I want to give the floor now to the first speaker of the second sub-session, Dr. Lakshman Rodrigo, from our research Institute of Sri Lanka. So please, Dr. Lakshman, the floor is yours. You are the first speaker about the sub-session on adaptation. Please share your slides. Can you hear me now? Yes, yes, yes. How about slides? You must share your screen. Signs are OK? No. No? Share your screen using the green button. Yes. Wait a minute. Share screen. The bottom is too empty. The green one, green one. Is that OK now? Is it still the same? No, no, it's OK now. No? OK, OK. Go on the slide, slide show. Right, you can see? You can see, you can see. Ah, then it's all right, OK. I go to the other side, slide show, slide show, slide show. It's not here. Slide show, slide show, slide show, slide show, slide show. It's not there. I want to get into the slide show. Slide. Is that all right now? Yeah, yeah, much improved. All right. Especially due to some other logos and things, we can't see all the icons. I'll tell you, though, it's already late. Thank you, Chair. Again, good morning, either good morning or good afternoon to the independent union country, where you are. And this is about the rubber cultivation in the non-traditional areas in Sri Lanka. And at the same time, what we want to demonstrate here is to show you that even though rubber is partly affected by the climate change, as we learned throughout yesterday and today, still it helps us to have the social and environmental resilience to face the climate change, especially the climatic variability. That's what we want to demonstrate with the Sri Lankan evidence. And when we talk about the non-traditional areas, we mostly go for the drier climates, our traditional areas are more towards the Colombo area of the wet zone. Now, we are moving to the drier climates. And some studies conducted by the disaster management center, they showed especially those areas are highly vulnerable to climate change. To make you evident that how it's happened like to look at the last several decades of the data gathering, they showed that, I mean, especially the crop loss in those areas are very high, especially those areas are rain-fed, especially the eastern and lower points where we promote the rubber cultivation. Those areas normally people go seasonal crops under rain-fed cultivation. Therefore, they are highly vulnerable for climatic variability. It's only up to the 2008. Again, we experienced another drought in 2009. Again, we have been evident that even the special that time, the ground water even very small amount in their beds. Again, the temperature was high, but the thing is especially if you look at what happened to rubber, because we started rubber cultivation in those areas in the eastern part in 2003. And with the three small holdings, then only two were successful due to all these social other factors, because people are not used to rubber cultivation. And however, there is a drought. Only the rubber planted in the previous year, that means 2008 was affected. Even though it's a bad sign for rubber, but still it's a good sign because if you can pass few years after establishment, then we can go with the rubber. If we just compare with the condition of non-traditional derived climates against the territory of climate, because difference is the rainfall, of course. In non-traditional areas, we have drier climates, we have less than 2500 millimetre annual rainfall compared to the Bersold, sometimes go up to 5000 millimetres even. Then the low humidity, then high temperature, then there may be more droughts. Again, especially in traditional areas, we have the only dry space, not the drought much. However, if you look at the social factors, then we can see the high land per capita. Because especially having a low population density, we can see very high land per capita in non-traditional areas. Again, the land value is very low and people use land for rain-fed cultivation. And again, if you look at the livelihood of the farmers, they are more dependent on their own farm activity. They are real farmers, not like the farmers in the traditional areas. They are just like absent land growth. They hire other people to cultivate rubber. And therefore, again, the labour availability is much higher in those areas. And anyway, after introducing rubber initially, that's in the end of 2003, we conducted the short-term in 2005, in the particular village where we started rubber. Just to see how farmers pursue, that means the habitat strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities and threats. The strength, we can see, as I mentioned earlier, the land availability in the Frank as a first place, in the first place, then the farmers' interest was much higher. And then again, soil fertility, the experience in farming, the farmers, there's a bigger strength they have, one of the bigger strengths, and the labour availability. Again, if you look at the weaknesses, the lack of knowledge, the problem with the land ownership, because that's very much important in Sri Lanka, especially if you want to, if people want to give some subsidy payment for farmers, they have to show their land ownership, they have to prove their land ownership. There are some issues, because especially both the land, they cultivate, belongs to, there's been, there's been ground layers been used by the farmers for very long, several decades like, maybe more than sometimes over five decades like, and then used it for seasonal crops. Another weakness is, again, the dry, as mentioned earlier, the dry periods, and again, the seasonal demand for labour also some issues there, because especially during the copying the cultivation periods, there's high demand for labour. Then again, farmers pursue, that means as opportunities, the extension service for rubber would come in to compensate their, that means to make them knowledgeable on proper cultivation. And then people were looking for subsidy schemes, and then again, with the rubber, they are thinking that they can confirm their land ownership, because if they can cultivate rubber, instead of a seasonal crop, they can keep the land for 30 years without any problem, many issues. Therefore, that's another tool to confirm their land ownership. Again, next thing is a new generation, new income generation activities. If you look at the threats, the drought, pest and diseases, the cyclone, the rubber price, and the wild animals, in fact, the wild animals are considered as threats, but that means that we conducted this study in 2005, the last 15 years even, we experienced the drought effect is not, they are some mixing, but pest and diseases were confined to just one, only for brownwood, which is for in few locations. Then cyclones is not really in the rubber affected area. Then wild animals also, only in few plots, because some hunters are there. And if you look at the feasibility of the rubber cultivation especially in the eastern fines, and at the moment we have, to date we have about 400 hectares, that's a good sign to show the possibility of establishing rubber in that area. Then these are recording over 1200 kilograms per hectare per year. Then the, we conduct a small assessment in the 14 sites, including 14 small older sites, where we can see the growth increment rate is about 7.4 cm per year, that mean about, within the 7 years like, the plants can achieve the capable stage. And then we look at the environmental advantages with the rubber cultivation. We made few measurements, that mean some diagonal measurements on small older sites. It shows that mean with the rubber cultivation compared to seasonal crops, it improves the, that means reduced air temperature within the rubber plantations and in addition improves the reduced air temperature and improves the humidity. It's just like giving natural air condition compared to the hard life the farmers have in these years. Therefore, they can have some sort of comfortable living, that's quite important, especially building up the environment resilience again, the climate change. Then in addition, they have the, there are some indication of the soil less than soil temperature and high in soil moisture content. And then I move into the, the social advantages over the how the, how much the rubber helped to build up the social environment change. Then for that what we need to do is we assess the all the livelihood capital assets from the livelihood capital assets, financial physical, then again the social and those assets we checked with the 34 farmers from the east we see like the 34 farmers having the all the, at that time we had 34 farmers having rubber tapped those farmers and then the non-rubber farmers. If you go into details the first if you look at the financial capital in the financial capital you can see number of farmers having the mostly the most of the rubber farmers are in high income category now compared to non-rubber farmers. It gives indication that the financial capital is building up. Then if you go into the human capital that is demonstrated by the expenditure pattern of the farmers, then again see the expenditure pattern also the change much especially more expenditure for then education not only the farmer that mean the whole family and then the healthcare then the social work and then again library just like leasing vehicles all those things that mean the down payment. All those things have been tremendously improved with the rubber cultivation the income obtained from the rubber cultivation. Just one small photograph you can see the daughter of one rubber farmer she won the national award for their dancing competition and because that means everything was supported by the income generated from the rubber it give the improvement of the human capital and then if you look at the improvement in the physical capital with the rubber cultivation then again all these houses are renovated the cement floors and then the cement floor wall and then process roofing that mean modernization of the river fishing houses they negate the furniture all those things are improved physically. In addition the farm vehicles if you look at the agriculture side farm machinery farm vehicles are more towards the rubber farmers compared to non rubber farmers because of the wealth improved with the rubber cultivation then the social capital that is reflected by the rubber farmer engage in the social activities and then especially the two elements one is the financial side money lending capacity in helping other villagers or neighbours in money lending and then how they spend their leisure time they visit relatives visit religious places and visit parents and the community parts of the society all those things have been improved with the rubber with rubber farmers compared to non rubber farmers it all together shows that how much livelihood improvement we can observe with the rubber farmers and then definitely give the high level of resilience to the climate change because all are worried about climate change because ultimately it upsets our day to day living and not only the how we feel the temperature but again our livelihood and there is another evidence just to show what appeared in one of the Sunday newspaper in 2017 demonstrating how the rubber came to a one disabled person to build up their life because he was not a real farmer he was a carpenter at the beginning but due to the accident he became disabled because fortunately he had the rubber, it's part of the mix of rubber land because he planted rubber as other people were planting rubber at that time however ultimately the saviour was the rubber cultivation because of the rubber cultivation now about say 80% of their family income came from the rubber that's the big sign to give how much rubber helped to build up the social resilience with that then again I just with that it confirmed all the rubber and helped to build up the social and environment resilience but especially when you talk about the environmental benefits of the rubber because that benefits it not only for the rubber farmers in the particular area therefore we are now trying to build up a voluntary carbon project with the rubber cultivation in the eastern and especially Dampara where we have a special project to cultivate rubber in 2500 hectares and with that we expect to build up the carbon that means 450 metric tons of carbon dioxide carbon units and expected the earning definitely I think we can build up the project towards the end of this year there is some delay due to the COVID incident but towards the end of the year we could build up the project and next year probably that project will be in the market and with that what we expect is not just to get the money that means ultimately all these money whatever funds generated through the carbon trading will be divert to the again the society the farmers who cultivate contributed rubber cultivation in those areas to build up their livelihood again giving the high level of resilience to the climate change with the livelihood improvements Dr. Lakshman you have only two minutes left oh that's over that's what I want to mention thank you very much just to come to the idea even though it's been partly effectively the climate change but it's beneficial for to build up the social and environmental resilience thank you very much thank you Dr. Lakshman for respecting the time without losing any time I know going to give the floor to the last presenter for this today's session Dr. Eric Kodou for Siad who is speaking going to speak about agroforestry okay I hope you hear me because my internet is a little bit weak so I'm currently sharing the screen it's okay if it wants to walk we see your face but not your screen okay is it okay okay go on okay so I suppose I have to go directly to the power point to move from one to another one and it's okay okay so the role of agroforestry in the farming system and its effect on the household it's it's a work that begins 25 years ago in Indonesia with good friends of Erie in particular Gede Wibawa and Thomas and other people, IKRAF and also people from Thailand from TSU Taksin University and Konkan University in Thailand so we present a little bit some result about this agroforestry system Eric can you go to the slide show what do you mean by to go to a slide show we do not see your slides in slide mode we see your power point okay the thing is I don't know it's very funny because I don't have okay is it okay yes okay sorry sorry because I didn't have access to my ppt but now I know it's through zoom okay is it okay is it correct Eric tell me yes it is it's working well Eric is it okay yes go ahead Eric okay okay so what do we expect from a rubber agroforestry in terms of sustainability globally it's through mainly income diversification it's rubber plus something else it's generally intercrops during immature period, fruit and timber during mature period and it provides a better resilience and so a better sustainability as the income coming from the pot is not only depending from rubber as you know there is a very high rubber volatility and it's a real problem the good news with rubber is that rubber is one of the best tree that can be adapted for agroforestry I'm also working on coffee, cocoa, clove and the thing is that globally what we have seen is that there is no impact on agroforestry practices on rubber production in general I say in general not in situation where you might have competition we will see that later on as long as there is no trees above rubber canopy so rubber production is generally not in competition with associated crops at least in places where climate and the soils can allow this combination the reservoir of local biodiversity and the forest effect of agroforestry is probably very positive on climate however it's quite sure that we don't have that much measurement about that so we see that the more biomass there is, the more trees there is the more carbon we're going to have less erosion we're going to have but it has not been always fully assessed so there is a good potential mitigation possibilities for agroforestry but it's still to be assessed and still to be verified a full measurement in the field less soil erosion that's almost sure at the condition as Philippe Taylor and others said that there is some weeds on the soil and so indirectly a better use of water as vegetable biodiversity increase a forest like behavior this is maybe the keyword linked with agroforestry concerning sustainability and mitigation adaptation to climate change it's forest like behavior the soil fertility maintenance or improvement if soil is covered by grasses and shrubs we have seen that today in the morning there is a possibility of timber production and timber is very well adapted as it's a long term production and it doesn't require that much maintenance and up to 53 hectares is definitely not a problem we have seen that in Thailand and Indonesia and then the only problem is that with such association you've got the result of the association at the end of a lifespan of rubber it's globally environmentally friendly and the idea is how can we really internalize the externalities that's the real challenge so in other words we are pretty sure that more biomass more biodiversity and so on is definitely positive in terms of sustainability but we still have to measure it properly rubber trees do not require high quantities of fertilizer we have seen that and a few amount of fertilizer can have a relatively good effect on growth probably not that much on production and then it's not completely necessary it's not like for instance all pine which require one ton of NPK per year and per hectare so rubber and it doesn't require almost any pesticide as there is no treatment really against the disease there is already bio-compatible which is a relatively good news and then we have seen that we have effect of high temperatures on physiology of rubber trees and rubber production it's quite clear we have seen that since two days but agroforestry may I say may might could should play a positive role to maintain good climatic condition through the fact that the more biomass the more moisture we see that it could also link to some new constraints so 25 years ago we intended a program called a rubber agroforestry system with our colleagues of Erie, Gedetwee, Bauer and aircraft and the idea was effectively to combine cloned rubber with other crops intercrops or timber and fruit trees and associated trees to shed this impurata and so on we don't have that much time to put a lot of details on that but that was based on the fact that there is already 25% of farmers who do agroforestry practices with cloned rubber in Indonesia which is probably one of the country where it's most developed a little bit with Thailand which is less and probably Sri Lanka now what is the situation today in West Kalimantan for instance today we had mainly jungle rubber yesterday but today now we have 70% of zone covered by alpine 20% by cloned rubber including agroforestry and monoculture 10% remains in all jungle rubber and probably around 25% of farmers have agroforestry system I said probably because we don't have real figures for all the country but we have at least some possibility to measure it in southern Thailand we made the study with our colleagues from Taxine University in Patalung and we see a lot of different systems rubber with gnetum which is a local shrub used locally long comb, mungustine, levestinia salak, guava and a lot of also crops during natural period so there is a really wide range of possibilities but we must say also that it's in a place where all conditions are very very favorable the climate soil is very favorable and even the cloned RIM 600 doesn't provide as much shed as PB 260 or GT1 so it's a perfect cloned to make some good agroforestry practices I must admit then we made some calculation about what is the economic output in terms of gross margin and it's quite clear that if we compare to monoculture on the red line we have at least four systems which are far above the gross margin of cloned monoculture and all farmers that have some agroforestry practices put that in put a focus on that economically speaking that's far more interesting than monoculture and then for instance on this calculation you could see on on the red the monoculture output on blue the current real economic output with generally 25 to 50 50% of rubber and agroforestry and what could be the global output if all plots were in agroforestry it's in green and then we see that definitely agroforestry practices provide an economic advantage and so provide more sustainability and more stability in income in particular in a context where you could see that the rubber price is moving from very low to very high but most of the time two third of the time is rather low than high that's the problem the second thing is that so there is a decrease in rubber interest in some areas and in particular in Indonesia where most people move to all time so the production of rubber is still the same in Indonesia but it doesn't increase like we can see that in other countries in Cambodia and Vietnam or in particular in Thailand the other thing is that there is no quality pricing so basically people interest an incentive to make some good quality so they all move to slab and so on to globally couple of relatively low quality but it's good enough for the industry so so far so good what we can see is that if we look at the rubber price since almost 30 years for 20 years in that case we see that most of the time the rubber price is low and then when the rubber price is low agroforestry system are very economically interesting and that's good news at least for agroforestry we made some management in Thailand for instance you can see that globally for on farm and off farm diversification is very important up to 50% of the gross margin of the farm and then if we look at those who are effectively doing agroforestry practices they are not so much on the total sample of the survey that has been implemented by Benedict Chambord who is now in Burma and has been almost 10 years in Thailand it was 10% of people having agroforestry practices 60% in the south which is the heart of agroforestry but only 0.3 in northeast and 3.3 in center east and among the 16% of people having agroforestry they don't put all their rubber in agroforestry so in fact the real area under agroforestry is probably around 5% in Thailand so the lessons we've got from Indonesia in Thailand basically is that if rubber agroforestry trials in Indonesia arrived in time 30 years ago things have changed with the arrival of oil pine and other alternatives so is the agroforestry practices still interesting for local people the answer is yes but it will have to be shared with other crops and in particular oil pine we have seen also that one of the most important problem in Indonesia was the very poor tapping practices that limits the rubber life span to less than 25 years in average 20 years so if in Thailand we've got trees that can be used until 30-35 years this is not anymore the case in Indonesia so here we have definitely a problem and we have seen also a lot of white root disease which is a real problem in Indonesia in Thailand as the global cost are more important than in Indonesia the fact that agroforestry provide an income diversification is a very good incentive to move to agroforestry so the thing is that we have seen all these things but what is the impact of agroforestry and the possibility to adapt and or mitigate the climatic change so far I must admit something we don't have that much proof or measurement about that but what we see is that when we have a forest like environment we have more moisture we have less erosion we have more water in the ground table and basically we expect that this forest like environment will probably have an impact on climatic change closer to a forest than to a monoculture of rubber so probably it is expected and probable that we would have some positive externalities in terms of climatic change but I must admit that we still have to measure that and thanks to the agroforest to do the job for us and to effectively provide that the problem that can arise or twofold the first trial is competition for water it's probably the most important for instance in Jambi or in Kalimantan in places like Thailand in Pataloom we don't have that much competition for water it's not a problem but what about self-symmetry now what about Myanmar where you have a lot of water in rainy season and no water at all in dry season then definitely we have to take care because the systems in agroforestry that works in Indonesia and Thailand may not work in other places and in particular in marginal situations where there is this competition for water the second thing is shade what we have seen in 30 years is that as soon as there is no shade on rubber rubber is ok and rubber production is ok so every system is good as soon as you don't have trees in particular some timber trees or even durian trees for instance that are above that of rubber but as rubber generally rubber span is limited to 30-35 years generally that doesn't happen so it's not really a problem and we also have to see the problem of possible allelopathy for some trees in association according to the climatic condition so to conclude what next well we suggest we effectively look for and adapt rubber agroforestry practices adapted first to local market which is the main incentive the demand and the new or evaluating climatic condition explore the intercropping possibilities as it is very important for farmers to have at least some income during the immature period and it's a critical period and identify as well the over cash crop and or timber species that could be grown in good condition and generally that is a good incentive to do it in double spacing with large interspace but then at that time we have a tradeoff between rubber and over associated trees and that's the market the price and the economic reason that will give us what is the best possibilities for this association and of course looking to the local condition but also in terms of water water demand, water supply and in a global world climatic condition to be sure that there is no competition or not too much competition for other rubber or associated trees so most farmers are capable to effectively implement rubber agroforestry practices we have seen that almost everywhere maybe except in Cambodia and Vietnam where it's not very well developed but there is definitely a scope to promote that but we need also to prove that agroforestry has also positive externalities in terms of climatic change. The second thing is that we need also to have national regulation in if possible to be accorded to the right of the farmers to use their trees the way they want which is not the case for instance in Ivory Coast where people cannot process themselves and do what they want with their timber trees so thank you for your attention we finish that on some nice picture of agroforestry system with different type of trees thank you very much I hope I wasn't actually it's not okay for you can I complete mine now sir come on thank you to the last two presenters Dr. Lakshman and Dr. Egbedo for keeping the time we can have maybe very very short Q&A session Dr. Omokhafe is back no yes I am okay yes I am please go on I'm uploading the screen okay yes please yes the screen is coming out the screen is coming out okay is the screen visible yes sir yes yes yes go to the slide slide show please Dr. Omokhafe try to finish the next seven minutes please yes please yes in Nigeria and there are no traditional robber zooms as has been reported by Dr. Ramdi Utman it's a follow-up to what we are presenting now that robber can be cultivated under difficult situations different from the traditional areas really forest yes where the forest is completely degraded without the possibility of recovery a rubber tree can be used to enhance the tree population as we can see in 3.1 A is a typical banana and that can be recovered with rubber tree plantation again we have the vegetation of mangrove many of the rubber policy countries are coastline countries mangrove forests we can see the vegetation from particular mangrove to degraded mangrove and see students that rubber is very resilient it's more resilient than any of the traditional tree crops and in Nigeria and many of the rubber policy countries water rubber colorates wetlands so it can be a suitable crop even for the recovery of degraded mangrove forests agroforesty we have just had great potential for recovery of tree population in degraded forests i.e. to intercropping to mix farming where you can have small ruminant animals within the rubber canopy beekeeping is also a possibility as a component of a rubber tree based agroforestry and by so doing we are contributing to climate change adaptation and mitigation civic culture where the trees are of good value we know that Malaysia has done very well in developing the testing backlands which are very well fitting into civic culture where trees are grown of good value and can be managed as per the land space the time interval and the species all of these can be regulated to ensure that at the point of expectation the trees are not over exploited the protection of rubber groups is very important there are many rubber groups in also the rubber producing countries all of these can be protected and of course in the traditional center of origin of rubber there are rubber groups that can be protected from expedition so that the trees can be in excess of biodiversity as well as a carbon sink carbon credits is a possibility where some countries that have exceeded their limit, some companies that have exceeded their limit can pay for what they have exceeded from those countries or companies that have seen their limit or lesser than their limit and that is the definition of carbon market offer and sale and this market is moderated within the framework of PO2 protocol that has been developed so wherever there is an offer there is sale it is within the framework of PO2 protocol the red loss is also a possibility there is a limitation for rubber in this case because red loss works with virgin forests not secondary forests as we may have for many rubber plantations however it is not a close case because we have mentioned the rubber groups that are primary forests that can be projected for the red loss facility the red loss plantations are not to be exploited but the benefit communities are giving social amenities to compensate for what they might lose for not exploiting the plantations that are designated as red loss plantations the red loss scheme also have a solution to follow which is available when we are interested about the holistic approach that I mentioned earlier because social advantage is important the resource performance the rural community dwellers with very low poverty index need to be taken care of just as we are taking care of climate change and rubber comes in handy it has also been mentioned in earlier presentations is more rubber is relevant to the SDGs for instance we are talking about river and clay energy as a source of biofuels climate action all that has been said so far rubber tribrates and agro applications are relevant to climate action SDG 13 like the low water there is successful aquaculture within the river canopy fishery has begun in some areas even in Nigeria and of course life on land all that has been said so far in 2015 like for land there are other SDGs to wear rubber application may not be so much but also relevant no poverty officials, poor farmers community dwellers GFO minimizing if not eliminating poverty the arable crops and animals in mixed farming contribute to food the food needs of the immediate environment industry of course rubber is an economic crop with a lot of products a lot of industrial products so it can contribute to SDG 9 reduced inequality when there is revenue when the GDP increases inequality will reduce either inequality among nations or inequality among individuals for gene partnerships which is the main focus and all the partners that are participating in this project is relevant to SDG 17 which is partnership for growth and I want to believe that at the end of this presentation we will have some linkages that we can take advantage of to improve rubber cultivation in conclusion, an overview of the stages of climate change was traced to trees and he gave us lessons rubber tree was presented with its potentials to contribute to climate change adaptation and mitigation I am grateful to my institute for projecting me in this distance to the cause organizers for this e-conference in view of the COVID-19 restrictions thank you very much thank you Dr. Omucafe for respecting the time so we we have now finished the presentations for this morning session this afternoon session for Agia so let's see if there are some different questions yes there is a question about the rubber agroforestry systems so the question is mainly for Agpano and maybe for Dr. Jesse if she is there and maybe also Dr. Lechman he says that so this question by Denis Sainois rubber agroforestry systems seems to be practiced mainly by small owners is it possible to be adopted by the agro industry what is the situation of rubber agroforestry systems in west and central Africa the answer is definitely yes but most estates do not practice agroforestry for generally a single reason if you discuss with them they are used to produce rubber something in the company is oriented through rubber and they don't know what to do with the associated trees so inter crops no way it's too difficult for them they don't have an interest in that if they produce another one cocoa, coffee whatsoever then they will have to integrate this commodity system as well in their system and they don't like it I have the impression but still to be discussed the only crop that could be interested for them is timber because once you planted it you let him grow and you cut it at the same time as rubber then you can have effectively an economic output but basically that's the reason why estates are not that much interested Michelin made a lot of experiment in South America, in Brazil but their conclusion where that is interesting but not for us there is another question what is the situation of rubber agroforestry systems in West and Central Africa there is a good specialist of cocoa agroforestry system, Elsa Sagnal we made recently a survey on rubber farmers more or less they are very linked to cocoa as rubber is a diversification for cocoa farmers in these places and very very few do practice agroforestry and probably it has to be verified just because the main design available in Ivory Coast for instance in Ghana was monoculture so people don't know if they can grow or not and they never had the opportunity to try because it's a relatively recent boom they don't have any experience in agroforestry so they don't know if they can do it or not there is also probably problems of local market if you grow timber they are not interested because they don't have the control on timber and fruits if there is no food market if you are not close to the capital then there is no way to effectively valorize the associated crops okay Eric there is another question for you from Mr Vinucobinat from Michelin SMPT about the planting of tick as a timber intercrop do you have experience of it in Thailand with farmers and what is your idea on that so the thing is that 20 years ago my answer could have been the thing is that when rubber grows there is too much water for tick tick at that time needed at least 4 or 5 months relatively dry months to have a good development but it's not anymore true as there is some tick varieties which not can be grown in the same environment of rubber so what we have seen with Benedict Chambon some years ago when we did some surveys in Pataloog we have seen some plots where the trees between 50 to 80 trees per hectare were mainly mahogany and tick so it's I think it's depending on the market there is a good market in Thailand it's depending on the fact that some new varieties are available now it's still few farmers who are doing that but we have seen that so it's probably a good potential in the very next future a good potential association there is another question for Dr. Lakshman regarding Sri Lanka so in Sri Lanka do all the stakeholders of the rubber value chain are aware of the role of rubber and climatic climate change mitigation and what is the collaboration between the rubber sector and the red plus stakeholders at the moment we are not working on the red plus there are some initiatives going on from the research side to see the feasibility of going for the red plus but at the moment main target is to build up the project for the world carbon market it seems that it's quite feasible and the next thing is our main idea is especially in the country to make our rubber product manufacturers make them carbon neutral we are thinking of selling the carbon fields especially in our country you know we are net importer of the natural rubber because most of the rubber produced in the country being utilized for value addition same time we import a lot of rubber from other countries and especially with the rubber cultivated in new areas once we build up the for one to carbon projects our aim is to go for the neutral carbon rubber products again giving some value addition further value additions rubber okay finally I think it will be the last question I said there is a question for Dr. Roboncafe Mr. Sanwa Denis ask why the rubber industries prefer to go to the humid natural forest area and do not want to move to humid areas there is the effort to cultivate rubber in the humid savanna in my presentation I did say that in Nigeria we have a station located in the humid savanna in my paper presented in a co-divorado I was not there we were projecting the place of rubber in the humid savanna we are encouraging it there is a paper too at the international level where there is even a suggestion that the entire grasslands could be replanted in such a way that after making provision for human petitions dairy farming and all the rest of it the rest could be planted to tree crops so it's a very very strong point even at the international level we are not discouraging it we are promoting it and it's encouraged I would like to speak to the issue of agroforestry in West Africa yes there's a report on Ghana there's a report on the station in co-divorado in Nigeria since the 90s we have been promoting inter-propane basic agroforestry practices like I mentioned they even up to mix farming with small ruminant animals and our farmers are very very receptive to it and it's so encouraging that our farmers are taking up agroforestry in Nigeria thank you very much thank you Dr Mikhafe it was an opportunity that you could join this morning this morning session adoption because in fact your speech was very much related to reproduction and adoption so I think there are not any more new I'll just check a new question yes this is only a remark object of Matthew yeah if I may yes Alexander yeah I was very interested by the presentation of Dr Lakshman on the way the additional income is used by small holders for the role it can place in social resilience because I think this is something which is so important especially if we want to advocate for more funding for action on adaptation of rubber and especially on the fact that part of that income a relatively important part of that income is used for investments health education social investment and physical investment which reminds me things that has happened in China at the moment of the expansion of rubber is it where so it means that the rest of their income is coming from resources is that the case the income for day-to-day expenses yeah actually especially the most of the income is coming from rubber now at the same time they do intercop with their seasonal costs that the part of income is coming from those seasonal costs as well okay thank you very much thank you and I think it's also something interesting when you think about the fact that it is a culture where you have in majority small holders and there is this difficulty of the price fluctuations so the way you use your income and the other sources of income are ways to build resilience not only to climate change but to all types of shocks so it's very interesting especially if you look at the rubber cultivation in non-traditional areas in Sri Lanka probably that would be the case for other countries as well because those areas the farmers they are if you look at the labor value for the labor opportunity cost for the labor is not much they have enough labor and they do engage themselves in the farm and ultimately whatever income they get from the rubber whatever price they still add into their family income and not but in traditional areas the people hire other people hire workers to do farm work even for tapping therefore ultimately if you look at the profit margin is nothing much after spending so much money for labor and then the when rubber prices are poor then they can't get good income but non-traditional areas the dry climates there's a completely different scenario that they whatever price still that the income for them that the net profit for them okay thank you very much to everyone so thank you to the eight presenters of this morning sessions for the excellent quality of their papers they could address or say the diversity of the mitigation and adaptation roles of rubber plantations Dr Yan first started to show the role potential role of rubber in regulation of climate by bringing a rubber to soil temperatures compared to grass or arable lands and this was confirmed after by a presentation of Dr Lakshman there were many many presentations showing the role of the soil cover who appeared as a major major importance regarding the the maintenance of soil properties regarding fertility regarding erosion with effect of the cations and the pH and so on and so it was very obvious that the former practices of bare soil has to be totally eradicated for further sustainability the presentation of Dr Minami opened on the role of genetic diversity and especially the other rubber species for the future breeding in order to adapt to the new conditions of growing the presentation of Dr Fatima that will say the role of natural rubber as a substitute to synthetic rubber was maybe under estimated and under promoted and Dr Abu-Kafe showed very well huge areas going to the sustainable development goals of rubber in maintaining social and natural degraded contexts like a degraded forest even degraded mangroves I didn't know that rubber could be established on degraded mangroves and learn something so thank you very much for all the participants Eric of course describes all the diversity of the agroforestry systems tackling also the possible issues that these systems could bring under much more limited water supply if we have increased the climate so thank you very much to everyone thank you to the attendants also we are a little bit glad compared to the program I give back the floor to the organizers thank you to everyone thank you Eric good thank you very much okay Alexandre Fabio okay maybe so thank you to everybody so this was our second day and tomorrow will be the third and final one drawing conclusions and elements for this broad survey of research results to go towards what can be done in terms of policies and measures in the climate change negotiations and discussion context we already had some insight about it with the discussions on how can we use the carbon markets how can we use red plus as tools so these are among the topics that will be discussed tomorrow same time same place goodbye and thank you to all the technical team behind and to all of you thank you very much see you all tomorrow bye bye


Hello and welcome to this video lecture. In this video lecture we shall solve another problem using the loop constructs in C and we shall see how to use the loops and if condition to solve a particular problem. The objective of these video lectures is help students to prepare for competitive programming competitions. So the learning outcome for this video lecture is at the end you will be able to solve a problem by writing a C program which takes the help of loops and if condition. So these are the videos that are already present in the playlist that you can see alongside. So if you are not very well versed with for loops nested loops and if condition and if else condition you can go and click to these links and go and acquaint yourself with these concepts so that it will be easier for you to solve the problem that we are going to discuss. So what exactly is the problem that we are going to see or solve in this video lecture. You are given n inputs and two numbers x and y. Our job is to check whether all the given numbers lie in the range of x and y where x is less than equal to y. So in short we are given a set of numbers and we have to and two boundary cases one is the lower boundary which is x and the other is y which is the higher boundary and we have to check whether all the given numbers lie within this range of x and y. So if the condition is true I mean if all the numbers fall in this range we print yes if it is false we print no. For instance say for example I take three numbers that means the set of numbers is three and hundred is the lower limit and two hundred is the upper limit so 99 falls out of the range because hundred is the lower limit 102 and 178 of course they fall in the range but the input sorry the output here is no since 99 falls out of the range. Similarly here we have five numbers that we are going to consider and zero is the lower limit and hundred is the upper limit x and y respectively and one two three four and five fall in the range from zero to hundred. So we print yes because it is satisfying the upper limit as well as the lower limit. So what process should we follow or what should be our approach to solve the problem. So the algorithm is nothing but the process the set of steps that we are going to follow to solve the problem. After initialization we input three values from the user we take the input for three values one is the number of elements that is n the other is the lower limit that is x and the other is the higher limit that is the upper limit y and we are going to also take another variable and call it as count and then we are going to take the input of n values starting from zero to n minus one and we are going to store it in the array say for example a after taking the input from the user for n elements we are required to scan the array. Now the scanning means we are going to traverse all the elements in the array right from zero till we come to n minus one index now we you might be knowing that and the array is traversed from zero one two three till we reach n minus one that is if we are have if the array size is five so we can traverse right from zero till four. So in these elements from zero to n minus one if the element is greater than equal to x and if the element at particular ith location if it is less than equal to y that means if both the conditions are fulfilled we increment the count variable by one that means we are going ahead to traverse the next element in case if this condition does not satisfy or this condition returns false we print no. So we are going to scan the entire array and just consider that none of the elements fall out of these two boundary cases that means they are greater than x and less than y if all the elements satisfy this condition we will the program will come to a point that the count will be equivalent to n that means all the elements are greater than x and less than or equal greater than or equal to x and less than or equal to y if this is the case and we have come to the end of the array we print yes and then stop we shall now see to the code implementation of this particular problem using C programming language. So this is code blocks IDE I highly recommend all students to use this code blocks IDE because it is freely available and it helps to keep your code combined together in a single in a single project so that if you are developing huge projects having a lot many C files that you can store it all together and this is the code that I have written I have declared into array of a thousand elements and these are the variables that I am going to require as I have mentioned earlier count is initialized to zero variable count I am going to require i and n for a number of elements that I need to require x is the lower limit y is the higher limit I take the input for the number of elements that I am going to require and x and y are the lower limit and higher limit respectively now I am going to scan scan the entire array from zero to n minus one I have not mentioned n minus one because when i is less than n the loop will run only from zero to n minus one so I am going to scan every element for n times yes for n times and here I am going to make the comparison that is if the element that is entered by the user if it is greater than or equal to x that is the lower limit and if the element entered by the user if it is less than or equal to y then increment count then increment count else if this condition returns false or if if this condition is not satisfied straight away we print no and return zero that means we end our function here itself by returning zero and we print no if we reach to the end of the array where count will be equivalent to n the value of count will be equivalent to n we print we print yes and then conclude with our program I will show you the demonstration of the of this code this code is available in the description section you can click the link and you will get the code that I am executing here which I'll see the execution of this code first is the number of elements say for example I have three elements the lower limit is 100 the upper limit is 200 and now I am expecting the user to enter the enter the elements I will enter the elements now 125 first element 150 is the second element and say 199 is the third element so it should return yes let's see what our program returns it is returning yes let's execute it for one one more time say for example I have four elements and the boundary is zero to say 10 and I need to put up four values say for example I put up 20 so it is immediately it is returning no because it does not accept it and the first element itself is out of the boundary case so this is the implementation as I mentioned earlier you can refer to the description section for this code this point in time I want you to pause the video and write down the code for the same problem but in this code in this program I want you to use while loop instead of for loop pause the video and try to write the code so we shall discuss how to write the code using the while loop for using while loop instead of for loop what I have done is I have initialized variable I equals zero now I am going to use I as the counter variable just for the ease of your understanding and I am going to run the entire while loop until I is equal to n so that so that the while loop will run till I is less than n and it will stop running when it becomes equal to n for this you have to take care that when you have initialized it with zero after every comparison you have to increment I by one so we start with I equals zero and we check for the condition while I is less than n we run the entire while loop and after at every iteration we are incrementing I by one rest of the lines remain the same so we shall check for the execution say for example I have three values to check and the upper the lower limit is 100 the upper limit is 200 so if I say for example I enter 125 and 500 say for example and hit enter it will give me no because 500 does not lie within the range of 100 and 200 so these are the references that I have referred to you may also refer to these references for for in-depth explanation and for other problems that you can solve using loops and if condition thank you