Welcome to the Hindu News Analysis by Shankar Ayes Academy. The list of topics chosen for today's discussion along with the page numbers is given here for your reference. Let us start today's analysis with this news article. This discussion is about recent apology by Facebook for misusing its platform for inciting offline violence. The syllabus relevant for this discussion is given here for your reference. In an unexpected time, a long-awaited apology from Facebook highlighted that the hate speech and rumors shared on an online platform will lead to offline violence. See, the ethnic conflict between Sinhali's majority and Tamil minority is well known to the world. But it is said that since 2012, there was also rising tensions between Buddhist majority and Sri Lankan Muslims. It is because there are growing fears among Sinhali's majority that international Islamic community may someday take over Sri Lanka. So, because of this, in 2018 anti-Muslim riots surfaced from the Buddhist majority in Sri Lanka, where they attacked mosques, Muslim-owned shops and homes. See, Facebook was cited as one of the reasons for this attack, as it was used to spread hate speech online. Due to this, in 2018, Facebook partnered with Article 1 to conduct an investigation. Here, Article 1 is a specialized ethics and human rights consulting firm. The assessment report of this Article 1 was released last week, which revealed that Facebook platform contributed to spreading of rumors and hate speech, which may have led to offline violence in Sri Lanka. The assessment also found that the proliferation of hate speech and misinformation may have contributed to unrest and in some cases resulted in physical harm. Consequently, Facebook apologized for the very real human rights impacts due to misuse of its platform. Thus, the recently released report acknowledges that how social media platforms and other online products were being used and abused to spread racism, Islamophobia, hate, violence, etc. This can be clearly seen in the case of India also, where hate speech has not been defined in any law. But the 267th report of Law Commission, which was on hate speech, somewhat defined this term. According to this Law Commission report, hate speech is an incitement to hate-read against a group of persons defined in terms of race, religion, ethnicity, etc. Simply, hate speech can be any word, sign, or visible representation with the intention of causing fear or incitement to violence.  We have clear examples in our country where online social media platforms like WhatsApp, Facebook were used to inset offline violence. Many reports point that the lynchmops and other types of communal violence in the country accelerated due to rumour originating on WhatsApp groups.  For example, Section 153A of Indian Penal Code penalizes promotion of enmity between different groups and grounds of religion, race, place of birth, etc. Secondly, the representation of people at 1951 prohibits promotion of enmity on grounds of religion, race, caste, community, or language in connection with the elections as a corrupt electoral practice and prohibits it.  As a conclusion, we can say that in this era of technology, online social media platforms play important role in advocating democracy. At the same time, they are being misused by social evils to spread hatred in the community. Even the so-called WhatsApp groups have become universities of misinformation. Hence, currently, the platforms are tackling this problem with the combination of artificial intelligence, user reporting, content moderators to enforce rules regarding appropriate content. However, until each country comes up with strict regulations prohibiting hate speech and stringent punishment for the same, this socially evils spreading social disharmony will continue unabated. With this, we come to the end of this news article. This practice question will be discussed at the end of the session. Dear aspirants, as we are talking about hate speech, we recommend you to follow official government handles on social media. Government as a part of e-governance updates every important government decision on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, etc. If you are using any of these social media platforms, follow government accounts or handles to get yourself updated with the latest happenings in the country. This will also help your civil services exam preparation. For example, in this week's news analysis, we covered in-depth about Atma Nirbar Abhyan, Vande Bharat, Samudra Setu, etc. All these current events are concisely covered in the social media as you can see on the screen. Be a responsible citizen and stop the fake news and hate speech in online platforms. Let's move on to the next news article. Let us take up this news article. As we all know, the former army chief, General Bipin Ravath, has been appointed as chief of defense staff. The CDS is a four-star general whose salary and perquisites are equivalent to service chiefs of three armed forces. One of the most important functions of the CDS is to facilitate the restructuring of military commands, bringing about jointness in operations and the establishment of joint or theater commands. Today's article is about developments regarding theater commands. The syllabus relevant for the discussion is given here for your reference. If you see in modern warfare, nations do not have the luxury of continuing war for long durations. This is mainly because of military, economic, and domestic limitations, and most importantly, international pressure. So, in order to achieve strategic goals in the shortest time possible, we need the networking of armed forces. This is where theater command assumes significance. A theater command or integrated theater command is a military structure wherein all the assets of army, air force, and navy in a particular theater of war are under the operational control of a senior military commander. At present, India has a theater command in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, which was formed after the Kargil conflict. See, a theater command will bring together all the available resources under one commanding officer. Also, the three services will get to know each other, thereby strengthening the cohesion within our military. Also, when the command and control is under one person, it will ensure that there will be no fratricide. Know that fratricide means accidental killing of our own forces during a war. Also, integration will enable real-time sharing of intelligence and information between widely dispersed forces. It will also ensure common communication systems and also common training establishments and equipment wherever possible. So, with integration, maintenance, and logistics will come down and bring a lot of shareings. This will also bring down the time taken for processing of information, decision-making, and its execution. If you see, all this increase the chance of achieving our strategic goals in the shortest time possible. With this, let us discuss the news article. See, few months back, the chief of defense staff has said that India will have two to five theater commands along the borders with Pakistan and China. In this context, this article says that the land-based theater commands will mainly be between army and air force. But, the assets of Navy will also be used, especially in the Northern Theater Command, along the border with China and Pakistan. See, for example, Indian Navy's P-8I Long Range Maritime Petrol Aircraft was used for observing Chinese movements during the Doklam standoff in 2017. So, if naval fighter jets can be used in western desert areas, the Indian Air Force jets operating there can be moved to other borders. This will result in better utilization of resources and coordination among the forces. As per this article, the first integrated command in the works is Integrated Air Defense Command, which will be headed by Indian Air Force. It will be soon followed by a maritime command and then the land-based theater commands. It is said that these projects would take shape in two to three years. The article also says that the national security strategy, which is being prepared by Defense Planning Committee, is also being finalized. Know that the DPC, the Defense Planning Committee, was set up in 2018 and is a permanent body under the chairmanship of National Security Advisor. Apart from NSA, the DPC consists of Chief of Defense Staff, the three Service Chiefs, the Defense Secretary, and the Foreign Secretary. With this, we come to the end of analysis of this news article. This news article expresses the concerns of a policy advisor of Ministry of External Affairs over regional comprehensive economic partnership. The senior official has indicated that global concerns over China post COVID-19 has strengthened India's opposition to the proposed grouping. We know that RCEP was much in discussion last year. Originally, 16 countries were part of these negotiations for the proposed agreement that is RCEP, which included 10 countries of ASEAN and 6 free trade partners of ASEAN, which are India, China, Japan, South Korea, Australia, and New Zealand. Simply, RCEP is a free trade agreement between ASEAN and 6 other countries. Know that this agreement is not yet signed. If you see, a lot of trust was given last year to conclude this agreement. But in the month of November, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi declared that India will not join RCEP in its present format. The present draft format of this RCEP agreement is said to be detrimental to Indian manufacturing sector and make in India policy as well as to the Indian farmers. The same points have been reiterated in this news article. After this, reportedly, India was given a deadline up to May 15, 2020 to rejoin this RCEP negotiations. India has once again made a clear response that its position is not yet changed from the stance taken in November. In fact, its position on RCEP has been actually reinforced. If signed, this agreement would have been favorable to China to promote its manufacturing sector at the cost of domestic manufacturing in India. We do remember that the statement made by former Australian Prime Minister who said that RCEP deal appears as a trade arm of China's Belt and Road Initiative. But now, during the COVID-19 crisis, experts are of opinion that China is going to be a major player than before in global politics. We saw on news analysis on May 11 that the emergence of China is one of the geopolitical trends which is going to shape the post-COVID-19 world. In such scenario, India cannot afford to suffer by agreeing to a partnership where China is a proposed partner and especially when there is no demanded protection for Indian sectors. We should also note that few sectors of India, particularly Indian pharmaceutical sector, was much talked at the international level. So, India is also relatively emerging. The trade opportunities that India has cannot be compromised by a trade agreement that may limit India's potential. So, in this context post-COVID-19, the opposition of India to RCEP has only been reinforced and strengthened. If you see, it is important that, after a crisis, equitable norms have to be brought in place. In this context, we expect some reforms at the existing international trade mechanisms. See, in the aftermath of World War II, many nations were born as they became independent and a system was established to regulate trade in goods. This system had the core elements of a rule-based structure and principle of non-discrimination. Here, the system refers to GATT, the general agreement on tariffs and trade which was signed in 1947 by 23 countries. This agreement contained tariff concessions as well as a set of rules designed to prevent these concessions from being countered by restrictive trade measures. So, based on this GATT, multilateral trade was happening in the world provisionally from 1948 to 1994. But it also faced criticism such as there was not much differential protection or treatment to developing and least developed countries. Also, it did not cover services category. Because of these reasons, it was decided to move from GATT to more reformed institutional arrangement. This reformed institutional arrangement is the current world trade organization and its various agreements. In the agreements of WTO, developing nations did find some relief or protection in trade which is reflected in differential treatment against the developed nations. In addition to goods category, services and intellectual property rights also became part of WTO. This system seemed to be functioning quite well for developing countries still recently. This is because United States, a developed nation, attempted to break the differential treatment offered under the WTO framework. If you see America filed petitions against India at the WTO asking India not to extend support to some of the domestic programs focused on export promotion. In fact, US also started treating India as a developed nation in some aspects of trade. For example, as per US, India will not be given preferential treatment with respect to countervailing duties investigations. Such moves by US were seen as a disrespect to the differential stages of growth and development and lack of objective understanding about who is a developed nation and who is not. More importantly, there is something that US did in 2017. It withdrew its membership from Trans-Pacific Partnership in 2017. This partnership with the presence of US was said to become the world's largest free trade deal covering more than 40% of global economy. But citing some reasons, US withdrew from the deal. The reasons are, firstly, the deal would lead to US decline in domestic manufacturing. Second, it will lead to loss of jobs in US. Third, the other countries can take advantage of US and it will also increases US trade deficit with other partnering countries. Surprisingly, this was the stand taken by US, the nation which is held by many as a global superpower and a champion for free trade regimes. At a time when even the developed nations are extra cautious about protecting their domestic businesses, employment and other aspects. At a time when US moved from America first policy to America alone policy, a country like India which is a developing country cannot afford to join the proposed RCEP agreement. We can even take the example of Britain with respect to Brexit. Particularly, the entire nation has suffered a lot with the COVID-19 from the loss of lives to loss of jobs and livelihood. Therefore, it is time for India to drop such proposed frameworks. Moreover, the policy advisor also cited that India's experience with the trade agreements in the past have dealt a heavy blow to the domestic manufacturing. With this, we come to the end of analysis of this news article. Let's take up this main question at the end of the session. The next discussion is based on this question which is framed on this news article. This news article talks about Central Administrative Tribunal that is CAT. In this topic, we shall discuss CAT constitutional provisions and related legislations. See, the CAT has been established as mandated under article 323a of Indian Constitution. In pursuance of this article 323a, Parliament has passed the Administrative Tribunal's Act of 1985. This Act authorized the Central Government to establish one Central Administrative Tribunal and State Administrative Tribunals. Know that this Act enabled the speedy and inexpensive justice to the aggrieved public servants. See, the CAT provides for adjudication of disputes with respect to recruitment and conditions of service of persons who are appointed to public services and posts in connection with the affairs of union or other authorities under the control of government. Currently, there are 17 benches and 21 circuit benches in the Central Administrative Tribunal all over India. See, also know that the CAT has original jurisdiction in relation to recruitment and all service matters of public servants covered by it. Its jurisdiction extends to all India's services, Central civil services, civil posts under centre and also civilian employees of defence services. Note that civilian employees of defence services. However, the members of defence forces, officers, service of Supreme Court and the secretarial staff of Parliament are not covered by it. Also, the Tribunal is guided by principles of natural justice are not bound by the civil procedure code. With this information, let's get back to the question. The question is, which among the following services or officers come under the jurisdiction of Central Administrative Tribunal? So, six services are given. The first one is all India services, second one, CAG, third one, controller, general of accounts, chief election commissioner, officers of ministries and departments of Central Government and sixth one is officers of Supreme Court. See, we have just discussed that Supreme Court officers won't come under this cat. If we remove the sixth one, we can arrive at the correct answer that is option D 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. Let's move on to the next article. Let us look at this question which is based on this news article. The news article says that WHO has condemned the dangerous concept of herd immunity for managing the coronavirus pandemic. The article also says that it is wrong to think that countries can magically make their population immune to coronavirus. So, in this context, what is herd immunity? See, know that herd immunity is an indirect protection from a contagious infectious disease that happens when a population is immune. See, the immunity could be either through vaccination or immunity developed through previous infection that is natural herd immunity. For example, when we get a disease, our body develops antibodies. This means that even people who are not vaccinated or in whom the vaccine doesn't trigger immunity are protected because people around them who are immune can act as buffers between them and an infected person. See, for example, assume that A is a healthy person. He is surrounded by few people who are immune and few people who are infected with the virus. So, assume that B, C, D are immune people and E, F, G are infected people. So, this B, C, D act as buffers between infected people and healthy person. So, this is called herd immunity. See, the concept of herd immunity is generally used for calculating how many people need to be vaccinated in a population in order to protect those who are not vaccinated. See, once herd immunity has been established for a while, along with curving the ability of the disease to spread, then the disease can eventually be eliminated. For example, this is how the world eradicated smallpox. Also know that the more infectious a disease is, greater the population immunity is needed to ensure herd immunity. In simpler terms, if a disease has more infectious ability, then a greater population immunity is required to achieve herd immunity. Coming to news article, the WHO cautions that currently there is no evidence that people who have recovered from COVID-19 are immune to second infection. So, herd immunity achieved through immunity developed by previous infection is currently not applicable or possible in case of COVID-19. See, infected people may have some level of protection against the virus, but the level and duration of protection is still not known. So, with this information, let's get back to the question. See, the question says that which among the following statements about herd immunity is not correct. Here, four options are given. Herd immunity is the indirect protection from a contagious disease that happens when a population is immune. Yes, this is the definition of the herd immunity. So, option A is not the answer. Coming to option B, once herd immunity is achieved, the disease is automatically eliminated. This statement is not correct, since even after herd immunity is achieved, the disease can be eliminated only if the spread of disease is curtailed. So, option B is the answer since we are supposed to identify not correct statement and going to option C, herd immunity can be achieved naturally by developing immunity through previous infection. Yes, this is correct. Option D, herd immunity can be achieved even through vaccination. Yes, this is also correct. So, the answer is option B. Let us move on to the next news article. Let us take up this question. This is framed based on this news article which talks about Centres Proposal to Encourage Greater Participation of Private Sector in Space Activities. See, in 2017, Department of Space came up with Space Activities Bill. It is a national space legislation for encouraging the enhanced participation of private sector in space activities. Apart from this, the emergence of New Space India Limiter would spur the growth of Indian industries in the space sector. In this discussion, let us focus on this New Space India Limiter. So, it was first announced in the budget of 2019-20, that is last year budget. Know that it is established as a central public sector enterprise under the administrative control of Department of Space. Also note that it is the second commercial entity of ISRO. Then, what is the first one? The first one is Antrex or Antrex Corporation Limited which was formed in 1992. See, the Antrex was formed for promotion and commercial exploitation of space products which are developed by ISRO. Another major objective is to support development of space-related industrial capabilities in India. Also note that Antrex is under administrative control of Department of Space. So, then what is the purpose of a new entity that is New Space India Limiter? See, the aim of New Space India Limited is to make use of research and development carried out by ISRO. The company will spearhead commercialization of various space products including production of launch vehicles, transfer of technologies and marketing of space products. We shall also see some important functions of New Space India Limited. The first one is technology transfer of small satellite to the industry. Here, the New Space India Limited will obtain a license from ISRO and sub-license it to industries. And the second is manufacturing of small satellite launch vehicle in collaboration with private sector. Also note that it is aimed at production of polar satellite launch vehicle that is PSLV through Indian industry. So, with this information, let's address this question. Consider the following statements regarding New Space India Limited. The statement one says it is a central public sector enterprise formed to spearhead commercialization of various space products including production of launch vehicles. As we have just seen, it is the primary objective of NSIL. Yes, the statement one is correct. The statement two says that this New Space India Limited is under the administrative control of Department of Science and Technology. No, the statement is incorrect since the New Space India Limited is under the control of Department of Space not under Department of Science and Technology. Correct answer for this question is option A, one only. Let us take up this question. This question is framed with reference to this news article which talks about the government's decision to corporatize the Ordnance Factory Sport. The article also mentions the government proposal to list it on stock exchanges as well. These measures are supposed to improve autonomy, accountability, and efficiency of Ordnance Factories Board or OFB. In this context, it is important for us to know what is OFB and its functions under whom. See, Ordnance Factories Board functions under the Department of Defense Production of Ministry of Defense. It is the world's and largest industrial setup which forms an integrated base for indigenous production of defense hardware and equipment. The primary objective of OFB is to achieve self-reliance in equipping the armed forces with state-of-art battlefield equipment. OFB claims it as the force behind the armed forces. Note that it is headquartered in Kolkata. Under the board, there are total of 41 Ordnance Factories. Mainly, these factories provide a broad defense production with multi-technology capabilities. Some other details of Ordnance Factories Board are given here for your reference. We just discussed that the primary objective of OFB is to achieve self-reliance in equipping the armed forces. So, the primary customers are Indian armed forces. Apart from supplying armaments to armed forces, Ordnance Factories also meet the requirements of central parametry forces as well as state police forces. Also know that this Ordnance Factories Board exports defense products to more than 30 countries. See, with this information, we'll take up this question. Consider the following statements with reference to Ordnance Factories Board. The first statement talks about objective of the OFB. Yes, the statement 1 is correct. Coming to statement 2, the first Ordnance Factory was established before the Indian Independence. Yes, the statement 2 is also correct. Know that the first Ordnance Factory was established at Kasipur in Kolkata in 1801. This factory is now known as Gun and Shell Factory. Around 18 Ordnance Factories were established even before Indian Independence. While many factories came even before Indian Independence, the Apex Board, that is Ordnance Factories Board, was set up in 1979. So, in the given question, both the statements are correct. So, correct answer is Option C, both 1 and 2. Let's take up other practice questions. This question is based on the news article we have discussed regarding hate speech. The question says, the Robert Plan of Action is related to the correct answer is Option D, prohibition of advocacy of national, racial, or religious hatred. See, the full name of action is the Robert Plan of Action on the prohibition of advocacy of national, racial, or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility, or violence. See, it was launched by United Nations Office of High Commissioner for Human Rights in 2013. See, this plan provides guidance on how to balance between Article 19 and Article 20 of International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. If you see, Article 19 is about freedom of expression and Article 20 is about prohibition of incitement of discrimination. So, this Plan of Action aims to provide guidance on how to balance between these two articles. Article 19 and Article 20 of International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Let us take up this main question. Evaluate India's decision of not joining the proposed RCEP in the context of post-COVID-19 world. See, for this question, you can start with brief introduction about India's decision of not joining RCEP. This is an evaluate question, so you need to see both positives and negatives and take a stand at the end. For example, positives include protecting domestic industries, protecting agriculture, protecting farmers, etc. On the negative side, you can talk about as a diplomatic failure in steering RCEP in favor of India's interests. Also, India for long has been an abstainer from international groupings. Abstaining from RCEP will make India a regional power without joining a major trade deal in its neighborhood. As a result, it affects Indian influence over the neighbors. Like this, you can write and take a stand at the end. Please write the answers and post them in the comments section. We will get back to you with feedback within short time. If you find this session resourceful, click on the like button and show your appreciation in the comment section. And don't forget to subscribe to our YouTube channel.


Good morning everyone, today Aishriya and Aira Shikha are here to present a skit on the third law of motion called Laws of Motion are mystery to newtip. Scene one, he enters in a room very peculiar, some place where he had never been to, only then suddenly intruder alert, intruder alert, intruder alert, intruder alert, please kneel down. Okay. Who are you and why are you holding that gun? I am a robot and this is a gun. You have time travelled and broken the space time continuum. I am here to take your information. Okay. What is your name? Time travel? Is that even possible?  Okay. Beb, Bob. My name is Newton, Isaac Newton. Are you the grade scientist, Isaac Newton, who formulated the three laws of motion? Well, I was just formulating them yesterday. Sir, you are 400 years in future, Beb, Bob. 400? That's amazing. Why are you still pointing that gun at me? Sir, it is to show you that it, you must come with me. I will come with you, but can you at least show me how the gun is used? It works on your third law of motion. Look, I fire and it recoils. Right. Third law of motion. Every action has an equal and opposite reaction. Yes, sir. Now you must come with me to the headquarters, Beb, Bob. I want to go back to my time. No, sir. I insist. Well, then I will fight you. Ah! Why did that hurt so much? Sir, that is because of your third law of motion. You applied force on me and there was a reaction force on you. That is why it hurt. Although it did hurt, I am amazed by the advancements in science in the 21st century. Yes, sir. Humans are very grateful for their contributions. But right now it is important for you to come to the headquarters. Okay, look. I will go with you, but at least show me some real life application of my laws. Yes, sir. We can do that on our way. Beb, Bob. Let's go. Okay. Oh wait. Look, what is that gigantic circular vessel with the flame underneath it? Sir, that's a hot air balloon. Beb, Bob. What does it do? It is used for human recreation. And guess what? It works in the third law of motion. Good job, sir. The hot air expelled out works in the opposite direction of the air outside the hot air balloon. Hence the hot air balloon rises up. That's amazing. Beb, Bob. Even rockets and airplanes work on the same principle. They move forward by expelling a force backwards. Airplanes? Rockets? Yes, sir. They are a machine in which humans can sit and fly. Fly? Like a bird? Yes, sir. But you need not worry. The invention will take another 200 years. Beb, Bob. That's a lot of time. You know, I do know the laws, but it seems that humans have used it just artificially. No, sir. It was very much present since the beginning. Beginning, like you mean naturally. Yes, sir. Guess where? Walking. Walking? Yes, sir. Try walk. When we walk forward, we exert force on the ground. And the ground exerts a reaction force on us. That is why we can move forward. You know, speaking of naturally, it also occurs when we swim. So we push the water backward and it pushes us forward. Good job, sir. You are learning. Thanks. Shall we continue our walk? Yes, sir. Let's walk a bit faster. Oh, wait. Look, why are the children huddled around an orange sphere? So that is a basketball. It's a sport. Look, there is one. They use to put it in the net at a height. And guess what? Let me guess. It works in the third law of motion. Yes, sir. And it works in two ways. I can show you the first one. When we jump, we apply force on the ground. And the force is applied on us. Hence, we can jump. Guess the second one? Oh, when we dribble the ball. Sure to me. When we dribble the ball, I apply the force on the ball. And the ground applies the same force in the opposite direction. Good job, sir. You're learning. And physics does not end here in basketball. When the children throw the basketball, they follow the projectile motion and a trajectory which goes inside the net. So physics everywhere. I guess so. My laws are just great, aren't they? No, sir. Your laws have limitations as well. My laws have limitations. Yes, sir. I can tell you at least two. OK, fine. Go ahead. First one. Your laws only work in contact forces. You mean when two objects are in contact only then? Yes, sir. They will not work from far away. And the second one is that they're only applicable to the macro world and not to atomic dimensions. You know why? Because you cannot simultaneously measure the two forces acting at once. I guess that's insightful. You know, I was also thinking my third law of motion not only applies artificially and naturally, but also applies to life, like philosophically. Every action that we do comes back to us sooner or later. Sir, I am a robot and I do not understand emotions or philosophy. But I am sure these words are coming out of such a great mind. They must be true. Weep, bop. Thank you, robot, for that lovely compliment. And, sir, look, we almost reached the headquarters. Let's get you in. I'm probably back to your time so that you can do more discoveries. Weep, bop. Let's go.


or online lecture course on statistical mechanics, chemistry, and material science. Today, we shall start a new topic, a very important topic, which is the computer simulation methods in statistical mechanics. As we have seen, we have gone through many aspects of statistical mechanics from the beginning of the postulates and then on to different ensembles and applications. And one thing that you must have realized that it's a lot of really, lot of analytical work, lot of very difficult mathematical methods that are being implemented. And these mathematical methods and the requirement of mathematics becomes more and more demanding as you go to real systems. Actually, at one point, it becomes quite difficult. And so one then starts wondering that can one really push this ambitious project of statistical mechanics of explaining the observed variables of the crystal, phase transitions, biological systems from past principles? We mean that from an intermolecular potential, particularly when the intermolecular potential. This was the condition state of the art in 1960s and 70s when people are still pursuing analytical work. By the end of 1970s, it became quite clear that it might not be feasible to solve these analytical theories. For example, percussive equation of the partition functions to get the required observed properties. That was very, very beginning to dawn on people. Fortunately at the very time, computers were developed to a great extent. And some very smart people realized that computer celebration can come to rescue in a big way. And that was developed by very smart people. And now computer simulation essentially 90% of the applications of statistical mechanics that we do through computer simulation. However, the methods of computer simulations are firmly based on the developments or advances of statistical mechanics even now. So this kind of handover, it seems like that statistical mechanics developed all the principles and the methods and applied to real systems. Because in analytical methods, solving of integral equation theories or as you see in case of may have cluster expansion, we could get the phase transition, we could get some above the cluster size distribution. But even then the calculation of virial coefficients is extremely difficult for any kind of realistic problems. So we are going to kind of just state what I have been saying that simple model based calculations can be done. And then certain simple theories like cell theories, lattice models like Ising models, Landau theory, they are wonderful theories. They have done a wonderful job in explaining and providing us insight of what is going on. However, they cannot be successfully applied to a quantitative prediction for the real systems. Like real systems like water, liquid water, ethanol, proteins and then DNA. So this kind of what you want to understand the lipid by the air. So all these systems, let us stick to basically with water, which is a very simple thing. So even in water, analytical theories did not quite success. Despite tremendous effort by very, very smart people, well we can do some amount of analytical things to try to understand the liquid to stream transition. But even when it comes to freezing, it is still a very, very, it has not been successful. So we faced with these things as I told you in 70s, it was realized and people realize that however is bottleneck at the big, big wall presented by the analytical theories, which cannot be complex intermolecular potential. What are intermolecular potential is complex in the sense is more than Lena Jones. It has oxygen atom through hydrogen and they have charges at the moment. But then at that time, computer solution came to big, big risk. And the intermolecular potentials which are discussed like Lena Jones, especially the way and this is just radial potential between two atoms. And water is a far cry from these things. So real molecular potential for real molecular liquid like water, ethanol, dynamical, sulfoxide, many, many other things are far more complex. So analytical theories didn't work and that is what computer simulation came to rest when, as I said, 90% of the statmate base worked now done with using computer simulations. So in fact, it required no less ingenuity, full less creativity to develop the computer solution. Yes, basic principles and basic methodologies and the things that we need to calculate like radial distribution function, specifically on the fluctuation. And many other quantities were in when it was the formalism and the way to think and go about and the equations were given by statistical mechanics, but they are implemented now through computer simulation. So that's what I said, as if the methods of statistical mechanics was developed and handed over to the next generation to take it ahead by using computer simulations. So computer simulation, as I have saying, is very, very smart work and it started essentially with a very famous paper. I'll cite the paper in the next slide by Metro Police, Rosenboot, Taylor and Taylor and they did what is called Monte Carlo simulation. It was an equilibrium static simulation and a few years later in 1950s, both in 50s, older and when right, did this simulation in a time plane by molecular dynamic simulation. And both treated this heart-sphere kind of interaction which was simple to do and got results which was tested against the theoretical results which fortunately were known quite a bit. From analytical theories, because heart-sphere is something analytical theories made some advances. So we then did computer simulations and tested the computer simulation against the analytical theories. It started both the purpose. We could test the analytical theories, which as I said cannot be done exactly, but fairly accurate for heart-sphere. And we can check computer simulations and it is extremely important. That means this verifying computer simulation by statistical mechanics and verifying statistical mechanics by computer simulation.  Theory that flows directly from statistical mechanics without going through the computer simulation. So there is something which is not sufficiently emphasized that these two things are extremely important and extremely useful in both the ways. While older India dosen't with the heart-sphere, the first continuous potential and that was the birth of one can say heelistic simulation of heelistic systems was done by an Indian, Anisur Rahman, who studied in Hyderabad and then went to United States and made enormous contribution. Later teamed up with Stillinger, the calculations of water that those who are going down on a whole of 1970s, I think they were 8 or 10 papers. Very nice papers which is done through these computer simulations. Then that became available in 1970s in increasing capacity. I should also mention to work by Carplus, Warshall and Levitt who had given Nobel Prize in 2014 for their applications of these computer simulation techniques or computer methods to study a biology and that was the celebration of the reach of computer simulation. Before that, the Nobel Prize in computer simulation was given. There were a lot of prizes and the commission was given to analytical theories developed by statistical mechanics. These are the papers I told you. The slides are in the first paper, the Metropolis Rosenwood, Rosenwood, Taylor and Taylor, the equation of state calculation of fast computing machines in 1953. Then they did a heart-sphere system. Then Barney, Alder and Wendite, they did heart-sphere and later heart-disk. The first paper of Metropolis Rosenwood was done by Monte Carlo simulations while Alder and Wendite implemented molecular dynamics simulation. So they had two different techniques but the results agreed well with each other and with the theories as I have been telling. Then the real fast continuous potential was done by Ernest Roman, who is a seminal paper and very famous paper in 1964, which is highly cited and highly respected. Then Ernest Roman teamed up with Stringer and did a series of work on water. At that time was increased the reach of computer simulation to a significant degree. Now let us start on the main work, which is the classification of simulation and molecular dynamics simulation, computer simulation divided into two things. One is molecular dynamics, which is propagated in time domain and this is Monte Carlo. So remember when you are doing statistical mechanics, in the beginning the postulates, you are telling there are two postulates of statistical mechanics. One is that, equal or equal probability. Another is the time average goes to ensemble average. Now in a basic idea of statistical mechanics is that you have the phase space in particles, the six n dimensional space called a gamma space and the system is executing a work in this trajectory in this multi-dimensional phase space. And the properties that you observe as a result of this trajectory as the promotion of the system on this phase space. So if you wanted to dynamics the time, the correlated time and also structure, then we have to really play the system propagated on the six n dimensional space by moving each atom and molecule. Because the movement in phase space is essentially due to the movement of each atoms and molecules. In the usual atoms and molecules moving rotating and that is so one point in phase space to another point in phase space means change of configuration of all this in particle system, in molecular system or in atom system. Monte Carlo on the other end is dips on the ensemble. So molecular dynamics is time average. Monte Carlo is the ensemble average. In Monte Carlo, there is no time. In Monte Carlo simulation, what we start with the initial configuration, then we follow certain rules to generate new new configurations. New new configurations which are allowed according to Boltzmann distribution and some technique like that. But there is a lot of creativity in creating this Monte Carlo. Monte Carlo which is a huge gambling town with got so casinos in France. And this Monte Carlo is a method which is depends on random number use of repeated use of random number and which allows us to push the system in the configuration space from one point in the configuration space to another configuration space. And there are rules so that the systems that we generate follow the basic principles of statistical mechanics. So the sampling is very important in Monte Carlo. So to summarize again molecular dynamics is a time averaging while Monte Carlo simulation is an ensemble based things. So molecular dynamics is time and Monte Carlo has no time. That so as I stated repeatedly in this course that is very important to get an overall picture. Because statistical mechanics involves a lot of techniques, a lot of beautiful stuff. But soon when you start doing work or research you tend to get lost into the details. It's very in computer simulation. You start what kind of numerical technique I use to propagate it, what kind of sampling, what kind of random number generator. So there are many details but it always makes sense to have the big picture in mind. So that you know where you are starting and where to go and you can figure out if you are making a mistake, get an overall understanding of what is expected, what kind of results I need to compare with experiments. Are my results correct? So these things are essentially to keep you on the correct state and overall picture is required. So the computer simulation always has these four steps. Any computer simulation has these four steps. We start with, we prepare initial configuration. I talk about preparing initial configuration example. Then the initial configuration obtains very far from the system configuration that you want to study. So then that from the initial configuration you have to run the system for a long time. You are in Monte Carlo also. You have to make many, many moves to equilibrate the system. That you need the temperature, pressure and density condition. This equilibration is very important thing because the equilibration brings the system to the state, microscopic state that you start with the microscopic state in initial configuration. Then you keep on evolving the system, keep on changing the system so that you ultimately come to a state which I can call the system is an equilibrium so that I can start now measuring the properties. So once it reaches the equilibrium, we do a production run. This is the run where we calculate all the quantities along the trajectory or along the sample run and then we use those to get the numbers. So the production run generates the trajectories that to be used in analysis to obtain the experimentally observable results, obtain the equilibration has to be longer than the production because once equilibrium is done, production is reliable. So often the equilibration is 5 to 10 times longer than production run. So many times, for example, in relation to water of 1000 water molecules then your production run may be about 20 or 30 nanoseconds but your equilibration might be more than that, it might be 50 nanoseconds. So this is a very, very important thing. Remember that these four steps are already involved. So about the initial configuration, I told you for example I want to simulate that but then in order to generate the configuration of liquid water which is random with random positions of water molecules, random orientations there are two ways to generate them. One is to put the water molecules one by one into the box and the other one which is more easy to visualize is start with an ice. Although you might be interested in knowing what are at 25 degrees centigrade at ambient condition but you can start with an ice which is the structure of the ice and get a little below that.  So you put a box around the ice, now increase the temperature. As you increase the temperature, the ice melts. This is what I was saying. Now, so ice served as the initial configuration. Now melting and running for a long time is the production, is the equilibration. So that after a long production done the liquid water that you get has forgotten that it came from ice. Then we are in a position to start making calculations and as I told you within a thousand water molecules sometimes the production run starting from ice can be more than 15 nanoseconds or even 100 nanoseconds. So that the final equilibrium state has forgotten the ice and is the equilibrium state of the liquid water. Then we do maybe 10 nanoseconds of the production run and keep track of all the positions and momentum now and they use the energy position, momentum orientation to calculate the properties. The other example is the argon. We start with argon with Fc the crystal and then I veil the ice and let's say I create an interface along the line of the liquid solid. Then you can see that on the left hand side we have the argon Fc the crystal. On the right hand side we have the random liquid and very sharp boundary between them. Similarly, if you want to consider a protein, then you start with protein data bank which gives me a configuration of all the amino acids. And I take the extra structure from protein data bank which is all the proteins that I want to study it in water. Then I dip it in water and run again for a long time so that I get equilibrated structure. Once I get the equilibrated structure I start studying the properties of the proteins. Same we do in DNA or the binary mixtures. So, this is kind of explaining the steps of initial configuration, equilibration, production and then the analysis of the data bank. Here I am showing two types. And there are two particles which are not very close to each other. The positions of the particles are projected on three dimensional space where we can visualize them. And you can see that each of them seems to be a random haphazard motion, like what we call a random walk, the trajectories. The reason it is so random is because it contains the effects of interactions with all the surrounding molecules. And this is very important because this lot of information is contained into these trajectories.  And so there are the following techniques. One is the periodic boundary condition and is minimum image convention. Then something comes. Minimum image convention is, they are all very closely correlated. The range of intermolecular interaction, which has to be finite, otherwise it is very hard to see. And then something random number generator as in Monte Carlo simulation. And this random number generator has to form a Markov chain. So these are all connected. That we are saying here, all the five chains are connected. And as I told you, and enormous amount of effort has gone into bringing this area of computer simulation, which is an active area of research in the present state. So let us talk about periodic boundary condition. Why do we need periodic boundary conditions? You know, it is as you understand, the real system is, I have a number of water molecules, 10 to the power 23. But however, we cannot do that because we are going to solve the interacting systems. It turns out we can typically consider it for something like water, a few thousand water molecules. In our demanding cases, sometimes to resolve an issue, we might do larger systems. But routinely, we will do a few thousand water molecules. And here you show that, but it is one huge problem with small system that the fraction of surface or molecules on the surface scales as n to the power 2 by 3, where n is the number of particles in the system. So in a microscopic system, that is very, very small. One in 10 to the power 8 particle is in the system. However, surface, a small system for something like 216, which was the initial simulation of water molecule was done with 216 water molecules. That is 16.5% of the particles on the surface. 1,000 is still 10. 216 36 and 1,100 particles and this percentage on the last column, what percentage of particles on the surface. And you don't want that because this creates a serious problem because we do not want to start in surface effect. That has a different goal and different methodologies. We want to start in bulk properties. But if it is influenced so much by the surface, we cannot really trust it. So this was and several other limitations or drawbacks of finite simulation was circumvented by very carefully and artfully implementing this condition called periodic boundary condition, which creates, kind of puts the repeated of the same your original system, but removes the boundary. And here my system of the rate of arrows up, up, down, up, down. This is my ising model. But now I, this two dashed line, vertical dashed line on the, my net line is the defines boundary of the system, but I don't want to have the boundary. So what I do, I replicate this on the left and right. Now see, on the left most spin, up spin is now, is have a neighbor on the left hand side with the down spin. Similarly has the neighbor which is on the left. So yes, this is, you may consider this little bit of artificial, but it serves the purpose, will come to the artificiality. It serves the huge purpose of viewing the boundary. So system is no longer bound. It doesn't have any surface. It is extended to infinite system. And then you will see that what are the limitations for that, how we go about it. But it's true that it has certain correlations will be compromised. And but when the system is sufficiently large, a thousand or few thousand, then the surfaces, the particle feature on the surface, they fill the correlations. But if the correlation between one end of the surface is to another of the surface, it's not long range. Then for many purposes, the periodic boundary condition and so on. So there is the continuity. It's made at the surface. And in one stroke, we remove the boundary. And now, in Ising model, the systems go, they are fixed in rigid. But in this case, the real liquid molecules move around. Then there is one very beautiful thing that has been invented, that if a molecule goes out of the box, like the one on my top left in my shaded area, that is my original box, then the other one, which is an identically positioned place in the periodic image, is moving. So in this way, number of particles in the system, number of molecules in my system is conserved. This is done for every image. So every image retained the number of particles. So if a particle leaves a central box, the image enters to the exactly opposite side. This is again a very nice technique. But on the other hand, you know, it has limitations, as you can realize. But as I am saying that these limitations is not too drastic. Then for example, dealing in phase transition, this periodic boundary condition creates a problem because you are creating an image of a system when correlations go far beyond. So you are cutting off those long range correlations. That's why study of phase transitions is very difficult. But there are techniques again to circumvent them called finite scaling, but we are not going to go into that. The next technique is the minimum image condition. And this is another technique. Again, when you are doing the periodic boundary conditions, you are creating a huge number of images. The system has become virtually infinite. Then two things come into play. A, if you are going to include interaction with the spins, then all the interaction with all these spins are not required. Interaction of one molecule with all the other molecules that you created not required. And because of the finite range of the interaction potential, and more importantly, you do not want to interact with your own image. And here the rate is done. This is called minimum image convention. You might see that's within my rate box that I must cut out the interaction of my spin that is the elliptical one that should not interact with itself. So the main system is showing here in this... by double arrow on the bottom. And then you draw this thing so that now you can... within that, now you are interacting with my central spin is interacting with these two spins on the left and two spins on the right, but it does not interact with its own image. So that is the minimum image content both periodic and real images and particle must not see its own periodic repetition. Then another thing of the minimum image convention is another thing that works very well with MIC is the truncation of intermolecular potential. Many times we actually do not have to go all the way to minimum length of the minimum image convention because intermolecular potentials are often short range and the Euclid-Antonium potential we might take up to third neighbor or so. After that intermolecular potential becomes likely to be small. So when interaction potential is short range then we need not consider interaction between all the particles. Then we can have a kind of a box within which we will consider the interaction. So this is then combined with the minimum image convention we will take care of the finite range of the intermolecular interaction. So as I told you there are many many interesting techniques are developed and this is the and then random number generated particularly in Monte Carlo simulation what do we need to do? There are many random numbers many random moves because we have to sample the configuration space and we cannot let it move in a correlated way then many of it or many other configurations which are far from my initial configuration will get remain unexplored. So basic idea then is to push the system into different directions randomly so that my system samples maximum number of configurations and this is done by using a random number generated so that the positions and the velocities are changed of each atom or molecule are changed randomly by small amount but then we of course have guidelines to see whether we accept the configuration or not and that is sampling that was developed by metropolis called metropolis sampling but we will come into that in the next lecture. So but we need that for a very large number of random numbers and one important thing that the random numbers should not be correlated. So random number should not repeat itself and this is called when I have a sequence of random numbers where one is uncorrelated to the other so basically we develop a Markov process that which has no correlation so each random number and the previous one, next one, next one, next one they are all completely uncorrelated to each other and that is very important so that I get to sample much of the configuration space the transition from one microscopic state to another microscopic state has to be as much uncorrelated as possible so that I sample everything. Of course that is not possible because just giving push you do not put it away of the configuration space but you allow it to move in all directions so while Markov chain is independent of each other system is not independent we should not mistake that system remains correlated but we push it in different directions so that everything is and computer simulation is done in it you see it I talked in many times in my class that because of the universality that allows it rho star is rho sigma is the molecular diameter rho is the number density this dimensionless unity allows a transferability that I can now compare a methanol with ethanol but then I have to put them in the same dimensionless rho star of ethanol will have different rho because sigma is different similarly with ethanol will be different this star will be different because of the interaction potential epsilon so it is very important the dimensional unity as I discussed in law of corresponding states allows you to explore certain aspects of universality it is very very important thing so the final issue I discussed in this lecture is the force field which is like interaction potential as I said Lennard Jones is very simple that was generated because of the Lennard Jones did it by using the mayors expression of the real coefficient dependent of the real coefficient from equation of state which was measured experimentally but in real for example like water we similarly have the equation of state we have the diffusion coefficient of the water now there is oxygen which is negatively charged and to hydrogen which is positively charged we buy at large no from quantum chemical calculation then size however there are many things we are not taking into account when we are taking the two water molecules interacting and we bear away its additivity that means three particle four particle interactions are not taken into account that has to be absorbed in my interaction this game this technique of finding a good interaction potential is called force field is a highly demanding and highly respected area of research now because once you have a force field then you buy three STs now pattern is well set so this is the force field once I get force field I can do the computer simulation but getting a lot of statistical mechanics and so back and forth back and forth then finally we settle on a force field and that then can be used for computer simulation ok so take a message of this lecture is that we study complex systems with many interactions it really really take the statistical mechanics huge direction so to an extent the modern success of statistical mechanics of the subject is hugely new to the computer simulations and there are many books my book is there but then computer simulation of the Frankel and Smith and then the Allen and Tildesley number three Allen and Tildesley is a very respected book and I strongly recommend that you get a lot of materials on on in the internet and Google and you can see many many simulations actually the trajectories the configurations evolving through computer simulation I strongly recommend you that you see some of these things in your


Also ladies and gentlemen today I am making a video that I should have made a long time ago And this is like such a key concept to lucid dreaming But I just haven't made a video about it for some reason no idea why So we're just gonna go ahead and talk about it now, and that is dream journals Okay Now I'm gonna explain why you should keep a dream journal the best ways of doing it and like a few little tips I've sort of learned of over the years a few little things you can use that will make your life easier Make it more effective and at the end of the day it give you more lucid dreams and let you remember more dreams Regardless of whether the lucid or not. Okay Now before I start and I should explain that like I say in almost every video now Everybody does dream every night. Okay So the question is how many remember their dreams, which is not that many You know if you ask the average person If they remember their dreams They're gonna say yeah, maybe sometimes like maybe they'll remember little snippets of the dream or little things that happened But it won't be like every single night For most people at least that they remember details about all of the dreams they had And the main reason for this is the people don't practice it. They don't write their dreams down And I don't really want or need to and so, you know It's just one of those things But for you guys people who want to learn how to lose a dream if we want to improve their mind to want to you know Do all of that cool stuff? You kind of need to write your dreams down now. This is this doesn't have to be difficult You literally just need a note bad and note bad notepad Or like some sort of way of recording the dreams you can use an app on your phone You can use a voice recorder and I like to use a pen and paper notepad simply because it's just It feels more authentic and it kind of feels a bit special as well. It feels like some sort of Secret dream journal thing. It kind of adds a bit of magic to the whole experience But you know, you can you can do it in anything you can write on your laptop if you want So this I don't want to make this such a long video that you guys get bored So I might split this into several parts. This is just gonna be the first part Which just explains like why you need to write your dreams down and how to start Okay, so the main reason you need to write them down is because if you don't write them down You won't be able to look back at them later. Okay, so you won't be able to identify dream signs Recurring themes in your dream that will help you become lucid in the future. You won't be able to see What things help you become lucid? Okay, this is one of the little tricks I'm gonna get into in a later part of this series Because there are little things like for example Just writing down the technique you used next to the dream journal entry Means that you can over time you can see like, oh well that technique worked for me That one didn't so much this one gave me a couple of lucid dreams, but they weren't really that stable Do you see what I mean? You can kind of get a better understanding of what works for you So yeah, but anyway, that's a little that's in a later video. So for this one Just get yourself a little like something like this. I'm probably wondering what I've been looking at down there on the desk Just a simple notepad like this.  So if you remember like key locations and key dream scenes write those down as like subheadings almost and then So that why you won't forget the main important parts of it And then you can like fill in the details later on as you sort of go back through it If you try and like write all the details of one dream first, then, you know You might miss you might forget the other ones. Okay, you might forget the details of the other ones And it just becomes like a bit of a bit of a blur really so try and Try and have some sort of framework. So well, yeah, like like I just said write down subheadings write down the details later now This might be difficult when you first start. Okay, because as Most people find if you don't practice some, you know If you don't write your dreams down anyway, then when you start doing it It's gonna be a bit tricky like you're gonna have to practice it Okay, and what you'll probably find is during the first week or two You don't remember much about your dreams at all, especially if you're a beginner and if you're new If you've never done this before or if you've only done it a few times You will find it difficult to remember your dreams because it's not something that you've been practicing. Okay, this is this is perfectly normal You just need to just keep going just keep keep doing it And what's really important is to make sure that you always write in the diary Okay, even if you can't remember any dreams doesn't matter. Just write down like no dreams were called on no I couldn't remember any dreams. Okay, and the reason that's important is because you're training your mind to at least try and Remember the dreams. Okay And over time this will Eventually your mind will turn around and say hang on we're gonna have to write something in the diary in the morning Anyway, we should probably remember the dreams and like on our subconscious level you start paying more attention and Remembering parts of the dream. Okay, so write something down If it helps draw pictures draw little notes and yeah over the next few weeks I'm gonna be releasing like different parts of the series and we're gonna get into the advanced tips later When we talk about dream signs highlighting themes topic modeling and like different layers of lucidity Different techniques and like connecting them all and then I'm going to go into using like a digital dream diary And how you can use it to like cross-reference things and search and have themes and all of that cool stuff So if you would like to see that, please make sure you subscribe And I'll see you in the next video


I'm Umul Khair Muhammad Ali. I'm a field livelihood officer in Faww Somalia Harges office. The challenge the country is facing now is drought, severe drought. As you know, the climate change is a global-wise issue. And in the Somalia, there is a prolonged drought and full consecutive and well-ruined season lead to below-average crop production and lead animal death. Faww is providing support to the farmers in rural areas by supporting them with climate, smart agriculture and practices and also it's providing resilient seeds to drought. Also, they're providing a rehabilitation of water harvesting structures. Also, they're providing support to livestock producers by giving them treatments, vaccinations and supporting government bodies and partners throughout the country. Of course, now we are reaching the most vulnerable people in rural areas of Somalia through our even-wanted partnership. Ali, how would you say that young people could actually take action? Of course, by being informed what's going on around the world, speaking out, sharing information, donating time or money, special causes and big high to the human being.


HPC Dodgers Radio, welcome back to another edition of Conversations with Distinguished Leaders and Supporters of Historically Black Colleges and Universities. Today, our esteemed guest is Dr. Valerie Daniels Carter, a proud alumni of Lincoln University of Missouri and the CEO of V&J Holdings Company, Inc., and she is here to talk with us about her support for the institution and why HPC youths continue to have so much relevance in the lives of excelling African-Americans throughout this country and world. Dr. Daniels Carter is an honor to have you on today. It is my pleasure to be with you and thank you for the opportunity. So you are in a very quiet way, but in a very historic way, an exceptional businesswoman, an entrepreneurial leader in your field, and you have ownership stake in pro franchises. So looking at that and coming from Lincoln University, it's not to say that it would be a surprise, but did you ever think you would be here when you were in college and just leaving college? Well, if I'm honest with you, I would say when I was in college and at Lincoln, and even after I graduated, my expectation was high, but it was not where I am today. But I'm just grateful that the base and foundation that I received while at Lincoln allowed me to matriculate to where I am today, and I'm grateful. What is it about the Lincoln experience, the HBCU experience that kept you tied to your institution, that kept you loyal, kept you as a benefactor, and engaged you as somebody to continue to love on this school? Well, I've got to be honest and say that you never forget the bridge that allows you to cross to the next place of destiny, and in doing so, Lincoln University was one of those foundational blocks into my life and for my career. Lincoln experience for me was a phenomenal experience, because it was a well rounded experience. It allows you to gain a great education. It allowed you to meet some phenomenal people, the professors and administrative staff at the school, cared about your advancement in life, and it taught you practical life lessons. I think we all can attest to the fact that if you can really make it from freshman to graduating out of historical black college, you will meet and experience and have some of the greatest experiences in life. I still have friends to this day that we met at Lincoln, and we're connected even to this very day.  Now, let me just ask you before we go on. So, you're part owner of the Milwaukee Bucks. Those friends from Lincoln, do they get tickets to the games? You know what? Because I'm part owner, I try to make them pay. That's right, we got to make money out of this deal. I love you dearly, but we got to move these tickets. Every now and then I'll put up a few of them, but I'm looking for their checkbook when they come. I was going to say the Bucks are a hot ticket now. They say free, baby. Yeah, and we will have another great season this year. That's right. So, let's talk about your undergraduate experience. What attracted you to Lincoln? And how do you believe that it helped to shape your career as an entrepreneur, as a philanthropist, as someone who helps to lead other organizations as a board member and an advisor, including your alma mater? Okay, that's really easy because my sister was a graduate of Lincoln and a number of people from Wisconsin graduated from Lincoln. And to a person, everyone promoted the school with a very, very positive image. Not only did I seek firsthand that individuals that graduated from Lincoln were able to immediately find gainful and good employment, but I just watched their circle and their network of ability to grow and be promoted in their own field. My older sister, a graduate of Lincoln, and after teaching for a number of years became a social worker and just matriculated on to administration. Individuals that went to my church graduated from Lincoln. Individuals that were associated with our family and other family members attended. So, it wasn't hard for me to make the choice once I decided that Lincoln University was where I wanted to go. And then once I got there, I was able to really meet phenomenal people in the school of business, I just have to say, was a great experience for me. Initially, I was thinking about going into pre-med. So, I was kind of, you know, vaccinated between major in the chemistry of business and the professors set out and helped me to really understand where I was best suited. And to this day, I'm grateful for that. What does Lincoln do today? I mean, it's one thing to have a tremendous experience, you know, when we were students. And it's hard to, when you move on so far in business and you reach such high heights that you can go back and touch the campus and say, hey, they're still making a difference. And a lot of the things I love, they're still going on. How do you stay in touch with the campus to know that the pulse of what made Lincoln so great for you is still working for students today? And how do you visualize ways and actualize ways that you support that growth for students and growth of the campus? For me, it's pretty simple. I continue to look at the updates on their website as to what they're doing, how they're doing it. A very close friend of mine is associated and leads the Alumni Association. He keeps me very impressed on things that are going on. Unfortunately, I can't get back to the school with off of their drop-hand, but those that I'm associated with, they go back regularly and feel a few things that are going on. I went back a couple years back and did the commencement address for the 150th-year celebration. So, I'm well connected with those individuals and I just continue to watch things that are important to me and making the rest that absolutely is important to me. Do you think that alumni, particularly those who are in a position to give back in big ways, every way is a big way in giving back to a black college, but those who are able to make transformative gifts, how would you advise them to be aware of the direction of a school? Because a lot of folks will say, well, I'll give back when they do X, Y, and Z. Do you think that most people have an idea of when a school is moving in a positive direction? Are there certain synergies or similarities that you see between higher education, for example, and in corporate business that you say, hey, that's a healthy institution and I like to invest in it? Well, I think they're connected to those in leadership. Lincoln has a phenomenal president, Dr. Wilfolk, and a very, very strong administrative staff that works to ensure that if there is a need, trust me, they're not afraid to ask. And if you stay connected to those in leadership, they will let you know what the needs are and they'll share with you the progress that the school is making and the things that the school is always going to be in need. I support some schools here in Wisconsin as well, and I have three schools that I support in Africa. So a school is always going to be in need as long as there is the ability for children or young people to learn. And I pride myself in making sure that expectation is one of the things that we invest in. And the education of others as well as those that work within our organization. So I would just advise the person if they're connected with the leadership and administration and they will certainly share with you their desires. With education being so important, when you look at all the headlines about HBCUs, the good and the bad, what is it that gives you the most optimism about black colleges? Not even just Lincoln, just black colleges in general. And what is the thing that causes you the most worry about the future of black colleges? I think the most encouraging thing is that there are individuals that have benefited all across this world from historical black universities and they are stepping up and supporting their alma mater. Or it doesn't necessarily have to even be their alma mater, but supporting individuals that attend these universities. The most concerning thing to be honest with you is I don't think that the level of excellence is promoted high enough. Because if you look at the individuals that graduate from just a number of these schools all across the U.S., they are some of the sharpest. My son's a graduate of Morehouse. My niece was a graduate of Spelman and they recently graduated within the last several years. They're graduating and so I've had the opportunity to visit those campuses and network with those young people. Often I'm going to other universities and just speaking on campus for different reasons in the school of business or doing leadership programs with some of the young people. I've got to tell you, I just don't think we promoted well enough and we showcased the talent that these schools developed in growing for our leaders of today and tomorrow. If I could wave a magic wand and say, what would I do differently? I would showcase the excellence of these young people. We have a program here in Wisconsin that I'm a part of. It was started by my oldest brother, Carl Sellows. They take young African American men and place them in certain universities and help them with their educational desires and give them scholarships to go to school. If they would profile that instead of profiling some of the negativity, I think America would see how sharp these graduates from these schools really are. You've made millions as a food company executive, right? And you're the CEO, V&J Foods, that's very well known all over the place. One of the things that when you talk to business folks, they'll say that small businesses and particularly minority owned, we don't really invest in the marketing communications function because we're trying to put resources in other things to help our business grow. So from a corporate perspective, how did you effectively help to promote V&J? And is that something you think that could translate over to HBCUs? I think it's important for us to get the message out. I'm not an expert in marketing, so I have individuals that help and support me in that area. You pay them to do it, that's right. But I certainly could have someone sit down at the table with and advise them how to really become more proactive when it comes to marketing, the image of the universities that service our young people. I just think that we could send that message because so many times, and there's nothing wrong with this, compared to some of the majority universities at Ivy League universities, they have just an abundance of ability to do that. And so our universities are somewhat limited because they do have to allocate every dollar very closely. And so to the degree that we can help and support and promote the mission of the schools, I think word of mouth is important. Social media now is one of the greatest ways of getting a message across.  I think that was, we took one day out of the year and all of us got on there and did it. Even those of us that are not really great with social media, if we all committed to do that, I think that was a huge, huge message. And then the final question again, we're so appreciative of your time today. When you go and talk to the young people at HBCUs across the country, if they ask you for, you know, I want to run a multi-million dollar company, or I want to, you know, be a owner of an NBA franchise, how do I do it? I know that there's no set formula and life works in funny ways, but is there one strategy, one idea, one piece of advice that you give young people to help them realize that there is no such thing as a dream that's too big? Well, that's exactly what I tell them, to be honest with you. There is no dream that's too big.  Because your space and your territory is unique for what you need to accomplish. And I'm very clear with young people that, you know, life does take a lot of twists and turns and you just have to be in the right place at the right time and quit properly in order to execute on the mission. And, you know, we have great dialogue and conversations. You have those simple, you know, statements.


Here we go then, the RevLine Torren FAM, Speedway, Gropp, Priyantop, Manson, Smarslik, the new champion, Everson and Saifutinov. Here we go, grand final, here in Torren, Greenlight's on, and there they go, and Manson has made an absolute beauty. Leon Manson now has that lead early on here, Saifutinov is going to try, and now Everson of the inside run as well, but Manson's got a lot of speed. New World Champion Bartos Marslik staying out of trouble here. Now Saifutinov comes trying to second spot right now, but Manson has that advantage in the lead, with Saifutinov second and Everson third. Leo Manson's too far away from the inside, looking like he could well go through the card and finish with 21 World Championship points, and also like Fudinov chasing hard in second place. Certainly is working up the bank there, but Manson again generating speed, Bartos Marslik's in the back, Everson in third. Manson looking good for a 21 point maximum on the night, and winning the Grand Prix, one lap to go for the Danish man. This will be the last lap of this year's Grand Prix series, no need for any run-offs. Leon Manson is going to be the silver medalist here in the Grand Prix series, Everson moving off right behind him will be a bronze medalist, and Leon Manson has won the Grand Prix here in Torren with a 21 point maximum, although still not quite enough to pip Manson to the post for the world title. I'm very happy about winning the silver, and can call myself now for the Vice World Champion, my first year in the GP.