Rattox 101 says, Tree, if personhood is granted at conception, then why then would you also consider making an omelette animal cruelty? No, because omelettes are made of unfertilized eggs for a start. I'm also vegan, so. Well, I mean, I'm practically a vegetarian at this point, but no, you don't make omelettes with fertilized chicken eggs. You make omelettes with eggs. If the egg is technically the chicken's period, that nothing's happened there, it's just innate, it's just tissue in a shell. So no, it's, I don't. You've got to have me and Tree back to debate how she can be vegan and be pro-abortion because that's a doozy. We'll have to do that one. Juicy. Tree, or Chance 101 says, Tree and destiny win, in my opinion. You got a fan out there. Rocky Shepherd says, is abording biological life being formed in the womb? The same as killing a born baby. No, because I would say born babies have all the structures in place necessary to be having some sort of conscious experience, and then once that experience is happening, you probably protect that experience. Like I said before, I think that's about 20 to 24 weeks in gestation. Rocky Shepherd says, yeah, I don't know. Ken didn't know that you're a non-religious pro-life person, so I don't know if these are, these aren't super useful to your pro-life position. Rocky Shepherd says, the Lord God formed man of the dust of the ground and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life, and man became a living soul. I'm not sure what you're getting at there, Rachel, but I think this is for you. Yeah, a beautiful phrasing, but as I say, try to avoid religious arguments. Yeah, and if- I try to avoid religious arguments.  They might take a different position and then we would battle it out on that, but that's not the nature of this panel. I'm arguing with three secularists. I'm not going to sit here and prattle on about the transcendental argument for God and all that philosophy that goes into that, because you guys are all just going to go, I don't care, right? So there's seven- Well, I'd be interested to hear those arguments. I just don't believe that they're, I just don't have any faith in them. So, you know, feel free to educate me on Orthodox Christian views or when it comes to revulsion. But yeah, I mean, it's not going to persuade people outside the church. And you know that, you accept that. So yeah. Coming on from JFMD says, MD here, I think they mean medical doctor, Rachel would help herself by studying neurobiology. They say all scientists believe consciousness is neurophysiological. How do pro-lifers justify that one body has a right to another for survival? Well, that's the thing is that gets into the bodily autonomy argument. We're saying both our bodies, right? The fetus has a body, the mother has a body. When you try to argue that with pro-choice people, they will say, well, yeah, but the mother has lived longer and they'll try to like qualify that the mother's life matters more because she's had more experience or like other vague argumentation like that. And it's like, if we're going to argue bodily autonomy, the fetus has a body, the baby has a body. Wait, that's not even the bodily autonomy arguments.  The difference would be is that the mother has a body and the baby has a body, the baby's body is aggressing on the mother's body. That's the difference. How would it be, see, but then we're gonna get into a debate which I don't want to do in the Q and A. We don't have to, but I'm just saying that the formation, it is aggressing. It's consuming resources from your body whether or not you consent to it. That is a form of aggression, absolutely. I'm just saying that if you want to have the bodily autonomy argument, saying that like, well, the mother's older and live longer, that's not the bodily autonomy argument. That's just some crazy Twitter argument. I've never heard them in my life. The bodily autonomy argument is you have a parasite inside of you that is aggressing against you. It's stealing resources and it's stealing, kind of is, and it's stealing resources from your body and that's why you have the right to remove it is self-defense. That's the bodily autonomy argument. No, there is an argument that it's actually a symbiotic relationship because the fetus, whereas it's growing, works with the mother for its own survival. You know, it's in the interest of the developing baby to keep the mother alive. It provides stem cells and those sorts of things. No, no. Well, then you're saying that reproduction is possible.  You're saying reproduction is hostile to the organism? That doesn't make sense even if you believe in evolution. That wouldn't make sense. It absolutely makes sense. How would that make sense evolutionarily? That reproduction would be hostile to the host's organism. Well, there's more to sickness, Rachel. Because, yeah, wait, hold on. Yeah, Jesus, not even morning sickness.  Like, you can't just say that evolution gives us an answer to everything very neatly and cleanly. Like, pregnancy and delivering children is a cost of survival. It's not a benefit to it. So if you're having an ethical argument, you could say it's worth the cost, is all I'm saying. I'm saying that's a whole separate argument. That doesn't make it a symbiotic relationship. There's never been a point in history where I was like, oh, God, my body's weak and I'm fucked. And I'm going to get pregnant so that my feet is going to bolster me like it's a two player game. No, no. There's actually a number of medical conditions that do improve during pregnancy. That is a thing. Destiny, I didn't make that argument. I didn't say that pregnancy gives the woman superpowers.   Of course, pregnancy is difficult. Of course, people, women have died in childbirth. We are all aware of this. But there is our elements of symbiosis going on in that relationship. It is not purely the fetus takes and the mother gets nothing.  But I mean, it's just a silly argument to make. Fetuses are a drag on a woman's body almost universally. It's one that I have seen embryologists make. So I'm only going by what medical journals I've read on this topic. So if you don't like that argument, that's absolutely fine. But I mean, I'm just merely pointing out that the word parasite is because of its negative connotations doesn't quite represent the relationship between mother and baby and mother and fetus. That's it. That's what I'm making. Okay, well, do you think that I'm just curious? I just, just so I can get my head straight because I don't know, for everybody in this call, do you think that a woman's body is in a more powerful state or a more compromised state when she is pregnant? I don't see what that has to do with the ethics of a person. You never ask a question. That's a net, that's a net. I just can't have an answer to that. She never asks the questions where she gets caught, dude. That's her M.O. I don't think a woman is more powerful when she's pregnant. And I would imagine that she is more compromised in the sense that because she's carrying a baby and obviously her belly swells and therefore walking becomes incredibly difficult and things like that. But that doesn't address the point that I made. Sure. I just, I don't think that like fetuses in general are taking way more than they're giving. That's the point. What does that have to do with the ethics of abortion though? It doesn't.  We were having a very narrow description or a very narrow discussion on whether or not a fetus could be seen as like parasitic. By definition, it's not a parasite because it can't be a parasite of the same species. But in terms of function, fetuses are a drag on the host every time. So hence the aggression part because that's what we were talking about. For bodily autonomy, the bodily autonomy argument is one of self-defense.  And then I heard counter arguments to you guys like, well, it's not always a drain, which is an insane thing to say about a pregnancy. Well, I've had five of them and I don't think you could really say it's always a drain. No.   If that could be. Six months? Rachel, Rachel, Rachel, I am not an incel. Please, hold on, stop. I am not an incel. We'll say a lot of women don't know they're pregnant. We're not here to talk to retard or about what retards say. Okay, that's not what the conversation is about. You can probably go like one or two or three months sometimes without knowing you're pregnant in exceptional cases. In exceptional cases, yeah, some an anorexic woman or somebody that just doesn't show well. What's on who's obese? It's usually obese. Or maybe yeah, maybe can go six. It's usually obese people. Sure, or it could be obese. Sure, I've seen anorexic women that don't show well either. There's a lot of like very crazy outlying exceptions, maybe, but generally by most people are gonna know by like two or three months that they're pregnant, generally speaking, especially if they're watching their periods and everything. Especially because you usually know, you usually start to have other symptoms.  It's like, well, okay, but I'm a drain on society. If you get into a utilitarian... Oh my God, hold on. I am so sorry. I forgot that I needed to qualify my statement 50 million times over. Otherwise you're gonna take the most bad faith interpretation possible. Let me amend the statement slightly for you. Rachel, Rachel, Rachel, Rachel. The fetus is going to be a larger drain the longer you get into gestation. You are absolutely correct.  You think they're a drain? How big of a drain is a one week old fetus then, honey?  So let me go back and amend my statement and tell you that as the pregnancy goes on, it becomes a larger and larger and larger drain through the second and third trimester. Is that better for you? Well, yeah, I guess, but it's arguable and I don't think it's pertinent to the ethics of abortion. It's, wait, you think it's arguable whether being six or seven months pregnant leaves you in a more compromised or a more empowered state? You think that's arguable? I think it depends on what you're talking about specifically and that it's not... Sure, what could I possibly be talking about where being six or seven months pregnant is an asset to you versus a liability to your body? Well, it's a great asset to me if I'm passing on my genetics. Isn't that the purpose of life? I mean, from an evolution perspective, me getting to reproduce and pass on my genetics is like... Can you give me one thing that isn't the thing itself? So yeah, it is true that being pregnant, one of the benefits to your body of being pregnant is that you are pregnant. Can you give me something besides being pregnant as the benefit to being pregnant? So you again, you want a material benefit to pregnancy? Sure, as I said, there are many conditions which actually improve. In fact, I had an autoimmune condition that improved when I was pregnant. I felt better. I didn't have as many issues. I didn't have as many problems. Do you think that autoimmune conditions, so as a woman that's been pregnant multiple times, I'm sure you've heard that with second and third pregnancies... I think James wants to move on, but maybe we could do this on your channel. Okay, sure, I agree.  When you have people unironically making the argument, they're like, oh yeah, well sometimes pregnancy is really good for your body, LOL.  It's getting raped can be a positive experience. It doesn't mean that we advocate for everybody to try it. This one from Luis Montes de Oca. Thanks for your question. It says, for destiny, do you believe that there is a difference between conception and contraception when it comes to protecting the potentiality for consciousness? Maybe, when you talk about the potentiality of things, you're talking about different things than what the thing is itself. Like that's a whole other classification of things.  That could be a potential life, right? You see him disappearing from the picture when the guy gets into a fight and the, right?  That's just like a whole vague concept to talk about when you wanna go deeper into it. This one coming in from Chicky Nuggets says, Rachel, do you say that women should only have the right to her own body when it had been violated by another man? Can you repeat the question? I'm not sure of the phrasing. Do you say that women should only have the right to their own body when it has been violated by another man? I think what the person means is, am I saying that women only have a right to their body when they have not been violated by another man? I'm guessing that that's what the person is saying. I think so. Yeah, I would say that the crime of rape is separate from the abortion. Again, this is gonna be a very emotional thing. People are gonna freak out, they're gonna have tons of feelings and they're gonna get a lot of feelings wrapped up in it.  But logically, no, I'm not saying what I want. I'm not advocating, I'm not saying an opinion. I'm not saying this is what you must do or what you should do. I'm saying that the fact of the matter is that whether or not it's ethical to kill a baby that's a product of rape is separate from the ethics of the rape itself. So it's a whole separate topic. And I don't necessarily, my conception of human rights is probably not like analogous to what this person is saying because they're talking about like women's right to her body and I don't, that's a whole nother thing too. You got it. What are you gonna say? I don't believe a woman has a right to her own body. I don't believe that, I believe that people have a natural right to their own body in some sense. But again, it's whether we're talking about ethics or legality when we're talking about rights. So. You got it. This one coming in from Dufres.  How can people control if sperm meets the egg? Well, again, if you... Yeah, go ahead, Kenan. No, the argument is, is that if you engage in behaviors that you know where you know there's a likelihood of conception, then obviously it is your responsibility to ensure that if you don't want to be pregnant that you take certain steps. As Tree has pointed out, of course, contraception is not 100% foolproof.  So I was gonna say, James, could you just repeat the question for me to make sure I've answered all the points of it? Yeah, it was just that.  And then they said, how can people control if sperm meets the egg? Well, yeah, you could just make sure that the sperm isn't anywhere in the uterus. That's the argument, I suppose. Right. You could take steps to make sure that there is no sperm in your uterus. It doesn't always work, but yeah, you can work on that. It's a pretty obvious answer. This one from Real Men Love Blueberry. Waffle says, Rachel, if you thought God genuinely ordered in fantasy, would it be moral? How can you dodge this? Let's see. You said, what do you think? If you thought God genuinely ordered in fantasy, is it moral in that case? Again, it doesn't have anything to do with abortion, and I would have to give you a whole lesson on Bible hermeneutics in order to properly position that question of would God order in fantasy? Well, it would go against the necessary characteristics of God, and we'd have to get into a whole separate debate. So again, sorry, guys, I'm not trying to be uncharitable. It's just that I'm not a Western Christian. I'm not Protestant or Roman Catholic. We have a different interpretation of the religion and the Bible as a whole that is probably a little bit outside your purview, and I don't wanna soak up everybody's time trying to explain that. This one from Jupiter Garmin says, Rachel says, don't have sex, don't get pregnant. They said, but Rachel, how can you say that if you believe that a virgin occurred, or a miracle occurred 2000 years ago where a virgin gave birth? Well, I suppose if you are incarnated with the living God, but by the way, Mary did consent to that. An angel of Lord came to her and told her that this was the plan, and she said, let it be me. So we do believe that she did consent to that. So there's that. I'm sorry, I'm not trolling. Do you have a different Bible? I'm not trolling. No, it's in the Bible. If you look it up, when the angel of Lord came to Mary, she said, let it be me. Okay. This one, pure Aussie gold says, pro-choice, people, you already made your choice. Now you gotta be an adult and deal with it. How hard is it to use contraception? Is, they said, I remember one, the V was precious, but now you all wanna play ring toss. Wow, what a great question. Well, there are consequences to behavior if he's right about that. The consequence of like, well, hold on. We're not arguing about whether there ought to be consequences or whether consequences exist or not. It's whether we're killing a baby or not. That's the whole question, right? And right.  There's a really easy way to just make sure that doesn't happen, that's all. This one from Rodgers. Okay. Oh, James, what do you got? Rocky Shepherd says, question is for Rachel. Is abortion a biological life in the womb the same as murder of a baby that is born? Again, that's a matter of degree. Yes, it is, but it would be maybe closer to like third degree murder versus first degree murder. But yes, I would say that they both would be. You got it. JFMD says, apologies, but Kenden's approach to obs... Let me know if I say this right. Obstetrics is not correct. They said pregnancy is not symbiotic and can often be deleterious. And then in parentheses, they put such as heart failure, pre-E or pre-EF or H-E-L-L-P, help acronym... Well, as I say, as I'm not a medical man, I'm sure that there are, you know, what do I know about this sort of thing? But I do know from reading medical, so that there is some symbiosis. You do get some benefits from being pregnant in at least some scenarios. So I'm not suggesting, you know, it's all glory and that a woman experience is no inconvenience or whatever.  That's it. I mean, as I say, I don't have a medical degree, so I'm not going to be able to comment intelligently on embryology or... I think there's an important distinction that Kenden and I would make as well, which is that I would assume he's on board with me in saying that in the very rare fringe cases that you have to like take a baby early because of a medical issue, the difference is that in abortion, you kill the baby before it comes out. Whereas most of the time, things like preeclampsia happen and the third trimester and the baby can be delivered early. Now you can deliver the baby and if it does not survive, despite everyone's best efforts, that's different than killing it inside the womb and then extracting it, right? So in cases of medically necessary early delivery, I don't think anyone has any problems with that, but that's different than going in and killing the baby while it's in the womb and then just extracting it. There's one coming in from only a couple more questions left. Dianne Neur says, Tree, how does punishing the child for the sins of the father make sense to you? It doesn't. I don't know, when he said, but when he said punishing the sins of the father, you're telling me like, I mean, I was punished. Is that what you're talking about? It doesn't. Yeah, I don't exactly understand what you're talking about. I think, I think, I think, is that... It's not just for looking like my dad. That was the reason why I took a lot of blows by my mom because I reminded her of my father so much. Is that, it's sort of for interrupting Tree, but is that not a question about pregnancy through rape? The idea that, you know, the father has committed the sin by raping a woman, but the woman then aborts his child. The child is innocent of any crime. Is that what they're alluding to? Or am I just making that up out of whole cloth? I don't know. I don't know what there's. There's not enough detail. There is, there really is. It's not enough in there, so. This one coming in from, Bull of Spaghetti says, does Rachel think women should raise S.A. babies? I don't know what S.A. means this, like, salt after sexual assault. Sexual assault, yeah. Sexual assault, okay. I'm not saying they need to raise them. I know a couple of people that I'm acquainted with online who are pro-life activists who were the product of sexual assault and they do argue that they don't think it's ethical to kill babies who are the product of that. I don't see why you couldn't give birth and then put the baby at production if you didn't want to raise it. My mother a few years ago, she befriended a Jehovah's Witness and as I'm sure everybody knows, Jehovah's Witnesses believe abortion is murder and therefore they won't take life in any circumstance. And she felt pregnant by rape. She was raped, was obviously a renders. And she was encouraged to have an abortion. She said no because it conflicted with her faith and she had to wrestle with that. She's given birth to the child, she's now raising it and the way she squares in her head is that something good, the child came out something evil. That is one way of looking at the, I'm not saying everybody should think like that.  So I'll leave that as inspiration for anybody else. Does Rachel not understand that women die from childbirth? Sure I do, but we are not talking about women dying from childbirth. In fact, I'm not aware of a single medical case where they had to kill the baby in order to save the mother. Again, deliver the baby early to save the mother, sure. Kill it inside the woman then extract it to save the mother, no. So yes, women can die in childbirth. There are instances where you have to take the baby early. You're not counting ectopic pregnancies here, I guess? Well, ectopic pregnancy is not... There's no possible way unless they come up with some way to implant that, you can't do anything about it. Again, I'm talking about when we can voluntarily intervene to stop the life of a baby. That's what we're talking about. Okay, and you don't think there are ever times where mothers might become so sick in the first trimester that like the pregnancy becomes incredibly like arduous for the woman's body. So like say for instance, when she gets pregnant and then also discovers that she has cancer, that's a compossible or I'm sure there have been cases of this where... I'm not saying that about a different... Well, sure, I know, but in the case of like, I'm only saying this because you made the really strong statement of like, there's never been a case where you need to perform an abortion where the baby can't be saved. I'm sure there have been cases where... No, no, no, I don't mean where the baby can't be saved. I'm saying like, so if that were the case, and then you are, this is an equivalent argument, right? Where if it were the first trimester and something came up where it was going to be either a death sentence for the mother or a death sentence for the baby, then either way, you're out of life. And in that case, I would grant the... I'm not gonna sit here and argue that. I would grant that to you because it's not worth even trying to defend and it's morally neutral in that case because it's a life for a life. What I'm talking about is people will try to argue that at 20 weeks, 24 weeks, 30 weeks, something like that, the mother develops high blood pressure preeclampsia or another condition. Therefore they need an abortion. I'm saying at that point, you can deliver the baby, try to save it. If it doesn't survive, everyone did their best. There's nothing you can do. That's different than going in and killing it in the womb and then just extracting it. You got it. This one coming in from, last question. Pancake, great, asked this very early. So we're gonna get this one in. Thanks very much to those biologists. They said, Kenden, biologists classify sperm as very much alive. Does that mean that sex without impregnation could be seen as genocide? No, sperm are not a species. They're not a genus.  That doesn't make sense. This last one, the real last one.  Not never, like the hypothetical suggests. What? They said, I was trying to remember where it was, the hypothetical where a human's brain is taken out. Okay. They say, this doesn't take into account that it will get its brain in nine months. Namely, that human that had its brain taken out will get its brain in nine months. They say, not never. Oh, they were trying to point to some earlier.  And it's made that and it's coming back, so of course you would respect it, right? Like a person going to sleep. You got it. With that, folks, we wanna say, our guest or link to the description, you have heard them for, it's been what, two and a half hours, if you wanna hear more, if you wanna learn more about their views, which hey, I mean, you must, there's gotta be somebody on this panel where you're kinda like, yeah, I identify it.  In that case, their links are below. What are you waiting for? Go ahead and click on those links so that you can learn more about their views. We do appreciate our guests.  Destiny Tree, Rachel and Kenan, it has been a true pleasure to have you here today. Thank you. Thank you for inviting us. My pleasure and I'll be right back in just a moment with a quick post-credits scene about upcoming debates, folks, so stick around and thanks so much for being with us, folks. Amazing, my dear friends, give me a moment. I'm just gonna pull up my camera here. Wanna say again, huge thanks to our guests. Seriously, they are the lifeblood of the channel. I mean, that's putting it lightly. My dear friends, the guests that we have had on tonight, they really are. If it wasn't for them, this channel just wouldn't exist. Imagine me debating myself every night. Terrible channel idea, but with all of our guests, that makes it a fun time. So we really do appreciate our guests. Let me, there we go. We're back in terms of the Zoom is up and ready. There we go. All right, thanks for your patience. All right, here we go. 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So if you want to become a member, you have access to these based and or red-pilled emoticons that I am about to use. For example, the one that I just put in the old live chat, if you're watching the live chat, where you can call somebody a soy boy or you can use this one, amazing. And you can also use the juicy one. I love these. Tapotzle did a fantastic job of making these emoticons for us. So I am indebted to Tapotzle. I'm super thankful for them for doing those. Now, Mark B, good to see you there in the old live chat. I see you. As well as Ariel Suarez says, cheers, James. Good night. Thanks so much for everything. Thank you so much. I appreciate your support. And that's right. If you're watching from Europe, it's got to be getting late over there now. Let me try it. Let me chest this out. What time? Because I think, I can't remember. I don't remember. I think Kenan is in Ireland. What time is it in Dublin, let's say? So for Kenan right now, it's presumably going on 2 a.m. So huge thank you to Kenan for staying up super late with us. And soul, soul, I see you there in the old live chat. Soul, soul said, my husband sent me here. Hopefully I get some good info. I am glad that you were here.  And hey, you can share this channel folks. That's something if you are like, hey, you know what? I bet I've got a friend who might enjoy debates on this topic. Hey, you can click that share button below. It's there for a reason. If you click share and spread the word, that word of mouth, it works. It really does folks. So I do wanna say, hey, help us grow as we are absolutely determined. Like I said, to fulfill that vision of providing a neutral platform so that everybody can make their case on a level playing field. And we mean everybody. So Biden, backers, Bernie Bros, Trump supporters. What is DeSantis, what do you think would be like the proper nickname for Santas? Ron, Ron, let me think about this. If you back Ron DeSantis, we'll just say that.  There are just too many, all these different demographics. We are thrilled to have you here. Democrat, Republican, you name it. We are glad you are here. We are welcoming people from all walks of life. And it truly is. I don't know if you ever watch. During the old live chat, we have a very eclectic makeup at modern day debate. So there are tons of people from different walks of life. I noticed that earlier during the actual debate, if you guys saw the poll, I put, where do you lean politically? You know, it said right, left, center, or self-loathing, soy boy, all of them. We have all of them here and we are pumped about that. Want to say, mind your friends. We are pumped. Got to tell you a couple of things. We are working on this huge project where we have these in-person panels. They're going to be epic. They're going to be amazing. And you don't want to miss it. So we really think that these are going to be a huge step for modern day debate, the channel. If you are new to us, or maybe you've been here for a while, I've got to tell you, our story is just beginning. Believe me. And we're grateful. Don't get me wrong. I don't want to minimize, like I am absolutely grateful for the fact that we've hit 73,000 subscribers. Thank you guys. Seriously, you have helped in so many ways. And you guys are like, James, how, like, you're just saying that. You know, James, like, no, no, no.  I'm serious. Here are some of the ways in which you've helped. One is that, it's true. Thanks so much for saying that in the old live chat. I see you there. Tioga says, hit like and Hannah Anderson says, please hit like and subscribe. And I agree. So we do appreciate that so much. That means more than you know. We really do appreciate it. It really does help. When you subscribe even, because you might be thinking like, well, how does that help you? It's like, well, it's social credibility. If people see more people subscribe to modern day debate, it's more people where they're like, huh, it's like, wow, a lot of people are following that. There must be something to it. It's social credibility. It's like on Amazon, if there are a lot of reviews. If you see that an, let's say an item has 4.5 stars and then another item, the same type of item that you're looking for has 4.5 stars. You're like, hey, they got the same rating. Obviously though, all things being equal, if that were the case, you'd go with the one with the most ratings. So likewise, hitting like really does help. Like we're at 274 likes. We can easily get to 280. It's just another six likes and we'll be at 280, which is a power number, you guys. That's huge. For a live stream, that's fantastic. It's a power number. 280, we can totally get there. So hitting like really does help seriously. YouTube does say that they use that in the algorithm where the more likes a video gets, they will actually recommend our videos more. And I've got to tell you, in terms of marketing, YouTube does a fantastic job. I would not want to start, I'm not trying to put anybody down. Whoever started on Twitch and not who wasn't on YouTube but they started on Twitch and they just naturally grew to be huge on Twitch, good for them. Like that's epic, that's awesome. Especially because it's so hard. Because YouTube recommends videos like a champ. Like they have recommended our videos so many times. And Twitch, they recommend videos too but not the way YouTube does. YouTube has recommended our videos nonstop and that has helped us grow immensely. And hitting like really does help. So we do appreciate that. We have crushed that goal. We're at 284 likes right now. So seriously, thanks for that support. That really does mean a lot. So we just blew past 280, thanks for that. And here's another one I mentioned earlier. If you hit share, if you've got somebody where you're like, oh man, they'd enjoy this debate. Or maybe you're like, man, I thought that one side did so well. Or so terribly, whatever it is. You're like, I've got to show the world this debate so they can see just how good or bad one side did. Well hey, go for it. Hit that share button and you sharing really does help a ton. For real, I'm not making this up. Likewise, during the Q and A when you submit questions, it would be so boring and quiet and just if it was just me coming up with questions on the spot, that wouldn't be very fun. Come on, real, let's get real. It wouldn't be very fun because it's like, ha, I cannot be as creative as the whole community when you guys are putting in questions. And it's not the case. So for example, today, even on a day like today, we don't always, sometimes we have debates where we just don't have enough time and we get crunched and we don't always get to the standard question. So what we have is we have super chat questions and then we have standard questions. We read the super chat questions first just to kind of say, hey, thank you so much for your support of the channel. And then we do try to read standard questions. It's not every single debate. Sometimes we do run out of time or like, sorry, we didn't get to the standard ones but as an example, tonight, we got two pancake great and aftershocks questions. Just standard questions, not super chat. So we always try our best to get through as many as we possibly can. And that's why you can tell like I usually kind of, you know, like kind of nudging the debaters during the Q and A because I'm trying to move through as many of your questions so you can be as involved as possible. And we do appreciate your creative input and being a part of the show in a real way.  We have blown past that goal of 280. We're now at 292 likes. That's fantastic. So thank you guys for that support. It means more than you know. Good to see you in the old live chat. Get the down and John Smith. And Dylan Motz. Thanks for coming by as well as lead tornado. Good to see you. Pure Aussie gold. Happy to have you. Pancake great says thanks James LOL. My pleasure pancake great. And Sadie Marie. Thanks for your support. It says if you enjoy the debate, please smash that like button. I couldn't agree more. Thank you for that Sadie. And let's see. Samar Rao says hi James. How was the setup for the live debates in Colorado going? Good Samar. Are you the person that was saying that you live in Colorado? Because we can use help. We are gonna need two camera people when we do these live, well they're not technically gonna be live because we're gonna edit them. When we do these in person dialogues in Fort Collins, that's where we're gonna do them. So if you are interested in helping, like let me know. Are any of you guys in Colorado? Let's see. What percent of the population in the United States in Colorado? Let's see. Population of Colorado. Okay, 5.6. And population of US. So 5.6 divided by 329.5. 5.6 divided by 329.5. So Colorado represents 1.7% of the United States population. So 1.7% of those who are watching right now at times, which is what it was, 400, means that about seven of you who are watching right now between YouTube and Twitch, oh wait, we got a global audience, I forgot. So it's less than that. It's less than that. But nonetheless, I forgot, not everybody's from the United States. Sorry. Sometimes they believe, yes, we are the only people in the world. But long story short, there's gotta be some of you in the live chat that are from Colorado. I know, yeah, for example, I don't want to, I don't want to, what's the word I'm looking for? Docs. I don't want to dox you, but Tioga is in Colorado, everybody. Okay, sorry, Tioga. So there's gotta be others though. Samar, were you one of them? Samar says, yes, that was me. Didn't think you would see that. I'll shoot you an email. Yeah, Samar, let me know, because for real, I could use your help. If, like, there are different things that I'm sure we could use your help with.  And potentially, if you want, maybe as a person in the actual discussion, maybe. So that depends on this first one, we're almost full, so it would depend on what your views are. And nonetheless though, we plan on doing these once a month for two hours. And we have blown through that goal of 280 likes. We're at 301 likes. That's gigantic, you guys, for a live stream, that's fantastic to get to 300. So 301, to be exact. Anman says, thanks James, for an unbiased debate platform. Your work means a lot to everyone, regardless of bias opinions. The amount of topics your channel provides is amazing. Keep up the good work. Thanks, Anman. Seriously, that means a lot. It means more than you know. And I'm pumped about the future, so we're excited about that. And yeah, we are pumped about the variety. We also, thanks for your support. James Crawford says, James provides the content we need. Hit that like, thanks for that. I appreciate that butt. And I am pumped, though, you guys. Dent Carter says, I'm surprised people like Jimmy Dorchank, Kyle Kalinsky, or even Alex Jones, never took part on the modern day debate. It would be incredible. Well, one of those we are working on setting up this summer in a debate. So I have, let's see. Kyle Kalinsky, I can't even find his email out there. It's so hard. David Pakman actually responds to us. David Pakman's another name, another fellow that we'd like to get on because he's very well spoken, very well read. And so it would be a huge debate to have David on. And then Jank and Jimmy Dorch. Those guys are pretty, they're even on a higher level than Kyle, I think. I don't know, maybe. In terms of how many subs, I would guess Kyle has more subs, but frankly, we'd guess that Jimmy Dorch has more engagement.  So Jimmy Dorch, actually he's got more subs too, probably. He's got a million subs. And then looking at his most recent videos, the most important thing, which I try to tell people, is the most important thing is not how many subscribers the channel has, it's how many average views the channel has per video. So Jimmy Dorch, let's see, his average is like, I don't know, of his last, like, let's say, oh wow, he puts out a lot of content. Let's see, if we go back and adjust the, those videos in the last two days. So I would guess his average is like 60,000 views. Good, but let's look up Kyle Kulinski. I think last I checked he had 800,000 subs, and now he's at, wow, he's close to a million. Wow, he's crushing it. And I could be wrong with this, let me see, let's look at his actual videos. What's his average viewership? Seems like it's about the same. I would say if we take the videos from the last two days, yeah, good engagement is still definitely strong. But so I would say they're pretty neck and neck, not looking at it now. But yeah, that's pretty interesting, pretty juicy. Thanks for your super kind support. Pugsy16 in the old live chat at Twitch says, James looking powerful tonight. Twitch chat is dead, yeah. Thank you for your kind words and yes, Twitch chat is kind of slow. It's the calm, serene live chat. Crazy59 says, hey dude, and Pugsy16 says hello, hello, hello. Thank you for being with us guys in the old Twitch chat. I'm pumped. And you guys are watching modern-day debate when you could be watching Amaranth. So thank you for that. Am I saying it right? The redhead is that, that's her name, right? But thank you, Denmarkard says I'm surprised. But yeah, thanks for your support, Denmarkard, your kind words. And let's see here. CrystalRox says I'm watching from down under. Wow, far away indeed. Hannah Anderson says, I have a great night everyone and an awesome fourth. Thank you for that. Tioga says huge. Tioga is a huge Trump backer. She was there at the January 6th, you know, like we're trying to stop the vote. She is like, like radical. Tuck Frump, good to see you here a lot. Happy to have you here. And then let's see Get The Down. Let's see Median Fire, happy to have you. Samar says, Colorado citizens rise up. Samar, what city are you in? Since I already doxxed Tioga, what, are you a lot, can you tell me on here? LedTornado says James get Lauren Southern on. We're working on it for real, no joke. I do talk to Lauren. She's very polite, Twitch DMs. I do like send her invites and she does actually get back to me. So would you appreciate that? Cause I know that Lauren's probably got a lot of messages. General Balzac says Jimmy Dore is a big producer on the lines of Crowder. Yeah, he's got his content, the amount of content he's putting on is huge. And then James Crawford says, James pretending he's not a tier three sub. That's funny. What is it? The Amaranth, that's her name though. And then who are the other ones? Hassanabi. And then what is that guy, Dr. Ninja? Is he still on there? Xander Hall, I'm looking on Twitch right now. I see Xander Hall is going. And then I see Sansol Stardust, my little sister, doing her controversial channel over there. Right now her title says Breaking Drama. Zanya NCC Wick versus Dylan Burns on Chud Logic. I honestly, Stardust is like one of my favorite peeps. I just, for some reason, I think she's just fun.  When she hosted an interview with Richard Spencer, which even I wouldn't do. And I'm not trying to put her down or anything. I'm like, cause we've hosted, we have hosted Richard Spencer, but he was like opposed in a debate. And I'm not saying that what she did is wrong, but she's, you know, she's pushed the boundaries and she's just kind of calm and like, what? So, I do, I like Stardust, she's fun. But Pancake Grates says we're not simps. What does simps mean again? I forgot. Samar says I'm in Boulder currently. Good to know. Thanks Samar. Samar, that's really close. You're like 45 minutes away from where I'm sitting right now. So I can tell you that that's a really quick drive. Cause, so Samar, seriously, like I would please do email me cause I really do want your help. I really could use a cameraman and like it really would go a long way. So I am pumped. You guys, we think that this, so if you guys have seen middle ground videos by the channel Jubilee, that's what we're shooting for, our own version of that. And it's going to be at a stadium. It's going to look so cool. And we just bought, we've been testing out different fancy audio equipment because I'm investing big time in this. It's like really good audio equipment. So not just like what we usually do. Like we're trying with this. We're trying really hard to wear and it's going to be so well edited.  We think that these videos are going to have the potential to take modern day debate to the next level, for real. Like we're talking, we would have to average like 4,500 new subscribers per month for the rest of the year to hit our goal of 100,000 subs by the end of the year. We think that these videos might actually be able to get us to that point. Well, we usually don't have that many. We usually have about an average of only about 1500, which don't get me wrong is big. Like we're thankful. That's like 50 per day. So that's about two every hour. That's cool. Don't get me wrong. But 4,500 per month, let me do that per the hour. 4,500 divided by 30 divided by 24. That's six new people per hour. So that would basically be three times as many new subscribers as we currently are at. We would have to be just crushing it. And we think that these videos may actually allow us to do that. Like we really think we could take modern day debate to the next level. Plus our in-person conferences and stuff, we can use this new technology, this new tech and way of filming for those events to where like modern day debate seriously can be like a premier channel. And by that I mean like by 2023, be in the 100,000s and also be putting out content that is just hugely successful where people are like, man, like that channel is awesome. So I am excited and I wanna say thank you guys so much for your support. It's already awesome because of you and I already give you guys reasons why you guys really do make this channel awesome. And the guests, the guests of the lifeblood of the channel, I can't thank them enough. We really do appreciate the guests. And all of the guests, no joke, come on for free. They just love to debate. And so the way in which they like potentially we hope that they benefit, the way the model of modern day debate that we hope the way it works is that they're getting exposure by going on a channel with 73,000 subs. Although I gotta be honest, Destiny for example, he's been on here so many times and Destiny has so many subscribers, like 450, 430,000 that he doesn't really get much new exposure by coming on a modern day debate. However, one thing that it's valuable for Destiny and we hope at least, this is my hope, is that it's almost like I'm an external secretary or broker for Destiny. So I'm looking for people like, hey, who would be a fun matchup? Who would be fun to see on screen together? And then I say, hey Destiny, would you dig this? And sometimes he says no. Most of the time he actually says yes. Destiny is actually really easy to work with out of all the influencers. He's one of the easiest. And we hope though that it's useful because then he has new content. He's got content that people enjoy watching in his channel because Destiny's channel in a real way is kind of a debate channel. It's not all he does, but he does it so regularly that it's a debate channel too, as well as a gaming channel and politics channel. But Let's Farm says, check Central Committee on Twitch. Thank you for letting me know that. I'm looking on Twitch. I don't know what that means, but thank you for letting me know that. What does a simp mean again? For real, I forgot. Dan Carter says, modern-day debate is one of the best channels on YouTube. Thank you for your kind words. Seriously, that means more than you know. And then King101 says, first stream in a long time to surpass the three hour mark, ha ha, it's true. Yeah, this is the first time in a while. I'm just enjoying this so much. Even though I said I was gonna go in a minute, I just have enjoyed this so much. I can't pull myself away. I'm enjoying it. I'm pleasure to be here. So thank you guys. Don't turn that and make it dirty, you sickos. But CultureCope, thanks for coming by.  I see you there in your live chat. Samar, this is my, SychoNav, my old nemesis. That's right. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven. ASOP, thanks for coming by. So it's more just content for his own channel. Right, yeah. So we hope that it is. Like, I hope that we can be of value to the guests because, like, we're just grateful to have them on. They're the lifeblood of the channel. Modern day debate just wouldn't exist if it wasn't for the guests. So we hope that we can provide them value in some way. And let's see. I just saw it. Pure Rossy Gold says destiny versus hate on pro-life, pro-choice. That would be interesting to say the least. Jupiter Darmus says modern day debate isn't premiere. Sips tea out of my modern day debate mug. Do you have a mug? Well, thanks for your support. That's kind of you to have bought a modern day debate mug, seriously. Like, I gotta be honest, I'll tell you. I love telling you guys the inner workings of modern day debate least. I don't know what other channels are like. This probably isn't going to exactly market our own materials in the best way, but we don't sell too many mugs or t-shirts. I would say it's like maybe like, I don't know, maybe one mug and one t-shirt a month? Like, it's not a huge way. Like, we hope it's like people like it. And I have, like, frankly, I've got modern day debate stuff at home, which is like, like, I don't know, I hope. Yeah, I mean, like, I think it's, I like it, I think it's cool. Like, so I'm thankful for Teespring that they let us make that stuff. But let's see here. But that's cool, I'm flattered. What I'm saying though, the fact that there are a few like people that have bought t-shirts or mugs, I'm saying thank you, because we do. It's true, we have merch. If you look below the video, folks, we do have like t-shirts and mugs. And so if you do like modern day debate and you're like, yeah, like, that'd be cool. I'd love to get a t-shirt or a mug. And Kanye Twitty, thanks for coming by. Says, sympathetic mostly to girls. Oh, that's right, is that sympathetic mostly to girls? That's not what simp means. And then Jeremy Nolan says, thank you, James. Thank you, Jeremy, appreciate that. And then Sadie Marie says, I'm gonna order a modern day debate mask later. Do we have masks? I honestly can't remember if we made them. But code-blooded 2000, thanks for being here. Lettornado says, get Steph and Malinu on. We are gonna reach out to Steph and Malinu about a possible debate with Destiny this summer. I don't have to do that yet. Any produces simp equals bootlicker. But I can't remember, what does it mean? Let me look this up. Meaning of simp. Because it was pretty like, it's a pretty like, let's say, internet slang describing someone who shows excessive sympathy and attention toward another person, typically someone who does not reciprocate the same feelings and pursuit of. That's not what, there was an acronym for it that was very crude and very like, straightforward to put it one way. Let's see here. Oh, I see. Suckers, idolizing, mediocre, okay. It's not squirrels in my pants, just for the record. Is it really suckers? I thought it was another even more derogatory word. But you know, it works. I mean like, it doesn't have to be that derogatory. It's not like I require that. Kanye Twitty, good to see you though. And Sadie Marie says, yes we do, yes we do what? Sightseeing Ave says, I saw that. We need a modern day debate, Speedo James. That's true, we do. I'll let you design that Bob. So, let's see. JRM, glad to see you in the old live chat. Dylan Motz, thanks for coming by.  Thanks for coming by, we're glad to have you. But yeah, thanks guys. Seriously, it's fun to hang out with you.  I'm pumped and excited about the future for real. We are working on some cool stuff. And so thank you guys for your support. It's always fun, it's always a blast.  And I love you guys for real.  I always like hearing from people, seriously. I know that I got to be honest. I'm a little behind on emails. So I feel bad about that. But Samar Rao says, what happened to the other debate with Destiny and Malinu? I'm spelling it wrong a few months back. Did it get canceled? Malinu let me know that he was taking some time off from debates. And Tioga was so sad because she's the huge fan of Stefan Malinu. But he said he's going to take some time off from debates. And I was like, OK, not a problem. And so that one never actually happened. It was going to be on ethics. So that would have been cool. Let's see. Benjamin23 says, I love your show and I love to support it, but mistakenly gave a larger than intended super chat. Is there any way to get a refund and then re-donate the intended amount? Yes, I am open to that. If you email me at moderndaydebate at gmail.com and then if you can let me know when you sent the super chat, I don't remember seeing one from you recently. So maybe it was from a long time ago. Did you send one recently? But if I can look it up and verify that you sent it, that makes a big difference. And then, yeah, I'm open to that. So let's see. 1234567ASAP says, simp is probably short for simpering or simpleton. I don't know if that, I think it's a little more involved than that. But nonetheless, you can let me know if I'm wrong. Want to say, you guys, you tug on my heart strings.  I enjoy you. And so thank you for your support and a very funny, pure Aussie gold.  But want to say thanks, guys. I love you. Thanks for everything. I appreciate you guys.  Looking forward to seeing you at the next one. And we will. Oh, that's right. I told you we're going to have more debates.  So let me show you right now. At the bottom right of your screen, did dinosaurs live with man? That's going to be coming up this. Let me see if I can fix this. Fade. I'm monkeying around at OBS. And it's acting funky right now. See if this looks different. I've got to fix this. That's all right. But yeah, we do have that one. And then we are going to look at what else you might have coming up, just so you guys know. Because I did say we'll mention those. I actually want to tell you about them. Is we've got a number of debates coming up. We might have a debate on whether or not Islam is dangerous or violent. That's a week from now on a Saturday. We might have a flat earth debate on Friday the 8th. We might have an evolution debate on Friday. That is still up in the air. So a number of science debates and more political debates. We're going to go into those directions. Not as many religion debates, though we'll have some of those too. So love you guys. Thanks so much for all of your support. I enjoy being with you guys. Thanks for making this fun. And I hope you guys have a great rest of your holiday weekend. We'll see you at the next one.


Welcome to the course of data structures and algorithms. We will now be examining implementation of stack data structures. We have three consecutive sessions. In this first session, we will just do a basic review of the stack structure. As you are all aware, this is an example of a stack of plates and we cannot take out a plate from somewhere in between nor we can easily insert a plate somewhere in between. So, the fundamental characteristic of a stack is that we can only remove a plate from the top or add one more plate on top. That means we can push an element on the stack or pop an element out of the stack. It is important to remember that these are the only two actions that are permitted. Of course, we will not be dealing with stack of plates. We will instead be dealing with stack of elements such as integer numbers, characters, character strings or whatever. So, in short, a stack structure permits us to push a data element on top of stack or pop the topmost data element out of stack. This stack implementation will require us that we should not only implement the activities of push and pop, which are the main actions. We will need some additional actions. For example, in a program we need to create a stack. Now, this will require defining a stack and initializing a stack. Similarly, when we are dealing with stack, we need to examine the stack status at any point, whether it is empty or whether it is full. If it is empty, we cannot pop any element out of it. If it is full, we cannot push any element on to it. We will of course, need to access the top element whenever somebody requires to pop an element out or whenever somebody requires to push an element on top. Let us discuss implementation of stack generically. To recapitulate, we will need to write the following function. First, initialize of course. It goes without saying that we will have to define the structure that we use to implement stack. After initializing it, we must have functions which will examine whether the stack is empty or stack is full. At any point in time, we must have access to the top element of the stack. And finally, the two important activities of either pushing an element on top of stack or popping an element out of stack. We will note that implementing stacks can be most easily done by two simple ways. Either we can use arrays or we can use linkless. Arrays are fixed size structure and therefore, they will impose a limit on the number of elements that you can put in to the stack. An array is indexed and therefore, we can access elements with an index starting with 0, 1, 2, 3, 5 up to the size. What we will do is, we will keep treating the array as if it were a stack and at any point in time, we will access only one element of the stack which is at the top or one element of the array which is at the top. Linkless provides a more generic mechanism because it has no limit on the size of the stack. Why? Because I can create a node in a linkless on the fly dynamically and I can keep on adding as many nodes as I wish to increase the size of the stack as per requirements. In the subsequent sessions, we shall see the implementation of a stack using an array and then implementing a stack using a linkless. Thank you.


Okay, boys, you ready to get it up?  That's crazy! I need to, um, buy this battle pass. Wait, wait, wait, why does it- I'm just- I'm a pro. Hey, man! Let's play a game. I'm turning the jacking off. Okay. My controller ain't havin' it today. Yeah, my controller died, so it took me a while to land in, but I do have a good view of some astronaut ass. Bruh. Ah! Get away! I'm hiding in the corner! No! I just picked up a pump! Well, good start, gentlemen! Itty bitty gangsta. Give them cheeks, boy. Give them cheeks back here. Jesus. There's a dude in there? Yeah. No, no, no! Pickaxe him! Oh yeah, let's dance on him first. Hey. Hey! Oh! We're getting shot! Ooh, I just dropped for 137. I was disrespecting your teammate.  God, it's like this guy doesn't know. He's just puttin' a trap. I just put- Oh, I just put a trap! Let him walk in.  No, no! Let him drop me! Oh, my God! If he walks in, he's dead.  I see a guy. Right here, man. Shit! I got one on him. That one hit on him. Nice! I was gone.  Dad? That rock, I'm just fine, man. It's all right, father. Yeah, crawl over here.  Brass. Dude! Do you not want to get me up? My controller's right here. Revive Jesse. I will. Brass. Oh, my God! That is 30 seconds you have taken to try and revive me.  Now, before I go any further, I have to show you guys the Panini Blitz app. With the NFL Combine coming up, we figured it'd be a good time to show you guys the app again, so let's hop into it. So, I've talked about it before, but the Blitz app is basically a digital trading card app, but there is so much more you can do than just collect cards. However, you can collect cards, too. So, first thing first, I want to open a pack. I do this every single time. I haven't opened a majestic pack yet. I'm actually kind of pumped. So, to start us out, our majestic player is going to be Aaron Rodgers. Aaron Rodgers of the rival Green Bay Packers. I respect the man, and I don't like him at the same time because he's thrown a lot of Hail Mary passes on the Lions over the years. But that is a beautiful card to get for the start. Our next card is going to be a Terry Bradshaw. Oh, my God. That is an OG card. It's got 789 power. That is going to be super clutch. That's kind of lit. Our next one is Marshawn Lynch. What is this set? A signature Regal runners. It's like a vintage looking. I like this one. Marshawn Lynch with 630 speed. Okay, so that was a great start, but what you can do with these cards is two different things, which are by far the best things on the app. So, the contests have always been around. This is where you can basically do live fantasy sports.  I haven't done it right now because the NFL season isn't in swing anymore.  But right now I want to do pack battle, which is this new thing they just got, and I love pack battle.  So I'm going to show you guys right here. I'm going to open this Panini Contenders pack. We're going to see what we can get. Taco Charlton versus, I need a dub. Easy dub. Who didn't even send out for that? All right. Now he gets to choose the stats we use on this next one. Speed and strength. What you got for me? TJ Logan. Oh my God. He almost beat me with that. TJ Logan gets a very narrow dub. Two to zero. So we're going to go speed and skill. Aaron Rodgers beats out his teammate, DeMonte Adams. Uh-oh boys. I'm going to suicide. Jermaine Kiers here. Just going to let him just send him off. And hopefully Jared Goff can come out with a clutch wing. It's two to two right now. Good luck my friend. Oh God. I hope I guessed correctly. Let's go. Melvin Gordon was his last one. Not compete with Jared Goff. And we win three rounds just barely. All right. That's going to be it for now guys. I told you there was new stuff in this app. So we had to go through it. Make sure you download the Panini app. And you guys can play with me. My username is PapaMegues. You can send me trades. You can play with me if you want. Link is in the top of the description. And Panini again. Thank you so much for sponsoring this. Guys enjoy the rest of the video. All right. Let's get a dub this time boys. We got this. Sauce man. I just kind of want to look at it. You can definitely keep it though. Wow. That is sick. It just looks like a pistol.   I bet I got you guys. I'll do that. So like two weeks later. Back of my car. I don't think I need to finish. That's what she said. I have no idea.  Yeah. So I mean I don't know what to do now. You don't know what to do now. There's some things going on. Do I have to take your pants off for you? Do I have to put the condom on your dick? No. That already happened.  Are we going to go see the black panther? Don't freeze. I did not freeze. What happens if I say no? That's messed up. Oh messed up. Why did you do that? I'm so sorry he did that to you.   I won't fight with you. I'm coming up with you. I'm coming up with you. 23 left boys. We have killed zero people. Oh I'm getting shot at. Oh I see him. I see him. I got him. I got him. Yeah we put a 30 on him. That was so scary. I'm going to get barely hit by the storm. Go. Go. Go. You're saluting me off?  I love you my friend. This is so awesome. At where?   I'm embarrassed. I'm going down to get this loot down here to the left. Oh there's a gold scar. Got a snipe. I'm going for the gold scar. Ah that hurt. All I saw was the scar. I can check again.  Don't go in.  Vijay you're dead. What are you doing? Why did you do that? You're going to like out right. Oh my god. Sheesh. They're right there. They're on the right. Alright I'm going to rush them. Keep putting shots on. I'm donating. Nice work. I'm pushing. Oh you can still run around? Let's go poor man W. That was sick.     You'd be lying. You'd be lying if every game I didn't get the last couple of kills.  You just go for the kills. I go for the team wins. I'm a K. Kill yourself. Mine crashed. Can we just build something really stupid?  Let's do the skywalk. What we can do is we can start building it. We can start building it right now. Come back down and get more wood. Come back down and get more wood.  I'm getting scared of heights. Dude one time I was doing this and I was sprinting so hard and then I got to build heights so I wouldn't let me build another one but I was still sprinting so I just instantly died. Oh yep there's build height right there. Whoa whoa whoa back up. Back up. Jeez dude. We are so high up. This is my thumbnail right here.   I'm sorry guys. I love you all but I think it's about time. Hey watch.  Watch. Somebody randomly started vaping. Yeah you can see it. Let me see how slow this is.   Oh wait we can outrun it. Oh god I'm done looking back at it. Hey I think someone is throwing a vape bomb at us. Oh this might have been a really bad idea to throw that right there. Oh no. I just shouldn't have done that.   And I'm stuck in the storm. I have to wait it out. I'm waiting it out. I threw my vape I'm good. We're still back here because I threw the vape. I threw the vape so we were stuck back here. Oh my god. Look at how close we were. Alright let's go. Get us out of the storm. I'm about to die if we don't get out.  Because we can't win from up here can we? Maybe we should stay up here. Nah maybe not.  We're literally going to see somebody and just die. The prize is an all expense paid. Is that a shield? Ooh I can pay for those expenses. Yes. Just get it. Oh okay hey guys if you need tickets for anything I've talked about C-Geek before but if you need tickets for anything make sure you go to C-Geek. They have tickets for MLB, NFL, NBA I don't know how the NFL season is over but NBA is still popping and you can get concert tickets from them. So if you're interested check out C-Geek. Link in the description. And you can use my code MMG for 20 bucks off for first purchase. We're going to North Korea.  That is so sick.  You can't even see the end of it.  Bro is it literally, yeah sneak up on him.  Yes. He's rushing around the left side. Damn. Six health. Six health is bad. Oh jeep where did I even get shot from? A pistol? Who shot me? That didn't make any sense. I think it lied pretty bad.  We got a whole squad on us.  He's doing backpack dance. Hey that was a valiant effort. We tried the sky walk. Alright guys that's it for today's point. I hope you guys enjoyed. Alright guys that's it for now. Thanks for watching as always. Take care.


Hi, everyone. I'm here to talk to you about WebAssembly, like, as AmeriCode kindly said, I did race a car across the desert. I also flew on the Concorde on frequent fly points. So I've had this obsession with speed, and which is why I love WebAssembly. It's fantastic. And what you need to understand is what it actually is, right? It's a new capability for the web. It's a way that you can build really high-performance code and have it run inside your web application. It's also not a replacement for JavaScript. It works alongside JavaScript. So what it enables you to do is to take things like C++ and Rust and compile it into what we call a WebAssembly module or Wazm module. And you can load that into your web application and call it from JavaScript. Now, when we were developing this, one of the things was speed, right? It runs extremely fast. It runs at a small percentage slower than true native code. But more importantly, it's very secure. So what Wazm is, it's kind of a binary format that was specifically designed to be safer than JavaScript. So the instructions are very restricted. It's proven like there's a mathematical proof in a published paper about it. So it actually adds... There's a whole security layer by design. And on top of that, it runs inside Chrome Sandbox. So there are a couple of layers of protection there for you when you use it. But probably a bigger goal was portability. So we wanted to enable the compile once-run-everywhere model. And so it actually does run across a whole lot of browsers. So you might be wondering, what can you actually do with it? Well, say you already have a whole lot of native code. You might have a native app that runs on desktop or even in an app store. And it could be written in C++. It could contain business logic.   Now, you might think about bringing that over into the web. Now, during the keynote yesterday, there was this whole talk of the new web capabilities. If you have a native app, you can now pull in the web browser without the URL bar at the top, which was making the native app kind of or the web more native-like. Well, WebAssembly is the opposite end. It's making your web app more native-like. It actually pulls in these native things. So picture this. Picture a new video format. So we all use various video formats. There's WebM, there's H264, there's a whole lot of different video formats. But if you were, say, a developer that decided to come up with a whole new codec or a still-image codec, you might want to deploy that across the web. Now, you could do two things. You could wait for the browser implementers to actually implement it. You could log a bug against all the browser saying, implement my new cool image format or my new video format. Or you could just compile your C++ code into a WebAssembly module, load it in your web app, and use that video format everywhere without any changes. Hi, I'm Deepti. I'm a software engineer on the WebAssembly team. So you've heard Alex talk about what WebAssembly is. Why should you care? Why is this relevant to you today? So more and more applications are moving to the web. You have audio decoders, video decoders, game engines, music applications, and a whole lot of other computation-intensive applications. And we want these to run at near-native speeds and not need to be recompiled for each platform. And that's exactly what Wasm gives you. So, and that's exactly what Wasm gives you. And we have Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Edge, all support the first version of WebAssembly. And Edge, in fact, just shipped last week. And we're very excited about that. So what are some of the big companies that are using WebAssembly right now? This is a gif of the Unity game tanks. We have a screenshot from the Epic Zen garden from the Unreal Engine. And so we want to dig a little deeper into why all of these companies use Wasm. When you have a Wasm module, all of the module information is encoded in a dense binary format. So what this means is you have smaller binary sizes. You have faster loading, faster decoding. It's a smaller memory footprint. And it's just fewer bits over the wire, so everything is faster. So one of the things we want to do with this presentation is to showcase all of the variety of applications and use cases that Wasm works really well for.  For those of you that are not familiar with OpenCV, OpenCV is the open source computer vision library. And it's extensively used. So let's switch to the demo, please. So as you can see here, what we have is you have the WebAssembly version, which is OpenCV that's compiled to Wasm, running on the left side. And on the right side, you have handwritten JavaScript. The performance is measured by the amount of time it takes to detect Alex's face in the video stream. So as you can see, the Wasm version is currently at about 16 to 18 frames per second. And the JavaScript version is at about 2, 3 frames per second. What we want to show you here is that the Wasm version is so much faster than the JavaScript version. Can we switch to the slides, please? So like I said, this is an example of a large existing CC++ code base that was compiled to Wasm and ported to run in the web. And you can see that these are significant performance gains. The thing to bear in mind here is that the handwritten JavaScript might not actually be the fastest JavaScript there is. So the performance here might be slightly inflated. But you can still see that the performance difference is actually quite large. If you want to check out what is actually available, that's website, S-I-G-H-T. So make sure you look for the right thing. So when we were getting this talk ready, I was trying to think of what we could show you to give you an idea of what you could use WebAssembly for. So it's like we all build websites, right? And so these days, your average website is probably a megabyte or so. And 80% of that would likely be images. So I don't know about you, but my workflow is typically I'll take photos with my camera or whatever, and then I'll pull it into Photoshop, and I'll crop and tweak, and then I'll adjust the quality to try and get that image small. Because we want to save bytes on the wire, we want to make our pages smaller, and part of that is optimizing your images. I don't know, other people use command line tools, you use your favorite things. So I thought, what if we could actually do that inside the browser? So what I did was I took the independent JPEG group codec. So this is code that is in a lot of production applications. It's probably 20 years old by now. So it's had many, many years of debugging. It's rock solid. It ships in production. In fact, a derivative of it is inside blink to decode JPEG images, but we don't have a JPEG encoder in blink, right? So what I thought is, why don't I just take the IJG code, compile it into like a module, I can then load that module into my page, and I can load images and start playing with the quality and size to see what happens. So step one, which I encourage you all to do is to download the M-script and SDK and install it on your workstation. So once you've installed it, you will have a bunch of command line tools that help you work with WebAssembly. So this is what I do to compile my little JPEG transcoder. It's nice and simple. So EMCC is the M-script and C compiler. Now this flag minus swasm equals one tells the compiler to generate a WebAssembly module for me. The next line, which says minus export functions is JPEG transcode, exposes the C function JPEG underscore transcode to JavaScript courtesy of WebAssembly. So you can actually put a list of functions in here and export all of them. The next line, the output is JPEG squash.js. So what that is, is M-script and generated glue code. So that is JavaScript code that manages the WebAssembly module for you. So it manages the interface, it manages the loading, it manages all the calls in and out, et cetera. And then of course, the last thing is my source file at jpegtranscode.c. So once you've done that on your command line, it will build you a JavaScript thing called jpegsquash.js and a WebAssembly module. And this is how you use it from your HTML. So the first thing you do is put in this script tag, which pulls in jpegsquash.js. Now what this does is pulls in the WebAssembly module, hooks up all the glue logic and creates a global object called module. And module is how you interface to your WebAssembly. So the code that I actually write myself or you write as a developer is something like this. The first thing I do is set a boolean saying the WebAssembly is not loaded. Now the reason I do this is because WebAssembly modules are loaded asynchronously. So what happens is that when the first script line is executed, it kicks off the load and then it kicks off the actual compile. So in the background, the browser is compiling the WebAssembly module to machine code while the rest of your page is continuing to load. So they're running in parallel. Now in a future version of Chrome, we're gonna change this and we're actually gonna have streaming compile. So as the WASM module is coming across the wire, it will be compiling at the same time, which will give you faster startup. So I set this property on the module object, which is on runtime initialized. I set that to a function and that function will be loaded when my WebAssembly is ready. So it just sets the boolean to say, I can use this stuff. And so this is the simple function I wrote to bash JPEGs. So it takes two arguments. The source is a typed array containing my original compressed JPEG image. The second argument is the quality I'd like to compress that down to. So if the WebAssembly is not loaded, I just do nothing. If it's loaded, I call this function JPEG transcode, which if you recall on the previous slide, I had in my exports. So this passes in the source typed array, the number of bytes that it is and the quality I wanna set it to. And under the covers, it goes off to the C code that's been compiled. It decompresses the JPEG image. It recompresses it at the new quality and returns it inside that source typed array. And the return value from that function is the number of bytes of the newly compressed data. Now, of course, I can't put a typed array on my page very easily. So what I need to do is convert it to a blob URL. So we pass in that typed array into this function, make blob URL, which creates a blob URL, tags it with the MIME type image JPEG, and then I can attach it to any image node or even put it as a CSS background image. So why don't we just go to the demo and I'll show you how this works. Okay, so here's my beautiful UI of the application that I've built. And of course, it's the WebAssembly logo there. So I could pick a file. So say I've taken a photo on my camera, I can just click the choose file dialogue, which of course is being nice and slow on me. There we go. So I'll just pick this photo of my daughter and here I'm recompressing it at quality five. So you can see the original image on the left. You can see if you compress it to Q5 on the right. Now if I just grab the slider and bump it up to full quality, I'll kind of explain why I'm doing this. So this is 100% quality. The image is absolutely identical, but it's 935 kilobytes. Remember when I mentioned a megabyte for the typical web page? I don't want to deliver a megabyte. So I could like play binary chop or something. Well, let's go somewhere around the middle. So at 45, it's gone from 900K to 100K, and still this image is still not too bad. Like you can, you almost can't really tell. In fact, I can't really see a lot of difference here. I don't know about you. So let's go smaller again. So quality of 23. Now it's probably not so clear on the projector. You can actually see it. There are a few bands in the sky there, but overall the face is still kind of recognizable. The parrots are happy. You know, I might just ship this because the subject is clear, the sky's a bit bad, but I've only got 68 kilobytes.  Because if you use an automatic JPEG compression tool, it will use things like signal to noise ratio and decide to deliver you an image that is imperceptible from the original. And that's not what I want. I want to deliver less bytes over the wire. So I'll just show you one more image quickly. So this is an image that I took on Sunday with my Pixel 2. So this is a butterfly at the Californian Academy of Sciences. And again, I've compressed this at 23 quality, which is what I was using for the previous photo. It's only 54K. But you'll notice in this particular image only the center matters. Like there's this butterfly, it's in focus. And over the side here, it's all blurry because there's a lot of depth of field happening. So in fact, I could even shrink this even more. So we have 50K now. And I've experimented with this before I went on stage. So if you bump it down to, like, say, 10, that's still relatively clear in the middle. And you'll notice the background here. Like, you see the blur on the left and the blockiness on the right. Well, I don't care about that blockiness. So I can use my better judgment to say, well, that's blurred anyway, I'll let it be blocky. And in fact, this kind of gives it this artistic look. And then I only ship 37 kilobytes to my users. OK, so we flip back to the slides, please. By the way, if you want me to open source that, just ping me on Twitter. And I'll happily publish it. OK, so that's what one person would do as a bit of fun. Something that I would do in my day-to-day web workflow. But now I wanted to show you something that's a bit more serious. This is like a serious engineering company building a large-ish product. So what I'm going to talk about is this thing called Construct 3. And what this is, it's an in-browser game editor. So it's like a full-blown IDE, but running inside the browser courtesy of WebAssembly. Now, what they've done here is they've wrapped a whole lot of public open source libraries into an application that combines the best of native and the best of web. And this is what I was talking about earlier. Like, the keynote may improve native apps with web. But we're actually improving web apps with native. So what they bring into their application, they bring in a bunch of open source libraries, like they use FFmpeg for video encoding and decoding. They use Box2D as a physics engine. They use Zlib for compression. They use PNG Crush to squash down their PNG images. But they're not just using native code. They're also using a lot of browser capabilities. So they're using HTTP2. They're using ServiceWorker. They're using WebGL2, and they fall back to WebGL1 if it's not available. They use WebAudio for all their sound. They even use WebRTC. And so this is a full-featured, rich app. And one thing that's really, really interesting about their web experience is that the size of the thing they load is smaller than their native app. Now, you think about that for a minute. Because when they ship their native app, they have to compile all those native libraries, such as FFmpeg, et cetera, et cetera. But then they need to use the functionality that's already built in the browser. So things like WebRTC, like compiling that alone is like 2 and 1 half meg. So that has to be put into the native app. But when it's on the web, they can actually load a smaller payload, and it actually loads a lot quicker than their native app. So can we switch back to the demo, please? I'll just show you what this thing does. OK, so here is their IDE running inside the browser. Like, if there wasn't a URL bar there, you'd probably think this is like Xcode or Visual Studio or something like that. It's a full-featured web-based game editor. So it has things like the start page. We have tree controls here, and you have proper tree controls that work. We have property pages. We have this property page here somewhere. So like property pages, we even have a preview of the game that you're working on. Like, there in the window, you have inspectors on the left. So at the moment here, it says press to begin. I could just go over here to the tree control and click on the text that's displaying there. And if I scroll down in this inspector, I've clicked multiple things over here. I'll begin text. Then we can actually see, here's the text for press to begin. I can just change that to hello. And it changes in my preview window. Or I can even go into the editor, like in my kind of whizzy wig mode, and pull up the dialog box and change it to something, whoop, can't even spell. And then we actually change this live in our preview. So this is actually doing a lot of work in WebAssembly and taking advantage of the power of the browser. So the people that built Construct 3 also have all these great things, like you can actually start playing your game. So you can come up with a mouse. Here we go, hit play. Prepairs preparing the images, packing the game. And it pulls up a new window running this thing. So I can actually start playing this game. So I can fly around and start shooting things. And as you can see, it's nice and performant, because a lot of the logic is actually in native code running through WebAssembly module, which is very, very nice. Now, one of the things that they've built with this IDE is they've got all the native code that does all the magic and the editing and the tree controls at Teftra. But they've also used some of the best parts of the web. Now, what they've built is they've built this thing called Remote Preview. And what Remote Preview does is it creates this QR code. Like, I'm just going to pull out my phone and scan this QR code quickly, which gives me a URL, which I can click on. If I click on that URL, you'll see it's connected to this client, Chrome 62 on Android, right? And what it's actually doing is it creates... Excellent. I was actually going to ask you all to do that. All right, everybody, get your phones out and scan this QR code. I'll leave that there for a while. Many of you would want to do this, as you can. See if we can crash the server. I think if we try hard enough, we can. Keep going. So what this does is it actually takes advantage of WebRTC. I'm going to keep scrolling it. So WebRTC has this thing called a data channel. And that lets you send arbitrary binary data around. And so, in fact... I'll just leave that. How many have we got? 33? Do you want to keep scrolling? LAUGHTER And you've slowed down my load. I'm only at 97.9% here, people. Come on. And I'm loading the images. Anyway, it allows you to send binary data around the place. So they're in their IDE. They've actually built WebRTC data channel to talk to your mobile device and then send the WebAssembly modules across and all the images and the entire game. And then you can start playing the game in your phone straight from your IDE and try it out. So it's a very powerful facility, and hopefully some of you will get it loaded in a minute and can play. Can we go back to the slides, please? So we've heard about projects that are successfully using Wasm right now. We've heard about a whole bunch of these demos, and I want to talk about some really exciting things that we're working on for the future. So first up, we have threads. So the Threads proposal provides low-level building blocks for pre-thread-style shared memory between threads or web workers in this case and concurrency using atomics in few texas. So a lot of the existing native libraries that are available extensively use threads. So adding threads to Wasm simplifies porting multi-threaded applications to the web. And as a developer, this is functionality that you can use in your applications. You can build multi-threaded applications and have them work faster. And what's really exciting about this is that this is coming soon. We're actively working on it, and we should have something for you to try by the end of the year and launch in the first half of next year. So because of the nature of compilation targets, debugging in Wasm is not always easy. We have support for basic debugging, but we're actively working on adding source maps, memory inspection and all of that good stuff, so it will make debugging your application simpler and help with figuring out exactly what's going on with your application. What are some of the other features that we're working on? We're working on adding SIMD support. What does this mean? That means that we're adding support for vector instructions that are used in image, video processing, cryptography, et cetera. We are also working on zero-cost exception handling. So when you have CC++ applications that extensively use exceptions, what happens is that right now, we're emulating these using JavaScript, but that's not really fast, so we want to be able to provide a way for these to work in a way that there's no overhead. So a lot of this presentation, we've been talking about CC++ libraries, but what about support for other languages? To do that, we need garbage collection. We need to be able to efficiently allocate and manipulate managed objects directly from Wasm code, and there's a proposal in progress for adding GC support to Wasm. So so far, you've seen a variety of applications. You've seen game engines. You've seen image detection, compression, modular libraries. But how big can this really get? How about the size of the Earth? Let's switch to the demo, please. Thank you. So you've seen a snippet of this in... You've seen a snippet of this in the keynote yesterday, but we want to show you what a complex application like Google Earth looks like in practice when it's using Wasm. Let's go to the Empire State Building. You can see that this is a whole immersive application. You've got some awesome 3D content. You've got knowledge cards that tell you what other interesting sites are around. So let's try Voyager. Voyager is this really interesting application that lets you explore different destinations from around the world, and I love travelling, so let's see what interesting things we have here. So unusual city streets. How about that? So these are curated map stories that are available, so let's go. So let's see if this actually brings up Street View. And what I want to point out here is that this is using shaders, WebGL APIs, you know, and seamlessly interfacing in and out of the Wasm runtime to do this incredible immersive experience. One of the criticisms about Google Earth when it first came out was that it was Chrome only. Now, let's pull this up in Firefox and see what happens. We'll give it a second to load, but what we expect to see here is that this works just as well in Firefox as well as it does in Chrome. So to do an apples-to-apples comparison, let's look for the Empire State Building again. So you've got like a very similar, you know, the same 3D content, everything that's available in Chrome that's also available in Firefox. So you can see that this works in a truly portable way. Let's switch back to Slice, please. I also want to give a shout out to our colleagues on the Earth team that have worked on porting this to Wasm and made this such a seamless experience. They're here, Jordan and his team are here in person, so if you have any questions, please feel free to find them after the presentation. Cool. So what we kind of wanted to get across here today, especially for all the web developers out there, is WebAssembly is ready now for primetime production applications. We're super excited to see four major browser engines already ship this, Edge ship last week, so we have Edge, Safari, Firefox, and of course Chrome shipping this now. But also something to keep in mind is that it's not just desktop browsers. It's a mobile thing too. So Safari and iOS 11, as well as Chrome on Android, both support WebAssembly. So you can build highly performant applications using native code for mobile devices, which of course means faster execution time, which means less battery usage. So this is why it's a really exciting technology. Not just that, but not only the browser vendors, but there are other large companies working with WebAssembly now. So we've seen that Unity and Epic are both using it, so it's a true game changer for the web. We also have Autodesk releasing AutoCAD using WebAssembly. So these large players are using it because they realize this is kind of a next-generation, high-performance web application environment, and you should be taking advantage of it too. Because using WebAssembly, you'll build better applications that will delight your users. Thank you.