sleepywaves. You wanted to look at Intel, right? So let's take a look at Intel. Let's do a little looksie here. And by the way, let's do a quick look for Lululemon. Okay, just because Lululemon is down that much, which is good, since family has put on Lululemon. Let's take a look at Moderna. Moderna is up $5.40. So what's going on? That's an indicator, by the way. Microsoft. Family has put on Microsoft. Microsoft was actually down $3 earlier today and is crawling back up again. What else? What else? What else? What else? Well, let's look at Intel. INTC. Okay, here's INTC. Let's bring up, you know what? We'll close the NASDAQ website for options. We're not going to use that. We'll keep the Yahoo open. We don't want that. We won't Intel INTC. Intel. And we'll bring up Intel here as well. INTC. And let's look at the chart for Intel, first of all. Okay, and here's, because it's a simple look, we'll take a look at it on Google, because it gives you a clean. It's not busy, right? So here's the Intel chart. So Intel chart, and last year, it peaked at around $68. And it's sitting at around $51, $52 right now. It's got a market cap of $210 billion, a P of 10%, and a yield dividend of 2.69%. You can come down here. You can look at what the financials were on a quarterly basis. So they had revenue of $19 billion, net income of $6.8 billion, cost of revenue of $8.45 billion. You can see all these metrics. This is the quarterly, and here's the annual. Okay, annual, they had $77 billion in sales, net income of $20 billion, down 0.71% from the previous year, cash on hand of $7 billion, cost of revenue, $34 billion. So that's the general chart for a year. Here's the general chart for five years, and here's the max chart for Intel. It does a lot of fluctuations, and it's looking like this, and it looks like just basic. It looks like it's sitting on some kind of support, right? Let's go back here and let's look at the technicals on this thing. Some of the technicals anyway. What Lulu Lemon is clothing company in Vancouver, those are icicles, clothing company in a headquarter in Vancouver, British Columbia. It's overpriced in my opinion.  One of the reasons people buy it, and my friend in the textile industry mentioned this, she had the opportunity to work for Lulu Lemon when they first started, by the way, and basically she told me that people buy Lulu Lemon product because it's high end, high end expensive meaning, right?  So it's a smoke and mirror thing, but they do have serious revenue, they have stores all over the world, and they make good income, right?  So here's Intel, right? This is a six-month chart on it, right? You can take a look at it, it popped above the 50-day moving average, and then most likely, if we do the earnings, you can add a new metric here. Overlay, where's the overlay? Chart overlay, let's see if we can put the earnings on here, where's the earnings? Price, parabolic moving average, simple moving, hey, where's the earnings? Events, oh there it is, events, earnings, let's put the earnings on here, there it is. You see this major drop here? That was most likely they missed their earnings, right? So the stock does drop. Now before we put that on, that's what we're looking at, right? But when you see a drop like this, it's usually an announcement, or usually it's a warning, or they actually came out with their earnings and they missed their numbers, or expected numbers, right? So it's a good idea if you're seeing major, major movements in the stock to see what took place, right? And right now, this is where Intel's sitting, channeling between the 200-day and the 50-day moving averages, right? And here's the one-year chart for it, right? It looks like it might be bottoming out, okay? And we can definitely take a look at the chart here as well, Intel, here. We'll take a look at the chart and some of the metrics that we've set up, just to see. Oh yeah, by the way, here. Let me go back one more. And you can look at different stuff. Right now, analyst rating, you know, there's nine people that say it's a buy right here, right? Oops, right here, right? Nine people say that's a buy, you know, two people say that it's overweight. 21 analysts are saying, because it's one of the major tech companies, it's got major coverage. 21 people are saying, just hold it. And six people are saying, sell it, right? Now, we can take a look at the charts here as well, and do one-year chart on it. And you can take a look, it's showing the same thing, right? For us, this is just a moving average that I've plotted on here, put on here. So it's sitting well below the 200-day moving average, but a little bit above the 50-day moving average. Here it is here. Now, would I be betting that this stock is going to go up? Let's see the 200 two-year chart on it. Here's the two-year chart. Let's do a five-year chart on it. Five-year chart, refresh. Yeah, it could go either way, but the odds are it won't do serious heavy movement. And then you can take a look at the options and see the premiums on it. And Intel, again, this is trading at what? 51.69. So what you see here is sitting between 51.5 and 52, right? So people are betting one way or another. There's lots of activity going on here, right? 5,000 trades and stuff. But you can take a look at, for example, two months out of February. February, it's saying that if you're going to bet that, let's pick a nice number. It's sitting at 51.70. So it's closer to 52.5, right? So if you're betting, if you want to bet that this stock is going to go up, right? And you want to buy calls for it for the next two months, right? You're going to pay, let's say take what is being offered at, or what they traded at last bid, this is the last trade, $1.77, right? So right now, $1.77, if it's going to go down, you're going to have to pay $1.77 to be able to control 100 shares of Intel, right? On the way down, right? So you have to pay $1.77 to have the right to sell Intel at $50 a share. If that's the case, then you only make money, right? If Intel trades is sitting at $48.33, right? $50 minus that $3.33, yeah, $48.33 you break even, right? Because the difference between $48.33 and $50 is $1.77. If Intel closes below $48.33, you're making money, right? So for example, if Intel drops down to $40 by February, February 18th, you see the date here, February 18th, 2020, if it drops down to $40, then you go $10 difference because you had to, you bought the rice to sell it at $50, that's $10 you can sell Intel stock for, but you paid $1.77, so what you can do is go $10, here, let's bring up the calculator, $10 minus $1.77, that means you made $8.23, right? If Intel drops $10 in the next two months, okay, a little bit less than two months actually because we're going to January 1st, so month and three weeks, let's say, right? What is that relative to what type of return is that? So $8.233 minus $1.77 divided by $1.77, that's 3.65 times return on investment, return on your money, right? Now, if you're betting that the stock is going to go up, right, you can buy calls on Intel at $50 a share for $3.25, that means Intel stock has to close be at least $53.25 for you to break even and anything above that is premium that you're making. That's the way you can think about it. Ronnie, you got some top comic, right? I wish I'd gotten the Spiderman Carnage comic, but I'm still happy with what I got. Ronnie says, Ronnie, what did you get? I can't remember what you got. And by the way, hi Ronnie, how you doing? Hey Chicho, I received your package. Well, thanks again. Awesome Ronnie, glad you got it. Oh, oh, how are you doing? Welcome to another live stream. I'm surprised they don't seem to have been affected by a global microchip shortage. Supposed to be Intel's coming up with some new stuff, and they were affected by a global shortage to a certain degree because take a look at this. This is the one year chart and oh, come on, it's refreshing again. Come, come, hurry, hurry. There we go. Oh, Intel's closed down now, it was up $55. Nice, we're going to take a look at it. So take a look at this thing. At the six month, right, on October 21st, they announced their earnings and the stock dropped, right? Stock dropped, so they were probably affected by the shortage supply chain issues, right? So let's take a look at Intel options, right? So Intel was up $0.55, right? Now it's down $0.05. Let's see, hey, where'd the options go on it? Oh, it kicked us out of the options. Let's take a look at the options. Come on, load, load. My internet's really slow. Here's the option. Here's what the, oh, let's look at the straddle. Look, I don't use Yahoo too much for options. There, we're looking at the 52 one, weren't we? What were we looking at?  I forgot which one we're looking at. Where is Intel? Yeah, we're looking at the 51. Oh, hold on. Let's bring up Q. It was a 52 we're looking at. Oh, no, I forget what we're looking at. Poop. Anybody remember what the strike price was? How does this work? You sell them now for 50 and you have to buy them back at 48, whatever price? No, no, no. That's shorting rank. This is option. Option is you're paying a premium over the timeframe to control a certain amount of shares. You're not buying the stocks or selling the stocks. You're buying the rights to be able to sell a stock at a certain price or you're buying the rights to be able to sell a stock at a certain price. So what you risk is that that's all it is. You're not risking any more than what you're putting in. If you're naked short-selling and stuff like this, you're risking huge, right? So that's the difference. That's the difference. Okay. That's the difference. Oh, because we're looking at alcohol. We weren't looking at Intel. That's right. We're looking at alcohol before for 55 cents. It was up. So what would alcohol be doing right now? Let's see that alcohol do a movement. We weren't looking at Intel. We're looking at alcohol. Alcohol is still the same. So that's the general gist of options trading. Okay. And one thing you can do is you can look for, you can bet that the stock is going to go up and down. Right? So for example, if we go here, let's find a serious movement in the market. See how many things moved heavy. Let's see if anything's done a major move that might have options on it. See the thing is nothing's moving really too much right now. Okay. Nothing's because it's the last trading day. Let me do this. Let's bring up my video. And let's bring up chat. So do you think it's going to go up or down based on the charts for Intel? Oh, that's a serious question. Right? It looks like it's bottoming. Right? So it might do a move up, but it really depends on the announcements. From what I understand, sleepy waves. Intel was going to announce that they were going to, they're working on something new. Right? So it really depends on what their news is. As far as the general market goes, what's Intel's PE? Intel's PE was pretty low, I believe, and it gave a dividend. Let's see. Let's take a look at that. Sorry if I'm not sharing the screen. It's not worth sharing. Intel's PE is 10. It's got a yield of, where's the yield? Yield is 2.69. Right? 2.7 percent yield. The PE is low and the yield is 2.7 percent, which isn't bad relatively speaking. I mean Intel's competitor is NVIDIA. NVIDIA is killing it and has been killing it. Right? NVIDIA's PE is 92. It's got a yield of 0.05. So as far as value investing go, Intel is better value in terms of tech goes. People are choosing NVIDIA over Intel. Intel, I believe, lost Apple's contract, if I remember correctly.


Today we will talk about the causes and the ways to fix your fatigue due to diabetes and insulin resistance. I am Dr. Ahmed Ergin, the sugar MD. I'm an endocrinologist, a diabetologist and a practicing physician in Florida. Now, fatigue is a very common symptom of diabetes, right? And can actually result from high blood sugar levels and other diabetic symptoms and even diabetic complications. What are they? Remember, neuropathy, like a nerve disease, heart disease, and so on. Now, some lifestyle changes and certain herbs can help a person definitely manage their diabetes better. Fatigue and tiredness are not the same thing, right? So when a person is tired, they usually feel better after resting. But when a person has persistent fatigue, rest may not relieve those feelings of exhaustion and lethargy. 60% of people with type 2 diabetes report fatigue as a symptom. Actually, fatigue is the second most common symptom among all diabetics. In this video, we will uncover the relationship between diabetes and fatigue. And I will also provide you some advice on how to manage this horrible symptom of diabetes. So stay tuned, I have some really important and interesting information in the middle and towards the end of this video. So please be patient and watch the entire video to understand the whole topic. At least watch 10 minutes to make it worthwhile for yourself. Now, why does diabetes cause fatigue? I will go over in detail more on that, but to summarize. Number one, changes in your blood sugar levels, the fluctuations. Number two, the other symptoms of diabetes. Number three, complications of diabetes. Number four, mental and emotional issues resulting from diabetes. And being overweight, of course, as number five, I can list. And number six, I would say significant fluctuations in your blood sugar. Now, cells need insulin to absorb glucose from the blood. But as you know, when you have diabetes or insulin resistance, your cells need that glucose for energy, but due to lack or resistance to insulin, this does not happen. It's like you have a million dollars in the bank, but you can't even touch it. Painful, isn't it? Diabetes is not any different. Your blood sugar may be three times of the normal levels, and yet you feel tired and exhausted all the time. Not only fatigue, high blood sugar is constantly damaging your arteries and nerves, causing kidney failure, eye damage, the neuropathy, heart disease, and so forth. So I'll give you a few tips on how to stop that from happening really soon in this video. Another potential reason for fatigue due to diabetes is low blood sugar, actually. Typically, it is a potential side effect of diabetes medications like sulfonylureas, which are horrible drugs, by the way. Sorry if you're on galipazide or galiburide or glimopride or even insulin. Sometimes you have to, but they are not necessarily the best. But when your blood sugar goes really down because of these medications, your body creates the same stress reaction as if you were fighting with someone in a boxing ring. Here's a quick fact for you. Many people on insulin have low blood sugar, especially after midnight, while they are sleeping and they don't even know it. They wake up with a feeling like truck hit them and they don't even know why they feel that way. Some of you are, for example, using continuous glucose monitoring systems such as Libre or Dexcom, and you can see that to yourself when you wake up, you can see how much drop happened in your blood sugars, and it may explain why you feel that way. So if you felt the same way and if you have any experience, please write your experience in the comment section below. So if you think your blood sugar may be low during the night or even during the day when you are physically active, for example, do yourself a favor and check your blood sugar to see what's happening. If you have a glucose monitoring, continuous monitoring, that's great. If not, you have to do a finger stick. If you get up to urinate at night, for example, remind yourself to check your blood sugar to better understand what's going on like at two o'clock in the morning, for example, unless you are using continuous glucose monitoring system which can give you retrospective data. Also, other symptoms of diabetes can make you tired like frequent urination that makes it hard to sleep, excessive thirst, for example, as a sign of dehydration, extreme hunger when you have already eaten, unexplained weight loss, blurred vision, and so on. Now, not all of these symptoms are directly linked to feelings of tiredness, but many of them may make you feel unwell as a whole. Now, these unpleasant and persistent feelings can have a big impact on both your mental and physical health, which can make you tired as well. Now, similarly, neuropathy, for example, discomfort in your limbs and hands and feet may make it difficult for a person with diabetes to fall asleep and even stay asleep. Not sure if you have tried out diabetic neuropathy support yet, but if you haven't tried, please do so. You will see the difference within a month or two for your neuropathy. And if you did try, please stay on it to get the maximum and persistent benefit and write your experience in the comment section below. Now, sugar and neuropathy support has everything in it to prevent and heal the diabetic neuropathy, and it also helps even prevent other complications of diabetes such as eye disease or kidney disease, although we call it a neuropathy support, but it helps for all. Now, also, heart disease is another complication of diabetes, as you know, and heart failure is, unfortunately, four times more common among diabetics compared to non-diabetics. So you need to make sure to do everything to prevent this complication because you only have one heart. If your heart is failing and cannot pump blood, how are you going to not feel fatigue, right? Let's talk about the adverse effects of diabetes medications as well. For example, some of the medications can make you really tired. One of them is corticosteroids. A person with diabetes, for example, may need to take corticosteroids such as prednisone to treat inflammation or some pain or something like that or discomfort, and it can be due to some other conditions, right?  It's going to make you not able to sleep. It's going to make you retain a ton of water and so forth. Now, statins is another one that is used to reduce your LDL levels, right, which is bad cholesterol, but statins can sometimes come with a cost, and that cost can be muscle pains or fatigue. So if you're not sure that why you're fatigued, you may want to hold up on your statins for a few weeks to see if your fatigue completely goes away. And if you think so, let your doctor know because there are alternative medications that can be tried if you cannot take a statin medication. Nowadays, we have other cholesterol medications that are not statin. Now, diuretics is another one. Some patients use diuretics to treat the high blood pressure, for example, and that can make people, again, urinate a lot, and that can make you get up at night too often. And they also sometimes change your sodium-potassium balance, which can lead to fatigue. So for example, if you have low potassium in your blood, you will feel fatigue or even low sodium. And the hydrochlorotides, for example, can do both. And in some cases, doctors will overtreat you, and you may end up with a low blood pressure while you're trying to treat high blood pressure, and that will also cause fatigue. So most diuretics, unfortunately, also increase your blood sugar. Now, I'm not saying stop your diuretics right now because of what I said. I would definitely consult with your doctor and bring up your concerns to see if you still need to be on that diuretic. But if you can control your blood pressure without medication, that will be the best. Again, if you're salt sensitive, you can cut down on the salt, you can do more diet and exercise, and you can take a little bit of a sugar-empty blood pressure support to get some of the natural herbs like garlic or hibiscus, et cetera, that are in the sugar-empty blood pressure support may also help as well. Now, check our website for more information at sugar-empties.com. Another medication that can make you feel tired is beta blockers. Again, they're used for high blood pressure, sometimes for other heart diseases or even sometimes for anxiety or shaking in your hands and so forth, but they slow your heart and that can lead to chronic fatigue as well. Beta blockers can also raise your blood sugar as well, just like diuretics do, and sometimes they prevent you from feeling from low blood sugars as well. So for example, low blood sugar will let you know that it's happening by causing heart racing and shaking on your hands, but the beta blockers will actually block those symptoms and then you will not even realize that you have a low blood sugar because you are not feeling the symptoms that you're supposed to feel. Now, how mental and emotional health living with diabetes affect your fatigue, for example, let's talk about that. Now, diabetic patients are two to three times more likely to suffer from depression than those who do not have the disease. Now, it is really hard to deal with the blood sugar day in and day out. Keep checking your blood sugar. Blood sugars are fluctuating, trying to pay attention to what you eat, etc., etc. It is a difficult life. Now, only fun part is just could be just watching my channel right now. I hope so. I hope I'm entertaining you a little bit while teaching you, but it is really hard to live with diabetes and people go to breast sometimes. It is that you don't have to necessarily feel super sad or super depressed. Sometimes fatigue itself is the main symptom of depression and most people don't even realize that they are depressed. They just think that they are tired all the time. Now, depression can even cause physical pain if it is severe. Most people don't like that stigma and they even refuse to talk about it, but it is better to keep an eye on it and to bring it up to your doctor. Anxiety, for example, has been shown to be more widespread in those who were aware of that they had the disease of diabetes and their other health issues and so forth definitely brings up anxiety. Anxiety is another cause for fatigue as well. Now, due to sleep disruption, sadness, anxiety, they all induce the heightened sensation of awareness. Now, depression can also have a negative impact on your blood sugar regulation, which can also lead to depression in another way. Actually, many of the symptoms of depression are completely directly related to fatigue. For example, alteration in sleeping habits, getting up too early or not being able to return to sleep can all lead to energy loss and that can be part of depression. Now, does being overweight or insulin resistant make you feel fatigued without diabetes?  Now, other reasons for the connection between being overweight and insulin resistance and fatigue are the lifestyle choices. For example, they may lead to weight gain, lack of exercise and a diet that contains too much processed or junk food, even if you're not overweight or diabetic, it can still make you feel tired. Yes, you should start moving and eating better but what else is there? Well, have you ever heard of the berberine? It's actually the ultimate longevity herb. It can cause some tummy issues in some people then what is the solution to berberine lovers? The hydraberberine. The hydraberberine is another form of berberine that is 5 times more absorbable and much less gastrointestinal side effects. Compared to metformin, it's nothing. When you combine the hydraberberine with saline cinnamon, you get an insulin resistance fighter. Check out our super berberine which is the hydraberberine and saline cinnamon combo. You will see the difference within a few weeks of use. You will feel more energetic, you may lose some pounds and your blood sugar will be better. Now, you can check that out at our website at sugarmds.com and there's a sale going on right now as of this video being recorded. What other lifestyle changes can help a person manage both diabetes and symptoms of fatigue? Well, getting regular exercise 150 minutes of cardio exercise and some resistance training to keep your muscles in good condition. Now, eating a helpful diet, such as Mediterranean diet which in my opinion is the best diet for diabetics, it is the only study diet actually in the long term and that has been shown to lower the risk of dying from heart attacks and cancer. Now, if somebody is saying to you that there is no study for any diet that's wrong, Mediterranean diet has been studied for long term has been shown to improve longevity has been shown to cut back on the cancer and diabetes. Now, for example, keto diet has never shown that, paleo diet has never shown that, has never been really studied in the long term. The only long term study diet has been Mediterranean diet. Now, I'm not saying that those diets are bad for you I'm saying that the science indicates so far the Mediterranean diet is the only diet that has been proven to reduce the risk of diabetes and cancer. Also, practicing good sleep good sleep hygiene actually with the regular bedtime like 7 to 8 hours of sleep not watching TV till it's too late, not staring on your phone until midnight. For example, unwinding before bed managing and limiting stress, all these things will help reduce fatigue. It is also essential for a person to properly manage their diabetes and any related conditions with the correct herbs and medications if needed. Achieving this requires quite a bit of measures including monitoring your blood sugars regularly, following a diet that limits the refined carbohydrates and simple sugars taking all your medications and supplements unless some of these medications may give you a lot of side effects then you still have to find an alternative. If you are not a medication person like I said, try our SuperBurBrain and advanced glucose support to get the maximum benefit for energy and glucose control. Now, occasionally a person with diabetes might have fatigue due to some acute factors not due to diabetes. For example, acute illness like urinary tract infection or gastroenteritis, unrelated stress like your wife or your husbands or kids stressing you out having anemia which I frequently see in my patients as well. Even arthritis or other chronic conditions that can cause inflammation such as COPD, rheumatoid arthritis sleep apnea you name it. Bottom line high or low blood sugars levels, depression being overweight certain medications diabetic or non-diabetic and some medical disorders that can also happen along with diabetes can cause fatigue while fatigue and awareness might not be easy to control and it may prevent you from doing your regular activities but regulating your blood sugar levels and adjusting your lifestyle diet, exercise, certain herbs like dehydra, berberine, saline cinnamon, etc. It will boost your energy and lessen the tiredness and lethargy. And if you are depressed please seek help because depression or not accepting the depression is not going to help you recover from fatigue. So I hope this video helped you and it was helpful and if it was please remember to give a thumbs up, write a comment and share. Please remember to subscribe to our channel if you have not done already so. See you in the next video.


across the country. That concludes general questions. We turn now to First Minister's questions. Question number one from Ruth Davidson. Thank you, Presiding Officer, to ask the First Minister what engagement she has planned for the rest of the day. First Minister. Let me express on behalf of the chamber and our country my shock and sadness at the heinous attack on Westminster yesterday afternoon. We send our heartfelt condolences to those who have lost loved ones and our thoughts to all those who sustained injuries. Many of us in this chamber have friends and colleagues. Indeed, some of us have family members who work within the Palace of Westminster. Parliamentarians, staff and journalists. Yesterday was a harrowing day for all of them and they have our support and good wishes. Above all, we stand in solidarity with London. A vibrant, diverse, wonderful city that will never be cowed by mindless acts of violence. This attack stands, of course, as a stark reminder of the dangerous jobs that our emergency services do every day on our behalf. Yesterday, a metropolitan police officer went to work to protect and defend democracy and did not return home. Our thoughts and prayers are with the family of PC Keith Palmer. However, today we should also express our appreciation to police men and women across the country who risk their lives every day in the line of duty. To the police and security staff who keep us safe here in our own Parliament we say thank you. Presiding Officer, in the aftermath of the attack yesterday, I was updated by the national security adviser and also on the immediate actions taken by Police Scotland. I convened a meeting of the Scottish Government's Resilience Committee last night. That was an opportunity to review what was known about the events in London, consider any implications for Scotland and hear directly from the chief constable and other senior officers about their response. I am grateful to the chief executive of our Parliament for taking part in that meeting. I have been updated again by Police Scotland this morning. It is important to stress that there is no intelligence of any increased threat or risk to Scotland. However, as a precautionary measure, Police Scotland has increased security at key locations including our Parliament and will keep those arrangements under review. The public should also remain vigilant but go about their everyday business as normal. Presiding Officer, we know that at times like these it can be all too easy to look for someone to blame. It is important therefore that we are very clear about this. Acts of terrorism are not the responsibility of anyone's faith or section of our society. The only people to blame for acts of terrorism are the individuals who plan and perpetrate them. Let me end by echoing and endorsing the words of the Prime Minister.  They will not succeed. Whatever our disagreements in this chamber or any other we stand united in our core values of democracy, human rights and the rule of law. Those values are strong and they will endure. Ruth Davidson I thank the First Minister for that answer. On behalf of these benches we express our deep shock at yesterday's events in Westminster. We too send our deep condolences to those whose loved ones were lost or injured yesterday. Our gratitude to the police officers and security guards who at Westminster and here at Holyrood work to keep us safe. Whose bravery we seem only to truly appreciate at a time like this. People like PC Keith Palmer who lost his life yesterday doing his job, doing his duty. Yesterday a coward killed three innocent people and injured many more in an attempt to attack the symbol of our country's democracy.  And his attack on our freedom will fail again today as we show our resolve by returning to work and getting on with our lives. Does the First Minister agree with me that as our representatives of democracy we best demonstrate our defiance by showing here in Edinburgh and at Westminster that we will not be silenced and we will not be cowed? That we best strike back against terrorism by saying true to our own values of democracy, freedom and the rule of law. Yes, I agree wholeheartedly with the sentiments expressed by Ruth Davidson. Those of us who have had the opportunity to see some of the proceedings in the House of Commons this morning can't fail to have been moved by the poignancy of what we witnessed. All of us feel very deeply the impact of what happened yesterday but for our colleagues and friends in the House of Commons and in wider Westminster going back to work today must have been difficult and harrowing, but the dignity that was expressed by the Prime Minister and indeed by other members of Parliament I think gives us all an example to follow. We have many disagreements. That is in the nature of democracy. We have seen that in our own Parliament over the past couple of days but it is our ability to express these disagreements often very passionately that is the hallmark of our democracy and it is the values of democracy of human rights, of freedom of the rule of law that terrorists seek to strike at. So whatever our disagreements and undoubtedly before too long in other places but we have had the opportunity in these past 24 hours to remind ourselves of this that we are all united by our common humanity and it is democracy that defends our ability to have these disagreements and to express them in the way that we do. Ruth Davidson. I thank the First Minister for her answer. Can I ask her about the measures to protect people since yesterday's events? Is it possible that Police Scotland outlined some of those measures that have already been taken since yesterday's attacks? As the First Minister has indicated those include an increased police presence in our major conurbations and a substantial armed presence on our streets. The Deputy Chief Constable also described how yesterday Police Scotland officers dropped everything to be in the right place. We again thank them for their actions. Can the First Minister today assure the chamber that the police will be given all the support to tackle the threat so that the public are given the reassurances that they require? I am happy to give that assurance. I have indeed been assured by the Chief Constable that he has the resources that he requires to respond appropriately and there will continue to be as I should say there always is ongoing dialogue between the Scottish Government and our police service to ensure that they do have the resources that are required. We have well developed plans in place that enable them to increase security in response to incidents like the one that we witnessed yesterday. Those plans yesterday were activated by Police Scotland and put into place immediately. There is an increased police presence around our major conurbations and that, as people would expect, includes an increase in the presence of armed officers. I am sure that the whole chamber will understand that I am not going to go into precise detail about the police tactical response. It would be inappropriate and counterproductive for me to do so. However, that response does involve a substantial uplift in armed officers on duty and a configuration of resources to ensure that there has been a high profile non-armed police presence across the country. The public will have seen evidence of that this morning, I am sure, as they have travelled to work. I, as I said in my initial remarks, have spoken to Deputy Chief Constable Gwyn this morning already to be updated but also to continue to be briefed on how the police are responding. The arrangements that have been put in place will remain in place for the foreseeable future but the police will continue to keep those arrangements under review. Therefore, I want to reassure the public that the police are doing everything that is appropriate to ensure the protection of the public. I would reiterate a point that I made earlier on. The public, as should be the case at all times, should be vigilant. If they have concerns about anything, they should trust their instincts and contact the police. The public should get on with their daily business as we in this Parliament are getting on and that, after all, is the best response to terrorists. Ruth Davidson. I thank the First Minister for the information that she is able to give the chamber. As has been noted again today, we can never guard against attacks like yesterday's by building ever higher walls or bigger defences nor is a free and liberal society here in the UK should we wish to do so even if it did work. As the Deputy Chief Constable also said this morning, the best defence against terror is a cohesive society which self-polices against the threat of extremism. A society which itself stops extremism from taking root and from poisoning vulnerable minds. Can the First Minister outline practical efforts that the Scottish Government is making to ensure that we have the right community engagement in place to strengthen us all? First Minister. I would agree that there will always be a limit to what can be done to provide guarantees of protection but whatever can be done should be done. I have already outlined the increased police presence that Police Scotland is making available. Those who heard the Deputy Chief Constable on the radio this morning will also have heard him talking about the specialist advice that is available to the police including counter-terrorist security advisers to advise on physical security barriers in place at key locations. It is important that we trust the police to take the right decisions in that regard. But there is a fundamental point here that our best resilience does come from community resilience and the vigilance of the public. The police have been in contact with faith groups already over the course of yesterday last night and this morning the Chief Constable has issued today a message to communities a message of reassurance the Scottish Government. As we do on an on-going basis we will also be making contact with key groups in our society key faith communities to underline the important message of cohesion. Terrorists by their very nature seek to divide their intention, their objective is to lead us to turn on each other to look to people in our own society to blame. We must not do that. No section of our society is responsible for what happened on the streets of London yesterday. Again, just as it is the best response to terrorism to go about our daily business confidently and defiantly, so too is it the right response to terrorism to unite as a society and to use that cohesion as a strength. Ruth Davidson I thank the First Minister once again for her response. It has been a week when we have been reminded that terrorism has many faces. In Northern Ireland the passing of a former Deputy First Minister there has brought back memories of the sickening violence that has played out in that part of the United Kingdom. Then the events in Westminster yesterday reminded us of the new terror threat that has dogged the United Kingdom and our allies internationally over the last two decades. Terror has come to our country in many forms and in many guises. It has not come from one religion but from the twisted world view of individuals. Does the First Minister agree with me that the lesson here is not to tar one religion or one group in the coming days but to tackle the evil of terrorist ideology itself? Not to vilify or blame whole communities but instead to show that we all stand united against terror and stand united in defeating it? First Minister. I think that the best and strongest message we can send out from our Parliament today in solidarity with our sister Parliament and Westminster and the people of London and other parts of our world that have been blighted by the acts of terrorists is exactly that one. Whatever legitimate disagreements we have we are united in those core values that we hold so dear and at times like this it is more important than ever that we come together to express those values and express our determination that terrorists will not divide us. Perhaps there is another lesson particularly resonant for us here in this chamber at this time. We resolve disagreements by debate by discussion and by dialogue. That is what democracy is all about and whatever we disagree on what we all agree on is the vital importance of a vibrant democracy and like that message ring out loudly from our Parliament today. Question 2 Kezia Dugdale To ask the First Minister what engagement she has planned for the rest of the week. I have engagements to take forward the Government's programme for Scotland. May I add the thoughts and prayers of these benches and this party to all those affected by yesterday's attack on Westminster including the families of those who have died? In particular can I pay tribute to PC Keith Parmer who died doing what he did every single day, keeping people safe. Westminster means different things to different people. Our houses of Parliament are a beacon of democracy for so many around the world. They represent freedom, tolerance and the rule of law. But Westminster is also a place of work for cleaners, catering staff, janitors, journalists, police officers, administrators and many more. Many people are going to work today concerned about the safety of others. The police officers here in Scotland are watching guard at train stations. The nurses who put themselves at risk every single day. Those who work in our schools dedicate their careers to the enrichment of others. What assurances can the First Minister give us that everything that can be done is being done to ensure public safety? First Minister. I thank Kezia Dugdale for her question. She is absolutely right to draw attention to the fact that yesterday we were all reminded that Parliament at Westminster just like our Parliament here is not just a symbol of our politics and our democracy although Parliament's the world over are exactly that, but they are places where human beings go to work. Some of my oldest friends in life work within the Palace of Westminster. There will be many others in this chamber who can say exactly the same. I will not be the only one whose first thoughts yesterday were about who I count amongst my dearest friends. That is a reminder that politicians are human, the staff who work for them are too, the journalists who report on us. At moments like this, it is that humanity that we are reminded of. I read a wonderful piece last night by the journalist Jonathan Friedland making that precise point and I would recommend it to anyone who has not already read it. I have already outlined the steps that Police Scotland have taken and will continue to take to make sure that they are guaranteeing as far as can be done public safety, but it is also important to work hard to guarantee public assurance. The police presence that many people will be witnessing on our streets today higher profile than normal is not, and I stress this and I think it's important to continue to stress this is not because there is any intelligence whatsoever of an increased threat to Scotland. It is about assurance. The public understandably feel nervous and anxious in the wake of events like this and therefore part of the job of the police is to keep it safe but also to contribute to that sense of assurance and Police Scotland and all of us will continue to do that in the days ahead. Thank the First Minister for those words and that advice. London is a microcosm of the world. We know from the Prime Minister's statement just an hour ago that those injured yesterday were British, French, Romanian, South Korean, Greek, German, Polish and Irish. London is an open and multicultural city home to people of all faith and from many different and diverse nations. A city that last year elected Europe's first Muslim mayor. So no matter the religion, nationality or identity of the attacker or those arrested earlier this morning this cannot and must not turn into a war on any one community. Bringing people together must be part of the solution to combating terror. Will the First Minister join me in sending a strong message that Britain remains an open, tolerant nation that is home to people of all faith and all nationalities? First Minister. Yes, I think that that is a message. London is one of the most diverse and cosmopolitan cities in the world. Two weeks ago today I walked across Westminster bridge on my way to the memorial service for Afghanistan and Iraq and on that morning Westminster bridge was packed as it is every morning with people of all nationalities and all ages. School parties excited to be witnessing the Palace of Westminster and everything that the wonderful city of London has to offer. So we must remind ourselves that the victims of yesterday's attack would and could have been of all and any nationality. But it is also important to remind ourselves, as Kezia Dugdale has just done, that the responsibility for this attack does not lie with any faith or nationality. Terrorists seek to pervert religions and we should not in any way contribute to their ability to do so. So this is an important moment for us to stand united and send that message. One of the issues I discussed both last night and again this morning with the Deputy Chief Constable was the need to be vigilant against any increase in hate crime in the days ahead. We must unite to send that message. The only people responsible for terrorism are the terrorists and let's make sure that message goes loudly and clearly. Kezia Dugdale This is, of course, the second time in less than a year where we have faced an attack on our democracy here in Britain. We have watched on in angst as terror has struck around the world from Belgium to Nigeria. In the days following the brutal murder of Joe Cox we resolved that we have more in common than that which divides us. Does the First Minister agree that the best message that we can send following this terrorist attack is that we will remain true to the values of tolerance and integration, freedom and solidarity? First Minister. Yes, I agree wholeheartedly with that. I am sure that many people yesterday in the immediate aftermath of the attack in London thought of Joe Cox and the incredible dignity with which her husband and her family reacted in the days immediately following her murder. I had the privilege of speaking to Brendan Cox last week in pledging the support of the Scottish Government for the activities that he is planning to commemorate the anniversary of her murder. But this is an opportunity for us all to remind ourselves of the values that she encapsulated and the values that all of us hold so dear. These are the values that terrorists seek to strike at. Their whole motivation is to divide, to undermine and to destroy the way of life that we hold dear. Just as we all did in the aftermath of the murder of Joe Cox, let us again send that message to those who would commit acts of terrorism anywhere in the world that they will not succeed because whatever we disagree on we are united by a solid commitment to the values that Kezia Dugdale has articulated. Question 3 Patrick Harvie When will the cabinet meet? The cabinet will meet on Tuesday. Patrick Harvie I add on behalf of my own party our deep concern for all those affected by yesterday's horrific events the deepest sympathies for the friends and families of Lucy Palmer and all those who were killed yesterday the respect and gratitude we all feel toward those who step forward in such circumstances both bystanders who helped the injured and the emergency services who showed professionalism and dedication and our hopes for the recovery of those who have been injured. The lasting injury that some people wish to inflict upon us all is to destroy the empathy and solidarity so we must all be united in expressing and building that empathy and solidarity in particular challenging those who would seek to blame, stigmatise and alienate people on the basis of their religion there are those sadly in our society in our media and in our politics in this country and others who are today reacting to these events by continuing to express racist anti-Muslim immigrant sentiments so as well as reflecting on the First Minister's comments about actions necessary to address security concerns can I welcome the assurance that the First Minister has just given that the government will also respond robustly to any increase in hate crime and prejudice and ask if the First Minister agrees that we must continue to confront any presence of such far right threats in our society First Minister just as we have to stand strong against the terrorists so too do we have to stand strong against anyone who would seek to exploit the acts of terrorists to sow division in our society I think we are all acutely aware at times like this of the feelings particularly within our Muslim community people who feel as horrified as shocked and as distressed as any of us do about the attack that happened yesterday but who have often the additional burden of feeling that some in our society seek to blame them for these acts so at this moment in time we must stand shoulder to shoulder with them I know from my own constituency which as members are aware has a very high Muslim population and it is to do that at this time and that takes a number of forms it is about reaching out as I have already said both police and the Scottish Government will do that across all faith communities in the days that lie ahead it is about calling out anybody who seeks to respond to what happened in London yesterday with racism or intolerance or anti-immigrant sentiment and it's about making sure that we are vigilant against hate crime and that the police respond vigorously to any crimes of that nature and as I said earlier on I've had an assurance from the police this morning that they will do exactly that this is a moment for remembering what unites us as human beings and that in all of the different ways and forms that we have been discussing here this morning is the most important message we can send Patrick Harvie May I also ask the First Minister to reflect on the children and young people growing up at this time who must also be looking on at these events their experiences not only of what they see in the news of this attack and others but also the experiences of our response as a society these experiences will shape their understanding of the world around them I grew up at a time when the cold war created fears and insecurity fears of violent destruction on an unimaginable scale but I can barely imagine the impact of the brutal reality of yesterday's attack and others on those growing up today what does the First Minister believe we can do within our education system and in our wider society to overcome those fears and ensure that young people grow up with those same values of respect that we have all spoken of and with confidence in the capacity of humanity to stand together I think that Patrick Harvie raises a very important point I, like Patrick Harvie, like many of us in this chamber grew up during the cold war and grew up at a time when the fear of terrorism was Irish terrorism and I remember very well as many of us do how real that felt at times we didn't have to contend with then as young people today do have to contend with was the 24 hours a day 7 days a week convenience of news on social media on Twitter, on Facebook which I think we all recognise makes everything seem so much more acute literally every second of every day and therefore I do think we have to be conscious of the impact on young people of that but the other side of that of course is that social media makes this world smaller and it gives our young people the ability to reach out to people on the other side of the world to build common cause around those things that unite us as human beings it's important that our education system does ensure that we instill those values that all of us hold dear those common values but we should also in the way we respond seek to lead by example and that is something I think all of us in this chamber across all of the parties feel a responsibility for to ask the First Minister what issues will be discussed at the next meeting of the cabinet First Minister matters of importance to the people of Scotland Willie Rennie for four years I would walk up Kennington road and over Westminster bridge I'd look up to Big Ben and then down the Thames dodging past the tourists taking pictures of this iconic scene recognised right across the globe I would descend the steps and into the palace of Westminster nodding at the police officer who would nod in return morning Mr Rennie it was the personal touch I don't think I'll be able to walk that route again without thinking of the people run over the women in the river the police and the people injured the three people who died perhaps some were tourists taking pictures the officer who stood to defend democracy but losing his life in the process but I do want to be free to walk that route again getting the balance right between security freedom is a difficult one Does the First Minister agree with me that we must act based on security expertise evidence and intelligence and not fear First Minister Yes I do I agree very strongly indeed Willie Rennie has just very movingly accounted his own experiences of making the journey that many of those who work within Westminster yesterday morning those of us who have never worked within Westminster though can relate to our own experiences of coming to work in this building nodding and saying good morning to the police officers and the security staff the security staff in here many of them who have been with us those of us who have been in this Parliament since 1999 from the very beginning people that we have come to think of not just as colleagues but as friends all day around the perimeters of this building and in this building to keep us safe and yesterday was a reminder of just how much we owe each and every one of them Willie Rennie is right though at times like this there is of course a desire on the part of the public to know that the police and the security services who we haven't mentioned yet yesterday is a shocking event but the rarity of what happened yesterday is a tribute to the security and intelligence workers who keep the country safe at all times but it is understandable that in response to an attack like yesterday people's instinct is to worry about security and that is right and proper and I feel very strongly the responsibility I have shared with others as First Minister to make sure that we are doing everything we possibly can to guarantee the security of the public but the balance has to be right I don't want to and I don't believe anybody wants to live in a country where we allow the fear and the threat of terrorism to restrict and to undermine how we live our lives because that would be allowing the terrorists to get what it is that they want so we have to make sure that there is a balance and a proportionality in what the police do and having discussed yesterday and I discuss on an on-going basis with the police, the plans that are in place I am confident that they have that balance very firmly in mind we have to keep the public safe but above all else that is keeping the public safe for a purpose to allow the public to get on with their day to day lives because that is the most important thing Willie Rennie Yesterday was particularly horrific because the scene was so familiar we've all seen it on our televisions or witnessed it ourselves but these acts of terrorism happen abroad as well as home almost every day and we must do all we can to protect our open free and liberal society never generalising, never stigmatising reaching out to all faiths, religions countries and creeds although the attacker yesterday was born here his violent ideology is one that pervades the globe that is why we must act together with our partners wherever they are in the world it's about defence, security, intelligence but also soft power soft power through international aid, diplomacy and partnerships Does the First Minister agree with that? First Minister Yes I do, I think there's two points there that I think are worth underlining the first is indeed the first one that Willie Rennie made of course acts of terrorism that happen here at home in our own shores or on the shores of our nearest neighbours will always impact more forcibly on us than acts of terrorism that happen further afield but it is really important that we recognise that many countries across the world deal with events like this on a very very regular basis I was struck yesterday watching the television and a tourist was interviewed and he was from Turkey and he made that point that he was shot by what had happened yesterday but he came from a country where these incidents were sadly a regular occurrence and I think that is a reminder that we probably all have an obligation to give more attention to acts like this that happen in other parts of our world The second point that I think is worth underlining and this is a point again that is resonant in the age we live in whatever relationships there may be at any time between different countries the importance of all countries working together on security, on defence on intelligence are vitally important and again perhaps the theme of our discussions this morning if we were to draw one out is this whatever our disagreements whatever different relationships we may want from time to time that regardless of all of that unite us not just the human values that we have spoken about but the common interest that we all have to work together to combat terrorism and keep our populations safe I thank the First Minister and all our party leaders for their contributions we are moving on to supplementary questions a question from Miles Briggs thank you this morning the Edinburgh evening news revealed that NHS staff, patients and visitors face an increase in parking charges from £7 to £15 per day does the First Minister think it is fair for our hardworking NHS staff to face the more than doubling of parking charges to go to their work what advice does the Scottish Government give to the NHS boards in Scotland regarding parking charges for NHS staff and will the First Minister back my call to NHS Lothian to scrap the staggering 114% increase in parking charges First Minister the member's concern about this and I actually agree with him I don't think it's fair to patients and to visitors to the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary as some members will recall when I was the health secretary we abolished parking charges at all NHS run car parks across the country there were a small number of sites Edinburgh Royal Infirmary being one of them where it was not possible to do that because of the private finance initiative schemes in place the cost of doing that would have been out of proportion in any sense of affordability NHS Lothian I know in years gone by have looked closely at this as has Scottish Government officials I will happily ask the health secretary to discuss this matter again with NHS Lothian these contracts and I'm not seeking to make a political point today is not the day for that contracts predate the life of this Government but we will continue to look and look again to see whether there is anything that can be done but I hope that it helps to explain the context for the important issue that the member has raised Question 5 Christine Grahame I don't know whether I should declare an interest to ask the First Minister what forward planning is in place to meet the demographic challenges of an ageing population I think that Christine Grahame should almost certainly declare an interest I will pay a heavy price for that attempt at lightening the mood in the chamber Scotland's ageing population is one of our most significant challenges as a society but it's also, and this is a point that we don't make often enough also one of our most significant assets and we want to ensure that older people can continue to contribute and participate that's why across the Government the needs of our ageing population have been embedded into all of our planning and we continue to work with National Records Scotland on future population projections from health and social care, planning and housing to combating social isolation and supporting people who want to keep on working we are ensuring that we're doing all we can to support people to enjoy a thriving third age Christine Grahame I thank the First Minister in part for her reply I want to congratulate the Herald on her Grey Matters campaign which we surely all endorse but given that currently 17% of the Scottish population is under 16 whereas 18% is over 65 and that over the coming 25 years the number of over 65s is predicted to rise by 53% and over 80s from 77,000 to 200,000 which even now and will in the future impact as the First Minister is understood in housing, health, transport and so on will the First Minister commit to appointing a dedicated Minister for Older People to work across all Government portfolios to provide the best support we can for older people in Scotland and for the avoidance of doubt First Minister this is not a job application First Minister but if asked sure anyway I will obviously give consideration I would say that it is the responsibility of all Ministers to make because this is an issue that cuts across every responsibility of Government so it's the responsibility of all Ministers to make sure that this is embedded in our planning Can I also commend the Grey Matters series of articles that has been running in the Herald this week I think it has been an excellent contribution to raising the profile of the many different issues that are raised by this issue I agree with Christine Grahame's comments and I reiterate what I said that across all different responsibilities of Government we are very mindful of how we respond to what is a challenge and an opportunity My final point would be this there is obviously a crossover here to the debate about migration and freedom of movement one of the things I feel very strongly about is that we all have a responsibility not to dismiss the concerns people have but to address those concerns but also to focus people's minds on the economic necessity we have as a country because of the demographics that Christine Grahame has just outlined to grow our population and the contribution of some of the best and brightest talents from across Europe and the world has a significant part to play in that so there are many issues here that Government has the responsibility to take forward and we will make sure we do that in consultation with others across the Parliament Alex Cole-Hamilton Thank you, Presiding Officer. In December it was my great privilege to chair a meeting of the Older People's Forum in this very chamber. At one point in the afternoon I asked those present about what they were most worried or anxious and I was very surprised to learn that it was fear of falling was topped that list. A few weeks ago this Parliament passed an amendment in my name calling for a national falls strategy with 14 falls framework but with the resources and adequate awareness-raising capabilities. I wonder if the First Minister could tell the chamber what steps her Government plans to take in this regard. I will ask the health secretary to write to the member with detail of how we are in a coordinated way across Government in partnership with local authorities, with health boards with the voluntary sector making sure that we are working to combat the fear and the risk of the consequences of falls amongst older people. It does not surprise me to hear that that was the fear that older people expressed most often. Many older people, as they get older, have an increased risk of falling and that in itself is a source of that fear but for many older people the consequences of having a fall can be really severe and can have a significant impact on their independence and their ability to live independently. It is important that we take an approach to this that is first and foremost a preventative approach but also one that is dealing quickly and appropriately with the implications and consequences of falls so that we can ensure that older people retain that ability to live independently notwithstanding that they have suffered a fall. I will ask the health secretary to write to the member with more detail about the specific work that has been done to ensure that older people retain that ability to live independently notwithstanding that they have suffered a fall. I will ask the First Minister what the Scottish Government's responses to reports that in 2015 around one in five referrals to child and adolescent mental health services were rejected and over the last three years approximately 17,000 children passed on an individual basis. If through that assessment a clinician does not believe that CAMHS is the best course then of course we would expect the child to be referred on to an appropriate service. Next week, as the chamber is aware the mental health minister will be bringing forward our new 10-year mental health strategy. I am able to tell the chamber today that one of the early actions of that strategy will be to commission an audit of rejected referrals and the findings from this audit are being referred to the right services and that those services are able to provide the help that children need. Graham Simpson Thank you for that answer that is very encouraging. Half of all adults who are mentally ill experience the onset of their mental health problems by the age of 15 so if we can identify and support young people early on we can make a real difference. According to Sam H three in ten young people in classrooms across Scotland have a mental health problem. We are not going to close the attainment gap unless we address the mental health needs of children and young people. Children and young people live in five NHS board areas including my own Lanarkshire where the 18 week target is not being met. The NHS board Lothian reports a medium weight of 20 weeks. Sam H has called for mental health targets to be reduced to 12 weeks in line with other waiting time targets. Does the First Minister think that that is achievable? First Minister With the general thrust of Graham Simpson's question if we are able to identify mental health problems in younger people then obviously we prevent problems deteriorating later in life and indeed it is that view that will ensure that CAMHS is a central part of the strategy that we outline next week. He is also right to raise the issue of waiting times. There is progress being made towards meeting the 18 week waiting time. There are some boards who are further behind than others and we are working closely with those boards to support them in accelerating progress. We have said this in the chamber before one of the things I think we should be positive about counterintuitive although this often sounds is the fact that there are more people young and old being identified with mental health issues and coming forward for support because I have said before what that means is that the stigma that has so often prevented people seeking support in the past is fading and that is a good thing that we should all welcome but that places a responsibility on the shoulders of Government and of services across the country. It is counterproductive to encourage people to come forward for help if they cannot then access that help in a timious way. That is why the aspects of the strategy that I have already spoken about the others will be outlined by Maureen Watt next week are so important. We are increasing support for mental health services. I announced at the weekend some moves that we are making not just within the health service but across the society that we face. I hope that, although I am sure that there will be a lot of robust scrutiny when the strategy is outlined next week, I hope that we can build a lot of consensus around what it is seeking to do. That concludes First Minister's questions. We will now move to members' business in the name of Ben Macpherson. We will just take a few moments for members to change their seats.


Hello, my name is Christophe Besson, I'm a software maintenance engineer here at Red Hat working for the support delivery. I will explain how LEAP works from a support perspective. In this presentation, I will at first make a brief introduction to give you the global picture. In a second time, I will focus on the two main parts of the upgrade process. So, what's LEAP? In Unuch L, it's a tool for handling upgrades to the latest, generally available, well-aid release. Its advantage being the ability to roll back in case it fails during this process. The upgrade is done in two steps. The first step is executed on the running world 7OS. It runs many checks, and then it downloads all the required packages from the repositories in order to fill the DNF catch. After that, a reboot is initiated on the new 4.18 kernel, and then the real upgrade is done. Now, why not using yum-dnf directly for this task? DNF is one of the underlying tools, among others, used during the upgrade process. But there are too many changes between world 7 and world 8. It corresponds to a gap of 8 versions in Fedora, so the DNF transaction will fail. The same kind of principles have been used previously in order to upgrade from world 6 to world 7. However, LEAP provides a new way to do this by using more recent available techniques. We will focus on them later in this presentation. What are the main changes between world 7 and world 8 that complicates this task? As every new major release, it comes with some new software, and some of them, including drivers, have been deprecated or removed. For example, the kernel module EE1000, a new driver widely used in the past on some virtual platforms, is now deprecated. That means this module is still present in the kernel module 3. It is loadable, but it is not supported anymore. Warning is printed while loading this driver. Another example is the removal of many PAM modules. For example, PAM32 has been deprecated in favor of PAM fail lock at the time of world 7. And no, it is completely removed on world 8. Another example is the PAM carboros module, which is now superseded by SSSD. So LEAP detects this kind of configuration and warns the user during the upgrade step. Some package names have changed, many of them due to the move from Python 2 to Python 3. The move from Yarm to TNF. As you know, world 8 comes with reorganized repositories. Bazos, which provides the core of the distribution at its name indicates. And AppStream, which provides modules as a replacement for other former world repositories. Grub 2 moves to the free desktop bootloader specification. In other terms, the Grub configuration files have been organized differently. They are split in different parts with one file per boot entry. Obviously, this kind of term has to be taken into account very carefully. Now, I'm going to explain how it works. LEAP supports several backends. By default, LEAP relies on the RHSM backend. Thus, it can work with CDN repositories or a satellite server. Custom repositories can be used, too. It can also be a combination of both, in particular to provide the party updates. At the bottom of this slide, you can see the LEAP pre-upgrade command. Let's begin an upgrade in parallel of this presentation. For the demonstration purpose, I'm going to show a combination of real hosted repositories, providing the real aid packages with a custom repository, in this case, EPEL. As per the documentation, there are some prerequisites beyond the considerations about hardware support. Since we use CDN repo, the system has to be properly registered. Here, it is already the case. We need to have the extra repositories configured as it provides LEAP and DNF 4L7. Let's clean the catch at first. Here, we have our mandatory repositories already configured, especially the REL7 server RPMs and the REL7 server extra RPMs. The system has to be up to date. Here, we have a REL7.9 release, the latest version of the REL series, with the latest kernel installed. Let's check if all is up to date. Let's install LEAP and its dependency. As you can see, it comes with DNF underlying libraries. We have to download a table from the customer portal. It provides some files containing the repository names, the list of packages, including the name changes, and for which architecture a given package is available. We don't have to deal with these files. It's intended for internal needs of LEAP itself to download this table. And then we have to extract it in the following directory. As an example, I installed a third-party package from the EPEL repository. You might know HSTOP, it's a useful tool. Thus, we need to define the EPEL 8 repository in order to provide an update for this package. It has to be defined in the following file. The repo ID, the name, and the base URL are mandatory. Now, we are ready for the in-place upgrade. I launch the LEAP command, and I enable the repo using the EPEL 8 repo ID. It takes some time. We'll take a look at the result later. Let me describe all the phases involved in the upgrade process. The first one being the facts collection phase. LEAP executes many commands to have an overview of the system configurations. Some gathered data, among others, are the hardware devices, the kernel-related configuration, the network configuration, and also a solenoid setting, subscriptions, either a desktop environment, and so on. In this phase, it also determines what to do for a given package. For example, JLIP-C is obviously kept. As another example, the Python 3 LEAP SMNH is installed to replace LEAP SMNH Python. This is almost the same package. One is for Python 3, the former one was for Python 2. As you can see, some packages have been renamed. For example, the DHCP client instead of DHCLIENT. The kernel package itself is kept, but in fact it's the World 7 kernel, which is kept. New kernel, coming with World 8, is packaged in kernel core and kernel modules, mainly. Next, the checks phase. Plenty of checks are done during the upgrade process. Here is a short excerpt. For example, it checks if some old BAM modules are still in use in the current configuration, as explained previously. It also warns the user if some deprecated SSH algorithms are present in the open SSH configuration. LEAP doesn't support encrypted partitions, so the upgrade is inhibited if looks is used. LEAP will also inhibit the upgrade if some deprecated drivers are loaded. Next phase, the target transaction facts collection. In this phase, LEAP creates some overlay FS moons in order to make a try inside the container. The purpose is to leave the system unchanged. It gives the ability to roll back in case of any failure. Overlays, lower layers are tools of the OS system. At least the directories below are mounted. Slash the root file system itself, slash boot, slash var catch DNF, and possibly other partitions like slash var, slash user, and so on. Once the directories are mounted, LEAP uses system DN spawn in order to launch a container. Inside this container, it runs DNF, the one from rail 7, that is to say DNF 4.0, to install DNF 4.2 from rail 8. The installation target is a subdirectory named EL8Target by installing DNF 192 rail 8 package installed in this minimal root file system. Here is the global picture of this phase. As I said, host file systems are mounted using overlays to leave the system unchanged. On the contrary, the DNF catch is bi-mounted to preserve the downloaded package on the host system. The installation route being this directory itself bi-mounted from another one in the host in order to preserve the generated content. That way, we will have a minimal root file system in this directory. It will be used for the next step. Next phase is the target transaction check. In this phase, LEAP re-use the minimal rail 8 root file system in order to check the full upgrade transaction. Inside the container, it runs a dedicated DNF plugin named RailUpgrade, which shows rail 8 underlying DNF libraries. It's executed in a target subdirectory named install-root, which is an overlay Fs using the host file systems as lower layers. I think it's easier to understand this phase thanks to that overview. LEAP spawns a new container by using the minimal rail 8 generated in the previous phase to execute the DNF plugin in question. At this step, it just checks the DNF transaction is successful. In the next phase, the downloaded package will be catch here. They will be preserved on the host system. Here comes the download phase. Once the transaction check is successful, LEAP invokes again the RailUpgrade DNF plugin to download all the required package. This DNF catch will be used later for the real upgrade. The last phase before the reboot is named interim preparation. LEAP use system DN spawn to install camel and draket packages inside the container. It generates a dedicated initromfs using the draket command, working with the 4.18 canal from rail 8. This initromfs includes a LEAP draket module which will proceed to the real upgrade. Finally, LEAP copies the new canal alongside the upgrade initromfs into the slashboot of the host system. And it creates a new boot entry thanks to Grubby. The final action above is done only during the LEAP upgrade mode. Here comes the step where the user is involved. It's time to check the report and the logs. They are located in slashbar logleap. If there is no inhibitor, the upgrade step can be launched. And after that, a reboot to proceed to the real upgrade has to be initiated. Let's come back to the demonstration. As you can see, the upgrade has been inhibited. As a precaution, the tool requires to permit the SSH route login. So let's change it just for the time of the upgrade. Now, I run LEAP in upgrade mode. If it succeeds, it will add an upgrade entry in the boot loader as explained previously. I skip the wait as it takes at least 5 minutes. This time there was no inhibitor. Everything goes well in the first step, so we can reboot the system using the well-upgrade Nitro MFS entry in the grab menu. Before rebooting, let's check if my package from EPL has been downloaded too. Yes, it was. Now, let's see the real upgrade step. Reboot is done using the upgrade boot entry in the grab menu. The dedicated Nitro MFS containing the upgrade that the SSH shell script is loaded, everything is done offline, networking being disabled to make it easier. LEAP is resuming the upgrade execution and spawns a container into slash sys route. The grab and upgrade entry is removed. All file systems are mounted, including slash boot and possibly other file systems, like slash var or slash user. The wild seven product certificate is removed and then young DNF configuration is updated. Now, the core of the upgrade is coming. LEAP runs again the DNF plugin well-upgrade. This time the package are upgraded, installed and some of them are removed. A new Nitro MFS corresponding to the new kernel is generated. Grab 2 is installed again on the boot disk and then logs are written to disk. The upgrade having been done with a serial Linux in permissive mode, a second reboot is needed to relabel the entire root file system. Here we are. The system is fully operational after the third reboot. The SystemD LEAP Prism service is started during this boot process. The release is locked to the current upgraded version thanks to the subscription manager. The first boot phase actor is also executed. It can be a custom actor. The main goal being to add some custom post-upgrade actions, especially for third-party software like enabling a given service. And some cleanups are done including the removal of this written service itself. Now let's reboot the system. Here I'm also skipping some parts since it takes a lot of time. Package are currently under installation. Now all the package have been upgraded and a new Nitro MFS corresponding to the new kernel is generated. It's installed. It's almost finished. The system is now upgraded. It reboots to relabel the file system. Here we can see the very last phase with the LEAP Prism service. The upgrade is successful. The upgrade operation is almost done. However, it remains a few actions for the user. The system has rebooted in S-Linux permissive mode, so it's time to go back to enforcing by setting it persistently. Of course, this step can be bypassed if S-Linux was disabled from the beginning. The second thing to have in mind, the rel version has been locked and you might want to un-set it in order to have the updates from the latest rel version. Here is a focus on how to debug that upgrade process. Most problems are related to the user configuration. The logs and report are usually enough to fix the incontred issue to have a better understanding of what is failing, adding the debug switch can help, as it prints every single command launched by LEAP. If a true bug is suspected, STRACE is our best frame, as usual. The resulting file is very huge, but combined with the debug mode, it's not too hard to determine what happens just before the failure. If an issue occurs in the reboot step, it can be more complex, like a can boot case. We need to add some parameters to the kernel command line to fetch the serial console and the full boot log, and to possibly enable the init.fs debug mode. It is also feasible to insert some break points, upgrade which stops the execution just before upgrading the packages, and leap upgrade which breaks just after that. Let me give you an example. In a recent case, a customer got the following error message. He had set the container mode for the subscription manager. In to practice, it's something done by creating a sim link in the slash ETC directory inside the container. During the upgrade process, it's the very first bright operation in that container. In that case, unfortunately, debug logs are not enough. Thus, we need to stress the leap process to get some evidence. As per the debug log, we know the sim link is created via systemd and spawn. So, we'll look for the exact vehicle that runs that command to find out the PID, and then we'll look around the end of this process just before it exited with an error. And what can we notice here? The slash ETC host file does not exist on this system. Despite removing that file is not strictly forbidden. It's not very common. But as you know, users might be very creative. By comparing with an stress on the test system, we can see the slash ETC host file is bind-mounted into the container just after the check. Since the file doesn't exist on the customer system, that explains why systemd and spawn fails and why leap print its message. Creating again that file as it comes by default fix the issue. Before ending this presentation, here are some useful links from the official documentation to some articles explaining how to customize the upgrade process. Any questions?


A lingering point of contention found in today's world of martial arts is the bait between which one is better, traditional martial arts or modern arts, typically what you find in MMA. Now we already covered the whole debate between which one was better in a previous episode, but I think a big wild card in context falls on the definition we choose to apply to the word traditional. So what exactly is a traditional martial art and which disciplines fall under that banner? Is karate a traditional martial art? What Taekwondo, Muay Thai, Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, Kung Fu, kickboxing, which of these arts are we going to classify under the moniker traditional arts? What does it mean for an art to be traditional or not? Most of the martial artists in the world consider what they practice more or less a traditional system, but this term is quite controversial, especially applied to martial arts. People define traditional as belonging to or relating to the tradition, which is transmitted through it, that it follows the ideas, rules, or customs of the past. We get to find a traditional martial art as a martial art of a past transmitted from generation to generation. In this sense, many masters consider a martial art traditional and that it has at its foundation the transmission and preservation of the knowledge of the past, but honestly that's just a bunch of pedantic word salad. If we stick to such a textbook definition of tradition, then congratulations, we've answered the question. All marks are traditional martial arts, but the truth is this is more of a fluid concept and several factors make it difficult to establish a clear criteria that differentiate the traditional martial arts from those that are not. The uninitiated will probably focus their attention on the superficial aspects of an art, such as required uniform and patches, traditional belt ranking systems, the use of foreign vocabulary, the greedy rituals, etc. And what about the systems that start from a specific geographical location and are spread in recent years throughout the world, such as Brazilian jiu-jitsu across Maga? Can or will they be considered traditional? See, these questions and many more like it make it very difficult, if not almost impossible, to distinguish traditional martial arts from those that are not, or at least establish a clear line of division. In reality there is probably not a line but a wide band of fuzzy edges in which traditional and non-traditional merge and aren't separable. It is very clear that there are very different points of views. For example, let's say that we define traditional martial arts as those that utilize a specific traditional uniform, such as a gi and color belt systems, foreign terms to use in the curriculum, and formalized greetings and school etiquette. Okay, well that easily applies to karate, kempo, judo, aikido, taekwondo, and even more exotic arts such as vova nam from Vietnam. Okay, that makes sense, until we point out that Brazilian jiu-jitsu also uses uniform gi's and belt ranking systems, and they even sometimes will use Japanese names as counterparts to the techniques that they've taken from judo. But if you were to ask MMA practitioners, most of them would probably tell you that BJJ is not a traditional art, but a more modern contemporary fighting method. Why would they say that? The most common reason I hear given is because MMA arts are purely fight-focused and don't spend time in kata or philosophy, but rather on competitive fighting. Okay, fair point that I would give to BJJ. They don't practice kata, and the focus of the training is actual hands-on resistance fighting and rolling. The same thing also applies to boxing, wrestling, and kickboxing. But what about judo? Judo is very popular in mixed martial arts for its competitive ability, and is in fact the sport version of a grappling system devised from an older traditional jiu-jitsu. But yet it also established the traditions of the dogi and the belt ranking system, so it seems to kind of have one foot in each category. But look back on older karate from Okinawa. It's very different than what we see in karate today. Original Okinawan karate was very self-defense focused and had grappling, throws, joint locks, and destructions along with the powerful strikes that characterized the art. But karate is a good example because we could split this even further into another perspective. Perhaps traditional martial arts refer to older disciplines versus newer ones. The comparison between Okinawan karate and Japanese karate highlights the differences between the eras of the empty hand. For example, in Japanese karate, formality and honor is extremely important, and they often take a regimented approach through cultural activities extending to the martial arts. There is a strict sense of etiquette, and Japanese dojos, for example, the requirement of bowing before and after class, and in response to instruction from the sensei. It is also considered bad form to question the instructor or the technique. The Japanese systems tend to be much more regimented focused on the specific technical details of a technique and taught in such a way to be taught to a large group of students at once. Uniformity is held in high regard. In contrast, the Okinawan system tends to be much less formal. Classes are smaller and instructors are inclined to give individual attention to each student and even go so far as to tailor the art to the individual. Questions and understanding are more acceptable as it's more about understanding why you're doing what you're doing more than simply making it uniform and proper. Japanese karate is also far more competitive focused than Okinawan and in many ways, leaves behind a lot of curriculum of the original karate systems. Kijin Funakoshi, the father of Shotokan karate and the man who popularized karate in Japan, adopted the gi and belt ranking system developed by friend and judo founder Jigoro Kano. Many people think of the belt system as an ancient ranking system that's been around for centuries, but it's a contemporary addition to the martial arts. Interestingly enough, the older, traditional Okinawan arts didn't have a ranking system, but later the influence worked backwards and many Okinawan schools adopted the gi and belt system once its popularity spread in Japan. So in the topic of what defines a system as traditional or not, karate is interesting to study because you can see evidence of that overlap. There is a fairly clear division between Okinawan and Japanese karate, but there is also a lot of cross-influence with each other and when it comes to comparing it to MMA, karate as a whole often gets shoved into the traditional martial arts category. So is there a specific line that we can draw on the sand to define what is traditional or not? Is it based on philosophy, lineage, age? And since we're on the topic of Japan, let's take a look at how they attempted to distinguish the traditional classic arts from modern systems. In 1868, Emperor Meiji restored proper imperial rule to Japan, formally transforming Japan into a new era of industry and Western influence. This is known as the Meiji Restoration. During this time, it was declared that the older martial arts before this time be classified as Koryu Bujitsu or older martial arts. This includes many of the ancient arts and the arts of the samurai. Arts that were developed or formally established after the Meiji Restoration were referred to as Gendai Budo or new martial arts. Okay, so there we have it. It settled 1868. Anything before this is traditional and anything after is modern, right? If we're only that easy in that clear cut.  They asked, does this mean if a Japanese martial art was created on December 31, 1867, it should be classified as a Koryu art while a similar martial art created on January 1, 1868 should be considered modern? When put into that perspective, it does seem a bit trivial. To be honest, to argue over whether a martial art is traditional or not is a trivial debate at this foundation. The distinction becomes less clear when you change the context of the art. Let's take Muay Thai as an example. Muay Thai is one of the most popular arts seen in MMA. And in the context of the ring and competitive fighting, it is considered streamlined and purely combat focused. But that's in the ring. You know, that's in the octagon. As we recently talked about in the episode, the traditions of Muay Thai, the artist practice much differently when isolated on its own. It was derived from much older battlefield art of Muay Baran and has a heavy infusion of Thai culture interwoven with his training. Fighters not only learn techniques, but they place great importance on prayer and ceremonial head pieces as well as put a lot of effort into developing ritualistic dances to be performed before a fight. For some, it is considered a traditional art due to the weight it has within the entire Thai culture. How from a young age boys and girls want to be a champion in the art, the respect the seniors get for these practices and how it represents a great deal of Thailand's history. If we stick to the definition of tradition as a practice or knowledge passed from one generation to another with an important amount of spirituality, then yes, we can consider Muay Thai a traditional martial art. So to get right down to the root of the issue, the only reason this debate really seems to be any forefront discussion is disparage older systems for those that we see used in MMA competitions. I think people tend to get so tied up into which art is better versus what they can use their chosen arts for to make themselves better. And as I stated in several videos this year, one of our main goals in this channel is to unite the martial arts community and erase the boundaries we use to disparage each other to open doors and show you some positive aspects of other arts you may be able to appreciate, even if you do not choose to use it as your own. But if we had to take a stance and pick a definition here as to how we would classify a traditional martial art, I would like to refer to a quote I saw somebody post online, Cybing their sources black about magazine and that said traditional martial arts refer to the martial art that is rooted in the tenets set forth by the original master of the art. Subsequent masters are chosen to carry on the traditional teachings of that particular art. Often the traditional martial art is rooted in the country's history. As such, traditional martial arts training implies that students uphold the philosophical principles of the art and practice the techniques in a similar fashion to the founders or in their own styles, natural progression. So I would agree with that. I would say a traditional martial art follows a specific path in lineage as well as codifying a specific set curriculum. A formal syllabus and possible a ranking or hierarchy system. I also believe that a traditional system places equal focus on its philosophy, academic studies and personal growth as it does on strict fighting in the combat. I think that if we can generalize to that broad definition, it's a little bit easier to classify. But the truth is, does it even really matter? Just because something is older or newer or one focuses on fighting more than another doesn't make it better. We evolve from hand to hand combat battlefield days. And in our modern age, as many reasons as we can think of to join the martial arts and for as many goals that we might want to set, there are just as many solutions out there. Whether you want to be a cage fighter or learn self-defense or into tournaments or recover from an illness or injury or you just want to learn history, then there are plenty of arts out there for you. What really matters is that you know specifically what you want. Do your research, check some places out and then find a school that feels right. It's about making choices and using the martial arts for what they were ultimately intended for, making a better you. So I'm just curious, how would you distinguish traditional martial arts? Which arts do you feel are best for your goals? Let us know in the comments down below and thanks for watching.