Piers Morgan, anti-vegan TV presenter, who I've had a couple of debates with over the years, has one trick in the bag when it comes to debating vegans. Hypocrisy arguments. Whenever you mention the severe and sustained mass killing and rights violations committed against animals for an unjustifiable reason, he'll say something like...  Or they fly in billions of bees to create your almonds and avocados. And in that process, several billion bees get murdered. Or, you know what's also a leading cause of climate crisis? Planes which carry vast amounts of your avocados and your almonds from California and fly them thousands of miles to your table here in your vegan cafes. I don't often speak about the environment as veganism is an animal rights movement, but beans found some interesting facts that I couldn't help but share. So it's not just Piercy Boy who uses this argument. You can sometimes find local meat advocates deploying this argument, too. It usually goes something like this. My local meat is better for the environment than the avocados that vegans fly from across the world. Of course, this is just an appeal to hypocrisy fallacy rather than a genuine argument, because if they believed that to be a concern, they would just not eat beef, dairy, or avocados to help the environment, but in reality, they eat them all. Besides being an appeal to hypocrisy, it's also just plain, empirically wrong.  The premise of the argument assumes that avocados are flown by air, which is not even true, seeing as only 0.16% of food transport is done by plane. The vast majority are actually transported by ocean freight shipping, which is the method of transporting cargo loaded onto vessels by sea. These cargo ships are incredibly efficient emitting around six grams of CO2 per tonne per kilometer, which is about 70 times less than air freight. In other words, the emissions of ocean shipping one kilograms of avocados from Mexico to the UK would amount to 50 grams of CO2, which is a staggering 1,200th of a percent of local beef emissions. You could literally ship a kilogram of avocados from Mexico to the UK 50 times back and forth, which would spoil the avocados, but it would still be more environmentally friendly than local beef. Now for fun, let's assume that all avocados were transported by airplane for some reason. Air freight emits around 435 grams of CO2 per tonne per kilometer. Local beef emits about 99.48 kilograms of CO2 per kilogram. So based on these numbers, if you took a kilogram of Mexican avocados and flew them to the UK, you would emit 3.7 kilograms of CO2, which is about 1.30th of what it takes to produce just one kilogram of local beef. So basically, you could fly these avocados to the UK and back 10 times for fun, and it would still not be as bad for the environment as eating local beef. From perspective, the record for the longest ever fly is a little under twice that distance at 15,349 kilometers. This would still emit less carbon than local beef. So to recap, avocados are not flown over on planes. They are mainly shipped across in boats, which emits such a tiny amount of carbon that it hardly registers compared to beef emissions. But even if we were to air freight avocados, resulting in about 70 times more emissions, 1 kilogram of avocados would still only amount to about 3% of the CO2 emissions when compared to 1 kilogram of local beef. So next time you're here, old mate Peerzy Boy use this argument to an environmentally conscious vegan, send him this video. Always remember, veganism is about animal rights, but it's always good to have a decent response in your arsenal for other topics as well. Thanks again to Beans for the research, and I'll see you all in the next video.


Hey, this is Brett, and this 2020 Jeep Wrangler 4-Door Sport S is stock number 23J67A. I am here at Summit Automotive in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, your new and used Jeep and Jeep Wrangler headquarters. This 2020 Jeep Wrangler Sport S has the 3.6-liter Pentastar V6 engine. It's paired up with the 8-speed automatic transmission. This Jeep has been fully-safetyed and inspected by our service shop. It has a fresh oil and filter change. All the fluids have been checked and topped off, and it is 100% ready to go. I'm going to go all the way around in this video, inside, underneath, start it up, and take a look under the hood to give you the most accurate representation of the vehicle possible. Billet silver is the color, and I shoot all my videos in 4K, so if you have HD capabilities turn them on now, because it is your best way to check out the quality condition options and cleanliness of the vehicle before seeing it in person. If you like the video, you can subscribe to my YouTube channel, which is youtube.com. Click the bell notifications, you'll get updates on the videos I do each and every day, as well as access to one of the largest vehicle walk-around catalogs on YouTube. This one comes with the painted alloy wheels, and it has Bridgestone Duler AT tires. These are 24575R17s, and they have a really good amount of tread left. I'd say 60%, 70% of the tread left on those tires. Frame and underbody is in really nice, clean condition. This is a one-owner clean title history out of Wisconsin. Front fender is in great shape, no major dents or dings on there. You get the factory fog lights, no major dents or dings or scuffs on that front bumper. The grille is in nice shape, and the hood is in fantastic condition. I didn't see any major dents, dings, or corrosion on there. Passenger side front fender looks really good, passenger side front wheel, no major scuffs or scrapes. And as you go down this side of this 2020 Jeep Wrangler 4-Door Sport S, take note of how clean that body is, how reflective and mirror-like that paint is. I take these HD videos so if you are far away or even if you're close by, just cannot make the trip down, but you're still interested in purchasing the vehicle, you can see the Jeep, hear the Jeep, and have confidence in the vehicle that you're looking at before you even get here. So when you do get here, there's absolutely no surprises, and you can make a smart and informed buying decision from wherever you're at. If this video helps you make that buying decision, let us know that you saw the video, it was helpful, that Brett sent you. Back wheel is in excellent shape, and the back tires have just as much tread as the front tires, if not a little bit more. Remembering on your body, looks pretty good. These are some really nice step bars, I wouldn't be surprised if they're Mopars. Back fenders in great shape, the hard top is in excellent condition, I didn't see any major scuffs or scrapes on that. And coming around to the back of the vehicle, rear bumper is in great shape, it does have a towing package, which includes a receiver hitch four pin and seven pin wiring, no denser dings on this rear bumper. Back storage area is very clean, those seats do fold down for extra storage. Get these hard tops off, you've got four bolts on each side, two quick disconnects we actually did a demo on how to take your hard top off, if you want to check that out, that's linked in the description below as well as in the upper right hand part of the screen. You've got spots for those door hinge, roof, and windshield bolts, and extra storage right there which is really nice. The seven slots on the tailgate there, and then you get the JL badge right there with two door, four door wheel base and overall length as well as water 40 capabilities. These doors shut nice and smoothly, and down this side, hard top looks great, and for full disclosure this back wheel, no major scuffs or scrapes on there. Once again down the rest of the side of the vehicle, the doors look really good. Door hinges are in pretty nice shape, I always want to look at those. You get the heated mirrors on the inside, or the power heated mirrors inside the Sport S package gives you the black cloth interior, there are no major rips or tears on the seats, they are in really nice shape. You do get side airbags on the Wranglers now, factory floor mats, auto headlamps, power locks, and power windows. They're hop inside, check out the miles, the radio, and everything that this Jeep has to offer on the interior. You can see that this one has 18,464 miles, you do get the digital speedometer right there and cement cluster is very nice and clean. Comes with the leather wrapped steering wheel, cruise controls on the right, Bluetooth and information center controls on the left, and there's no major wear on that steering wheel. It looks really good. So it comes with the UConnect seven inch radio, AM, FM, and Sirius XM radio capabilities. You have your climate controls on here as well, and you can check out your backup cam, that's HD now. And the other thing with this radio is it has projection where you can project your cell phone to the screen via Android Auto or Apple CarPlay, so while it doesn't have the factory navigation system on it, you can project your cell phone up there with Waze or Google Maps and it's like you have Navra in the screen. We actually did a demo on Android Auto, if you want to check that out, that's with an A4, same system, just a little bit bigger radio, that's in the upper hand part of the screen. Down here is your push button start. Your climate controls, including your dual climate controls, your start stop capabilities, stability control, downhill sys control, and screen off and mute, keyless entry with remote start, which is nice, power windows, and this one has the AUGS USB and USB-C hookup for auxiliary switches, which comes with that tow package, eight speed automatic transmission, and your 4x4 shifter. This one also has the flipper key, which is pretty sweet. Other things to note on the Sport S package, you get the mineral gray dash trim, which is always really good looking. Passengers side format and seat are in excellent condition, I don't think this vehicle's ever been smoked in. And the front hard top pieces are in nice shape, you also have home link buttons for your garage door security systems and lighting systems. I did want to show you the back seats real quick before we started up and take a look under the hood. The back seats are just as clean as the front seats, no rips or tears back here, it does have the latch child safety system for any child car seats you may have.  And these headrests stay down, so when nobody's riding back there, you get better visibility out the back. Got safety locks on the back doors. We'll start it up and take a look under the hood. Starts right up, no check engine lights or anything like that. I would personally like to thank you for checking out the video today, and hopefully from this HD video you've been able to verify the quality, condition options, and of course cleanliness of this Wrangler all the way around inside and out. Under the hood we have the 3.6 liter Pentastar V6 engine, engine bay is very clean, it's very smooth, 285 horse, 260 foot pounds of torque. Once again this Jeep has been fully safe and inspected by our service shop, has a fresh oil and filter change, all the fluids have been tracked and topped off. And this one is 100% ready to go, there's the emissions sticker. I would highly recommend this Jeep from a quality and condition standpoint, and then whoever gets it's going to love the options, love the condition. To see more pictures of this Jeep or one of other 550 new new cars, trucks, SUVs, minivans, Wranglers, you name it we got to go to that website right there, summitauto.com, full pictures and descriptions of every single vehicle all at summitauto.com. And if you'd like to check out more HD videos you can go to youtube.com slash summitauto. Click the bell notifications, you'll get updates on the videos I do each and every day here at Summit Auto Mode, in fact in a second you will see a link to subscribe and my YouTube channel on the upper left, a link to more Wrangler videos that have done in the upper right, a link to this vehicle on our website on the lower left, and a link to one of our latest YouTube videos on the lower right, click those check us out, we're super excited to help you with this Ultra Clean 2020 Jeep Wrangler 4-Door Sport S in Billet Silver Metallic. Thanks again for checking out the video, remember to like, subscribe and share on the YouTube channel, I really appreciate it, thanks again.


When I first met Radhika, I knew that Anand has found his soulmate, his perfect companion. And I found another daughter who shares my love for dance and, of course, my love for my son. Radhika, we welcome you with open hearts and arms as a Ambani beti. You are not just Anand's partner, but a cherished daughter, sister, masi, kaki, mami and the light of all our lives. And Anand, you are God sent to all of us. My heart bursts with love and pride for you.


The Tiger, Financial News Network. Update. Hi everyone, Basel Chapman off to the Tommy Jr. show, the market kickoff at 9 o'clock. I'm coming here at 10 o'clock, a great show I'm coming in. At 10 o'clock for the Tiger Financial News Network, market update, Dow's down 85 for 32,640. After the payroll account that was really high that should have knocked the market down. The Dow should be down 380 to 420 right now with the S&P down 40 to 50. And in fact what we are is we're down 84 points because this cluster formation here, you remember in the chapter where we're always looking for a peak, that's where other things can happen. That's where you can take a little time to kind of digest the gains and kind of reinstate any potential upside action or that's where it starts to fail. So it's a very critical moment. We're looking at the S&P. The day is young and I suspect that there will be some further negativity over the day but there could be some surprise balances. The S&P down 21 and 41.30 stomped out to 41.07 is holding really well earlier on before the news came out at 8.30 Eastern time. Got a peak. What's the objective in the chapter? We have to get you to the fourth highest peak. We're there. Then other things need to kick in. Where are we in the weekly chart? We're at the Chapman Wave inside track repellent zone. I'll be talking about these and teaching them both. I'll be doing it in my Tiger Financial, my Tiger Technicians Hour coming up straight after this as well as my Wednesday webinar, all-day webinar with the Chapman Wave techniques. Check it out. Front page of TFN. Looking at the QQQ trading right now down 3.5 and 3.20.85. A leg E almost at the 200-period exponential moving average. Took really nice profits in one of the just a little bit of a position in one of our two positions here on the QQQs and the positions that we have. We're looking at the IWM Russell 2000. Nice green candle but it's still down. It's down 4 cents at 189. Look at gold. Gold was acting really well yesterday and then all of a sudden it gives back a chunk but it's still making higher highs and higher lows. Is this the big move that's going to go much higher? I'll talk about it when we get back for the Tiger Technicians Hour. Check out my opening call, my dating newsletter. We've had some really good positions and I'll be talking about short-term positions as well as soon as we get back for my Tiger Technicians Hour. I'll show you live what was going on in the E-mini and I hope you have a great weekend. Check out the front page of TFNM for my webinar coming up on Wednesday.


So, what is the benefits of this and what the disadvantages? First let's look at the disadvantage for specific workloads which have many rights to one file involved. Many rights to one huge file involved. Copy and write has disadvantages because you very often replace one block in between of the huge size and you create the fragmentation on a fragmentation on the disk and this is one of the disadvantages all copy and write file systems share. So it's not only ButterFS but also all file systems which use copy and write have this issue. On the other hand you have advantages which are relevant why we are looking at copy and write file systems. One is that you have efficient storage because if you have copy and write you can design the right patterns according to this copy and write functionality. You can do deduplication on the disk because you have information about these blocks, how they are changed. You always have multiple versions of these blocks on the disk and then you can run deduplication attached to these. You can synchronize and if a file deviates then just another new copy is created. Based on the copy and write you can implement snapshotting on the disk, snapshots directly in the file system and to enable this and this is also one of the benefits in ButterFS that you have directly attached to the blocks of data and metadata. You have integrity checks and these integrity checks are also used for building the tree internally to ButterFS and so you have this beyond what is possible with journaling. Come to that point later on when we talk about XFS a bit. Now let's come to our question that I started with. What does this and this have in common and what is this relevant for our topic here? This is obviously cows, copy and write and cow. You see the similarity in the naming. This is butter very obviously and this is a bee tree. The construction of a bee tree is a very simple one. If you go online you find where these pictures come from so it's from Wikipedia or my own. Now we have butter, we have cow. Cows produce milk, you produce butter from milk and this is why butter comes from the cow and this is why ButterFS comes from cow and why we say ButterFS. So that's the right pronunciation and this is how the inventor of ButterFS explained it to me because butter comes from the cow, it is called ButterFS. Not better FS, not bee tree FS, it's ButterFS. Very simple to remember. Let's look at the main features and concepts of ButterFS. The first one is extents so this is how the blocks are organized on the disk. Extents is nothing special to ButterFS, also other file systems use extents. We already talked about copy on write as a major principle of ButterFS and based on these copy on write we also have snapshots which I will demonstrate and talk about later. Sorry for that. The concepts underlying of ButterFS is the bee tree, I already talked about this. So everything, every organizational structure in ButterFS is using bee trees and the benefit of this is that you only implement a bee tree infrastructure and bee tree algorithms once and reuse them for everything that you do. You use it for free blocks, free block list, for meta data blocks, for data lists and the whole file system is organized around these bee trees as we have seen part of the name. Another concept which is important to have in mind is that you have something called subvolumes. A subvolume as a simple imagination is a file system within the file system. So however it looks like a directory. So imagine a directory in your file tree, in your tree of the file system but it is not really a directory but at this point in time which you access like a directory a new file system begins, so a new set of these trees I was just talking about. Virtually mounted into, so you don't see that it is mounted but you can also work with this like a mounting point. I already talked about meta data and data. We have a separation of meta data and data in all file systems. The organization here is important because meta data integrity is important for the survival of the ButterFS file system. It has one interesting feature in this data construction and this is that from every extent back to the inode you have also a pointer in the file system. Normal file systems have a top down architecture. You have an inode and then you have a list of blocks or extents and from top down you have a pointer to your extent or to your block. In ButterFS you also have back pointers. So that from every point of data on the disk you can find out where it belongs to and that's one of the reliability functionality and features of ButterFS that it makes use of in case it would crash. It hopefully never does though. Let's go back to this overview. We have as I said XFS, XT4 and ButterFS as the primary file systems which are currently promoted by distributions, people, companies and so on. We have in the market XT2 and XT3 and RyzeFS as well. Both are not bad file systems. Please don't misunderstand me. They are just not as modern anymore and don't have all the functionality that people need. In the announcement of this presentation we also said that we would go down and describe how to choose the right file system. Now a preface to that. I had the option and I thought about that to give you benchmarks or overviews of benchmarks and I decided not to do so. The reason for that is that every benchmark is wrong for you. And the reason is that a benchmark always has to be done in the context of the storage, the hardware and the workload that it should run to. There are artificial benchmarks, yes, but those artificial benchmarks or synthetic benchmarks are not always the right thing to do. So my advice, before you choose a file system, do a benchmark with your application in your environment and then you may decide. From a SUSE perspective, and this is what I'm talking about, we have a preference, we have experience and this is what we build the following slide on. If you choose a file system, then let's first look where you come from. Is it a new file system that you want to create or is it an existing file system? If it is a new file system, your next question is where do you want to use this file system for? So that's what I call the purpose. Is it for the operating system? In this case, ButterfS is what we prefer and what we suggest people to use today already and obviously also in our next major release of the enterprise product and also sometime in open SUSE when the community agrees to that step. If you have data, then you have to, the choice, do you want to do snapshots or didn't you want to do snapshots? In that case that you want to do snapshots, obviously you have to do ButterfS if you are not using other technologies like storage-based snapshots or device-mapper-based snapshots. If you don't want to do snapshots, then our advice is to use XFS. I will come in the next minute to reasoning for this choice. Now let's talk about file system. When you don't have a new file system, then it is a question of which type of file system you already have deployed in your infrastructure and there are three options. You have XFS already, you might stay with that. It's a very good choice. You have deployed XT2, 3 or 4. Then we are back to the question, do you want snapshotting, sorry, you have Ryzer FS. In the case of Ryzer FS I will, we suggest to convert and I will come to that later, sorry. If you have XT2, 3 and 4, you have the question again if you want to do snapshotting or not. If not, just stay with what you have. If you want to have snapshots on XT2, 3 or 4 file system, you can go the conversion way and also use ButterFS going forward. I will demonstrate later how this conversion works. Now I promised to talk about XFS and I also will comment if ButterFS is mature and if it is good enough to be deployed as an operating system basis for you and also for our customers. Now first why XFS is a good thing. It is very mature. It is a true UNIX file system coming from the SGI IRIS operating system, has been ported to Linux more than 10 years ago, is supported in SUSE's flavors of Linux, community and enterprise since then and we have very good experience with that together with our customers and partners who deploy it into large scales. It has a track record in performance, scalability and also in stability and it has an active development community. It got checksums on the data just recently and it also has self-identifying metadata so that if you have metadata blocks and data blocks and the file system has issues with itself you are not lost anymore and you will be able to recover the file system. This is I think enough reasons to say why XFS is the right file system for data when you are not using snapshots. Now let's go to ButterFS. It's one of these religious questions in my perspective if ButterFS is mature enough or not, if you should use it or not. We say that you can use it and that you should use it if you want to do snapshots on your operating system or if you want to have snapshots on specific data sets. However, ButterFS has many features as you see here, many functionality and it is true that a number of those functionalities are not yet ready for enterprise use. We have separated this with our kernel and file system team and there is a proposal to the upstream ButterFS community to build in an infrastructure to be able to mark those features as supported or not. The definition what is supported or not or mature or not obviously is also sometimes a feeling situation. We are confident though that those things that we list on the left side are mature and supportable and ready for everybody to use and this contains copy on write, it contains snapshots based on copy on write and it also contains the sub volume infrastructure. Also the check sums on data and metadata are an essential part of ButterFS and very mature as is the online metadata scrubbing. Scrubbing means the file system controls itself if everything is correct and if the metadata are in sync with what is found on the disk. Just recently added functionality is the manual deduplication, sorry I skipped the defrag that is also available for some time already and stable. The manual deduplication has just recently been added. It works primarily in user space. The manual in front of deduplication here sets a differentiation to automatic or deduplication. Let me describe the difference just quickly. Manual defragmentation means you have the ButterFS file system, you write it, deduplication, you write it and you will create duplicates on the disk because multiple people write the same PDF thousand times to the disk. Now if the administrator of the system decides that there is a time of low usage of the system for example, a storage system on the weekend in the company, then he can run such a manual deduplication that will slow down the file system. The file system will be mounted and accessible but certainly there will be a higher latency because the other stuff is running. Automatic deduplication happens directly when you write a file or a block to the disk and obviously slows down the overall process of storing stuff and also of receiving stuff from the file system because you always have to go through the file system, check if this is a duplicate or not and this is why we are advising not to use automatic deduplication yet. And last but not least, quota groups are also supported and supportable. This means it's the way of ButterFs to implement quotas per user or per group or so. The challenge though is, and this is why it is listed separately, that on a copy-on-write file system implementing quota is not that easy as you imagine. On a normal file system you have one file, it belongs to one person and in that case you can just measure how many blocks or how much space the specific user has used. In a copy-on-write file system potentially with deduplication happened already, this is not so clear because what happens if two people have very large files which only differentiate in 3%. So these 97% do they belong to person A or person B or do they belong to both? So that's a real challenge here to measure in the file system what the real size is that a person has. And this is why the ButterFs community has implemented quota groups, they are per subvolume where you then describe the size of the subvolume, this is what you can limit in a specific set or configuration. On the right side of not yet mature functionality there are some things which many people in the community or communities very often use and then report issues. The primary things are rate and compression. From our perspective these two functionalities are not yet ready to be used in ButterFs and we advise people not to do it. We also prevent people from doing it in our enterprise product actively so they have to active overcome a switch that they are aware that they are going on to unexplored land. So rate is really not what you want to use yet and also compression is not on a level that we say this is something that we want to support at the moment. These functionalities are already implemented in ButterFs and over time certainly this list will shorten and the list on the left side will be expanded so that we also declare stuff supported depending on where we are with testing with our partners and customers later on the customers then can be sure. That said that's the first part and now we go on copy and write and looking at what we can do with that as a practical thing. Do you have questions? Yes, yes, yes you have the same problem but at least per sub volume you can measure how much is used there. I don't know exactly, I do not know exactly the algorithm which is used to differentiate but yes you can have the same problem and I don't know exactly if they count twice or half or what they do. If you have interest you can drop me an email and I can find out how it is calculated but yes that's if you do deduplication in one file system with multiple sub volumes you definitely can have the same issue again. But you only have in this case you only have to solve it once and this is per sub volume and that's much clearer than per user which potentially has multiple files and multiple sub volumes. Thank you, good question. Other questions before I go ahead? Okay, okay. One of the first things when we talked about internally about butterfes and snapshotting was what can we do with that to manage an operating system better and we created an infrastructure called snapper which is able to plug into operating system tasks on multiple levels. So snapper is an infrastructure, it's a tool, a user land tool to manage butterfes snapshots. It can create, modify and delete such snapshots. You can roll back snapshots and you also can certainly clean up. You can also have an automated cleanup on those snapshots. It is integrated or can be integrated depending on the distribution with the package management stack. So with YAM there are patches for, Zipper is the open SUSE, SUSE is the enterprise tool chain for managing patches and packages. And it also can be integrated in the systems management stack on SUSE that is the YAST infrastructure, other people have delivered other integrations. Snapper has several parts. It has a client library. It has a daemon which plugs into the debus system. So it is a debus service which is available for every tool on the Linux system and everybody can talk to it via this debus protocol. And there is also a command line tool which I will show you soon. Snapper has its own website snapper.io and here you can download packages of snapper for all major distributions meaning Dibyan, REL, Fedora, Ubuntu, open SUSE and SUSE is enterprise. Did I forget another major? I don't hope so. If it's Qs if I forgot one. Okay. So let's first have a demonstration about snapper for administrative tasks. I'm using, as an introduction, I'm using the graphical interface to just create a user. That's the easiest one, what we can do. So I just create a user, let's say, Celestine, I think this right password doesn't matter today. So yeah, I used the wrong password, the Greek password. So now the user is created and once we have done so, we can use the graphical interface to snapper and see what has been done. We see here, Monday, it's 10.38 in the evening, that's correct, that's local time Germany. And we can see what changes have been done to the system and we see here that the group, password and shadow files have been touched and that just has created a respective copy of these. So let's look at the password file. I think that is obvious. What has been done is the user Celestine A has been added to the system, user ID 1002, group 100. I think this is obvious. So snapper gives you an overview. I could roll back now. I don't do now. We do later roll back test. Just want to show you the same thing on the command line. So snapper list gives you an overview of the tasks that have been done and that have been covered by snapper activities. You see here also pre and post. This is specific actions that snapper can pair snapshots in a way that you later can compare them. You see here the users and snapper itself as integrated in just also has gotten a snapshot. If we compare on the command line, it is called status 2 to 3. You see the same list that we have formally seen on the graphical infrastructure. And you can also ask what the difference is on the command line for the password file. Sorry. It is obvious the user Celestine has been added. Now let's roll back the whole thing. Just that you trust me. So Celestine is in, okay. Snapper undo change. Everything from 2 to 3. If we now grab Celestine, it's not anymore. The files have been rolled back and the user Celestine does not exist anymore. In this case, the user has not yet been deleted. This would have been another task to integrate. But I hope you trust me that this is what it really does. How is it done on the disk? We have specific snapshots, sub-volume in this case, where the snapshots are just stored by number. And in this there are XML information files very quick and easy, which you then may see when it has been created, what has requested the snapper to be active, and so on. I also can create snapshots on the command line very easily. Snapper create with a description of test snapper list, or with an additional, I can modify, say user data, city equals New Orleans, number six. And then you see here on the right side, city New Orleans has been added as a key value pair. You can add arbitrary key value pairs such as this, Fulmes, Celestine, can also modify that back again. Sorry again, what? I can't parse the name, the term, you can roll that into any direction. So I could also roll back what I just have done with the creation of the user. Because I have the snapshots there, I can go in any direction, let me just try. You can go in any direction with that. You have the snapshots on the disk, and then you can call out the specific state of the disk and get this. So that's what you wanted, right? Yeah, okay, good. Other questions? Yeah? Yeah? Yeah. Hardlings, hardlings, that's a good, good call out. If you have hardlings, then the number of back pointers from the extent multiply with every hardlink, yes. And this indeed has been a problem in former versions of ButterFest, it's now fixed, in the sense that if the number of needed back pointers exceeds the available space, then a new extent is used just for these back pointers. My personal thinking about this is if an application or an infrastructure uses that, huge amount of hardlings, and one really wants to use ButterFest, then it might be applicable to change the application of the environment to use reflinks instead of hardlings, because that's the way which matches with the functionality of ButterFest better than hardlings. Yes, we have, yes, we have also SUSE internal usage for massive amount of hardlings. I can confirm that. This was an issue, but it's fixed. Okay. So now the next thing is that obviously there are users using Linux on the desktop, even if people always claim that this would nobody do, but obviously I do as well. And there is, there are some requirements that you have to fulfill if you want to do that with ButterFest and Snapper included. The user's home directory has to be in a separate ButterFest subvolume so that you can apply snapshots to it. Then you need Snapper with the Bebas interface, which has been introduced earlier this year, and you need a Snapper configuration per user, where the root user has to define that this user is allowed to do snapshots on that specific subvolume. This is doable, and this is implemented in recent open SUSE and SUSE Enterprise versions. An additional benefit is, and I have to admit I'm a little bit proud of that, it's one of the few things I have programmed really in C the last years, is that you can do automated snapshotting on log in and log out via the PAM stack. And because I'm so proud about this, I will show you very easily. So I have created a user called LinuxCon here. Let's just look at this configuration. It's a Snapper configs. Yeah, home LinuxCon. And you see here, you can read that. You see here that the user allowed to do snapshots on this specific configuration is the user LinuxCon. Now we can look at the configuration of this user this way. It's relatively empty except one suspend. Okay, and if I now log in as the user LinuxCon. It's 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, by the way. Just for testing. Home LinuxCon list. Okay, so you see here that the PAM stack has jumped in. We have done a snapshot while we logged in. You see that the remote user was this and the service which issued this was SU. And it came from the physical terminal, the Toyota terminal 5. Now, obviously, the user can also create a snapshot with the description of test. And we can look at this. And if I'm log out and now I'm root again, then you see also here that we have paired this again. So we have here the snapshot 2, which is a pre. We have here the snapshot 4, which is a post. So these two things are paired. Now, when I did this, the complaint within SUSE was, okay, but nobody logs in and out anymore. Everybody snapshots. Okay, and this is why you see the suspend there. That is just a simple shell script. Then if the system suspends, just a snapshot is done. And so you can also cover this, that whenever you put your system to sleep, that you are snapshotting. Okay. Good. This is available and can be implemented everywhere where Butterfaces is available. Did this. Now, I'm product manager for a server product. And obviously the desktop use case is not of so huge interest for me. So it is more important to see also how the Butterfaces and its capabilities, snapshots and beyond can be used on server infrastructure. And one of these is that our Samba guys went down, took Snapper and Butterfaces and thought about what can we do better in the Samba infrastructure based on what we already have. And they came down with the replacement of the copy system in Samba to make it more look like a real Windows server in the back end. A traditional file copy in Samba does the following. You tell the system to copy a file. The file is copied from the disk to the Samba server, goes over the wire to the client system, the Windows system in this case, goes back to the Samba server and back to the disk. You have storage transfer and you have network transfer. Not really good. The first thing about what you can do better is that you avoid the network transfer. So the Samba server realizes, oh, something is copying locally here, but so you avoid the network transfer. Okay, that's already a big plus. The real trick is now to avoid also all the storage transfers from the storage to the Samba server and back by simply doing a copy based on so-called raffling copy in Butterfaces. So what you do is, it's a clone copy. If a server-side copy is requested, it's just cloned on the disk so that you don't have anything moving instead of a few metadata blocks or kilobyte or whatever, and you have a really fast copy transaction from your Windows system with the Samba server as a backend. That is enabled in recent Samba 4 releases. The second thing is now going to the snapper infrastructure again. So this was just Butterfaces. Now coming to the snapper infrastructure again, you use snapper as a backend to Samba to do snapshots and present them in Windows as recovery points. This is similar to what you have just seen with the snapshots on the disk or in Linux with the user or with the administrator. You can do this. Also that is implemented in recent Samba snapshots and Samba 4 upstream, where the Samba talks via the Debas interface to the snapper, doing a snapshot or receiving the snapshot data, and then being able to give the right version back to the end customer on his Windows system. On YouTube there is a video about how this works to prove also that it works. Other features, which might be in the future, other features are conversion to and from Butterfaces, more to Butterfaces, and that's my last demonstration very quickly. Convert a riser of S to Butterfaces. So first we need some file system. So that is now 256 megabytes, right? Look at riser of S. So you see now we have a loop device created, which is a riser of S file system. I just create a small text file here, which says linuxcon2030 new Orleans, and I hope you trust me that I did the right thing so you mount. Now I have my small file system here. Just do a Butterfaces, convert this one, and now I mount it again, and we check what file system this is, and now with the Butterfaces. And surprisingly what you see, if you look at this file system, then you see not only the file test or text that I have created, but you see also something called riser of S saved, and an image there. And this image is the real interesting thing on the whole operation, because if you mount this image, then you see that is a riser of S. So what happens during the conversion from riser of S to Butterfaces is that the metadata of the whole riser of S file system are concentrated and are saved in one file, which is this image. So if you are mounting this image, then you see all the metadata information that you have from the riser file system, and in fact you could also convert back from a Butterfaces file system to a riser file system. I will do that now very quickly. Butterfaces convert, and we do the mount check again, and you see it's back as a riser of S. The same also works with XT2, 3 and 4. It works in place but offline, so the file system cannot be mounted during that operation. And if you revert back what I just have done, you will lose all data that you have put on the file system while it was a Butterfaces file system obviously, because those data was not available to the riser of S before, or to the XT2, 3 and 4. Snapshot ruleback for the full system will come in the near future. We are working on patches to Grub 2, which help the Grub 2 to directly boot from a Butterfaces snapshot. So the use case for that is if people installing a new kernel, that's what most people I know fear and are anxious about, myself included, that you directly can say, okay, I want to keep the old configuration, including kernel, the init or d, the whole configuration and everything, and you can directly go back to that stage just in case the new kernel that you installed fails. That's the real thing that we are targeting for next year. And certainly we're working on stuff like how to delete the snapshots and so on. That's the real trick then, because you might create bigger tree. Data de-deplication, I already talked about. Manual de-deplication has been upstream this week, so just three days ago. This came in when the presentation already was ready, but yeah, I added it quickly. Summary is that the file system recommendation now, I hope, is a little bit more obvious why we are suggesting XFS if you don't want to do snapshotting and why we are suggesting Butterfaces specifically for the operating system, but also for data. And with that, I wish you a happy, a lot of fun to try out Butterfaces and also Snapper. Thank you. Yeah. Hi. My question is around recommendations for file systems. So you have your impressive chart that recommends which file system to use, and you recommend Butterfaces for OS and for data. But in one of your first slides, you had mentioned virtualization. Yes. And the Butterfaces is not necessarily a good file system for serving images for virtual machines. Correct. Do you have a recommendation for that purpose? Yes. There are two options that you can use, and I said here if you want snapshots or not. If you want snapshots for your virtual machines, you have to use Butterfaces, at least from our perspective. Then you have to eat the frog that it might run into fragmentation and thus slower. The other option is to use XFS directly. That would be the recommendation. There is a midway. The midway is that you can turn off the copy on write on the specific virtual machine image, losing the copy on write functionality but keeping your Butterfaces. This is also what you could do. My recommendation for storing virtual machine images, so if it's really image-based, is XFS still. But if you want snapshots, then you have the one. But the question is valid. Yes. Other question? So if you have a large, say several terabyte PAL system, has the conversion been tested on, because it's only working with metadata, does it take a very short amount of time or does it take a few hours for, say, an EXT4 file system that's of two or three terabytes? So again, for the conversion? So if you're converting from EXT4 to Butterfaces, if it's a multi-terabyte file system, is it a very slow operation or is it relatively quick? I can't give you any numbers. The real question is not the amount of data on the file system than the amount of metadata. That's the real trick. Because the metadata is converted, the data is not touched. The data remains in place and only the metadata is converted into something suitable for Butterfaces. So if you have 50 million files on it, it might take some hours. Yes? Hi. Question about snapshotting. So is there any sort of limit how many snapshots can I have? And if I have many, many snapshots, like hundreds of them, will there be any sort of performance hit? And also, is it more expensive to snapshot large file systems like multi-terabyte file systems? So the expansiveness of a snapshot does not depend on the file of the file system size, but it really depends on the amount of changes that you have done while you are snapshotting. That's the same for small and for big file systems. Rick, you have a comment? Yeah. You would not... We think that it is good to do. But yeah, okay. So the other part of the question was... Yeah, so there is no limit. The only thing with respect to the number of snapshots is, and this is what you also can control in Snapper, the number of the size of the snapshots and the additional size that you have, that you don't run out of space in the file system. Because with hundreds or thousands of snapshots and a lot of changes on your files, obviously, even if your files are small, you can run out of space quickly. Sorry? How many billion are those? Thank you. Thanks, Christoph. So how guaranteed is the instantaneousness of snapshots? Because like I'm looking at particularly, the ability to use a snapshot to make a copy of a Postgres database. I'm used to ZFS where the sort of instantaneousness of it is guaranteed by the intent log. But you're using a different method in ButterFS. Yeah. So the instantaneousness with respect to the database leads the database to be frozen. At least that's what I know, because there is no direct ability from the file system to reach to the rest of the system to freeze something. So if you want a snapshot of the database, the advice would be to put the database in the hold status. Most databases allow this. Then snapshot and then release the freeze again. It is an atomic operation from the perspective of the application, but it's not atomic enough because you never know in which state your application is in that case. Yeah. Yeah. No, that was misunderstood. Yeah, sorry. So the snapshot per se is atomic, but the amount of space that it needs, is not relative to the size of the file system, but relative to the size of the changes that you do on it. Yeah. Okay, I think we have to stop after this question. Okay, one question. Okay, thanks. As I know, some developers working on RazerFS earlier currently are involved in ButterFS development. Additionally, as I know, RazerFS features, RazerFS features and ButterFS features are common. Does it mean that ButterFS source bases on RazerFS or it is written completely from scratch? I didn't understand the question. Sorry, again? What was the question? As I know, some developers working on RazerFS currently are involved in ButterFS development. Does it mean that ButterFS source is based on RazerFS or it is completely written from scratch? It's completely written from scratch. But it's the same people. Okay, thank you. You're welcome.


Welcome back to our special discussion with Prime Minister the Honourable Alan Chastney as we look back at 2019. In this segment we devote in time to education. Prime Minister, in the last year the government has been advancing efforts to modernize the school curriculum and teaching methods. The goal, Prime Minister, as you stated in your budget address is to raise the pass rate and provide our young people with skills that will enable them to find rewarding and productive work. And we've often heard that we have a sort of mismatch when it comes to that in St. Lucia. It's also a point that the IMF made in its article for consultation report where it said that enhancing labor market performance and productivity would require a better alignment of the education system with labor market needs. So let's take a look at some of the achievements in the education sector over the last year and then we will have that full discussion on this matter. Efforts of modernizing the school curriculum and teaching methods advanced in 2019 with a student-centered approach. Education Minister Dr. Gail Rigobot revealed that the Ministry of Education had undertaken a number of initiatives that catered to that including subject specialization at the primary school level. The approach also resulted in the opening of the National Sports Academy. 33 students enrolled in the St. Lucia Sports Academy which officially launched in September. It is the first and only school on island to place focus on sporting disciplines including cricket, football and track and field along with the traditional academic subjects. Delia Charles is the principal. Too often we have spoken about one size fits all and we cannot meet the needs of the students and the talents of the students. So the Ministry of Education decided to create something new, something different and to give these children with the sporting abilities that facility where they can balance both academics and sports right there on one compound. The government of St. Lucia partnered with the Caribbean Development Bank to fund a four-year scholarship program for teachers. The program forms part of the Education Quality Improvement Project Equip which is geared towards enhancing capacity to improve teacher quality, relevance of education and instructional effectiveness across the education sector. You will have observed based on the areas highlighted that we are catering for the multiple intelligences of our students. We are moving away from a very universal and one size fits all curriculum to catering for our students who have various talents, who are gifted, who may have learning difficulties and to ensure that indeed no child is left behind. Pertra Jerson who is attending the Micro University College in Jamaica is among the 18 individuals who received scholarships in 2019. Jan Promise and myself, we are going to complete our master's in social work and counselling and we hope to come back and to implement what we've learnt. It is an area which is much needed within the education sector and we will be able to work alongside the Ministry of Education in terms of achieving the goals, overall goals of the ministry. So I am excited like I said, I'm happy and proud and again I say thanks on behalf of everyone for extending this opportunity to all of us. The Cabinet of Ministers endorsed the ICT in Education Policy and Strategy for St. Lucia 2019 to 2022. The policy framework provides structure to the implementation of plans and activities related to ICT in Education including adequate infrastructure at schools and training for teachers. To achieve this, a cooperation agreement was signed with the Republic of China Taiwan for a three-year ICT in Education project. And the ICT in Education project is to facilitate teachers to teach their students how to use this key. In addition to providing ICT equipment for five selected primary and secondary schools in St. Lucia, the ICT Education project will focus on the capacity building for seed teachers to design courses, model and apply ICT into their ordinary teaching program through a series of training workshops. The governments of St. Lucia and Cuba also strengthened collaboration in education. An agreement with the Ministry of Education and the Cuban government paved the way for bilateral cooperation in the field of youth adult literacy through the application of the Yes I Can program and curriculum design implementation. We have been engaging with the Cuban government and our system ministry in particular with respect to curriculum review in the area of mathematics and literacy. And last year you will recall that we had some dialogue on the Yes I Can project which we wish to replicate here in St. Lucia. And today's activity signals the express commitment on the part of both governments to see that this project does come to fruition. Beside all the areas in which we have a cooperation right now between both governments, now we are ready to work in the field of education. And we are ready for that. Particularly this year, and taking into consideration that in some days that will be the 40th anniversary of the independence of St. Lucia and in some months that will be the 40th anniversary of our bilateral relationship we symbolically give very importance to this agreement because we give the opportunity to strengthen the cooperation in a particular field like education which is very important for the future. Following the official signing, the Yes I Can program was launched in Canaries. The Community ICT Access Center was also rebranded as an Innovation and Career Development Center. The Ministry in collaboration with the Caribbean Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics Organization CARISSTEM hosted a week-long series of workshops in the use of Raspberry Pi devices for Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics Learning. The overall goal was to introduce the Raspberry Pi as a platform to integrating technology in the classroom. So this is a very important step we are taking because we want to be able to integrate more of these technologies in learning in general but also to give young people, our students a window into the future into what the potential is for career opportunities that may lie ahead. The Ministry provided continued support to the Sir Arthur Lewis Community College in 2019. The institution in a renewed thrust commissioned the new home for the Department of Health Sciences as it prepares to offer the Bachelor of Science degree in Nursing. The dedicated space, the lab space is necessary, are necessary for not just cognitive learning but the honing of technical skills which is necessary in the nursing profession. We are grateful to the Ministry of Education for allowing the College the use of this building to add to our growing number of offerings as we continue to meet our mandate of providing quality education for this institution public. We thank the Ministry for its continued support in realizing our objectives as a tertiary institution. But I must applaud the Board for recognizing that still more had to be done and had to be done with greater urgency. And that is why my colleagues at the Ministry and other stakeholders agreed that perhaps it would make good sense to afford you the opportunity to use what was previously known as the Camdo Building. Twenty-five officers underwent training to serve and protect students, teachers and staff within school compounds. The initiative is a collaborative effort of the Ministry of Education, Innovation, Gender Relations and Sustainable Development and the Royal St. Lucia Police Force. It is paramount that we provide our officers with the kind of training that would allow them to perform their jobs effectively and also to allow them to protect themselves and school property. The Ministry also pursued an initiative called the Model Safe Schools Program. The Gordon and Walcott Primary School piloted the program with students being trained in basic safety procedures, hazard analysis, first aid and fire safety. Prime Minister, we saw that the Sports Academy, the National Sports Academy featuring prominently there in that video on education. I know this is something that you championed over the last three years. Seeing it come into fruition must have been something exciting for you. Amazing. You know, I'm a huge sports fanatic and I grew up playing a lot of sports and I understood what sports did for me in terms of developing friendships but in character building, you know, conflict resolution, competitiveness and if you want to succeed teamwork because I played basketball, I did track which was individual but we also had relays and I also played Canadian football. So I understand what it means and I think that in order to succeed today we have kids who are ready through a natural ability excelling but need now to go to the next level. And the way to do that is by having a sports academy in which they actually can stay in the school. So I went to boarding school.  It also means that you can have a concentration of excellence. You have your discipline coach whether it's track, whether it's table tennis, whether it's tennis, whether it's swimming, whether it's basketball, whether it's cricket or football. You then also have a nutritionist. You have physical therapy and you have also psychology. So there's a lot that goes into sports these days that it's going to be impossible for kids who are looking to go to the next level to excel at. So the sports that we had was really primarily into school and then clubs and even with the clubs that was grossly inadequate. This is the first part of getting this major sports program off the ground and the goal is that the discipline coach as well as the supporting staff will now become the training to train the trainers. So the other part that we're doing is building facilities around the island in order to encourage development of more clubs. And this is where I'm specifically appealing to the parents. So I played basketball here in Celusia, both on the national team and also on a club basis. We had to organize the tournaments. We had to get the referees. We had to get the scorekeepers. We had to put all the announcements out. We had to raise our monies when we were traveling. That's not how it's supposed to be. Kids are supposed to focus on playing the sports and this is where the parents now are volunteering their time and people say, I can't work in Celusia. Well, it's working at the Aquatic Center. One facility and they have seven or eight clubs and the parents are the ones that do all the organizing around it. They become coaches. They become referees. They help with the supervision of the kids behind the scenes. But now you have seven or eight teams in one facility which means that there could be more regular competitions between them. If in fact you're going to bring teams from outside, one or two, then there are still four or five teams that can compete against them. Now imagine if we have properly scheduled seasons for football and cricket and basketball and swimming and tennis and that the kids now can focus on that and we have now zones in which there are eight or nine clubs in each zone. Therefore, there are eight or nine teams competing in that zone. Once you make it through your zonal championship, you can go now to a regional championship and then to a national championship. It is that competition that drives success. Much like what we see happen to Jamaica's athletics. I was just going to say that. Absolutely. And I keep on saying that story. The most amazing part about Jamaican athletics, which there are many, but the one that's the most amazing for me is that Usain Bolt did not start off in track. A coach identified his talent and the same coach that coached him in high school is the same coach that coached him all the way through his career. So that's significant. A Jamaican high school coach was able to bring somebody to that international level and become record-breaking, become a legend. So that's just amazing to me. That's really what we want to get. You have to focus on the quality of the coaching, the facilities, the money that's going into it, the parents who are volunteering to make all of these things happen. So we've decided let's choose some key disciplines. A discipline must be gender-neutral, boys and girls. It must offer an opportunity for scholarships and it must offer an opportunity for professional leagues. So the number one sport in football, and I'm really sorry to say this, is football. Women and men, fastest growing sport in America. So in terms of scholarships, lots of scholarships, and it has the most professional leagues of any other sport in the world. So are we talking soccer or... Soccer. Okay, very well. So I was speaking the solution version of football. Yes, yes. Just to be clear, an international stage, right? Correct. So again, now if you have clubs around the country that are offering football at both the primary level and the secondary level, boys and girls, and then you now have proper coaching and then you have regular training programs to continue to improve the coaching. You have regular tournaments that are taking place so you can start seeing who the top kids are. The top kids now can go to the academy, right? And now even hone their skills even more. And therefore, those are the kids that have the opportunity of getting a scholarship. Because not everybody is going to get a sporting scholarship. You have to have the academics, as well as you have to have the talent. But what's great about America is you have Division I, Division II, and Division III schools. So there's a lot of opportunities for kids, but we just got to continue to push that envelope to make sure that they are as talented as we possibly can get. Now once a couple of them make it through the system and become professional, they become brand ambassadors for San Lucia. So everywhere they go, people are going to recognize, wow, they came from San Lucia. Look at the recognition at Iceland. 330,000 people have received for just qualifying into the World Cup. What Jamaica's reggae boys did in football. So when you come from a small island, people are always astonished when you're able to succeed at that international level. So one of the people that I love is this young lady, Julian Alfred. She had to leave San Lucia. And so she had to be away from her parents. She excelled, she's now at the University of Texas, really proud of the fact that she ran an amazing 60 meters a couple of weeks ago. But I'm hoping that we will see eventually that our solution doesn't have to leave to be able to get to that level. Now we could provide it right here at home. And speaking about being able to provide within the education sector, you spoke quite passionately about enhancing the skill sets within our teachers. And we saw a big move with that under the Education Quality Improvement Program equipped where 18 teachers receive scholarships. And they are now studying at the BSc level, Masters level and so forth. So that is a positive in the direction of being able to give our teachers the sort of tools that they need in order to be able to push the envelope of the education sector here. First of all, I want to really commend many of the teachers who on their own have been getting university degrees and getting higher level of education. I mean, it's incredibly commendable. But it's a huge sacrifice on their part. Because even though some of them get some form of pay increase, it's never commensurate with what the cost is to go to that next level. So I just want to say hats off to them and we should all, you know, bring an apple every day to our teachers and hug them. We should bring a banana. A banana. Absolutely. Sorry, you're right. A banana. But there's a new way of measuring children's learning abilities. So in America, they used to have what's called the standard achievement test, SATs. And then there's this new one. I can't remember what the acronym was, but basically what it does, it measures creative thinking or critical thinking. As most people believe it, that's singularly the most important component in measuring the success of our education system. And the countries that are always on top, Singapore, Finland, South Korea, are always topping the list and Canada has been coming up significantly. So when I look at Finland and how they've done it, basically to become a teacher is more difficult than becoming a doctor or a lawyer. And you get paid as well as in those areas. And in most classrooms, there's three teachers. So there's a very skilled teacher that deals with kids problems, dyslexia. What's it called? When you have difficulty in concentrating. Yeah, attention deficit disorder. Attention deficit disorder. And the teachers are so well educated they're able to help those kids. And there's two other teachers that are making sure that the more advanced kids are not being limited and anybody else who needs help. And that has delivered this successful program. Now the reality is, is that we can't afford that. And it will be a long time before we can afford to do that. We are actually seeing a decline in the number of students. Significant. In 1995, there was 32,000 primary school students. Today is 16. We have more teachers today than we had in 1995. Yeah.  And in the education budget in excess of 85% of what we spend is on salaries. So there is no capacity to move that number anymore. And so therefore we're going to have to find different ways to be able to do that. So the introduction IE of e-books. So we were critical of the former government when they brought in laptops as an example. Every kid wants a laptop. But how was it going to really help in terms of the overall goal of what we're trying to be able to achieve when that laptop had no software program, when the teachers weren't taught how to use this as a teaching tool. And there was actually no mechanism that was set up to repair the laptops because every single year they were getting the laptops from a different source. So there's an Indian company that provided and producing these e-books. It's been introduced in Antigua. I think the BVI and some of the other islands in Jamaica are about to introduce it. We're introducing it this year in Form 3. And the e-book has a hard case on it, has a keypad on it. It accesses the internet so it can be live on the internet or the work that you do is stored and then when you get into an internet zone it downloads it. It now will download all of your books. So I mean all the young ladies who I met in my constituency who are complaining about having to carry these bags back home everything now will be in this e-book. The e-book also has software to be able to assist the teacher. So it will tell the teacher how much time a student spent reading a chapter. It will grade the homework and also the teacher now has the ability of knowing whether the child had the homework. Because parents out there you need to let your child do the homework because that's how they're able to learn and you can know that. All the communication between the teacher and the student is recorded. So both it is an administrative tool as well as a learning tool. All the books now have links online in order to be able to help the students. Now what we want to do is we want to eventually compliment that by taking our best teachers in biology and physics and math and having them record their lessons. So like me I was never very good at concentrating in class you can always go back and listen to what the teacher has to say. And so it's through that system by getting the best teachers making them available to the kids making learning fun again and allowing the teacher now to get that administrative support so they can spend more time actually teaching. And it's to start now looking at what's the modern school look like. What's the school of the future going to look like? So I mean I think out of the box you know and I was not the greatest student so I always challenged the system considerably. When you get out in life do you spend time with kids who are always your same age? So why should we be in a school system in which you're spending all your time with just kids your age? Why don't we learn to interact with older kids and maybe the experiences of the older kids can help the younger kids and the younger kids perspective on something else. And so all of a sudden if we have learning centers instead of having schools now we've not made that decision but I'm just saying to you this is the kind of thought process that we're challenging people to say because we're a small island and this idea of becoming a smart island is to use technology for our assistance and to understand that we don't have the same resources and at the same time we don't have the same problems that bigger countries do and so by trying to emulate bigger countries whatever advantages we have as a small country we're not using them and I think that we have to do a much better job so without boring you let me retract one second in terms of training people which is what the IMF was talking about and also the World Bank and certainly we see it ourselves 85% of people who are going to be working at SELUSHA are going to work in what we call the service sector financial sector, commercial sector hospitality sector and that the organizational structure in all of those sectors are pretty much the same line staff supervisor, middle management and senior staff so how many people starting off line staff are going to make it to middle management over their career and how many people who make it to supervisor are going to make it to middle management over their career and how many people who make it to middle management are going to make it to senior management and then therefore what are the requirements for you to make it to the different levels do you need to have a university degree to be a line staff person do you need a university degree to be a supervisor do you need a university degree management. Now because people might say I'm committing heresy and I'm trying to deprive our kids of a global university education system, step back for a moment. Two of the most successful and productive industrial countries in the world, Switzerland and Germany, the vast majority of people don't have university degrees. What they're doing is getting associate degrees and improving skill sets. So what I want to be able to do, what the country wants to be able to do, is to say how can you remain as line staff but and earn an income that becomes an income that's sufficient to allow you to own a home, to be able to make investments and go on vacation. The only way is by improving your skill sets. So if you're going to be a waiter, it's learning languages, it's learning how to understand different cultures, it's being able to understand food ingredients in terms of understanding allergies. So when a person comes there, you're not simply clearing the table but you're actually becoming part of that overall experience. The value to the restaurant is that people are going to want to come back because I can guarantee you when you get a world-class waiter, you know the difference right away. So we need to look at being a teller, being in a grocery store, being in a gas station in terms of how do we develop careers for people and which becomes substantially more affordable. This is where Sir Arthur Lewis and online training becomes a great example in terms of helping develop associate degrees and that also don't break the bank for the families. In our remaining moments, we want to talk quickly about the rehabilitation of schools. Lots of money allocated there, some region of ten million dollars allocated in the last year or two years. 25 million in the last two years. Being able to fix the problem, because it is a problem, but we still had pockets of dissatisfaction. Is it too much of a hooligan task to try to fix the school, the national school plans? It's not, it's just a matter of money. So previous governments were allocating about a million dollars a year to maintain schools. So let's bring that down to a hard example. The Mondeau school built in 1982. When we went up to see it with the minister, the roof had not been replaced, the roof was leaking. It was leaking to the extent that when it was raining, the teachers would go on the balcony with the kids. Bathrooms were a mess. The railings were a mess. It just was deplorable. You know why? They were getting 4,000 EC dollars a year for maintenance. Now think of it. 500 kids running around, 600 kids running around and 4,000 EC dollars a year. So what happens is the asset continues to deteriorate. Now if I am a teacher or I'm a principal or I'm even a student and you have politicians talking about world-class education and you're very important to me and the facilities we're in are worse than third world. It just makes it impossible. Now there's 140 plus schools in St. Lucia. So when we came in there was a report that had been commissioned which said that at minimum we needed to spend 40 million dollars to be able to upgrade the schools physically back to some kind of minimum standard. We're not talking about world-class. We're talking about getting them back to a minimum standard. Getting the washrooms. I mean we went to a school souffle. There was no doors. No doors in the classrooms. So people were literally coming in and taking furniture. How did kids feel safe in that kind of environment? So we have started that process. We've spent 25 million. We're going to spend another 10 million dollars this year bringing it up to 35 million dollars. But some of the schools are agent and then the other one that nobody wants to hear about is the merging of schools. One physically that some schools have deteriorated to the point. It's not worth it or makes sense to spend money on fixing them but the fact is that we have to merge schools because we don't have enough students and some of the other schools. So it's working out perfectly. Now the question becomes again as a small island if we can have more online and we can do homework collectively together and therefore people don't have to commute as far as they were going before because I don't need to see you on a daily basis like we've had before. The most important part is that you're doing the work and I do regular testing to make sure that you're actually the one that's doing this work. So we've challenged the education system to review how we're executing education and come up with innovative ideas and I'm really grateful to the World Bank and in particular for making their experiences in other countries available to us and making that determination. We've also signed up with the World Economic Forum that do Davos in terms of how do we now fund SDGs and part of that is new ideas innovative ideas to be able to solve our problems. You've just been watching our special discussion with Prime Minister the Honourable Alan Shastri as we look back at 2019. This is where we come to the end of the first hour. Stay with us because coming up in our second hour we focus on health and tourism. I'm Minister Joseph. Join us for the second hour.


Hay-based corpus, it is one of the five RITs issued by Supreme Court under Article 32 and the High Court under Article 226. Supreme Court can issue RITs only in violation of Fundamental Rates, whereas High Court can issue RITs in violation of both Fundamental Rates and Legal Rates. So, the RIT jurisdiction of High Court is wider than that of Supreme Court. Now, if you take Hay-based corpus, Hay-based corpus literally means to have the body off. It is issued by the courts to produce a person before the court who has been detained in prison or in private custody. It means Hay-based corpus can be issued against both public authorities and private individuals. Hay-based corpus is issued in order to know on what ground the person has been detained. If the court finds the detention is unlawful, then the court directs concerned authority to release the detained person. Hay-based corpus RIT can be filed by the detained person himself or by the relatives or friends of the detained person or by any other person. So, the principle of local standee is not necessary to issue Hay-based corpus.


Thank you. Thank you for that introduction Clay that was wonderful and thank you all for coming. It is a real Pleasure to be here. I have been looking forward to this Symposium and I'm very flattered to be included among such Accomplished writers and speakers. So it's an honor to be asked to speak here tonight. Thank you for having me One of the many things I learned while I was researching the River of Doubt is that If you want to understand who Theodore Roosevelt was The man Theodore Roosevelt was You have to understand him outside of the presidency Outside of the political arena even You have to understand him in the context of the natural world And for that reason I think that this symposium goes to the heart of who Roosevelt was He was an adventure He was an adventure in the tradition of the greatest scientists and explorers of the 19th and early 20th centuries Men like William Burroughs John Muir Ernest Shackleton Rolled Omonson Roosevelt was a scientific Adventure he was a man who not only loved the thrill of exploration and the beauty of the natural world But also had an extraordinary understanding of it and a deep desire to uncover its most closely held secrets One of the principal reasons I wanted to write this book to tell the story Was because it places this great complex man in one of the greatest and most complex environments on the planet For a writer the Amazon rainforest is just a treasure trove The subject of the Amazon is so big that thousands of books could be written without exhausting it What we do know about this part of the world is remarkable and there's still so much that we don't know Of course the same probably could not be said about the other main subject of the book Theodore Roosevelt as all of you know Roosevelt is an incredibly popular and familiar figure and Many fine biographies have been written about him But the closer I looked the more convinced I became that there was still an important dimension of his life that had yet to be Adequately explored. I think that when most people think of Roosevelt They think of the great leader the great statesman the great president and he was all of those things But what he was for more of his life and as passionately as anything else was a naturalist and What intrigued me was the story of his greatest achievement in that area His descent of an unmapped river in the Amazon the River of Doubt This expedition which took place after he tried and failed to gain the presidency in 1912 has been I think Largely overlooked precisely because it came after after his active political career and To the extent that it is discussed it's often put in the same categories as grand hunting trips But let me tell you this was no hunting trip Even by the extraordinary standards of Roosevelt's life. This was a wholly different kind of challenge This was a serious Scientific expedition that became an extraordinary story of survival It was a contest of man against nature Man against man and even man against himself While Rosevelt and his men were on this river they lost nearly all their supplies to rapids One man drowned The rest of the men including Roosevelt's own son nearly starved and when the survivors emerged from the rainforest they were in rags They were shadowed and attacked by indigenous tribesmen Roosevelt became Gravely ill and nearly committed suicide in an attempt to save the other men When Roosevelt was president he famously complained that he'd never really had the opportunity to prove himself He said in essence if you don't have the great event you don't have the great leader on The river of doubt he found that event This is a type of desperate all or nothing struggle for survival that reveals character in its truest Form it's a story of an exceptional man a leader not on the scale of nations and armies But among this tiny siege group of men who have been driven to the limits of human endurance This expedition is almost unimaginable by today's standards You have to think of it in terms of someone like Bill Clinton or J. L. Ford Announcing that they will on their own explore Mars. It's just that extreme Even today this river is in one of the most remote parts of the planet and in 1914 It was just a blank spot on the map It was a geographical mystery It was a kind of challenge that explores today can only dream about in fact This river got its name because even the man who discovered its headwaters had no idea where it went It was also incredibly dangerous As you can see from this slide and as all of you know the the Amazon River runs from west to east The river of doubt runs from south to north it begins in the Brazilian Highlands Runs through the Amazon basin and and empties into the Madera, which is the principal tributary of the Amazon But while the Amazon is wide and sluggish the river of doubt is fast and twisting and full of rapids Even for professional explorers, this would have been an extreme challenge Something that would be reserved for someone of the caliber of Robert Perry or Cernus Shackleton Not an amateur and certainly not a 55 year old former president Given the risks the first question you might ask is why would Roosevelt go on such a dangerous expedition and The answer is that as much as anything else in his life this journey epitomized his interests and his personality as I said Roosevelt was an extraordinary Naturalist even from his earliest childhood. He was fascinated by insects and birds anything he could capture He was the kind of kid who kept mice under his bed and spiders in his dresser drawer but when he studied them he did so carefully and systematically Roosevelt himself told a great story about his childhood interest in natural history said It started one day when he was just a kid and he was walking up Broadway to buy some strawberries and he saw this dead seal that someone had pulled out of New York Harbor and You know, I think that for most kids the seal wouldn't have had any interest beyond just the joy of watching it grow More and more disgusting every day But Roosevelt said that it filled him with every possible feeling of romance and adventure and you know You can just imagine him daydreaming about this dead seal. He visited it every day. He measured it with his pocket ruler He wrote a natural history treatise about it and he never forgot it. Theodore Roosevelt was a very unusual little boy and As he grew so did his interest in nature and his knowledge of nature He always knew mammals very well, but he knew birds even better and he never let anything get in his way of Studying them and enjoying them not even the presidency When Rose was president he had a retreat in Virginia called pine not and one weekend He invited the world famous naturalist John Burroughs to join him at pine not to identify birds And while they were there the two men identified 75 birds and waterfowl and Roosevelt knew all of them, but two and Burroughs knew all of them, but two But Roseville actually knew one more than that He had seen another bird of Lincoln's sparrow the weekend before and a nearby field And so after church one day he took Burroughs to the field to see if they could find it They didn't find it, but if they had Theodore Roosevelt a career politician would have identified more birds than Burroughs one of our nation's most Renowned ornithologists and Burroughs never got over it The second reason that Rose went on the Sexpedition was in reaction to losing the election of 1912 As Clay was saying if you look at the entirety of Roosevelt's life, you can see a pattern Again and again when he faced hardship or disappointment. He turned to physical adventure physical challenge as a type of therapy He wanted these tough challenges that tested his strength and his courage and helped him forget and Being Roosevelt the more dangerous they were the better This pattern started pretty early in his life when he was just a sophomore at Harvard and his father died and he had been extremely close to his father and he was devastated and He went to the backwoods of Maine and he pushed himself So hard that a doctor traveling with him told his guide watch out for Roosevelt who'd kill himself before even says he's tired Just a few years later He faced an almost unimaginable tragedy when his mother and his first wife Died on the same night as clay was reading for you And it was after that that he came here and he spent the next two years with just intermittent trips back east Corral and cattle fighting drunk cowboys chasing down thieves and never ever giving himself a break He harmed himself physically and emotionally and he relied on that for the rest of his life