allah SWT says, وَذَكِرْ فَإِنَّذِّكْرَةَنْ فَعَلْ مُؤْمِنِينِ Remind because remembrances, benefit the believers. And in reality, as I've said before that the Isra and the Miraj in reality is a love story. It's a love story that goes all in a circle. It's a love story of love for Allah, for His Rasul, sallallahu alaihi wa sallam. And it's a love story of the Prophet, sallallahu alaihi wa sallam's love for his ummah, for all of us. And this, that love that we find from Rasul sallallahu alaihi wa sallam is what makes us know who Allah is. It makes us love Allah more. And that love is actually coming from Allah. So it's just going all over the place, alhamdulillah. And when you're talking about the Isra and the Miraj, we have to really open the story. How does it unfold? What's the background to it? The background is this scenario in which the Prophet sallallahu alaihi wa sallam has just left Thayf. And the Prophet sallallahu alaihi wa sallam was stoned going into Thayf to call the people to Islam in the Meccan period. They had been persecuted there for almost 12 years, 11 to 12 years. And the Prophet sallallahu alaihi wa sallam after he got his revelation and he was preaching to the people to become Muslim, a small group of his companions around him were Muslim. But the persecution got so much they boycotted his entire tribe. And after this time, we know he faced the loss of his beloved uncle who was protecting Abu Dhabi and his beloved wife, Khadija, so after these years of boycott in which he had almost they were starving. They would eat the leaves from the trees and it would give them blisters. On their on their lips. He said that there were times when I did not have enough to eat except for what Bilal, Rada Lawan, who could hide underneath his armpit. We just had a great meal today. And our Prophet sallallahu alaihi wa sallam, not one night, not two nights, he passed months and weeks, weeks and months with nothing to eat except what someone could hide and bring to him. Why? Because he had something that he wanted to take to the rest of the world. And he had something that was destined to reach the heart of all of us here tonight. And all of the Muslim ummah and that is la ilaha illallah. And so the Prophet sallallahu alaihi wa sallam went through such immense suffering. And when he went, he tried to take that message to Ta'if that let's see if someone outside of Mecca will help me with this message. And so the Prophet sallallahu alaihi wa sallam went there and as we know they rejected him and they stoned him until his shoes were filled with blood and blood was coming from his face. And they made two lines outside of the town. And as he tried to walk, they would stone him on either side and he would fall down to his knees and they would pick him up from his under his arms and push him further along. Finally, he reached outside of the town and collapsed inside a garden. And this is where he makes this historic dua to Allah swt. And this is where we begin from. He raises his hands to Allah swt.  I have no other strategy left.   Who will you leave me towards? Who will you leave me towards? Towards someone who I don't know who will basically mistreat me or to an enemy who you have given power over me as long as you're not angry with me. Oh Allah, as long as you're not angry with me, then I don't care. Then I don't care. But your ease will be easier on me. Relief will be easier on me. And then he proceeded to say a dua bring the mic closer. And so he then proceeded to finish that dua in such a beautiful way. Now just imagine how the heavens must have rocked at hearing the best of creation complaining like this to Allah swt. We've never seen a dua like this from the Prophet ﷺ. And we know that the Allah even sent the angel of that mountain to offer. I'll destroy these people of da'if if you want. The Prophet ﷺ said no. Because if they don't believe maybe their next generation will believe. And subhanAllah within that same generation they all became believers. Allah wakba. And it was in this situation of such difficulty and distress that he came back and some time passed and they say it was about some months perhaps 11 to 16 months before the hijra that the Prophet ﷺ had this experience. It was a full body experience in his waking state in which he was sleeping. Some say he was sleeping. Some reports say he was sleeping inside the hijra of the Kaaba. Some say in his house. Some say in the house of his cousin. And he was awoken. They said that the roof was taken off. An angel Jibril came down not entering through the door. Literally the roof came off and he came inside. Why? To show this is not some normal situation. This is not a normal type of revelation that he's bringing down. And he came and he woke the Prophet ﷺ and asked him to rise. And then Jibril ﷺ he ordered him to get up. According to some narrations ordered him to make tawaf and make some prayer. And Jibril ﷺ there are different narrations about the details of the Isra and the Me'raj. Why are there different narrations? Because back then it was very early in the Meccan period. There were not that many companions memorizing the hadith. There wasn't that many people who were recording. They were very very persecuted. They had no time to relax. And so different Sahaba heard different reports. And this is how it's come down to us today. And it is said that before one of the narrations even mentions the splitting of his chest. That just like when he was a child and the angels came and opened his chest and extracted his heart and cleansed it with zamzam and ice. And poured into it iman and hikmah faith and wisdom. And it is said the Ulama say that happened when he was a child with Halima Sa'diyah in order for him to grow up as a righteous and a perfect youth. And it is said that now his heart was being prepared for what? For to meet with Allah swt. To meet with Allah swt. Because not everybody not every heart can handle that meeting. These days something small surprises us we say oh gosh. Now just imagine you're being called by Allah swt. For a meeting. And then the Prophet s.a.w. Was told was Burak was brought. Now Burak as we know how he's described.  And this Burak is the same flying steed that was ridden on by the previous prophets. It is said that Ibrahim s.a.w. Used to be given the Burak by Allah to come to see Hajar al-Ismail in Mecca when he was in Palestine. So he would come back and forth in that way. And Burak was brought towards him in another narration. There are different narrations. In one narration Burak when the Prophet s.a.w. Tried to come on top of him. Burak was unfamiliar with who this was. And so Burak became a little skittish as horses and writing nouns do. And Jibril s.a.w. to tell him have some shame. There has been no one of the servants of Allah who has ridden you that is more noble than him. Than the Prophet s.a.w. And he became when he realized it was Rasulullah s.a.w. It is said that Burak froze and began to sweat. And the Prophet s.a.w. He rode the Burak and they subhanAllah. One of the things about a leader, when you go to seek a leader you have to take that journey. Musa s.a.w. When he was given the appointment to come to the burning brush to receive the Torah. Musa s.a.w. had to go through the jungle. He had to go through mountains. He had to go through all these things to finally reach that place on the mountain top at a certain time. Given like a deadline. The Prophet s.a.w. So Musa s.w. was the one who was seeking and Allah s.w. was the one who was sought. Here the Prophet s.a.w. was in his house sleeping. And rather Allah sent the conveyance right to his doorstep. I mean right through his roof. Showing the station of our Prophet s.a.w. And then when Burak took off it is said that Jibril s.a.w. was flying with Burak. And we know that the Burak, it comes from the word Burq. Burq means lightning. He was traveling at the fastest speed. That even as far as the eye could see he could make that in one single leap. Meaning cover from here to the horizon. As far as the eye can see. And that too when you're up. And so Burak would go at such a speed and there's so many amazing things. Now this is just to stop here for one second. This is the truth. This is the Haqq. And SubhanAllah even from here sometimes Muslims only hear wait a second. Just because some atheist scientist says Oh Muslims believe that Muhammad flew to heaven on a winged horse. It's because in their life they've lost belief and all they have are mythologies. And all they have are Harry Potter. And all they have are these types of myths and stories and legends. But those things even come from the fact. The idea. Where is it even inspired from? From the idea that there is a Lord who can do whatever he wills. And create whatever he wills. And so for us Muslims even this alone is an act of imam to understand that the Burak what it was and that no one can explain who Burak how what exactly Burak is like. But we believe it with all of our hearts. And SubhanAllah Burak as he took him through the sky the night sky just imagine how tranquil and how peaceful and blessed that night must have been. And as he's going through SubhanAllah this which is showing that SubhanAllah every day you should have a good car a good vehicle because Allah sent the best of vehicles for the Prophet SallAllahu Alaihi Wasallam. And as he's going through it there are reports that the Prophet SallAllahu Alaihi Wasallam would stop on the way to Jerusalem every once in a while. At first he stopped at one place. And Jibril Alaihi Wasallam will tell him to a light to come off and pray to Rakhaz. And so he would come off and he stopped at Midian. Midian is where Musa Alaihi Wasallam and his tree was. And then it is said that they went to Thursineen. It is said that they went to Bethlehem, Bethlehem. Right? Where Isa Alaihi Wasallam was born. Where Jesus was born. And it's said then he also passed the road which Ibrahim and Ismail used to take to Mecca. And so what was the point of stopping on all these places to show that these are all of our sacred places too. The place where Musa Alaihi Wasallam was. The Prophet SallAllahu Alaihi Wasallam said to the people of the book, we are more deserving of Musa than you are. And he stopped at the place where Jesus was born. Why? To connect the dots. It was about saying and recognizing that all these places are not the holy places of some other religions. And Muslims have just what came at the end. All of those places are from Allah. All of those places are for Islam. And then the Prophet SallAllahu Alaihi Wasallam what did he do? He as he went, they finally arrived by night at Masjid al-Aqsa. Masjid al-Aqsa being what? The furthest masjid. This is where Allah SWT says as we heard the ayat today. Glory be to the one who took his servant on a journey by night from the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca to the Masjid al-Aqsa, the furthest masjid, the furthest temple, which is the place of worship built by Suleyman Alaihi As-Salam in one single night. Right? That Masjid al-Aqsa Allah says that we blessed all around it. Not just the one building itself. That one masjid, that one area. No, Allah blessed all around that area. That's the holy land. In order to show him our signs. And indeed, Indeed Allah is all hearing and all seeing. What is he all hearing and all seeing? In this case, the Mufasireen, they say Allah was hearing what? The dua of the Prophet S.A. When he was alone in the garden asking for help. And Allah is Basir. He's seeing everything. He's seeing what people are doing to his beloved Rasul S.A. But don't think that he abandoned our Rasul S.A. No. No. He sees everything that's happening. And this is why S.A. the one of the Ulemar, Allah Naqibi, actually mentions that the Sameer and the Basir actually also has a chance of referring to the Prophet S.A. Because of the fact that the Prophet S.A. would hear the speech of Allah and according to some narration see Allah on that day. And so the Prophet S.A. as he comes out. Now just imagine the way that we understand Masjid al-Aqsa today. It has the dome of the rock. Don't picture that because that wasn't there. That was built after the Muslims came. And Masjid al-Qibli what we call Masjid al-Aqsa. It's not a building. People get this wrong. You have these forwards going around. That this is the Masjid al-Aqsa. No, that's Masjid al-Aqsa. No. The entire platform, that entire raised platform, the Temple Mount is what is Masjid al-Aqsa. It's a whole place is a Masjid. And so the Prophet S.A. came there and it had actually been abandoned and not used by the Romans for centuries by that point as a disrespect to the previous Ahl al-Kitab. And the Prophet S.A. came there and he says as I came in in one narration he says I recognized some, there were people there. Some were in Ruku'a. Some were in Qiyam. Some were in Sujood. He said I recognized them as the prophets. The Prophet S.A. had not seen the prophets before but something came in his heart these are the prophets. Allah put that in his heart. And when those people were done when all the prophets were there there were some of the prophets that he had heard about in the Quran and some that Allah did not mention before. All the prophets were gathered there. A number that we don't even know only Allah knows. And as soon as they were finished then Subhan Allah what happens? But a call for prayer is given. This is not the adhan but a call to pray is given. And the Prophet S.A. is naturally told to lead and the Prophet S.A. goes forward and all the prophets come behind him to pray. Which shows what? The rank of our beloved Rasul S.A. You know when you're among equals and it's time to pray what does everybody say? No, you lead. No, no, please, please, please, you do. No, no, no, not me. I mean you lead, you lead. Because nobody wants to feel like they're better than anybody else but all the prophets knew that this was the one to lead because this is the one Rasulullah S.A. that they had all been waiting for. This is the Rasul S.A. That when they heard there was going to be this ummah, the best ummah to ever come to the face of this earth they said, oh Allah, they all made dua let me be the Prophet of that ummah. Allah didn't accept that dua. They said, okay, if I can be the Prophet of that ummah let me be part of that ummah. And the only one that will get that is Isa, Jesus Christ peace be upon him. And so now when they see this Prophet just imagine the delight that they have that they have gone on from this world and yet Allah brings them back brings their souls back in body and flesh to pray with the Prophet S.A. And when S.A. this is why S.A. you think now the Rasul S.A he was treading on earth but look how he was dealt with by the people on earth. Look how he was treated but there was one place where he was appreciated. There was one place where people were longing to see him and they had never seen him yet but they respected and loved him so much and that was the people of the S.A. the people of the heavens. And when he came he led them in a prayer showing the unity of Islam and the fact that the Khilafat the custodianship of the message of Allah was being passed from all of those previous prophets to our beloved Rasul S.A.  Now this was a time when it was not haram to drink wine so you could it's halal if I give you two halal options you have options and yet the Prophet S.A. he still chose the milk. Milk what does it represent? Milk is unadulterated unadulterated it is pure there's no interference in it wine has to you know be vinegar and then you know it basically has to go bad and then become wine showing that there's something pure about Islam and when he took that milk he just naturally avoided wine even before it was haram and Jibril S.A. a sapt al fitra he says you have chosen the natural way and in one report Jibril S.A. Gabriel says had you chosen the wine your ummah would have gone astray your ummah would have been not astray one sip of the Prophet S.A. determines what? the guidance of the ummah had the Prophet S.A. drank wine on that day maybe there would have been Muslims who came and said look our Prophet drank wine that time I'm just doing that now and Subhanallah even the small actions of the Prophet S.A. are connected to our guidance one little thing the Prophet S.A. does could determine the fate of the ummah and so we don't realize how intimately connected we are to Rasulullah S.A. how intimately connected just like as as you can say as a child an infant running around and the mother is watching over the infant that infant is completely oblivious running around maybe hurting itself knocking into things making noise and yet not worried about feeding not worried about getting changed and yet there is a mother or a father over that child the Prophet S.A. had more love for us than that watching over us making sure that every little action does not misguide his ummah in the future and the Prophet S.A. then when he had chosen this is when they made what that was the Isra the night journey then came time for the Meir Raj that was the ascension and what does that show us that shows us that sometimes we have to do the horizontal journey in this world we have to take the journey when you do your part and you take that journey Allah will take the vertical journey for you to go up to Allah Spana Ta'ala in our hearts and so the Prophet S.A. was taken then with Angel Jibril A.S and he went through the skies in some in some narrations as well it was at Meir Raj it was actually steps that were leading up and so the Prophet S.A. then went and we know the story about the different prophets he meets at the different levels but let's talk a little bit about the things that he sees as he's flying through the heavens first he sees many different things many wondrous things the Prophet S.A. saw heaven and hell he saw it making noise and he saw even the Angel that stands over Hellfire Malik Khazan and Nar and that Angel never smiled since it was created because of the job that it has and he was told that if it would have smiled for anyone it would have been for you O Rasulullah so I saw him but it doesn't smile and the Prophet S.A. he saw people being punished in various ways he saw people being punished now imagine in Ummah he loves and cries for all night how did he how do you think it feels to see people from his Ummah being punished and so he saw people who had wondrous dishes of meat available to them maybe steaks barbecue what we don't know what roast and yet there was rotten putrid meat and they were going to eat that meat instead of the the pure wholesome fresh meat and it was told he said what's happening here and he was told that these are the people who leave their halal spouses in this world and go towards haram zina and the Prophet S.A. people S.A. getting their heads smashed the Prophet S.A. women hanging from their chests those people who commit zina and then kill their children after the Prophet S.A. people being fed fire eating fire just imagine into their bellies and he asked what is this and he said these are the people who eat the wealth of orphans who eat the wealth of orphans how many times in our cultures do we deprive our daughters of their inheritance our sisters of their inheritance subhanAllah don't think it's just the orphans and oh we don't do that in our cultures do our women get their inheritance and the Prophet S.A. people who were getting their tongue and lips cut off with scissors and he said these are the people men of love protect us these are the people who preach to other people but they don't follow what they preach men of love protect us and he saw people scratching their faces and these are the people who backbite other people when you're with each other and you say oh this person oh this person is so dumb this person look how she looks look how they are they're like this they're like that scratching your face on the day of judgment do you want to be doing that and so subhanAllah why did the Prophet S.A. filled him with concerns so when he came back he told us about these sins and so he wasn't shown these things as a type of a morbid entertainment no he was shown so that he could get concern and bring this to us so we could be safe on the day of judgment that we don't end up in that situation and the Prophet S.A. we know he was shown the dajjal as well the Prophet S.A. in some reports the Prophet S.A. was also shown as he flew over the grave of Musa A. on a red hill which we don't know exactly where that is today it's not marked he saw Musa A. praying inside his grave how does that mean you're up in the sky you're looking through a grave and you're seeing a Prophet praying inside his grave Allahu Akbar and the Prophet S.A. when he was flying through the skies a beautiful a fragrant smell filled his nostrils and he said what is that beautiful fragrance that fragrance is paradise and Jibril A. said that is nashitah ibnatu fir ibnati fir'am that is the lady who used to comb the hair of the daughter of Pharaoh so he said what's that what do you mean that's the smell of the lady what does that mean and Jibril A. to hold in this story and said fir'am was the greatest tyrant we know that he was a great oppressor there's never been a greater tyrant than fir'am who even declared himself God and oppressed the Bani Israel and he used to forbid anyone from worshipping anyone other than him however his daughter fir'am's daughter who was like a princess she had a servant that servant used to comb the hair of that princess of the daughter of fir'am combing the hair at night perhaps and one day she dropped the comb on the ground and she bent down to pick it up and said Bismillah and picked it up just like when you might just say Bismillah and the daughter of fir'am turned and said what did you just say in the name of Allah do you take a do you take a God besides my father and what did that lady say the the the servant she said my Lord and your Lord is Allah that's a time of great test when you're asked you're tested on your faith and you say my Lord and your Lord is Allah not just this is my belief and you have your belief I have my belief my Lord and your Lord is Allah she said I'm going to tell my father she told fir'am in the house in the palace of fir'am there's a person who believes in Allah so that lady was brought and fir'am brought not only her but brought her husband and her children and a cauldron was brought as well like a type of a big an iron pot and there was a fire that was stoked underneath it burning and he asked this lady do you take a Lord other than me and she said my Lord and your Lord is Allah in front of fir'am and he said bring the husband and the husband was taken and thrown alive inside that flame until he burned to death and that lady did not recant her faith even hearing the cries and screams of her husband burning to death she did not recant her faith and then fir'am saw she's not giving up he took the first child and he threw that child in the cauldron and one by one that lady lost all of her children and then the lady the last child that she had was a nursing a newborn baby and she said fir'am I have one request from you I have a haqq on you now kings are arrogant so when they hear someone saying oh you have a request from me before I kill you what is it and she said when I die I want you to take my ashes and bones and my husbands and my children and wrap us up in one cloth and bury us together he said this is a haqq you have on me I'll do this for you and as he began to take away the guards came to take away the baby emotion now finally got to the mother and she started to get emotional and resist and the prophet to some tells us that the baby itself spoke oh my mother be patient for you are on the haqq and she let her she watched her child being thrown in and then she herself did not recant and she was thrown in do you know there are Muslims today who go through these things do you know what our brothers and sisters in China are going through do you know what our brothers and sisters in some other places are going through just to say la ilaha illallah this is a timeless story it is a story of believers holding onto their faith at all costs and then she gets into the cauldron and she burns as well and of course they were wrapped up and buried so now tell me why is it perhaps why can we speculate why does the prophet to some smell a beautiful fragrance why is it a fragrance that she represents why why you have the shuhada they're martyrs they're shuhada but why a smell what do you think about it I thought about this and Allah knows best but anyone who has gone through any type of that disaster they say that this the smell of burning flesh of a human is the worst thing the most nausea and she had to she had to see that of her own children and yet Allah decided to perfume the whole heavens with her smell because of her iman that the Rasul says have to stop and say what is this what is this woman's name we don't know this is a nameless woman an unsung hero that all we can do is say Allah akbar may Allah grant her even higher at higher station when we hear these words just remember that the heroes the people who stand up for iman in the umma in since the previous umma they're not always the popular people they're sometimes they're the people you would think oh lady who combs the hair don't look down on people every believer la ilaha illallah is in their heart and then the Prophet ﷺ he then goes up to all the skies and in the first sky they come towards the gate and the gates of jannah are closed and jibril alai salam he knocks on that gate and a voice comes and says who is it he says jibril he says is there anyone with you he says muhammad and he said have you been has he been sent for and jibril alai salam said yes and so the doors open marhaban welcome those doors are closed because it's showing the the status of the Prophet ﷺ that there are no analysis allowed in the Prophet ﷺ it opens as though they are expecting him when you say that name muhammad ﷺ doors of jannah start to open when we hear that name what does it do for our hearts does it open our hearts and the Prophet ﷺ goes inside and he sees adam alai salam jibril tells him this is your father adam he says salams to him the Prophet ﷺ said salams to him and adam alai salam said welcome to a righteous son and a righteous prophet and after some time he goes to the second heaven the second sorry sky and the same thing takes place they knock who is it jibril has someone with you muhammad ﷺ is he sent for yes he was sent for meaning it's time it's time and then the gates are opened and he sees who he says aisa alai salam jesus and yahya john the baptist as they call him today alai salam two cousins and the Prophet ﷺ said they used to look alike they were resembling each other as cousins daughters of two sons of two sisters and they say marhaban welcome to a righteous brother and a righteous prophet and they meet each other for some time and then after the Prophet ﷺ goes to the third heaven where he sees they go to the same process knocking and then the gates are opened and the gates are open they say and he sees yusuf alai salam joseph yusuf alai salam the Prophet ﷺ says first thing he described he says he was given half of beauty when you see you know when you see a really stunningly beautiful person you can't help but notice that they're beautiful it doesn't mention anything he says Prophet ﷺ said immediately he was given half of beauty but it is said the Prophet ﷺ was given all of beauty but his beauty was so much that had we understood what his true beauty was we wouldn't have been able to pardon no one would have been able to handle it in this world that's why they say that when the ladies saw yusuf alai salam they cut their hands out of wonder at how beautiful someone could be and it is said that if the ladies had saw Muhammad ﷺ that they would have cut their hearts they would have cut their hearts and the Prophet ﷺ who was welcomed welcomed to a righteous prophet a righteous brother and a righteous prophet and then he went to the fourth sky and the same interchange took place at the gates and he saw Idris alai salam who said welcome to a righteous brother and a righteous prophet and then he went to the fifth sky where he saw Harun alai salam where he said welcome to a righteous brother and a righteous prophet and finally he came to the sixth heaven to the sixth sky which is called Samal and when that door opened low and behold he saw Musa alai salam Musa alai salam welcomed him and said to him welcome to a righteous brother and a righteous prophet now the Prophet ﷺ stayed with him some time and it is said in some narrations that Musa alai salam advised that when you're going up for your discourse go easy on the umba you know it asked for ease for your umba that Musa alai salam advised him now as the Prophet ﷺ was parting from Musa alai salam he saw Musa alai salam crying now the question is this there are no tears in Jannah why would you cry in Jannah it's a place for all your pain and sadness is over then he was asked Musa alai salam was asked why are you crying in Jannah he said I'm crying because this young man who was sent after me more people from his umba will enter Jannah than my umba this is the love that a Prophet has it doesn't separate even when he leaves the world even when he's in Jannah and all his problems are over his mind his heart is still attached to his umba so imagine the heart of our Rasul ﷺ where he is now worrying about us and the Prophet ﷺ and this is not done out of jealousy but it's because every single Prophet is so attached to his own people who he called that he can't bear to see people that he invited to the deam go astray this is the other question I have to ask when we see the followers of Musa alai salam who claim to follow him do we want them to go to Jannah or do we want bad for them we should want good for the followers of all the previous Prophets even if they're not following them properly even if they're doing the wrong things we should want that they are guided to Islam and that their Prophet originally will be happy to see at least they came into our umba Alhamdulillah and then SubhanAllah and then they went up to the seventh sky and the door was opened and low in the hole was Ibrahim al-Islam who is obviously the father of all the prophets the forefather and this is where he said say salams to your father Abraham and this is showing how the deen of Islam came full circle and reconnected to its Abrahamic roots that Islam is the true expression of the Abrahamic what they call the Abrahamic tradition now Hamdulillah it's the Muhammadan tradition Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam and then the Prophet went beyond and he was shown four rivers as we know two rivers that were apparent and two that were hidden he saw the Nile and the Euphrates even up there in Jannah he saw the Nile and the Euphrates but allama say because if these two rivers are supporting so much life they are supporting so much life here on earth and if you look at that between those rivers there is the cradle of Islam when you look between the Euphrates in Iraq and the Nile in Egypt that the cradle of Islam is inside there and then he saw also two hidden rivers he saw Salsabil a river of paradise and he saw the stream that leads to Kauthar al-Kauthar and just and just remember we know we all know the Surah Allah says indeed we have given you the Kauthar do you know why the Kauthar was given to the Prophet because the Prophet in the Medin period they were persecuted and SubhanAllah he had one son and both of his sons actually they died in their infancy he lost his son and when he was being persecuted by the Quraish he would walk into the Masjid in the Masjid al-Haram to pray and the Quraish would mock him and they would say can you imagine how low they were when he was going through the loss of his son they said this man don't worry about him his deen will not survive because he lost his son so next generation deen won't survive he and they said he's cut off he's abdar they used to call him you're abdar you're cut off you don't have a son imagine how hurtful that is yes you're doing your dawah but now personally they're attacking you like this they're personally attacking you and they would come one of them would come into the face al-Asim and Wael would come to the face of the Prophet and say I hate you to his face in a time when he was grieving and this is where Allah Sparantara says indeed we have given you al-Kawthar Allah gave Kawthar to the Prophet as a consolation for the pain he was going through and now finally he gets to see al-Kawthar that Allah promised him subhanAllah and what is the rest of the Surah of Kawthar he says verily the one who hates you he will be cut off and look Allahu Akbar that the two sons of that man because somebody could ask well the Prophet ﷺ didn't have children I mean sons living on and yet that man al-Asim and Wael his two sons they lived on so how can he be up to how can he be cut off in his lineage because those two sons became Muslim when those two sons became Muslim they joined Rasulullah Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam spiritual lineage so it's like we're all coming from the lineage of the Prophet Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam even though he did not have through sons a lineage because he's like our spiritual father more than that and so this was Kawthar that he saw and then the Prophet Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam there's so many other things but we we'll have to choose what we speak about he then goes to the Bait al-Ma'mur now the way that we have a Kaaba in this world exactly above our Kaaba in the cosmos is the Bait al-Ma'mur it is the it is the celestial house it's like a mirror Kaaba with a Kaaba in the world and a Kaaba in the sky and that Kaaba is Subhana there are so many angels at every time making tawaf thousands and tens of thousands of uncountable numbers of angels making tawaf all the time and it's so big and so crowded that in all of existence of the of the of the universe from the beginning until Allah destroys it on the day of judgment every angel will only get one chance to go around Subhana and so the Prophet Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam sees that and sees Ibrahim A.S. leaning upon it leaning upon it and then he hears he goes to a place where he hears the screeching of the pens and that sound is what it's the pens writing down the fate and the destiny in the loha in the Kitab where it's preserved all of our destinies he's hearing them being written and then the Prophet Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam which tells us what that whatever happens to you in life was meant to happen to you so look forward and ask Allah for the best and if something bad happened then you just say ask Allah for something better because that destiny was being written long before us and then the Prophet Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam he subhanAllah this is where he comes to the furthest low tree Sidhu al-Muntah the furthest low tree is the extent towards to which the created universe goes after that point why do they call it the Muntah Muntah is the place of the Nihaya it's the place at the end nothing can go beyond that nothing goes beyond it no living creature has ever stepped there and the ilm of every single created creature stops at that point and so yet the Prophet Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam is called even beyond that and he describes the tree the low tree he says it was so big you could walk in its shade for 500 years that leaves are like the are like the ears of elephants of course these are just approximations how do you describe something that's even beyond your imagination so he's just describing it in the way that people would understand and the Prophet Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam he then subhanAllah he goes even beyond that and then when the Prophet Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam goes there that's when he goes into the divine discourse with Allah Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam what was said between the master and the servant nobody knows exactly because that person that you love the most sometimes you have the intimate discourses discussions when two people are really close and you see them talking so so so you can't know what's going on between beloved and the lover between husband and wife so many different conversations that take place in the night once they're they're dead and gone nobody knows what happens it's a secret that's buried with them now this is a secret that we'll never know and what we we also don't know exactly there was a difference between the sahaba did Rasulullah Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam see Allah on that night or not even the sahaba there was a difference of opinion but many of our olama said yes the Prophet Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam did see Allah Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam and when the Prophet Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam then came back we know he came with 50 prayers Allah made farad on his umma 50 prayers when he met Musa Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam said listen I have tried out people before I have had an umma before I have an experience with Bani Israel they're not going to be able to follow 50 prayers go back and ask for something less so he goes back and Allah reduces it to 40 and then he goes back to Musa Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam in his descent and Musa Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam said go back your umma's too weak they cannot take it so he goes back and it's reduced to 30 and he goes back again on Musa Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam's advice to 20 to 10 finally to 5 and when the Prophet Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam is advised now by Musa Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam that get less because Musa Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam's umma they only pray twice a day he says they couldn't even handle that so it's an honor that the Prophet Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam said I'm not going to go below five now and then a voice came out I have made this obligatory on my on this umma and that the reward of those five will be the 10 of the like so you get 50 so next time you're thinking about sleeping in the Fajr just think about where the Prophet Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam had to go to get that command every other command came from the skies down to the earth and this command came from the Subhan of the Prophet Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam the Prophet Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam had to go and get it straight from the heavens and then the Prophet Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam he came down and said some of the Ulema also say why did he keep going back and forth to Allah to get accustomed to being in the presence of Allah so on the day of judgment when he makes shafa'a for us he will be able to he'll be intimate if intimately familiar with Allah Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam that there won't be that sense of awe why for our sake when he intercedes for our sins and then the Prophet Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam came down and as we know he passed by the caravans of the Quraish that were in the middle of their journey and he passed by them and he saw one of them breaking one of their jars of water in the middle of the night he saw one of them losing a camel he even went and he took a sip of their water as if time had stopped for him time did stop for him and then the Prophet Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam went back and it is said that he went back in his bed was just the way he left it and no one knew that he left the next morning the Prophet Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam subhanAllah he awoke and he went outside and he was looking very downcast because he was thinking how will I tell people what I've just seen they'll reject it so Abu Jahl saw the Prophet Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam looking downcast and never one to miss an opportunity to put down our Prophet he came to pretend do you know those people who pretend that they're sympathetic with you oh what happened what's wrong the Prophet Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam said I was taken on a journey by night to Masjid al-Aqsa Abu Jahl said overnight he said yes he said you mean the journey that we take 30 days to go and 30 days to come back you made in a single night he said yes he said if I bring people here will you say the same thing because he didn't want to go and then maybe the Prophet will deny it he said if I bring other people here will you admit this he said yes so he gathered the people around and he said did you go to Jerusalem overnight and the Prophet Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam said yes and they all started to laugh and jeer and they said okay we know you haven't been to Jerusalem then describe it for us and so the Prophet Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam began to describe Jerusalem but he went there during the night time so at some point he didn't see all the different things and some of the Quraish the elder Quraish they had traveled that far because they were traders and the Prophet Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam it said that the image of the Masjid Aqsa came into the eyes of the Prophet Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam as though he saw it and they asked him how many gates does the Masjid have and he could count one, two, three this is how many gates and he described it and they said that this has got to be magic and then the Prophet Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam even told them that your caravans that are coming back they're at this distance they'll arrive at this time and one of them has broken one of their jars that they're carrying one of them lost a camel and lo and behold when that time came and the next day the caravans in the coming days they arrived exactly when the Prophet Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam said they came to Abu Bakr rather Anhu and now what happened was the Muslims who saw this many of the Muslims of course had complete faith but many of the some of the Muslims who had weak Imam because of the persecution the Quraish really cured the Prophet Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam look your Prophet says he went to Aqsa overnight they didn't even talk about the Bilalaj and some of the Muslims actually lost their faith so you have to hold on to your faith and who was the one who affirmed it they went Abu Bakr they came to him said your Prophet Muhammad Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam says that he went there and back overnight Abu Bakr said did he really say it they said yes they said if he said it then I believe it if he said it then I believe it because I believe something greater than that I believe that he gets revelations from the sky down to the earth and this is why he's called a Siddique the great verifier of the truth sometimes you don't have to do anything very much you don't have to be super Muslim all the time better than everybody else but it's something that's inside here if anything else have your firm belief in the truth of the Prophet Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam Abu Bakr did not surpass people because of how much he prayed and fasted as one of the Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam said but because of something that was inside his heart and so Subhanallah this is all going to show us that as we this is the journey and this is the next day the Prophet Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam gathered all the believers together and they prayed their first prayer together do you guys know which prayer that was which prayer was the first prayer they all prayed sorry louder Fajr no it wasn't Fajr Fajr no it wasn't Hajr it was it wasn't Fajr because it was dark at that time and the Prophet Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam did not tell everybody yet it was next it was the next one it was Dhohar so Dhohar prayer was the first prayer that the Muslims prayed together Jibril Alaihi Wasallam himself came to show the Prophet Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam the timings and the method of the prayer and the believers all followed and he did this Dhohar Asr Maghrib Isha then again Fajr and right back until it was two days of praying and this is how the Ummah started their prayers and has been going on and on and on until our prayer just today Hamdullah unbroken chain of prayers now spread all over the world and they say that the reason why Dhohar prayer was the first prayer was because it was time to show in the in the daytime in the sun they're not hiding anymore that Islam is now here to eclipse all the other ways and philosophies it's come to bring that good news and so Subhanallah what do we understand from all there's so many lessons from the Isra on the Meraj but the one thing that we know from the beginning is that this shows the status of our beloved Rasul Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam don't let anyone put any idea or doubt inside your heart about the Rasul Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam he suffered for our sake he went through all of this torture for our sake and what it tells you is that in your life you may go through many many hardships but when you go through difficulties on earth for the sake of Allah and you're honest to Allah and Allah sees what you're going through even the heavens will get involved to bring you your justice to bring you your relief that when you have expended all your energy for the sake of Allah this is why we started with the dua of the Prophet Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam after he had tried everything then it comes sometimes the relief does not come until you've tried everything that you have give it your everything whether it's in any aspect of your life in your marriage in your job in raising your children in holding on to your faith and also this Subhanallah that when these things when sometimes you know the fact that the Prophet Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam came back as we know the great poet Allah ma iqbal Rahmat Alayhi he said this is the difference between a prophet and a saint if a saint goes up to heaven and sees the beauty of Jannah and leaves behind the world he's happy he doesn't want to come back a prophet returns our prophet Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam was the one who returned he could have stayed there and saw and everything could have been better for him but he chose to come back why for our sake and don't think it got easier for him when he went back he came back to Badr he came back to the Hijrah leaving his homeland he came back to Badr to Uhud to burying three of his daughters and one son losing his companions he came back to struggle more but he had the believers and prayers with him when we have Sulla in our lives this is when Islam began to expand Hijrah happened very shortly after the relief came to the Muslims but new tests will come but you know what you'll be strong enough to handle them because you're holding on to your prayers you're holding on to the love of Allah and Rasul Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam you'll become strong enough to handle anything that Allah puts in your way through your faith with Allah and just remember as well that the victory did come the physical victory of coming back to Mecca the moral victory of forgiving his enemies at the end of his life but the spiritual victory has to come in your life first don't think that you're going to be successful first in the world and then later on will become religious no commit yourself to Allah and following the Prophet Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam right now and then the victory will come don't try to chase after the dunya we victory before the spiritual victory strive for Allah's sake and just remember subhan Allah that no matter how much we go through no matter how much we go through that this is the sunnah of Allah on earth that those who love Allah and his Rasul Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam will go through tests and it does not mean that Allah has forsaken you rather it's the opposite it means that you are beloved to Allah Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam it means that you are close to Allah Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam and that Allah wants the best for you but it takes imam to understand that don't expect the rest of the world to understand why do you people go through earthquakes why do you people go through oppression because we know that there is something waiting for us from Allah Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam says Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam accept this inshaAllah May Allah guide those who are seeking guidance and may Allah make us of those who act upon the advices of the Isra'al-e-Biyaraj and stamina prayers. JazakAllah khairan and I apologize. Inshallah. Ya Allah, thank you so much for every single blessing that you've given us. Ya Allah, thank you for creating us. Thank you for giving us faith. Thank you for giving us health and our families. Thank you for letting us say la ilaha illallah. Thank you for your Qur'an. Thank you for sending us your beloved Rasul sallallahu alayhi sallam. Thank you for making us part of his ummah. Thank you for letting us gather together to hear about one chapter of his life. Thank you for sending him and all of his sacrifices. O Allah, increase the rank and the reward and the salats and the salams on our beloved Rasul sallallahu alayhi sallam for everything that he had to go through to get this to us. O Allah, make us of those who carry the banner of deen in our own hearts, in the hearts of our families, our communities, and the entire world.  Ya Allah, make it easy for us, guide our families, keep our youth within the fold of the deen. Ya Allah, everyone who is going through oppression, anxiety, depression, ya Allah, any type of trauma or abuse, ya Allah, relieve them all from their suffering. All of those in this land and in the Muslim world. Ya Allah, all those victims of the earthquake and any other disasters, ya Allah, make it easy for them.  Ya Allah, guide our youth, make our children on the right path. Do not let them go astray. Ya Allah, in this land, ya Allah, let us be good examples to people.   Ya Allah, make us of those who people get to know about Rasulullah, so I sent them through our behavior and through our love. Ya Allah, make us of those, ya Allah, not of those who people look at and they turn away from Islam, ya Allah, but people who they look at and are guided to the right, ya Allah. Make us to salute every person in our society, ya Allah. Make a part of the solution where everyone will give us tests every single way for our sake and for our benefit in the benefit of the entire Allah, ya Allah. As-Salaamu Alaykum. As-Salaamu Alaykum. JazakAllah. Okay, alright. I apologize for going on a little longer. As-Salaamu Alaykum.


The past year and a half pandemic was rough on pretty much everyone, there's just no way around that. But few people have been affected quite as severely as NBA superstar Carl Anthony Towns. Prior to the onset of lockdowns around the world, the Timberwolves star often referred to as simply cat, signed himself a lucrative five-year, $190 million contract to stay in the city that drafted him, Minnesota. Anthony then took a fair sum of that contract and plopped it down on a spectacular home in his adopted city. But ever since that moment, his life changed forever in ways he never would have imagined possible. But I'll get to that in a second. One silver lining though, aside from that mansion, is cat's relationship with Jordan Woods. And today, well, we're gonna check out the luxury places that the couple calls home. In these videos, we don't reveal any addresses, and even though I've done a house tour of my own place, please do not show up at any private residences because it's not safe for anyone. If you're wondering what exactly went downhill for Carl during the pandemic, well sadly, the virus set in and took more than half a dozen of his relatives away from him, including his mother, Jacqueline. As you can no doubt imagine, cat has had a tough go of things since then. And he's even talked about losing his passion for the sport that has meant so much to him. In fact, if it wasn't for his relationship with Jordan Woods, cat has no idea where he might be right now. Since going Instagram official with Jordan in September of 2020, these two have been practically inseparable, whether they're hanging out at cat's killer mansion in Minnesota, or Jordan's own bachelorette pad in LA. At the time of this recording, it's said that the basketball star has an estimated now worth of $9 million, while social media star Jordan has a not too shabby $6 million of her own. So today I thought I'd fill you in on how these two first linked up, and how they've begun to build a new life together. Hey guys, it's Kara the Vampire Slayer back with another exclusive house tour here on Famous Entertainment, this one checking out the homes of Carl Anthony Towns and Jordan Woods. Don't forget to like, subscribe, and hit me up on Instagram to chat, and now let's get into this video. Back in April of 2020, at more or less the offset of the worldwide pandemic, Carl Anthony Towns lost his mother, Jacqueline, to the virus. As devastating as that loss was, it was compounded even further by the fact that cat would lose a further six family members to the disease, including his uncle. Only nine months later in January of 2021, cat would test positive for the virus himself. He received a treatment at a local hospital, then quarantined at home for a few weeks, isolating himself away from everyone. And it was during this time that he had no choice but to confront the sudden loss of his mother head-on. It became the most difficult stretch of his young life, but one that would set him on a new course, he told people. I've had a lot of situations this year where things were just too much for me. I just remember quarantining in the house, and it was more than just the virus for me. I felt like I was going through a holistic journey.  These two first met years ago through mutual acquaintances, and quickly struck up a friendship. Over time, it developed into becoming best friends, and then, during the course of 2020, it became something even more than that. Simply put, in a relationship, timing is everything, and these two were able to bond closely over shared trash, because while Cat had recently lost many people, Jordan was also still dealing with the death of her father from a handful of years prior. With the support of Jordan, Cat overcame his struggles and found a new lease on life, as the two became Instagram officials in September 2020. Meanwhile, Cat's convinced that his mom had something to do with everything falling into place. He said during an interview, Since taking their relationship to the next level, these two have been spending all their time with one another. So why don't we take a look at the homes that they cuddle up in when Cat isn't playing games on the road? After signing that giant contract in 2018, and prior to his world being flipped upside down in a short time later, Carl Anthony Towns picked himself up this glitzy estate located in the city of Medina, Minnesota that was once owned by ex-auto dealer, Denny Hecker. Denny is a notorious automobile mogul who was recently released from prison after serving seven years for fraud. He sold the home in 2010 for $3.52 million to Peter Echerline, a Merrill Lynch and company executive. Peter then turned around and sold this home to Cat in September of 2018 for a million-dollar profit of $4.52 million. This 17,251-square-foot property comes with five bedrooms, nine bathrooms, your choice of indoor or outdoor pools, a hot tub, its very own putting hole, and a tennis court with accompanying tea house and more. All of that is on 5.23 acres of sprawling land, both in views of Mooney Lake with 200 feet of shoreline. Walking in the home, there's a grand curved staircase and double height ceilings like any impressive mansion, as well as marble floors underfoot. There's a great room nearby with a huge stone fireplace, French doors to the yard, as well as an attached lounge area surrounded by windows for a half-solarium type of vibe. Cat's impressive abode also has a sophisticated wood paneled study or office with backyard access and elsewhere a cozier family room with another stone fireplace and windowed seating nook. This room is combined with the massive kitchen and dining area where there's endless options to grab a bite, even at the center island with Cooktop. The mansion boasts a ton of other amenities from a billiards room with aquarium to a home theater and an indoor basketball court. Meanwhile, the warehouse-sized room that hosts the indoor pool was built for entertaining with a TV lounge, a full bar, and games tables. When it comes to Carl's master suite, it doesn't play around. This massive bedroom has two fireplaces instead of one, and while I'm not sure why that's necessary, it's definitely impressive. There's also a private balcony and marble en suite bath. Now, the majority of the layout that you're seeing on screen are pictures from the former owner, so it's likely that Cat has instilled his own sense of style since moving in a couple of years ago. I'm also willing to bet that since Jordan started coming around, things have begun to change even more. Now that we have an idea of what Cat's home life is like, why don't we check out Jordan's? You might remember that only a few years ago, Jordan was spending a lot of time living with her former best friend Kylie Jenner. Unfortunately, things ended somewhat sour when Jordan was kicked out of the house for that Tristan Thompson scandal. You all know what I'm talking about. By the way, this is something that Jordan adamantly denies ever happened. Either way, since that fallout, Jordan moved out of Kylie's place and into her very own bachelorette space in Los Angeles. After making the move, Jordan would occasionally show off her new pad in a series of Instagram posts in which she would keep her fans impressed about how much she was loving decorating the place. For the most part, she seems to be all about that gray and beige color scheme in terms of her walls, furniture and even floor tiles. She's also furnished her living room with a gigantic sectional sofa alongside floor-length glass doors and a massive self-portrait mounted not too far away from an equally large flat-screen TV. Meanwhile, her open concept dining room includes one long table with four plush armchairs which honestly is something of a first for me. I've never heard of dining in comfort, but this takes things to a whole other level. I'm into it. And if those killer views just outside the dining room glass doors don't help with your digestion, I don't know what will. Jordan also has multiple bedrooms in her home, a top-of-the-line kitchen and what appears to be the makings of her very own arcade room. Considering what these two have been through in recent years, especially Cat, here's hoping that this works out for the both of them. And hey, Towns is already looking pretty darn nice on the court this season. So let's see how far he can take the Minnesota Timberwolves this year. Now we've taken a look at the crib's Carl Anthony Towns and Jordan Woods are calling home, so what did you guys think? The NBA star's Minnesota mansion is pretty impressive, isn't it? I mean, how do you choose a favorite feature? I think that indoor pool and entertainment space is pretty hard to compete with, though. That might be my personal pick. What about you guys? And the couple has a pretty nice place to stay at Jordan's crib in Los Angeles too. I hope you guys enjoyed this video and if there's another celebrity's home that you'd like to see on here soon, be sure to leave us some ideas in the comments down below. Thanks for watching, don't forget to follow me over on Instagram and I'll see you all in the next video. Bye!


rea but it's also a tax on all islanders because if you're taking goods and services into the islands and indeed those leaving islands to attend health services are being taxed for using transport we need to change this we need to look at it and I would suggest that the Government do this with a sense of urgency to actually free up local economies members talked about fuel poverty access to health services and indeed Mio Bibi talked about Gaelic and its importance to the culture of our islands in the west and some of the Argyll islands too I think we need to make sure that all those things are taken into account broadband especially was one of the things that could be a game changer to our island communities and they need to be first in the queue not last in the queue when it comes to services Presiding Officer empowering our islands is a bit like motherhood and apple pie who could possibly disagree however the point of empowering is that you hand over powers you hold and that appears to be a stumbling block for this Government when mainland authorities complained to me that they're being disempowered while islands are being empowered I asked them to point out to me one power that's being handed to our islands and that's always greeted by silence because they can't think of one therefore I say to the Government you don't need to wait for a bill to devolve powers simply give them the powers they can have now and look at expanding that where you need to through legislation actions speak louder than words so let's see some action Thank you very much Ms Grant I call Peter Chapman to close with concertos 8 minutes Mr Chapman Thank you Presiding Officer you all have noticed that I've had on my logs this afternoon and that's the reason because I was wanted to make sure that I could hear all the debate my hearing isn't the best and I blame long days and tractors in my youth as the cause of that I welcome the consensual approach to this debate today it is important I believe that this Parliament can work together across party lines with an agreed approach whenever that is possible and I think most speakers today including the minister the number of people in Scotland's island is relatively small at just over 100,000 there are around 2% of the population and until I had looked this up I'll honestly believe that it would have been much more than that but there we are that's what it is and only four islands have a population greater than 10,000 and those four islands make up over 60% of the total island population but nevertheless there are over 80 other inhabited islands and they are all a very important part of our country increasing the autonomy for Scotland's island community is a growing political issue particularly in the spotlight since the 2014 independence referendum and the fact that we are even looking at an island's bill is a recognition that there are issues unique to this part of Scotland that we must address and during the debate we've heard from Rhoda Grant for instance that powers that devolved need to be real and Edward Mountain said he calls for more clarity as to what powers are to be devolved and I echo both of those sentiments Angus MacDonald spoke about the real problem of population decline especially in the western isles and of course it's mostly the young that go away and you are left with an increasingly aging population I think that we here today are in broad agreement about the need to ensure that our islands receive as much devolution as possible to help make them more successful With Scotland on the verge of receiving a swath of new powers it is only right that we pass some of those powers on to the islands to allow them to prosper David Mundell has been quite clear that the regional devolution in England to Cornwall for instance and the success of the Northern powerhouse project both provide clear models for us here in Scotland there have been long been concerns over the centralisation programme undertaken by this SNP Government there seems to be a growing consensus across this chamber that for the islands a separate solution is needed and I hope that the upcoming islands devolution is just the beginning of the SNP's realisation that centralisation is not the answer to every question On health the health picture for the islands is unfortunately not so positive and despite some important success stories for the most part there are serious concerns that need to be addressed and I believe that the heart of the problems with island health care is the significantly higher staff turnover at for instance 11.5% for Shetland which is nearly double the Scottish average of 6.4 It's not just the turnover of staff but also the clear difficulty in filling vacancies with the western Isles and Orkney having over 3 times the percentage of vacancies for consultants for instance at about 28% It should be obvious to everyone that a tailor made solution and some strategic thinking will be required here and Jamie Greene expanded on this and we also heard that one of the real dangers that island health boards may be merged I believe is the wrong answer and that was argued well by both Liam McArthur and Tavish Scott but that said it is not all doom and gloom for those living across Scotland's islands when it comes to raising kids islands enjoy quality education producing excellent exam results on the back of low primary class sizes low pupil to teacher ratios and secondary schools all provided by an incredibly high average school spend per pupil in Orkney this is double the British average it's something over £9,000 per pupil and despite the challenges many of which we have heard today that affect islanders there is a good reason that study after study finds that islands are the best places to live in Scotland high employment low crime rates much less traffic a real sense of community and what we can all agree is stunning scenery all contribute to make islanders some of the happiest people in Scotland and several speakers mentioned this in particular Douglas Ross we've all heard about Broadband now just say Mr Chapman you've made the gentleman from Orkney and Shetland smile well I'm delighted about that it's fine to see them smiling however there are other opportunities for the SNP to step up and give some immediate and much needed support in communities pressing ahead with an expansion of community Broadband Scotland should be a priority for this Government and with only 40 per cent of premises in the western isles being able to access fibre Broadband and with both Argyll and Bute and Orkney and Shetland local authorities below the 75 per cent mark it is dying for a solution the member won't find me disagreeing with the need to increase Broadband connectivity to use a band word in the western isles but will he at least acknowledge that the figure that we were dealing with in the islands three years ago for fibre Broadband was nill I do accept that work is being done and I very much welcome that but there is a real need to move on even quicker and I do wonder we have heard that we are going to have 100 per cent Broadband coverage at 10 meg by 2021 if that's going to be achievable and it is more important than ever than ever now to see because most folks see Broadband as a right rather than a privilege in this expectation of a good internet connection in the home and the boost that it can be to businesses and jobs would be a great pull factor to encourage people back to the islands and help reverse the declining population and of course the necessity for Broadband was mentioned by almost anybody everybody the cost of living of course is likely to always be an issue it is unavoidable that the cost of transporting groceries to Stornoway will be higher than to get them to Aberdeen and also of course of concern there is very much the logistical difficulties there are a number of companies that do not even deliver will not even deliver to the islands and even though that number is falling welcome the surcharges applied have risen by 8% in the last week while since 2012 Rhoda Grant mentioned that in her speech and in addition we have heard about higher energy bills facing island residents many of these higher costs come down to infrastructure challenges with extremely limited access to the national gas grid for instance but not only that a significantly higher proportion of low energy efficiency homes in the islands so there is a double hit there it is more costly but your house leaks heat at a higher rate and that explains why fuel poverty is a bigger problem in the islands than it is in the mainland and Neil Bibby, Emma Harper and Jimmy Greene all mentioned this they also need a cost effective and efficient ferry service and there is a difference in the subsidy levels between the western isles and the Orkney and Shetland isles the address Rhoda Grant again mentioned this and I think Davish and also spoke about it we also heard a lot today about HIE and I believe there is an important role for Highlands and Islands Enterprise to play here as well and I am disappointed that HIE is going to be absorbed into a new national board I think with the deputy Presiding Officer looking at me you are indeed with one sentence it has well, maybe do no with one don't take me on it has ever been good to see the chamber in broad agreement on this matter I think we all recognise the scale of the challenge that we face in delivering more for the islands and I hope that that is something that we can all work together on to ensure the brightest possible future for our island communities either that was two sentences or you don't know how to punctuate now I call on Hamza Yousaf to close for the Government Minister to 5 o'clock please a brave man indeed many interesting and diverse contributions by members across the chamber I think that Davish Scott was absolutely correct a debate like this allows us to air some issues of course it's not going to be 100% agreement on 100% of the issues but much consensus I think on the direction that we have to take again some disagreement over the pace but certainly a belief here that our island communities greatly contribute to Scotland and devolution of powers to the island communities is important and great support from across the chamber for the principles and the broad principles of the islands bill as well in terms of some of the contributions of a turn to Liberal Democrat contributions I welcome their support for the commitment to create that islands plan their commitment and the appreciation for the island strategic group as well I'll ensure that Liam McArthur and Davish Scott are updated regularly on the progress that that group makes in terms of the air discount scheme that was mentioned Stuart Stevenson was right in his intervention of course this Government did increase that discount from 40% to 50% the maximum that's allowed under the terms in terms of there's a difference of interpretation expanding or going back to business travel my officials tell me it was never meant for business travel but then of course we started to audit it properly and therefore business travel has been excluded now I know there's a difference in interpretation but let me just give them the assurance if I can to somewhat continue that consensus that proposal has been put forward by the local authorities involved and I have promised to look at it and he'll understand that there's financial constraints and pressures so I promise to look at it with an open mind they will be assured I hope of the words that I've said in relation to the reduction of ferries affairs to Orkney and Shetland again I'll continue to keep them updated on the progress that I can make I was clear to say that what I'm not suggesting is that there'll be an exact match with what's happening in the western isles but what I can say that the expectation of those living in Orkney and Shetland should be a significant reduction Minister could you speak to the microphone please I know you're a gentleman and you're looking at the two gentlemen there should be a significant reduction in those fares and that's something that I'm exploring and considering when it comes to that reduction of the ferry fares there's been a number of discussions that I've already had with stakeholders about this and of course we had a consultation that they'll know about all the underlying responses were received to that constitution and incredible all the responses are now being analysed and I will review these and of course I will inform elected members of my decision on the reduction and the timescales in doing so but why I can't support the Liberal Democrat amendment is because it ties us in to a specific timescale and the members will understand that I have to consider those 2,000 responses carefully and as I said I'll keep them updated on what we're going to do in terms of the other points that were made by Liberal Democrats on health board I refer them to letter from Shona Robison they received that response what we're doing in terms of reorganisation of the health boards is being done that the only driver behind that is to improve patient care and I think they both made their points very well and the whole point of island proofing is not just about legislation but I should say also policies to put forward policies that would damage the island so I hope that that gives them some kind of reassurances I thought the points were made also by Liam McArthur in particular about fuel poverty if I may just make progress fuel poverty in particular and again I can furnish him with many of the details of what we're doing to address that but he's right to say that Orkney has a particular problem and I thought his points were made on housing insulation and regulations as well in terms of the Crown Estate which Andy Wightman had mentioned I have to say yet figured out the answer to his riddle and I will furiously go back and google it when I have the chances to do so but on the Crown Estate I do refer him to our manifesto a commitment about island communities receiving the full revenues from the Crown Estate assets around their shores and having a greater say in how the assets of a Crown Estate are managed and I also bear in mind what has been agreed in the Smith commission as well so when it comes to the pilot that has been proposed by the three Holland Island councils I'm entering into very constructive discussions with them and I'm having those constructive discussions with my colleague the cabinet secretary for the environment as well if I can turn to Rhoda Grant's contribution and the Labour contributions that were made I can say there's much in the Labour amendment that we could agree with that I want to give some reassurances on if I could firstly that I accept that more has to be done I'm not saying that we've made progress and that's the end of it there always has to be progress I think that's absolutely correct and I want to give her that reassurance she was absolutely right that island communities should be more involved in decision making on transport links and I can assure her that we are doing that as evidenced by the consultation that we've taken forward on ferry fares and the reduction of those ferry fares to the northern islands and also for what we're doing in terms of the address to Broaddick service that has been mentioned by a number of members here the consultation, the staggy style appraise that we're taking forward will allow communities to directly input into what service they want to see the reason why I can't accept Labour's amendment would be the same reason than I can't accept the Conservative amendment when it comes to what they're saying about Highlands and Islands Enterprise yes, I entirely agree that Highlands and Islands Enterprise has done some great work we have partnered them, we have funded them we have supported them in that work as well and let's not forget that without this Government's funding alongside with HIA there would be no fibre broadband anywhere in Scotland the point is we have committed to retain Highlands and Islands Enterprise that is the very point that my colleague the Cabinet Secretary Keith Brown has started phase 2 let me just finish and make this point if I can has had that discussion on phase 2 which will look at the board moving forward and the representatives, the chairs of Claryg of HIE, the chairs of the agencies were at that meeting about phase 2 so what we want to do is have streamlining what we want to do is have alignment across Scotland why should skills development Scotland not benefit from the great expertise of Highlands and Islands Enterprise of course it should so what people want to see on the ground is local service delivery that will be maintained in that board but of course I will give way to the ground does he not believe that the board has influenced that a board grounded and rooted in its community will bring forward proposals and indeed actions that benefit that local community I mean he has often said he comes from Glasgow he is not an expert well can I tell him that people who come from out with the Highlands and Islands will not be experts with the expertise making the decisions that affect us phase 2 that we are taking forward of the review will engage with the agencies and their existing boards and draw on that advice from other experts in developing and consulting on the detailed scope of the functions for that new statutory board so look we have and we are listening we are taking forward this review including to bringing forward the chairs of the various enterprise agencies to inform that but what matters to businesses on the ground is the local delivery and that local delivery will absolutely be maintained and the reason why I can't accept the Conservatives amendment is for that very purpose I mean I am finding it hard to swallow that the Conservatives care what happens to HIE when all of the work that is supported is threatened by Brexit you know all of the jobs the businesses the projects that are supported by HIE that is absolutely affected and the biggest threat they face is through Brexit so I in this government are totally committed to supporting and strengthening Scotland's Isles we have an ambitious programme of action to create a lasting and enduring framework which will support and act as a catalyst to ensure the continued wellbeing of our island communities will work with all local interests particularly the island strategic group where we have to we will always listen do our best to act across the chamber when it comes to the islands bill and we will look to incorporate that when it comes to phase 2 in the review of the enterprise agencies and there have been many other issues that have been discussed which we will reflect on and I will look forward to working with members across the chamber when we bring forward this islands bill which will be historic island bill and the communities on our islands deserve no better than us working together working collaboratively for those who live on our islands and I'm pleased to move the motion in my name Presiding Officer Before we conclude I just asked Mr Whiteman whether he's going to give the chamber the answers to his riddle that he asked earlier Presiding Officer the answer is actually in Marie Todd's constituency in fact it's in the Loch that she's named after on one of the islands Love the Loch Marie Loch Marie and that concludes on supporting and strengthening Scotland's communities there are four questions to be put as a result of today's business the first question is that amendment 2686.2 in the name of Donald Cameron which seeks to amend motion 2686 in the name of Humza Yousaf on supporting and strengthening Scotland's island communities be agreed or well agreed we're not agreed we'll move to a vote and members may cast their votes now the result of the vote on the amendment from Roder Grant is yes 53 no 61 there was one abstention and the amendment is therefore not agreed the next question is the amendment 2686.4 in the name of Roder Grant which seeks to amend the motion in the name of Humza Yousaf be agreed or well agreed we're not agreed we'll move to a vote and members may cast their votes now the result of the vote on the amendment from Roder Grant is yes 53 no 61 the next question is the amendment 2686.1 in the name of Liam McArthur which seeks to amend the motion in the name of Humza Yousaf be agreed or well agreed we're not agreed again we'll move to a vote and members may cast their votes now the result of the vote on the amendment in the name of Liam McArthur is yes 26 no 62 there were 28 abstentions the amendment is therefore not agreed the final question is that motion 2686 in the name of Humza Yousaf on supporting and strengthening Scotland's island communities be agreed or well agreed we're all agreed and that concludes decision time I close this meeting of parliament


Yeah, I mean now things are changing where where what had been Celebrated and encouraged is now getting suppressed and there's nowhere left for men to go You know, they only had the masculine young and now that's out of bounds too. So now what you know It's only like the feminine that is permissible or this kind of wishy-washy in between state this this Degenderized You know Like nothing state where then you have the no polarity with your partner either if they're not allowed to come out in In a healthy way. They come out in a distorted way the the So the masculine young if it is thwarted and contained it will burst out explosively with tremendous damage the feminine in you were talking about the feminine in now, that's not allowed either like your your kind of written off if you want to play with your dollies and want to be nurturing and and You know don't want to be out striving and contending in the world. What's wrong with you? You must Have been suckered by the patriarchy or something like that like so That if that is denied if that impulse is denied and maybe it's more and some and less than others But if it's denied what distorted way does that come out? I Don't know but maybe a clue is that something like one in four or one in five women today in America or on antidepressants so that is like a deep passivity that is you know attempted to medicate it away, but but The The energy will express itself in one way or another It's unstoppable the War against the self Always fails So you get yeah a distorted version of what is denied healthy expression


Hi everyone, thanks for joining me. I'm going to present an open source tool that flags malicious and other risky open source dependencies in your software supply chain. So hang tight. I'm Ashish. I hold PhD in computer science from John Latek. I work at Osvid as a cyber security researcher and we are developing tools to mitigate open source supply chain attacks. Today open source software is another de facto standard way of building digital apps and services. Modern open source software is actually distributed as packages on package managers. Examples of popular package managers include NPM, PIPI, MVGNs. For example, PIPI hosts over 300,000 Python packages and receive millions of data downloads. However, bad actors can carry out supply chain attacks by publishing a malicious package and propagating malware in these package managers. This is evident by several recent incidents. According to a recent study, software supply chain attacks have actually tripled in 2021 and these attacks have been carried out on all ecosystems NPM, PIPI, MVGNs, no ecosystem has been spared. So the question is how do you defend against these attacks? Well, security is a shared responsibility and we must all do our part. For example, developers and package managers can adopt two factor authentication to protect against account hijacking. Here at open source summit we talked about names, coding, we talked about exciting packages and comrades and espons. Unfortunately, these measures fall short. For example, this diagram is taken from Salsa, a popular software supply chain security framework from Google. And as you can see, an attacker can target your software developer workflow at various steps. And while it can protect against other threats, it cannot protect you against compromised packages. For example, typosquadding. typosquadding is an attack where an attacker would deliberately publish a package and name it after a popular package in the hope that OKLS or an inexperienced developer would type the wrong name and that's how they would install malware. Another example would be a disk frontal maintainer. We recently saw this in case of a testware NPM package. Therefore, we must analyze package code and make it before using it. However, this is easier said than done. Manual vetting can be infeasible because a package can have hundreds of dependencies if you direct it transitive. Which is why we have developed a tool called package. It can semi automate your package vetting. Specifically, it looks for risky code and meta data attributes that make a package vulnerable to supply chain attacks. It carries out static analysis, dynamic analysis, as well as meta data analysis to look for these risky attributes. We have derived a set of risky attributes by studying 650 malicious packages that have been discovered in the past by the community. And we started as an academic research at Georgia Tech. The tool actually provides actionable insights into these activities. For example, we check if the package is old or abandoned. An old or abandoned package can be taken over by an attacker. Is the author email valid for two factor authentication? We check if the package reads files or sends data over the network. We also check if the source repo for packages is publicly available and correct. We have actually built a command line tool as well as CICD plugins for developers to use packages easily. And finally, package can be customized to your threat model to reduce alert fatigue. If you don't want package to alert you on lack of a public source repo, then it won't. You need to simply edit a file and comment that on the top. So let's see package in action. Specifically, let's audit a package called Browseify from NPM and trace the installation as well. So there's a lot going on here. So let's unpack slowly. So first thing that it does is it's going to fetch the Browseify package from NPM using NPMJS API and it found the latest version 17.0.0. Then it will check the package description and it found something. So it's going to display that. Then it's going to check for the release history and it found hundreds of versions, which is good. So you know that the package has been under development for a while and they've been stable releases. Then it's going to check the version. And here you can see the version actually 702 days old. So this could be a problem for you if you cannot accept packages that are that old, then it will alert you. Then it will check for release time gap, which is when was this version released since the prior release? And you can see that it's there been a gap of 68 days, which is good. This is to check if there was an old package and now it's been taken over by an attacker and there's a certain drastic development activity after a long time. Then it's going to check for the author and author email. In this case, the author email domain has been expired. So it could potentially be taken over by an attacker. So this is a risk. Finally, it will check other attributes, attributes such as the home page. And then it will jump to provenance, which is looking for public availability of source code repo. And in this case, it found one on GitHub and with over 14,000 stars and over 1200 folks. And you can see this repo is original, it's not forked. So which is good. And then you can look at the repo description and compare the package description. So browser side require the node way and the repo says the same thing. Browser side requires the node JS way. So you can know that this is a correct repo. Finally, there have been a number of comments and contribution, which is good. No CVs were found. CV information is actually fetched by querying OSV database maintained by Google. Then it will check for number of dependencies. In this case, if it's more than 30, you can change just the threshold. Finally, it's going to download the package. In this case, it's just 163 kb. And it'll analyze the package using static analysis. And it found the three permissions are needed. It will decode some code on the fly. And it requires code generation. So it will generate new code. And it will also access your file. So if these pose a risk to you, then package tool is going to alert you. It also checked for number of files and functions. So that way you know that there are no native extensions, no executables. And finally, it'll install the package and trace code. And it found five process 1.3.0 files and 22 network system calls. That means it's going to access file. It's going to perform network operations and also spawn processes. So if these are risks to you, you can you can take a deeper look. The complete report has been generated here. And overall, the package may be undesirable for you. So it's for you to take a look at these risks identified by the tool. So it has narrowed down from manual vetting to a couple of code lenses. Hopefully. Let's look at the CI CD example. So we do have a GitHub Action plugin that will detect weak links in your supply chain. This is an example. If you include the action, it's available on GitHub Marketplace. It will generate a security scan report for you. In this case, it was created for workflow run 21 on this commit and 15 issues are found with dependency, and then you can click for details. Like I said, you can customize package according to your threat model by editing package.yaml. In this example, you can see if you don't care about old and or abandoned packages, you can simply disable this, right once enabled. And you can customize to your threat model. We actually use the package to perform continuous vetting of high pi packages over 330,000 packages have been, have been analyzed and we found over 70 malicious packages and they've been reported. Some of the recent findings include this. And you can go to this website, package.dev, which is our website in slash malware to look at details. That's it. But thank you for attending the talk. Package source code is hosted on GitHub and we are accepting code contributions. Like I said, there are millions of pre-voted packages and security reports available for free at package.dev. And it's powered by Oslate. You could send your questions comment at oslate.com. Thanks.


It's super, super fast. I really would ever like gun it to full speed. The whole board is supposed to light up around the whole edges of the deck. But only half of it does. For only like $100 more, you can get the same thing, but which is like tons more range. Like I think only like maybe like 10 miles more range, which is actually a lot on an e-skate. All the belts snapped on this board. I think it was like three different belts and all three belts snapped. It's probably ridden at like maybe a hundred miles. It's been out of commission for like a month. Besides that guys, the speed's really nice. The ESC is really nice. It's very responsive. It works very good, no issues. It's charged like a normal ESC. The voltage jump actually wasn't that very bad on this board. It rarely, rarely happens. I just came from the backfire hammer where the voltage jump was like, I mean, way more often. Probably about double or triple as often as a normal board. I really liked this board. My mind is the issue of belt drives. Like it never had any issues with those hub motors. So one thing, you don't have to replace anything. They just work. It's like, and they're inside the wheel. It just makes all the sense to the world. So.


Are smart contracts agreed upon, or are they more of a saying, this is how I function? If you want to interact with me, you have to follow these rules. Gabriel, I think part of the challenge here is the word smart contract. For many people, this is very confusing. The word smart contracts themselves lead people to believe that this is somehow a contract. A contract as in the undersigned, I, Andrea Santonoblos, agree upon presentation of a receipt for the delivery of oranges to pay $3 to Gabriel Gomez, etc., etc., and that they have some kind of contractual element to them. They're called smart contracts, but effectively they're not smart and they're not contracts.  They're programs that have things like, if the input is 3 and the date is x, then do y. These little programs are not particularly smart. In fact, they're not smart at all. They will follow the rules exactly as written in the software. If you don't account for all possible inputs that might enter your smart contract, you can have bugs, problems, or unanticipated situations. You can also not account for anything that's happening in the real world. Again, we talked about the Oracle problem. In the past, people had suggested that you could have smart contracts that control the renting out of an apartment. They would automatically collect payment and manage insurance so that you can rent an apartment... in the form of Airbnb, which is a known company for private apartment rentals. The question I always ask in those cases is, okay, how do you account in the smart contract for the fact that the next morning... the guests found someone drowned in the pool, floating face-down? Life has exceptions. You're not going to write in the smart contract what happens with the insurance payment... if someone drowns in the pool, or if someone trashes the house, or if they set fire to it, or whatever else might happen in the real world. Once you have smart contracts like that that are successful, these problems tend to arise. Gabriel, to answer your question, smart contracts are not agreed upon. Really, there are software programs. Someone wrote that. In many cases, for different types of applications that you might want to engage in on the Ethereum network, there is more than one option. For example, if you wanted to build a token and you wanted to make it compatible with the ERC-20, or you wanted to do a crowd sale, there are 25 different implementations of that.  Essentially, you're agreeing to that software, and you'd better understand how it's going to execute. The truth is that most people don't really know how that contract is going to execute. They haven't read the code, and even if they had read the code, very few people really understand all of the possibilities that can arise in software and all of the potential vulnerabilities. A perfect example of that is the Dow. A lot of people invested money in the Dow. They thought they knew what the Dow could and couldn't do, and a tiny minority of the people who put money into it actually read the code. Even those people who read the code didn't understand the very subtle re-entrancy bug that existed that led to a loss. Again, you don't agree to a contract. You run the software, you choose which software to run, and hopefully you understand how that software is going to work.  In the end, most of the security and understanding of what the contract will do comes from maturity. It comes from having this run thousands of times for long periods of time, with lots of money at stake, have people try to attack it and fail, and if it's still stable and exactly what you think it will do, then you can put a bit more trust into this software. Sure, it will follow the consensus rules. Sure, the software will run as written, but it is very difficult to know what as written means. What is your opinion of humanly readable, legally binding smart contracts? Well, there is a really big problem with reconciling how we do law in the real world versus what a smart contract does in code. English, and as such any other human language, is ambiguous, it's vague, it's very difficult to write something in English that has only one interpretation. The entire basis of law is about interpretation. Over time, legal contracts have matured over particular tests, so that everybody knows why there is a comma before the end in that particular clause, probably because there is a long legal case where someone got sued over the exact meaning of that Oxford comma. For example, every single word you see in an English legal contract that has a basis in English common law usually has a meaning that is very well-established.  The reason we want smart contracts to operate in code, in smart contract language such as Solidity, Viper, or any of the other smart contracts languages, is because that kind of programming language can be made to be much more precise and much less ambiguous than English. That is the advantage of smart contracts. Making them human-readable is a problem, because if humans are able to read them, they may assume what they are reading means, something in English or whichever other language, but what the code actually does is something else. Reconciling those two, what you think it is going to do with what it is actually going to do, is a hellishly difficult problem. Also, whether a smart contract is legally binding, making a software program legally binding isn't really that interesting, important, or difficult. You can write a paper contract that connects to the code contract that you've put in a blockchain and bind yourself with another person to that. The bottom line is that in all of these cases, if there is a discrepancy between what the code did and what you think you signed up for, you are going to take someone to court. When you take someone to court, even if the payment has already been made and it is irreversible on an immutable blockchain, the judge can reverse it.  Unless smart contracts are executed between entirely anonymous people who have perfect opsec, managed to never reveal their identity and interact entirely in virtual items without any access to the real world, there will always be interference from the law, because people live within jurisdictions. This is one of the challenges. Yes, and Justice makes a great point, which is that persons' sale value are ambiguous and have still been legally challenged, and they are still challenged today. They will never be completely unambiguous. We have thousands and thousands of cases that tell us what can and cannot be considered a person. Many of those have enough precedent behind them to have weight, but we are changing society at the same time. Does a self-driving car count as a person in the driving code? Does Alexa, if she places an order for you online, count as a person in commercial law? We don't know yet, and these things are going to lead to more challenges and definitions about exactly what that means and when you can use those terms. The ambiguity that exists in human language and the interpretation that exists in law are not bugs. These are the features of the legal system. That is how the legal system works.