Think Tech Hawaii presents Point Counterpoint, a live open forum on Saturday, September 16, from noon to 1 p.m. That's Saturday, September 16, from noon to 1 p.m. The panel is part one of an open forum for discussion of developing Hawaii's relationships with the Indo-Pacific. The panel will examine how Hawaii's relationships with the region fit into the larger picture of our national relationships with them. Participate with them, give your point of view, let your voice be heard. You can send us questions and comments on the subject. Send them to questions at ThinkTechHawaii.com. The moderator will be John Waihei. The panelists will be Christopher Cattrell, Carla S. Cruz, Jim Moriarty, and Srini Sitaraman. Moderator John Waihei is a former governor of Hawaii. Christopher Cattrell is an Indo-Pacific journalist and analyst based in Bangkok, Thailand. Carla S. Cruz is a strategic security analyst based in Manila, Philippines. Jim Moriarty is a career diplomat and former U.S. ambassador. Srini Sitaraman is a professor from the Daniel K. Inouye Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies, thanks to our production staff and our underwriters, directors, and supporters for making this project possible. Please watch this important point-counterpoint program on ThinkTechHawaii.com on Saturday, September 16, from noon to 1 p.m. Thanks, we'll see you there, and aloha.


Okay, welcome back. We were looking at influencing skills. We looked at one which is confrontation. We looked at an example. We were talking about how influencing skills help to motivate change and bring about the next level to move into to propel change in counselling. Okay, so we saw what influencing skills was. Let's look further. Let's look into the second one. The second type of influencing skill is what we call as focusing, the skill of focusing. Now, focusing, what does it enable a counsellor to do to direct the counsellor's conversation into specific areas? So you're directing the focus of your counsellor to another area, helping them to bring about a new perspective towards maybe a certain story that they have. So it's a sense of a redirection, something that you would want to help them to focus on. Like, for example, when you've noticed that a counsellor has mentioned very little about their family, the counsellor may believe that, you know, there is some relevance about their family and believing that there is something relevant about the contribution of the family to the entire situation may direct the conversation towards the counsellor's family. Okay, we look at an example. Yeah, let's look at an example. Here the counsellor is saying, I'm wondering how I will manage my finance. Many bills to be paid, the kids tuition fees, house maintenance and much more. So the counsellor says, you're worried about the many responsibilities you have financially. She says yes. A counsellor says often the amount and the way we spend our money can give us a good idea on how we can manage finances. What are the other things you like to spend on? So here, what the counsellor is trying to do is to really get her to focus on some aspect of the finance on how she may be spending on other things to really focus on that. So that's what the counsellor says, the amount and the way we spend our money can give us a good idea how we generally manage it. So what are the other things? So it gets pushed to thinking or to discussing something else that may require the relevance at that point. Okay, so that second part is focusing. The next one is interpretation or reframing. Now, this again is a skill that is very often used in the influencing. Now, what are you doing through interpretation or reframing? Your counselling is encouraged to see their experience in a different way or maybe in a more positive fashion. So the counsellor is encouraging the shift by offering alternate views or way of viewing their experience. So the objective is to help your counselling to build up a positive perspective towards a problem so that they can take effective action. It involves using a different frame of reference towards a problem. So looking at it from another lens or looking like, for example, you would have all known the example of the glass half full or the glass half empty. So it really depends on your perception of the way that you look at a certain problem. The more lack that you see, the bigger the problem appears. Maybe on the other hand, the more blessing that you can see, the smaller the problem looks. So that's basically what you're attempting to do, to be able to help the counsellor work through, to look at it through a different perspective. So let's look at an example. Okay, the example here is, let's look at maybe it's a counsellor who is upset about having to move away from their home. And maybe they're likely focusing on the loss of the support network that they have and maybe the familiarity of the people. So what is the counsellor doing here is they're acknowledging the counsellor's loss but is reframing the event to be perceived as an opportunity to experience maybe new places or new situations. So here, if you look at it, the counsellor is saying, moving away from home has made me miserable. I miss my family, my friends and everything that was so familiar. So the counsellor says, you feel I'm happy that you've left behind all your loved ones and everything that was familiar through this move. What good do you see through this all though? So you see the perspective is changing, that's what you are attempting to do. You've moved the lens and she continues to say, I don't know, everything is so new. So the counsellor again says, being in new situations can be quite stressful, isn't it? But there is an interpretation that's given. However, it can be an opportunity to experience new people and places too. What do you think? So there's been a different frame to look at it. So what is it encouraging them to do? To look at the life situation from an alternative frame of reference. This strategy may not change the facts of the situation and neither are you trivializing the pain or the hurt that your counsellor is going through. But you are helping them to find a new meaning to this, to reframe or to see it in a different way. So that's what reframing is.  The next one is what we look at is logical consequences. Now logical consequences, what does it do? It enables the counsellor to see the outcomes of a different action or of alternate actions thus also looking at positive possibilities and concentrating on achieving those. So those counsellors who have unrealistic expectations about the consequences of following the goals are more likely to be non-compliant. But counsellors need to share and tell the clients what to expect as a result of both the directives either when you follow something or when you don't follow something. So here you're helping them to think about what could happen if they take an alternate action or if they continue to stay in that action. So let's look at an example. Now this is about a counsellor who is considering taking medication or for their depression. So the counsellor is saying what are your expectations regarding the medication that is given to you for depression. So the counsellor says I guess with the medication I should feel better in a few days and have them taken off. So there is this probably an unrealistic expectation here that you know I can take it for a few days and then I should just take them off. So the counsellor says actually there's an information given here actually the first few weeks you may really not experience much change. It may take a month or more to see the real effects of the medicine. So that is some kind of information that's given and here the counsellor says oh that's disappointing so they may have thought that you know just take it for a week. So the counsellor says you really wish it would work quick. However it would be necessary to keep a constant follow up with the doctor. So basically what you're doing here is to present the consequences to them. Like and here I see that these kind of examples happen more when counsellors need to make a choice like for example you know when they come up with some kind of addictions right and then they say you know there isn't any problem in my life. I don't think I should give up drinking completely. Yeah once in a while maybe yes I just want to stop for some time but then I would like to continue. So you may face these kind of situations and that's where these logical consequences are good. So that's where you could probably say you know bring about maybe a statement such as you know you were really I see that you're really hoping to continue with drinking for some time because you feel it doesn't impact your life as much. Then you focus them here I'll be doing two things I'll be reframing I'll be focusing differently.  So what are you doing you're letting them know that okay you may be okay here in your family that no one's saying anything but how is it helping you or how does it affect you in your work. So you're actually helping them see the consequences of what can happen and sometimes a lot of this can just be done by questions by saying how does this how do you think this will affect this area of your life or what would it mean in another sphere of your existence. So to help them to understand those consequences so when you're doing this when you're bringing it up in the form of questions that help them see those consequences maybe they're in a better place to take a better decision on how they want to move that forward. The next type is what we call as self-disclosure. Now self-disclosure it's the intentional disclosing of the counsellor's personal information and you're doing this not because you want to share something about your life story only it is as part of your effort to one connect with your counselling as well as to bring about maybe some kind of motivation to help them see one that they're not alone that there is some way that even you may have gone through something and you figured out a way. So it involves you disclosing the counsellor disclosing some personal information which is relevant or supportive to the client's process of decision making. So it's like it's written here it's used as a factor of motivation which helps them to concentrate on the more beneficial effects of that situation and it also it does create that sense of trust and rapport in the relationship in itself. So when you are using self-disclosure you've got to be careful to the way that you use it. So you use self-disclosure to create a more trusting relationship or to model some appropriate behaving or to increase that sense of connection between you and your counselling or to influence change. So you've got to be very intentional you've got to be simple be very concise and simple share only what is necessary you don't have to say an entire story but share only that which is necessary to achieve that goal. You may you need to stay parallel that is you know only to the issue that is relevant to your counselling you do not lie you shouldn't be fabricating stories you should time it correctly and not over burden them and disclose too frequently it's not something that you would do very regularly but it is to it is done basically sometimes to build a good rapport and you need to have a good rapport before you disclose anything right if it is done too early it may almost seem that you are unburdening yourself on the counselling okay and again yeah to be able to talk about issues that are related directly to their situation. So let's look at an example here the example is here the counsellor is saying I know how hard it is to be consistent about disciplining the children I struggled with correcting the behavior of my children too for a while a few years ago often it just feels like it's more work and effort but at the end I have seen that it has paid off being consistent so she's not giving many details about what but just saying that okay I've also had the challenge of disciplining children and I've just seen that over the years it's important to be consistent so the client the counsellor says oh I can't imagine you have problems managing your children right so the counsellor says I take that as a compliment but it's been a learning experience for me too so it actually helps to show your counselling that that you're human that you also go through struggles that you also have to work hard that you also have to do something to change your situation so in some of those things it actually also helps okay the next one we're going through is feedback feedback is what does it do it it is about giving information objective information about maybe how how your counselling is responding or how they are improving or where they are at that time it differs from other skills like paraphrasing or summarizing in that the information that you give is a feedback to the the counselling it isn't about the content but it is about their behavior or it is about themselves it's described it what you're describing is how they act and appear to others when they're telling their stories it's a powerful technique that you can use when you know when actually counsellors hear things about themselves they are able to see the way that others perceive them okay which they may have considered or may not have considered now when you're doing feedback it should it should concentrate on the positive aspects of the individual and how that you can explode even better possibilities for greater improvement it it's not something that you would give as a negative feedback right that like like maybe you're saying you know you're so you're so jittery or you're so anxious or you seem to be very very scattered you know you don't have a time time schedule so that kind of a feedback can actually feel feel very very judgmental but then when you are seeing some form of an of an improvement it it actually helps to boost your counsellor so let's look at an example the counsellor saying I'm wondering if you have noticed that each time we have discussed the children your eyes have filled up would you explain to me what you're going through so here it's it's a notice you're noticing something about them giving them a feedback probably you know helping them to talk about something that may be sensible so so the counsellor says or over the past attendance sessions you seem to have made efforts to stick to the schedule you have prepared the progress you are seeing could be related to that that's a job well done so here there is a there is a sense of encouragement the other one is a different kind of a feedback helping them to explore some part of their lives which have not been explored up until now okay the next influencing skill is to provide information and broad suggestions now this is something you can introduce to a counsellor it's an information giving that involves giving them some factual information that can help them in some way maybe you know some some support that they would require so sometimes counsellors are not sure where they need to start looking for for information so counsellors can help their counsellors to find that starting point so when you're giving information you're only giving relevant data or facts that is needed for them okay you're also ensuring that they may be receptive to the information like for example you may be you know you would you feel that your counsellor needs a health checkup or may may require some kind of physical you know physical some regime either a checkup or some kind of an exercise to help them so you you need to ensure that they are receptive to the information right you don't give in all the details and then finally them saying no I don't think I should be doing it that doesn't work right so you have to bring them to a place of personalizing say okay I need to do something about this you also need to be direct be clear be specific be concise be concrete about what you're giving so here is an example the counsellor the counsellor says I have been wanting to know all the investment plans available in a bank but I'm afraid I really don't understand some of those terms so here the counsellor saying yes with all those jargons it can be very unfamiliar maybe a good person to approach is a bank manager so here you're giving certain certain details or certain certain things that is necessary necessary for them okay so remember that influencing skills are used in degrees depending upon the approach of the counsellor as well as your personal framework so depending on how what kind of an approach you use in the way you work with a counsellor is is is what is beneficial okay let's do maybe one or two exercises so let's just see if we can work through this okay so here's a counsellor saying I know I generally feel better after the medical procedure but visiting a doctor is so frightening those needles the smell and the entire environment can be very daunting okay so could one of you like to use any of these influencing skills either interpretation or reframing that is to help them see the more positive part of it or logical consequences would and if you like to try anybody likes to try are we all there on the other side of the screen nobody yeah oh yes Divya go ahead I'll just make a try it seems like you feel you feel concerned about going to going going for a doctor with it good you're doing well you're doing well now you want to reframe it do you think actually making a visit can make you feel better or or something like yeah I'm not sure good job good job I think you you did you tried you tried that's good that's good anybody else like to try okay so here's here's what you could say you could say something like you know it sounds that you're you're really nervous and and can be really frightening and I do see that those needles and that smell that environment can be extremely putting off isn't it I'm just wondering what do you think would once you finished it once you've had your medical procedure what do you see how would you see it is being once it's done what's beneficial what do you think would be beneficial right so what are you doing you're helping them you're you're helping them see okay once I finish my procedure then maybe I'll feel better I you know I I know I can feel better so you have got back on that feeling better part of it right so you you empathize that it is difficult it is hard yet I'm wondering how how would it be after your medical procedure what would you feel after your medical procedure what would you experience after your medical procedure and then she may say is that so then you could ask so would the medical procedure be worth it you know so that's that's something that you can you can try I think jeffina said I understand that it's fighting but I believe as you mentioned it makes you feel better and I hope that makes you feel happy okay right so that's again a reflecting thing now let's look at logical consequences so something like like what you could ask of is um you know again again empathizing is very important I do see that the medical procedure makes it difficult for you it's it must be quite frightening however what have you seen as the as the positives of having the procedure so you are getting them to bring about the positive logical consequences to it okay and then maybe you could once you've done that saying okay as against that what could happen if you don't take the medical procedure so you're getting the other side of it so then you're saying okay which of them do you think is a is a better state for you so I said yeah maybe I think it's better to feel better rather than feel worse so you're there itself you are helping them to rebuild that separately okay all right let's look at another example uh this is for feedback and self-disclosure okay so last week I used the techniques we discussed on how to control my anger by taking time out but this morning I completely lost it and screamed and shouted at my mother this is just hopeless okay what influencing skills can you use one feedback either feedback or self-disclosure come on this I think is a little bit more easier I didn't change the slide oh sorry sorry yeah okay so which which yeah so here's the the two skills right feedback or self-disclosure what what can you say what can you what are the two you could use any of the two either feedback or self-disclosure somebody would like to try anybody I'll just try you feel upset that you again lost your temper at your mother but I think you did a great job uh by uh trying out those techniques that we had discussed uh um keep trying on something like that good good very good good Divya thank you so much yeah so we could also say something like uh you know I I'm I'm sure it's really frustrating for you to be a to have lost your lost your temper on your mother this morning you know but I I really want to appreciate the fact that the last six days you were able to hold it so again I'm focusing on something that she could do and you know I really want to focus on on the last six days that you were able to hold it what have you learned about yourself that you know out of the last seven days six out of seven you were able to do or maybe it's just one out of seven okay suppose she says the last seven days I didn't do it only this one so I'd say out of that seven you were able to manage manage to work on something today so it it gives a sense of a feedback that you know you're doing well it's okay you're you're doing well or for self-disclosure it's something like I can imagine how frustrating it is you know I found myself also just losing it with my so and so and it can be really really frustrating so that that's as much as self-disclosure I may not say anything more but just help them encourage that how can we keep moving on okay all right okay good good good thank you so much that we have for for that all right we'll move on to the last part of it it is how do we initiate action so we've come to that place where we want our councillors to move from that place of exploring to that place on understanding and now moving them into a place of action how do we get them to work through into into action so here the goals that you would have is to help them develop strategies for accomplishing that specific goal that's what it is you know you are going to work with them to find ways alternative option strategies to accomplish the goal that they would want either it's working you know getting giving up alcohol or you know working on their anger or developing a relationship whatever whatever they are looking at second is to help them find strategies that fit them best and to formulate those plans and to work about certain ways of how you're going to have a plan so I've just taken an example of a couple a married couple who's come to you for help their daughter has decided to marry someone out of their fate and she's just broken the news only a day ago when the parents brought the proposal of her family friends son who's also well known to her so the parents are really upset at that decision and they've come to you for help so this is just an example that I would want to bring up and maybe look at ways of how we can help to resolve this okay generally if I will do this as a role play but but here I guess we may not be able to do that so what is the first task now remember we've come all that way and we are at the point of initiating the actions so what is strategy it is the art of finding or identifying or helping your counseling to choose realistic courses of action in order to achieve their goal and even and doing so maybe even under those adverse conditions okay there may be difficult situations so what what are you doing is what you're what you're helping them doing is find the kind of actions that will help them get what they want or what they need you may need to work alongside with them to brainstorm so that they can begin to think and also you can also suggest alternatives you suggest certain things and that's where you use something that we call as the prompt and fade technique so the here as a counselor I may say you know here are some possibilities so I'm I'm adding I'm saying some possibilities let's review them and see whether any of them makes any sense to you or we could suggest something else or we can say here are some of the things that people with this kind of a problem situation generally have tried how does that sound to you so that's a prompting okay that's where you prompt you fade by the fading part of that technique is by by by not giving not keeping it from being the advice giving okay it must they must see they must see that okay there are 10 of these strategies and I can choose one from them and I can commit to them so you may you may suggest it but it won't be that okay I think this is what you should be doing you don't come into that place of a position okay so here in Sam and Sarika's case what you're doing is maybe they come up with many strategies one is they give a time or they talk to Lena their child as a couple or they talk to the individual they talk to the boy they may ask Sarika's sister to talk to Lena they may ask their pastor to talk to Lena so there are four five action points that they have the strategies that they have decided to do okay so maybe their goal here is to convince their daughter that she needs to rethink her decision that's the goal that Sam and Sarika has come to you and you're helping them to find or brainstorm certain ideas okay now from here you would go in to also look for social support who can engage alongside with them so who are the individuals who might help them achieve their goal okay so that's what that's what basically that you are looking looking at who who else can help you in this situation so sometimes you will have two categories of councillors those who have a very very poor social life and those who are not using their social support effectively okay but I think as you keep pressing in there may be one or two people that they may be able to bring up in their list to help you to understand how what kind of support that they could come up come up with this so the questions that you ask in this kind of issue when you're enlisting support is who might help you to do this who's going to challenge you when you want to give up with whom can you share these concerns who's going to give you a pat on the back when you accomplish your goal so this in all of this what you are doing is increasing the the the hope ability of the situation right like I said who's going to give you a pat on the back when you accomplish your goal maybe it's a it's a body that they will want to take in in order to initiate the action because that really helps them to move forward with the situation like in sam and sarika's case it was the sarika's sister who was close to the family that they've enlisted or the pastor who they've enlisted okay moving on the second task is to help them choose the right strategies help them to figure out what is the best way to go so the strategy that they choose when they choose it will fit their situation it will fit their resources it will fit their personality it will fit their preferences and that's what you are getting them to do so these strategies should basically be specific that is it should be specific to drive that behavior it should be substantiated that is it should challenge your councillor's resources when actually achieving the goal it should be realistic it should be keeping with the values of your counselling all right so that's when the strategies are being formulated you look at these aspects of it it should be specific it should challenge the resources of the counselling it should be realistic and it should keep with the values of your counsellor counselling okay so here with sam and sarika's case you know they first of their options was they wanted to give it time so then you are looking at how much time what is the pros and cons of that time maybe then next one was talking to lina or individually or as a couple now these are probably some things that they have they have looked at and you're trying to help them see which would be the best fit strategy for their condition so each of those five points over here they will look at the pros and the cons of it to try and figure out what exactly can help them through that through that situation okay the next one is to help them formulate those viable plans and so once they have decided uh i'm sorry i think we got cut off was i got long yeah i think just uh two three minutes now just two three minutes okay okay so all right so um just going back to uh is is the screen on present yeah okay yeah so just to go back when when they are formulating those plans when they come to those plans you're helping them with discipline you're helping them through any kind of emotional overwhelm there is and also to help them if they need to have other kind of strategies to deal with that specific issue you're going to continue to helping them to do that okay now remember when you're looking at at at these plans remember you you're also giving you also need to give them an opportunity to evaluate how realistic these goals may be sometimes they may not be aware of how whether they are a realistic goal or not okay so you're you're going to provide that opportunity help them think about that next you will also make them aware of the resources they will need to implement that strategy like for example in the sam and sarika's case maybe they want to talk to the the pastor which means which means you know they may need to discuss all of this so that may be a resource do they have the time to do that do they there's the pastor have the time so you're making them aware of the resources and also helping them uncover any kind of obstacles that could come about in making them accomplish such and such a goal so that's something again that you will you will need to work with them now even as you're working through this all of this remember that there aren't any formulas okay sometimes you just have to have to let the Holy Spirit work with their needs their sense and and the way that they need to go through that okay when you are working with them you may be able in your discussion with them outline you know huge detailed plans but even if certain things don't go that it does remember there is there is the power of the Holy Spirit that works up to the end and I've seen that happen way so often even even in in things we've you know I when I've worked with people so here let's say Sam and Sarika the strategy that they have chosen is to talk to Lena so their plans is you know they will maybe pray together talk it over as a couple and then talk it over with their pastor so this is this is how they would have probably planned to do that so even as they have decided to do that what you're also doing is to work back with them in looking at each of these goals that they or each of these smaller goals that they have formed to see the pros and cons of it and as they continue they may say okay they will tell Lena that they would like to talk to her and fix the time and place pray together as a family before starting the conversation stay calm during the conversation focus on understanding her point of view share our belief so this is a certain plan that this couple may have may have come about okay so once once they have come to the plan the next is to implement and and it and every as every implementation as every plan has there is there is a discipline in being able to do that okay so being able to stay that course which they have decided okay and also self-control self-control is of course in the way that that those eight or seven plans which I showed you in the previous slide how they would not want to jump jump away from one because maybe the situation or the the issues are not conducive you also look you just don't look at strategy and tactics but you also look at logistics that is the art of being able to provide the right resources needed to plan in a timely way so maybe logistics is finding the right time to talk to Lena maybe letting her know well in advance preparing a day where they could all sit together maybe planning a meal outside so there are certain logistics as you're doing it so when you're doing this you're actually creating a kind of a blueprint on how they are going to build action so the more details you get into you get into really tiny details it makes the action alive for your counselling and that's what you are intending to do through that okay so here so Sam and Sarika the self-control is to stay calm during the entire conversation and be able to adapt what if Lena refuses to talk what if during the conversation Lena blows up so these are some of the things that you work alongside with them to figure out and that's what I said being able to look into smaller significant details as they as they come across that okay what are their resources the internal resources is to rely on the Holy Spirit and trust in God's will for Lena so that even as you are initiating that action you're bringing them up to a place and say this is all that we can do there may be other external resources which which you may need you're working alongside them to work through okay next is to you evaluate so you evaluate sorry I think I'll skip this slide just a minute okay so to evaluate what are you doing once something has happened you review those plans you help with modifications and look at a way of how you're actually teaching them to take responsibilities for themselves that is what is self-evaluation you are looking back into the way that they've handled things so that you know where they are at the part of resolving a certain problem okay and lastly is to is for feedback is to be able to give them a confirmatory feedback or any kind of a corrective feedback and generally feedback should be like let's say they come back either they've done well or they haven't you know they've done what they wanted to do or they haven't done so here's where you're giving them either a confirmatory feedback that you know hey good job well done you know things went as per as per what you had decided or a corrective feedback a corrective feedback you do it in the spirit of caring you're doing it helping them see that mistakes are okay and it's an opportunity for better growth corrective feedback should come concretely specifically and very briefly it should more focus on the behavior than on the personality and it should provide feedback in smaller doses rather than something that is that's extensively corrective right so it should be done with a lot of care all right okay now since we wrap this entire thing up again I'm not going through that this is where this is where we're going to put everything together what we've learned over the last couple of weeks we're going to add everything together so when we've looked at the counseling model we spoke about the counseling model as self exploratory understanding and action now what this chart depicts here is the various stages that both the counselor as well as the counselor pass through during this entire counseling process what it so first and foremost it shows the relationship between the attitudes and skills of the counselor and the learning process of the counseling here the attitudes as we had spoken about which are adopted are empathy unconditional positive regard and genuineness okay now to understand this okay so what are we what does this show you now during the initial stage the attending skills of the counselor the attending skills of the counselor affect the involvement of the counseling in the process so when you as a counselor attend you see the arrow coming down that's when the counseling gets involved in the counseling process once the counseling is involved the next stage begins which is the responding okay the responding skills of the counselor what does that do it stimulates the self exploratory stage in the counseling now the deepening self exploration enables the counseling process to pass on to the to the next level which is the personalizing stage the personalizing skills of the counselor will stimulate the self understanding of the counseling all right and the clear understanding makes it possible for the process to move to the initiating action to for them to initiate action and once that action is done that's when feedback and evaluation takes place okay I hope this is clear so let me just explain this again it is the arrows that you follow that when you attend the attending skills of the counselor will affect the involvement of the counseling so everything that you see in the bottom is the learning process of the counseling everything that you see on top is the skills of the counselor so the the attending skills of the counselor will affect how the way the counseling gets involved once the counseling is involved it moves to the next stage where the responding skills of the counselor will begin to stimulate the self exploration this can happen over and over and over and over again many times this level of deepening of self exploration will enable the counseling process to move to the personalizing stage and the personalizing skills of the counselor will stimulate the self understanding of the counseling and this understanding makes it possible for the counselor to help them move into the initiating stage where the counseling will take the relevant action steps for the problem and then it ends with a feedback as well as an evaluation okay I hope over the last what we've been talking about over the last I think four or five to six weeks is spoken about in this entire slide which shows that all of this work hand in hand together work hand in hand to move it from one process into the other okay all right any questions up until here by with this we finish our counseling skills we will be moving into specific different stages different areas of counseling that that may be if needed for us as people who are going to work with a set of believers with regular people you know with different stages and issues in life so from with this we end our counseling skills any thoughts any questions I hope this has given you you know a framework it's given you a summary a comprehensive summary of how this entire thing works so I know it it seems a lot clutter there are too many things going in but when you begin to start when you begin the process it will it it will pan into one into the other no questions is everybody stumped okay all right so let's just close with the word of prayer and yeah Heavenly Father we just thank you God for for so many things God that's that's been running in class over the last couple of weeks God you are the giver of all wisdom and knowledge and I just pray for each one of us Lord here in this call and who's going to view this God that you will lead us and guide us Lord for those of us who may want to pursue this further into deeper understanding I pray that you open up avenues opportunities where we can use some of these skills use this with Lord the spirits wisdom and knowledge thank you God for teaching us through these different ways of how to connect and how to work with people most of all God we rely on you as our as our greatest counselor the one who who gives us the right words the right things to say Father we pray Lord that you will empower us God to be sensitive to be loving to be empathetic to be to be non-judgmental but yet Father to speak and to help people with the truth thank you that you you work with each one of us Lord we pray that you will minister to us in our deepest needs God and give us and help us to be in a place of receiving from you so that we can give unto others be with us through the week till we meet again we ask God that you will you will empower us you equip us you will strengthen us in Jesus name we pray amen all right thank you so much God bless we'll meet you next week thank you


So in looking at the internet we arrived last week at introducing the concept of an autonomous system where we said it's a network that is under the control of one organisation. So in the internet, the internet is made up of multiple different smaller networks all connected together via routers. Some of those smaller networks are owned and operated by one company, one organisation. The collection of those small networks owned by one organisation we refer to as an autonomous system. Most of those organisations are internet service providers. But not all, we'll see Thomas Hart University has its own autonomous system because we have our own set of networks that connects to the internet. Before we go back into autonomous system let's look at a very simple example of internet and internet routing. You do not have this one, so I'll put the two or three pictures here, I'll put them on the website but for now just try and follow along. It's not so much, it's a bit of a review for some of you, that is some of you should know this already. Here's a very simplistic example network from say an internet service provider in Thailand. A small ISP that has coverage across part of Thailand for example. They have a network in Bangkok and maybe they have a network although it's not shown in Chiang Mai and other parts of the country as well which would look similar to what I show here for the detail of Bangkok. Of course a real ISP may not have a network structured like this, it may be much more complex but just to give a simple example, up the top I've drawn four different networks or sub-nets and let's say they are the four access networks. You as a customer, you want internet access, you go to this company and you subscribe and you connect via one of these networks, A, B, C and D, so if I drew a computer, your home computer it would connect maybe via an ADSL link into this network A, so the cloud refers to some sub-net, some network and I've given them labels so we can refer to them, so network A, B and so on and then because they are spread across Bangkok in different parts of the city, those networks or let's call them sub-nets to be clear, these sub-nets A, B, C and D are connected together and they are connected via a set of routers, so R1 through to R4 are routers. So remember a router connects sub-nets together, so subnet A connects to subnet E via router R1 and E connects to G via R5 and so on. If I'm a customer connected to sub-net A and I want to communicate with someone on sub-net D, what path would my IP data take? I'm on A, I want to communicate to D what path will it take or what path may it take and let's define the path by a set of routers. So what we do in the internet is the host, the one who creates the IP packet, sends to a router which sends to another router and so on until it gets to the destination host. So the path from a host on sub-net A to a host on D is again R1, R5, 6, 4. That's one path in this case, just in this simple scenario. So that's the path that our data must take to get to D because there's no alternatives unless we go out and come back in. In each of the routers they are configured to store information about that path. So when I send a packet, I send it to my first router. I'm on network A, I send to R1. Why do I send to R1?  Send everything to R1. R1 receives my IP datagrams and then looks in its routing table. And its routing table should be configured to say that if anything is destined to sub-net D, R1 should send to R5. That's how the routing table in R1 would be configured. Let's just summarize or write an example routing table for R1 and keep it simple. If the destination is on sub-net D, the next router I send to, if I'm R1, should be R5. Simple. Consider the destinations of the other sub-nets, B and C. What should the entries be? If I want to send to someone on network B, if I'm at R1, I should send to R2. And to C, R5, and I'll reach eventually. And assume then each of the other routers are configured with a routing table such that when it gets to R5, if the destination is D, goes to R6. If it gets to R6 and the destination is D, that should send to R4. If the destination was C, R6 should send to R3. So the routing tables are configured to store information such that path is taken for our IP datagrams. What about, although I haven't drawn them, there are similar access networks in Chiang Mai and Chamburi and elsewhere. For example, LM and N are in Chiang Mai. Routing table for R1. I want to reach L, subnet L. Where do I send to? If I'm at R1 and I want to reach a subnet out here, R5. Okay? MR5. Okay? So we're drawing the routing table just for R1. Anything out here, to these other cities, in this configuration from R1, we send to R5. Okay? Because there's only one path to reach out in this case. So we could simplify, instead of listing them all here, we could simplify the routing table and say, at least conceptually, we could... I'll just do it for this one. Anything else? Star means any value. If a destination is D, send to R5, B, R2, C, R5, anyone else who is outside of Bangkok, send to R5. So that's a way to simplify the routing tables. Of course, we could simplify it even more because we've got two instances of R5 here. This is a simple case in that there's only one path. What if there were multiple paths? When we need the same thing, we need to select a path, which is best. And the creation of these routing tables in real networks is not done manually. Someone doesn't sit there and calculate them and type them in. The routers run some software that implement a routing protocol. And the routers automatically exchange information saying what networks they are attached to. And from that information, they calculate the paths and populate the routing table with the next hole. So this generation of the routing table is done automatically inside our network. It could be done manually here, but if things change, we need to update it. And things may change quite often in some networks. So paths, if there were multiple paths, then we'd have to deal with that. For example, let's say this new network is attached to a new link to Chiang Mai. It doesn't show the destination, but from R6 to Chiang Mai, as well as this one. So now there are two paths. So for example, before, if we were at C, or routing table for R6, before we had to reach Chiang Mai via R7, now we can reach via this path. So as things change in the network, our routing tables need to be updated. And normally inside a network, the update is automatic, performed by routing protocols. So that's what happens inside an organization's network. And it's up to the organization to choose which paths, or at least to choose the policy or the metrics for selecting the best paths. So that's routing inside an organization's network. Routing protocols calculate the paths for us. This ISP, our example Internet Service Provider, we see R10 here. I call it a border router, although it's not shown. There are links to other networks here. It's a border from this ISP's network to some other ISP's network. So we're just looking at one Internet Service Provider in this diagram. There may be others, or there are others beyond R10. And if we move up to a higher level view, let's replace all of this ISP's network by just a single cloud, ISP1, for example. So instead of drawing all the details, I just draw a single cloud and say, this is the network owned and operated by ISP1. Inside a multiple subnets, A, B, C, and I haven't drawn them here, up to T, for example. Just to keep track, there are multiple subnets inside ISP1's entire network. So I just designate that here. Let's keep track. Inside ISP1's network, there are, in fact, multiple subnets from A through to T. I give them some names or some labels. And then, of course, there are other Internet Service providers or other organizations in general that own their own network. So focus on connecting between different organizations' networks. Here we have our router R10. We call this a border router. It's a border between one organization's network and another organization's network. It connects them together. So in this case, ISP1 connects to ISP2, who, inside here, have their own networks, and which then connects on to ISP3. So we use a different protocol to exchange information between ISPs. And the protocol we use is called BGP, the border gateway protocol. Inside here, inside this, there are multiple different routing protocols we can choose to update the routing tables. But between two ISP networks, usually the protocol used is called BGP. It is different from used or it implements, it works differently from the protocols used inside networks. BGP is used between the organizations, more specifically between autonomous systems. And what they do, in very simple terms, is that using BGP, the ISPs tell each other what networks they have inside their network. That is, ISP1 tells ISP2, inside my autonomous system, I have networks A through to T. And ISP2 tells ISP1, inside my network, I have networks A, a U through to Z, if we give them some label. Similar, ISP3 tells ISP2 about the networks it has, it ran out of letters. So AA, ABA, AC and so on up to AQ. So BGP is used to tell, to exchange between autonomous systems, the set of networks that are inside there. So then, if someone on ISP3's network wants to send to our subnet user on subnet A, so the one someone up here, then internal for ISP3, they have their own routing protocol and they have their own routing tables inside the routers to deliver from the source to the border router, R20, and then that border router knows that to reach subnet A, it needs to send to ISP2 and ISP2 will deliver across their network and because of the exchange with BGP, ISP2 sends on to ISP1, which eventually delivers to the destination host on subnet A. So we've got two levels here, inside an autonomous system, inside one of these clouds and between autonomous systems or between these clouds here. Inside we use one of many possible routing protocols. It's up to the organization to choose. Between them, everyone uses BGP, the border gateway protocol. I'll say a bit more specific about IP addresses, but any questions on this simplified view of the internet and autonomous systems? BGP is the border gateway protocol. It's a protocol that all organizations use to exchange information about what networks are inside their network. So ISP1 wants to tell ISP2, I have networks A, B, C, D up to T, and similar ISP2 tells ISP1 about the networks it has available. So when someone on a host, on network A, creates a packet and the destination is on network, what do we have? Z. Then the routers, the host on A, the destination is on network Z. This host will send to R1. R1 should be configured. The destination is not D, B or C. The destination matches something else. Therefore, send to R5. Similar R5 should send to R7. And internally, the packet should be delivered to the border router because we know that Z is not internal. It's somewhere outside. And the border router knows that subnet Z, Z is on ISP2's network. How do they know? Because these two ISPs exchange information using BGP about what's on their network. So BGP is to exchange information between the autonomous systems, between the ISPs, about what subnets are inside their network. Of course, I've only drawn three ISPs here. In the Internet today, there's something like 40,000 different autonomous systems. And you don't just have a connection to necessarily one. ISP1 may have connections to multiple other ISPs. So when the destination is subnet Z, it must know to send to ISP2, not to some other ISP. And how does it know that? Well, because BGP told this border router to reach Z, send to ISP2. If the router had a link to other ISPs, it wouldn't send in that direction. Any further questions before we move back to our lecture notes? Okay, in your lecture notes, and we've mentioned that, let's call there are two types of protocols. There's interior routing, or instead of routing, gateway is sometimes used. Interior gateway protocols, they are used for routing inside an autonomous system. So there's an IGP, an interior gateway protocol used inside here. Some examples of specific interior gateway protocols, and they're listed on your slides. In fact, we'll not remember many. Some examples of interior gateway protocols are RIP, OSPF, and others. There are many to choose from. The company chooses whichever one suits their needs. But between autonomous systems, we use an exterior gateway protocol. And the one used today is called BGP, the border gateway protocol. So think of BGP as a specific instance of an exterior protocol, RIP, OSPF, and so on, instances of an interior protocol, gateway protocol. Think of IGP and EGP as types of protocols, not specific ones. So Thomas Hart, TU has its own autonomous system. In fact, we'll see an example shortly. Let's say they choose to use OSPF inside TU's network. But then between TU and true internet, we use BGP to exchange information. Although we don't use letters to identify networks. That's just a simplification in my example. What do we use to identify subnets? What do we use? What do we use to identify a subnet in the internet? A subnet mask is part of it. Or we use an IP address and the subnet mask. It's the IP address, a specific form. In the IP address, we have 32 bits. Some of those bits identify the subnet. The rest of the bits are used to identify a computer in that subnet. So the IP address is used to identify subnets here. We don't have network A. We have a network <IP_ADDRESS> and a subnet mask. That refers to a network instead of the letter A. And when ISP2 exchanges information with ISP3 about what's inside its network, it's a little bit more than that. It's more about what is reachable from my network. There are no other ISPs. Let's say there are more ISPs in this direction. From ISP3's perspective, which subnets are reachable via R20? Well, the subnets reachable are U through to Z, but also A through to T. Because to reach here, we need to go through ISP2. So it's not just exchanging information about what's in your network, but what's in your network and what's reachable via your network. So we could say the subnets reachable that can be reached via ISP2 are U through to Z and A through to T. So now when ISP3 has a packet and the destination is network B, then it should know to send via ISP2. Because they exchange information and ISP2 tells ISP3 networks A through to T and U through to Z are reachable via my network. So we'll send in this direction. And this will send to R10 and eventually to subnet B. So it's more complex than just about what's inside your network. It's more about what's reachable via your network. And since we do not use letters, we use IP addresses. The structure of IP addresses and how we use subnet masks makes that possible or easier. I'll show you an example after we look at TU's network a bit later. Let's return to our slides and look at some aspects of autonomous systems and then we'll look at some examples for real autonomous systems. So in summary, an autonomous system, a group of networks under control by one organization, one administrative authority. Usually an internet service provider, a large company, a university, a government organization. And each autonomous system is assigned an AS number, an autonomous system number. And that's managed by some organizations. The central organization delegates that to regional Asia Pacific Network Information Center, for example. And we mentioned this and we finished last week looking at the Thai internet map. And you can see when you look at the Thai internet map, you can see the autonomous systems for different ISPs, the AS numbers. Inside an autonomous system. So in my previous pictures I referred to an internet service provider, but more generally we call it an autonomous system. So inside an autonomous system where you can use one of many interior gateway protocols, between autonomous systems we use just one exterior gateway protocol called the border gateway protocol, BGP. And the neighbor autonomous systems, they advertise what's reachable via their network. And this is a different example where we have our multiple autonomous systems. One, two, three, four, five, six. Why have I got five, five and five? That's a mistake. It should be five, six and seven. There's not three in the same number. They should be different numbers here. And zoom in on AS three and we just see these different subnets here. So this is inside the autonomous system. We use an interior gateway protocol. Between we use BGP. The remaining parts we want to discuss is really about the relationships between autonomous systems. How they exchange traffic and something about how they pay for that traffic. Because if I'm going to, I, as a customer, as an end user, pay my ISP to carry the traffic I want to send, but then they need to pay someone else to carry their traffic, to carry my traffic. So there's some commercial relationships between the ISPs. We'll talk about some notation and some terminology about that. But before that, let's look at an example. I'll zoom in in a moment. This is just a website by some internet service provider, Hurricane Electric. There are other websites. They provide some information about the autonomous systems, about the routing in the internet. So it's a nice website to give us some information and some examples. I visited the website and from, when I visit the website, it detects who sent that packet, who is the source IP address. And the source IP address is<PHONE_NUMBER>6. And then it identifies from the information they have in their database that that corresponds to Thomas Art University. The specific network it corresponds to is 203131208.0 slash 23. And my ISP is AS37992. So TU has its own autonomous system. It's not an ISP, but many universities also have an AS. Let's zoom in and then look at some details. So let's look at the autonomous system for TU. I will not try and explain everything here, but some things that we can recognize I'll explain. This is the information about it and scroll across. It talks about prefixes originated and announced, BGP peers, AS paths, and the average path length. The prefixes really refer to the subnets here. So 20310816.0 slash 24 is a prefix that is the network portion of the IP address, the portion that identifies the subnet.  In our example, ISP1 managed subnets A through to T. It advertises or announces those networks A through to T to its neighbor autonomous systems. Well, referred to as prefixes. Instead of sending the letters A through to T, they send IP address prefixes. And in this case, TU announces 26 in total prefixes. We'll see a list in a moment. And peers, BGP peers observe. So the peers are the neighbor autonomous systems. From TU's perspective, there are two neighbors. In our example, we saw each ISP1 had one neighbor, but ISP2 had two neighbors. So TU has two neighbors as shown here. Let's look at who those neighbors are. We just focus on IP version 4. The peers for TU's network are true and uni-net. So we're connected directly to two other autonomous systems. All the traffic out to the internet via TU's network goes via one of these two networks. True, as you know, is a commercial ISP. Uni-net is a network that connects multiple universities together, run by the government. In fact, both of these we can think are internet service providers. TU has connection to two. You don't have to connect to just one. You can connect to multiple. Some of your traffic can go via one and some via another. If we try and draw that, it's a TU's network, which is not just SIT but the whole university. So there's many different sub-nets inside here. There's one for our campus, there's one for SIT at Rungside, and probably most of the different faculties have their own sub-net. So inside the TU network. And then we have connections to two different autonomous systems. One is by True and one is Uni-net. And then, we'll see shortly, they have connections to other autonomous systems. And our traffic, so when you visit the YouTube website, for example, when you're here on the TU network, it goes to one of these two networks, let's say via True's network, then goes to another autonomous system and eventually reaches the autonomous system that has the YouTube web service. We scroll across. There's just no need for you to record the numbers, but just for our example, this was 37992, autonomous system number. True is 7470, 4621 is Uni-net. We'll click on them in a moment. Let's see what else we see for TU. Who is, tells us information about who owns or operates a network. So if we scroll down, this is the data about the TU autonomous system. Who assigned the number and specifically here. The name, something about who they connect to. They import and export data between two different ASs, 74770 and 4741, which is different from here. So this, in some cases, this could be out of date. Things change over time. I don't know which one's out of date. 4741 or 4621, one of them may not be current anymore. It depends how often they update their database. Something about the owner of the network, the contact details for TU's network. And so what happens is TU tells its neighbors, True and Uni-net, about what prefixes, what subnets are reachable. And in fact, they tell other neighbors, neighbors of neighbors as well. So they propagate that information to multiple different autonomous systems. And the graph shows us who TU propagates information about their network to. Here we are, TU, our direct two neighbors, we tell, but they also inform their neighbors, or some of their neighbors at least, not necessarily all of them. And that's what this graph shows, that information about TU's network is known by all of these autonomous systems. And that's Singapore Telecom, Singtel, NTT, Savas, Sprint, AO and others. So there are some other internet service providers that information about TU's network has reached these other autonomous systems. That's what this graph is showing. And let's look at these, our two neighbors, and see about our neighbors. So one of them, let's first look at Uni-net. Let's first look at the summary information. So Uni-net, which is an organization that connects the multiple universities together, connects, has 30 peers. So TU had two peers, two direct neighbors. Uni-net, this network has 30 different peers. So it exchanges information directly with 30 other networks, that's what's shown here. And it exchanges information about many different sub-nets, many prefixes, up to 200 different prefixes. And the list of peers of Uni-net are here. So CAT, a Thai research network, and multiple universities listed here. And go back and let's look at true internet again. Version 4 and V4 and V6, is that what you mean? IP version 4, IP version 6. So there are two versions of the internet protocol. The main one you use today is IP version 4, that's what you use most of the time. But the newer version is IP version 6. It's not as commonly used yet, it is available. So some networks use it, some don't. So in these cases, they separate between the information exchange on the IP version 4 network and the IP version 6 network. That's what the V4 and V6 means. We're focusing on V4, IP version 4. The last thing here in this example, let's look at true's network, which is 7470. So similar to true, which is a large ISP has connections to 65 other peers. So it connects to multiple different peers here, 65 here. And they exchange information about their networks with many other autonomous systems. So we can see some of the peers listed here. The primary one being the true international gateway and many of the other ISPs within the country. So from this, and there are similar websites, we can see something about the connectivity between the autonomous systems in the Internet. And you can see which ones are connected to each other. To look at the details, you need to understand more about the classless addressing and especially BGP, which we will not cover in this course. Any questions on autonomous systems? The last thing we want to cover is who pays who. Who pays? Who do you pay for Internet access? You pay one Internet service provider. You pay to use their network. But they don't have a network all across the globe. When you access YouTube's website, say the servers, there may be some in Singapore or in the US, your ISP most likely doesn't have a network that connects directly to the destination. They only have, for example, a network inside Thailand. So your data goes through multiple ISPs' networks. So the arrangement of how you pay your ISP to carry your data, then there needs to be some arrangement between your ISP and the next ISP between the peers here as to who pays for what. So let's look at some of the terminology related to that and how the connections can be made. So two autonomous systems connected together we've referred to as peers. So TU peers with True and TU peers with UniNet. We talk about peering. So they are peers with each other at the same level. To connect between peers, you need a physical connection and some commercial agreement. So the physical connection, some links, some cables, and the agreement is some contract that says, I will pay you this amount of money for the amount of megabytes that you carry of mine. We'll talk about both of them. The physical connection, two types. A private peering connection where two companies get together and say, let's join, let's connect our networks together. For example, True has a router here and TU connects their cable into that router. So some physical connection between two peers directly. The other way for a physical connection is via some public peering point where there's some organization that provides the routers and multiple different peers connect physically into that organization's network. Usually called an internet exchange point, an IXP or simply IX. So one way we draw that and it's similar with the True, the internet gateways in Thailand, multiple autonomous systems. Of course, one option is to directly connect them. So this one has a router. They make an agreement and connect the cable to there. So they peer with each other via direct private peering. But another option is that there's some central point, some building or some data center and they all connect into there. And then from there they can create an agreement with whoever they like. So this is the physical connection. They all connect into some central point, some network here and therefore they can easily send their traffic from AS2 to AS1 or AS2 to any of the other peering points so long as they have an agreement. So in terms of the physical connection, you either directly connect or you connect via some shared point called an internet exchange point. Let's look at how the agreements work. So often it's a commercial contract between the two organizations established to agree upon how much data they're going to carry and what they're going to pay for it. There are two general types of agreements and the terminology we use or as common is transit and peering. But be careful, there's some confusion in the terminology used here. Peers refers to the two autonomous systems that connect together. They appear. The physical connection, we can have either private peering. They connect directly together with each other like here or public peering where they connect via some shared exchange point. That's about the physical connections. But then we talk about the agreements, the contracts. We have a transit agreement and a peering agreement. So don't confuse a peering agreement with public peering. We can have public peering with a transit agreement. We can have public peering with a peering agreement. So distinguish between an agreement and the physical connection. What's the difference between transit and peering? Transit is when one organization pays another for them to carry their traffic. You pay that other network or that other operator to have your traffic go through their network. That's a transit agreement. That's usually the case when, let's say, we have a large internet service provider and a smaller ISP. The smaller ISP pays the larger one to carry their traffic. So I may subscribe to the small ISP. They only have a network in Bangkok just across the city. I subscribe to them. I pay them. But then for their traffic to get out across Thailand and across the world, they pay a larger ISP for network connectivity across the country and across the globe. So we say that's a transit agreement. Their traffic transit passes through someone else's network and they pay for that. A peering agreement is when two ISPs make some agreement saying, let's exchange our traffic for free. Let's not pay anything and say, okay, usually with two ISPs which are about the same size, they say, I will carry the traffic of your customers if you carry the traffic of my customers. And usually there's no cost involved in that. So we get two general types of agreements, transit and peering. And also we can usually refer to ISPs, internet service providers, based upon how big they are, how much coverage they provide across the globe. And often referred to as three different levels, three different tiers. The top tier, tier one, tier two, and tier three. Where the top tier are the big ones, the big internet service providers, tier two are the medium size and tier three are the small ones. Tier one internet service providers do not pay for transit for any destination in the internet. They either have a network covering the entire globe, unlikely, or what they do is that they have peering agreements with other tier one ISPs. And there are only about between 10 and 15 tier one ISPs in the world. So the big companies like AT&T, Japanese NT&T, and a few others, the list of companies changes over time. There are about 10 to 15 different companies which are called tier one ISPs. They have connections directly with each other tier one ISP. So once your traffic is on one of the tier one ISPs network, it can reach any other destination in the world and for free because they do not pay transit from anyone else. The next level down are tier two ISPs. They are large, say national ISPs or large companies that have coverage across most of the globe. They must pay for transit from some tier one ISPs and they may peer directly with other ISPs. And then at the next level we have the smaller ISPs, tier three. You and I, as the end users, the customers, and also SIT or SIT is part of TU's network, we pay for transit from one of the ISPs. This diagram tries to illustrate that. Instead of internet service providers, instead of ISPs I've drawn autonomous systems here. At the top we have just three, but there's in practice about 15 in the world. These are the tier one ISPs or autonomous systems and they have peering agreements with each other. Once there's data on this network and it needs to go somewhere over here, if this organization doesn't have a direct connection they can send it via one of the other tier one ISPs. At the same level these peer links here refer to peering agreements. They don't pay to carry each other's traffic, it's free, that's the idea at least. Now here am I down the bottom here. I pay, I have my own network for example or it's SIT, some company, we have our own network. We pay some let's say tier three internet service provider for access. I'm a customer of one ISP, let's say of this ISP. So I pay them to carry my data and I want to send it to someone on network E from network A to network E. So I pay my ISP to carry my traffic but to get to network E, my ISP here needs to pay this ISP to carry their traffic as well. And similar, this one pays a tier one ISP to carry the traffic and then we get down to the destination here. So you pay your ISP, your ISP may pay another one. They may not pay on the same terms as we do but that's the arrangement. So that's a transit agreement. I pay my ISP for my traffic to transit their network, to go through their network. My ISP pays theirs to transit the network, to pass through their network. Some of the ISPs may realize that what's happening is that they, let's say, every time I send to network E, AS6 needs to pay AS1 for that traffic. The traffic needs to transit AS1 down to network E. So what may happen is that AS6 or the ISP here with AS4 may come to an agreement and let's say, let's bypass AS1. Let's create a direct link with each other, a peering agreement. So first create a physical connection and then make some agreement and say, okay, everything that comes from AS6 to AS4, let's say in this path, they will send for free, AS4 will send for free and similar, everything that goes from AS4 to AS6, they will send for free. They make some agreement and say, I will carry your traffic if you carry my traffic and hence neither of them need to pay for AS1. So there's the benefit of having this peering agreement. You no longer need to pay for your higher level ISP to transit through their network. So there's some commercial advantage of doing that. So long as they can make some agreement and say, let's carry each other's traffic. It depends upon the size of the company sometimes and how much traffic is likely to carry or pass through their network. So transit agreements, you pay someone else for them to carry your traffic. Peering agreements, there's an agreement to freely exchange traffic between different ISPs. A peering agreement, of course, can make it cheaper for the end customer. Without the peering agreement, AS6 pays AS1. Well, the cost of doing that is eventually passed down to the end customer. With a peering agreement, they no longer have to pay and hopefully the cost or the savings that they make is passed down to the end customer as well. So it can affect the end user as well. It can also give better performance, not just cheaper, but instead of having to pass through some other network, a direct connection could increase performance. So many ISPs start to create peering agreements with others. So in summary, we have physical connections between peers, either via a direct link, a private peering link, or via some internet exchange point, a public peering point, so they're the connections. Then we have agreements between the ISPs. Two types, transit and peering. Transit, you pay someone else for them to carry your traffic. Peering, you exchange traffic freely between two ISPs. And finally, there are broadly classifications of ISPs based upon their size and their network coverage. Tier 1, they do not need to pay anyone else to carry their traffic. They have peering agreements with all other Tier 1 ISPs. So to reach someone over here, we just send to another Tier 1. Tier 2 are the larger ones, but still must transit some Tier 1 ISPs. Tier 3 are usually the smaller ones. There's no definition of what size. It's about arranged by the market. That's a rough explanation of the commercial arrangement and the structure of the internet service providers in the internet. There's no formal definition. Some of the terminology may differ, but I think it gives us enough of a view on that. Last two slides, I think, before we finish this topic, this one's about the internet exchange point. So now there are companies that provide this service. Many ISPs connect in, physical connections, and then they make their transit or peering agreement between the companies. So an internet exchange point. Usually large buildings or large data centers that have high connectivity. They support hundreds of different ISPs to connect together. Last thing, I've always talked about an ISP an internet service provider, but we see now more so that it's not just people selling internet access, but it's also companies that are what we may call content providers that are having their own network on the internet. The companies that many people access content via have their own autonomous system and their own network or connections into ISPs. YouTube, one example, Microsoft and so on, they have their own networks that connect directly into Thailand, for example. If you look on the internet map, you'll see they are one of the blocks in that internet map for Thailand. Why? How it works is that these companies, for example, Google, rather than having all the traffic that goes to the YouTube web server, rather than having to pay some ISP for their traffic to go through their network, they create a direct link bypassing some ISPs and making it cheaper to carry the traffic. So Google, for example, is based in the US. In the past, from Thailand to access their servers, you need to go via the international gateway and then go across to the US and access the servers. Now Google has a direct link into Thailand, I think via Singapore, which means your traffic doesn't pass through many different ISPs. It goes through your ISP, let's say True, and then direct to Google's network. So it doesn't have to pass via different ISPs to Google's network. That's cheaper. Cheaper for Google, because there's less traffic or less they pay other ISPs for, and often faster, because you have a direct physical connection. So good for the customer. So you start to see many content providers start to have their own network and that summarizes what we know about the internet. So what I want you to pick up from this topic is what are autonomous systems? What's the difference between an interior and exterior routing or gateway protocol, BGP versus the others? The concepts of peering between different autonomous systems, the physical connections we can have between them, we can have direct, private peering and shared public peering, and the types of agreements, transit and peering agreements that we may have. The main things to pick up from this topic. Any questions? Any questions about the internet? All quite easy so far. Nothing too technical, nothing about details or protocols. So the question is there a possibility that the tier one ISPs peer with lower levels? By definition, the tier one ISPs peer with every other tier one ISP so if there are three here, they have peers with every other one it is possible to have a peering link with one of the lower level ones from peer AS2 to AS7 it is possible. Yep. And similar, and sorry, and similar between tiers it's possible to peer between them, so from here to here. Depending upon the normally the size and the types of traffic those ISPs carry. Why does tier one not use the internet exchange point? I didn't say that, it could. It can. This peer line here means the agreement. Distinguished between the physical connection and the contract with the agreement as to what they carry. These links here are not physical connections or not necessarily physical links. They are referring to some arrangement. This one pays this one. This one pays this one. That's what these links show. The peer link these exchange freely. How do they connect from here to here? It could be a direct connection, it could be via an internet exchange point. The physical connection may not directly map to what I show on this slide. So the benefit, so currently if let's say you're on network A and you want to send to me on network C then the traffic must go at least via AS6 and down here to C. And that is the traffic from ASA must pass through AS6 and therefore ASA must pay AS6 for that traffic. If these two create a peering agreement between each other and have a physical link between each other then the traffic can go direct through here. ASA no longer pays AS6 the traffic goes direct and is free to go to the destination C. Why would you do that? Cheaper for ASA? Why would you not do that? Well AS9 is only going to do it if they have traffic going the other direction as well. Because it's free in both directions. It means that they must come to an agreement and say okay every month or every day I'm going to have about the same amount of traffic coming into your network as you're going to have coming into my network. But if for example every month there was one megabyte of traffic going from 8 to 9 but just one megabyte going from 9 to 8 there's no benefit for AS9 in that case. They do not save anything so why would they do it? So it comes down to a commercial arrangement. So normally it's about the similar size ISPs that provide similar service. Is there an ISP in Thailand? Categorize as a tier one. Let's check. There's no hard definition watts of tier one but let's see a list. And who has it? Wikipedia has a list. So it has some description but down the bottom it has a list of tier one ISPs. The name where they are, the AS number and some links. So the answer to your question is no you see the list here. AT&T Century link. So US companies German company here Verazon, Sprint from Tel-Isanera, Sweden, Japan and one from India so no. The large ISPs here, true I guess would be considered tier two possible tier two ISPs. National coverage of the nation maybe considered tier two. And then the smaller ISPs maybe just in Bangkok or in some city tier three ISPs. And before we finish for today one more picture or one more example we will not start the next topic. So one of those companies Telefonica an ISP or a company from Spain just as an example this is some pictures of their network let's have to zoom out and zoom in so just a picture of their links that this company has across the globe this is the globe and we will zoom in on some parts but these are the orange ones what they own so they own some cables, optical fibers and so on or satellite links and the white ones they lease or they have some partnership so they may not directly own it so this is one of the tier one ISPs Telefonica and their network so the the lines indicate the links that they have across the globe that's maybe as far as I'll go so for example they have multiple links across the Atlantic all through Europe and see through the Middle East and across to Asia and so on so most of those ISPs or some of them you go to their websites and you'll find similar network maps that show the connectivity that they have and the links they have into Asia, Southeast Asia so links into Thailand and other countries around here so that's one example of a large tier one ISP it's better to look at their website to see sometimes they have some interactive or some flash maps that provide more details so then for example a local Thai ISP may connect into their network so if you want to connect send your data to Europe your data travels through let's say you're on TU's network it goes through Tru's network it goes to the Tru International Gateway and the Tru International Gateway then has a link into Telefonica's network which then may travel to wherever to Indonesia or down to Malaysia and across to India and so on or up to Hong Kong any last questions? everything's okay, you don't need lecture notes you're you remember everything no need to make notes, that's fine okay enough for today tomorrow we'll start on the next topic of Wireless Lands and if you want to look at some of these there's some links on the website or come and see me but it's best to look at the maps in your own computer, you can zoom in and see the details let's continue tomorrow on Wireless Lands okay and the last two minutes


Ogun State opposition parties have commanded the Idaqba Abiyadun's administration for adding value to the development of the state in the last months. While addressing newsmen in Abiyakuta, the convener said the vote of confidence on the governor was necessary following the group's assessment of his achievement. The group further endorsed the governor for second term. He has not done very well. It is still within our portfolio to hike the administration, to hike the government, to support them, to advise them, to let's move in this direction, to be able to continue to improve the life of our citizens. Because all of us cannot be governor, all of us cannot be commissioner at the same time, but in our own strides we can contribute to the governor. Ogun State belongs to all of us and it's our pride. It cannot achieve everything under that one month. So other things that you people are asking about now will start coming up because from that speech, there are mostly criticism, very moderate criticism, very constructive criticism. We have appealed to the administration that this area, this area, please, we are looking forward to have an improvement there. So you get notified about fresh news updates.


Nick, you saw this team last night and just in what ways was this one different and what was just the biggest concern? I mean, they were firing on all cylinders and we weren't firing at all. I think the score showed that. And it was just a rough night for everybody. As talked about just effort not being there, what do you attribute that to as far as just the effort being different than 24 hours ago? It was just knocking down shots. It's always like that when we come here. That's kind of the story that they were hitting shots. We weren't making any shots. They were forcing us to shoot the shots that they wanted us to shoot. I mean, that's the game. They were getting out in transition. They were just having their way and our energy wasn't there. We just got to regroup. Now we got to break. These last two months have just been a lot of disappointments, I guess, since even that damn right game was kind of when this swim started a little bit. How do you guys not let this one linger with all those losses now with the break coming and obviously a sense of urgency to try to get this play in spot? We just got to flush it up, have a short-term memory. Like you said, it's definitely been, it's been disappointing. The season has been pretty disappointing if we just being honest, but we just got to have a short-term memory and get acclimated with the new guys coming back after the break. Did you think guys' minds were already off on their vacations? I think that's always a challenge, especially the last couple of games. But I wouldn't say that's the reason that we got punished. We just give credit to Boston. We just weren't there tonight. Celtic team is one of the top teams in the East. Just what can you guys take from this as you guys gear up for the last stretch of the season and what type of wake-up call could this game be? We just got to take it to the chin. Nobody wants to finish the year like that. Just got to have pride. You know, Boston, like I said, you got to give credit to them. They got the best record in the league for a reason. And we got to regroup. I don't come back. He's so influential to what you guys do. Do you guys almost need a with-bend game plan and a without-bend game plan and the way he pushes the pace and creates open threes for a lot of people? I mean, we play without being a lot, but it's definitely a totally different game. It's a totally different game for everybody when he's out there with playing fast. He's getting guys' open looks and transitioning. Just the overall flow of our offense and then having a new point guard with Dennis not knowing as many of our sets. But, you know, we can't make excuses. We just got to regroup. How do you accelerate getting Dennis up to speed?   How do you accelerate that process of getting him up to speed with everybody? Just watching film and learning from it. But, you know, it's more than just offense. You know, they score way too many points. They score too easy. So it's also defense, you know, just making it tougher for them. What do you attribute these last two months to, you think? It's maybe that there's like one or two issues that have been just standing out from this stretch. What do you think has been the root causes of it, you think? I mean, it's been everything. We've been shop making. That's not getting enough good looks consistently. And, you know, defensively, we've been somewhat solid. It's been kind of open down. But we just got to stay positive, man, and just regroup after this break.


Dmitry Medvedev, Poland will disappear. Deputy Chairman of the Russian Security Council Dmitry Medvedev responded to Polish Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki, who said that Ukraine has the right to strike at Russia. Polish Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki delivered a militant speech to the deputies of the Republican SEM, complaining that the days of Ukraine are doomed if NATO does not directly enter the war with Russia. In particular, the Polish official said, I have serious concerns that public opinion in Western Europe and possibly in the United States is getting tired of the Ukrainian crisis. I see this fatigue everywhere, especially in Western Europe. The war in Ukraine can go on for several years. We do not calculate the exact date, but simply observe what is happening at the front on the battlefield. The defeat of Ukraine in the conflict with Russia could be the beginning of the end of the Golden Age of the West. According to the logic of Morawiecki, NATO will quickly win the war with Russia if it allows Kiev to strike at Russia because Ukraine has such a right. Dmitry Medvedev, evaluating Morawiecki's remark, told Ria Novosti, I don't know who will win or lose such a war, but given Poland's role as a NATO outpost in Europe, this country will definitely disappear along with its underdeveloped Prime Minister. Besides, Medvedev said that Ukraine will cease to exist as soon as Western countries stop funding it. As soon as Western funding ends, Ukraine itself will come to an end, he pointed out, commenting on Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orban's remark that Ukraine is financially and economically insolvent. The thing is that nobody needs it. The Senior Security Council official observed.


Donald Trump has won Iowa's leadoff presidential caucuses, the former president's victory on Monday night gives him a strong start in the race for the 2024 Republican presidential nomination as the contest moves to New Hampshire, former UN Ambassador Nikki Haley in Florida Governor Ron DeSantis are Trump's most prominent primary rivals. They are aiming for a second-place finish in Iowa that would give them at least some momentum heading into future races, initial results from eight Iowa counties. Showed Trump with far more than half of the total votes counted as of 8.31 p.m. Eastern time with the rest of the field trailing far behind. Tonight we have called the winner in the Republican Iowa caucuses for former president Donald Trump. That call was based on early returns that showed him with a commanding lead across all regions of the state. That also was confirmed by our AP vote cast survey which showed him in a commanding position going into the caucus. Now our attention will turn to second place for the candidates who are vying for that position being the former UN Ambassador Nikki Haley and Florida Governor Ron DeSantis.