What's up, everyone? I'm Jeffrey at Lightbox. In this video, I'm going to show you how to improve your designs with Elementor. I'm going to show you three tips on how to make your designs look more professional, more polished, and they're just going to look doper by the end of this. Well, let's just go ahead and dive in and get started. For this tutorial, we're going to use this design right here for our example. Now, this is a really quick layout and landing page I put together. It's just a simple, clean layout and design. Now, just because something is simple and clean does not make it easy. And if you've been building websites and trying to learn design, you probably already figured out making something look simple is actually kind of complicated because we have the same layout right here, the same elements. But if we go through it, it just doesn't feel as polished. I want to show you how to not just spot what is off of the design, but how to prevent it from happening and how to make it so your layout is clean just like this. Design tip number one, adding clean and consistent section spacing. So the section spacing, each one of these areas right here, each one of these layers is a section. So we got our banner section right here, then we got our opening section right here with the logos. You got your section right here with the image and content. Then you have the same section right here just in reverse. Then we have our testimonial section right here. Then we have our icon and service section right here and call the action section right here. So each one of these needs to have its own spacing and we're going to create a system for this. We need to create a guide because if you look at the spacing here, everything is consistent. The spacing from the top and the bottom here is the same throughout the entire webpage. And this has a huge impact on the design and how the design and layout looks. A lot of the times when the design looks off, something is off is because the spacing is inconsistent. Let's take a look here. And here's how an inconsistent design looks with section spacing. So we have a lot of spacing here on the top and smaller spacing here on the bottom. Same thing on this next section right here, we got large spacing here and small spacing down here and so on. Now initially it might look okay, but something in the subconscious of the mind and the way that we're perceiving it could look off. And this is one of the biggest reasons. So to get started with this and to fix this, what we want to do is we want to first create a guide and here's how a guide looks. It's really simple to put together. You don't even need a fancy design tool to do this. You could do this right inside your notebook with a pen and paper and just first figure out how much spacing on the top and bottom you want and on the right and left. This is the main spacing that I would use. Now I would use 60 pixels on the top, 60 pixels on the bottom and that is going to be the top and bottom for each section. Now on the right and left, you see I have 12 pixels on the right and left. The reason why I put 12 on the right and left, that is for mobile. I find that being the sweet spot when it comes to mobile devices having just a little bit of spacing on the right or left. And then next on the right hand side, you see I have one other one I added and this one's a bit smaller with 40 to 40. Now this is sort of like my secondary guide right here for those rare situations where you will need tighter spacing. Stick to one or two. You don't want to create more because the more you create, you're creating more inconsistency throughout the website and if you are right now just learning design and trying to get your design skills down, you want to first start with the basics and start being able to just create a consistent layout before trying to get too artistic and experimenting with other things. Don't experiment right now, let's first get down the basics. So now let's take our guide and use it in Elementor. So here in our Elementor editor right here, now our banner section, this is going to be the only one that is going to differ from our guide because the banner is different from the rest of the sections, it's going to take up a whole lot more real estate and space on the webpage. Let's go ahead and take a look at the other sections first. So here we go our first section up here and you can see we're actually using two sections here, but this is all actually just one section how we need to treat it in our design. So if I click up here in our edit for the section, if I go to advance, you'll see I have 60 pixels on the top, I have 12 on the left and I have 12 on right and if I go to the other section, the second section to the whole section, if I go to advance, I have now zero on the top but I have the 60 pixels on the bottom and again 12 on left and right. So I have 60 pixels on top, 60 pixels on bottom and that is for the whole section right here and that's how the section looks consistent. You may notice here I'm using padding instead of margin. When it comes to adding spacing with sections, we want to stick to only padding and the reason for this is because a section should stack on top of each other like you should have one section here and one section here stacked. When you add the padding in it, you're adding the padding inside the section but if you use a margin, it's going to push the sections away from each other and when you do that, you're going to have all kinds of inconsistencies and issues that is going to come up later. It's going to happen. Now if we go back through right here, you can see I got again 60 on the top, 60 on the bottom, then 12 on left and right and as I go all the way through, all my padding are exactly the same. A very useful tip is to set up your sections first before even adding anything to them. For example, right here I'll go ahead and add a section. When I add my section before I start adding text and images inside of it, I want to set it up. So I'll go here to add a section, navigate to my advanced and I'll go ahead and put in my padding according to my guide. So I got 60 on the top, 60 on the bottom and 12 on the right and left. Now my section is set up. It's good to go and now I can start adding elements inside of it and as long as I start off every section this way, well it's going to be consistent clean. It's just going to look a whole lot smoother. Design tip number two, widget spacing. If we look here on this design, so we have an even spacing between each part of the content, between the subheader has the same spacing as the title has with the text underneath it. And if we scroll down the site, each one of these has is exact same spacing as we go through. So the spacing doesn't change on any of them. Now if we look at our off design, we're first going to see that on our banner right here, the spacing is quite different. So the spacing between this text right here and this text right here is different. This has a lot more spacing on it. And if we go down to this section right here, we're going to see the subheader has not that much spacing between the title and that this has a lot more spacing. Another thing we're going to see is that the spacing between this subheader and this title here and this subheader and this title here is also different. So what we want to do is we want to make all these consistent throughout the entire webpage. So what Elementor has is they have something built in with widget spacing, which you could control the spacing from all your widgets. And this helps your designs have a cleaner layout. You could find this if you go over to your column and inside your column, you're going to have right here your widget spaces. So if you want less space here, you see you can shrink it or you can add to it. Also, if you go over to your site settings, you could control the default for all of them. And if you navigate over here to your layout, and then right here underneath your widget spaces, you can leave it at 20, which comes at default, you can move it down to 12, or you could take it down to zero. Now, the one thing that I really suggest whenever doing this is whatever you choose, make sure it's a number that makes sense, a pixel that makes sense. Don't do 19, don't do something like 13 or just an odd number. It doesn't really make sense. I try to stick with I try to stick within the multiples of four and everything I do, just because it gives something that is more consistent because having it either at 12, 16, or 20, that to me makes sense. And maybe I just got OCD, which I do have a bit of it. Have an OCD in design is good and bad. Talk about that later. But don't do something weird leaving it at like 17. It's just a weird number. Sometimes we got to do math to adjust the pixels so that way they're consistent. And if you're having odd numbers, that's going to make it more complicated later on. Let's go back to our banner right here because as you can see, I don't if I go to each one of my elements, I have nothing in the margins and paddings. And again, here, I would only use paddings if I needed it. If I go here, again, I don't have anything, because I want my text to be the same size. But right here for the call to action button, I want space. I want to create a bit of space between my call to action and my and the content, because I want that call to action to stand out a bit more. So what I did was if I go over here to my paragraph, you're going to see I added an additional 20 pixels underneath it. The reason why I added 20, and I didn't add something like 15 or 17 or something off is I wanted to make sense for me, having a spacing of 20, 20, 20, and then 40 makes a whole lot more sense. And to the subconscious mind, and the subconscious intake that a user is going to have, having those consistent numbers is going to be a lot easier on the mind as is taken in the design and taken in the content. So I keep everything very consistent. Do not just add random numbers like this, because even though three pixels might not seem like that much, when you're adding random numbers like this, it does impact the way that the design is going to come out. It's going to come out subconsciously. We're not going to be able to see it, you know, right here, but something's going to look off. So I never use random numbers instead, choose them very thoughtfully and design tip number three, creating a clean and consistent layout. So your layout width, this is going to be the width of your content inside each section. So you're going to have sections like this where your width is pretty much full right here, which covers the whole area. You'll have sections like this right here, where your width is a bit more narrow. It's smaller right here. And then we go back to the full right here. So one thing you notice, if we scroll down this page, and if you look at the sides right here, they're going to have an even line as we scroll through. And if we go to the off design right here, and if we scroll through, we're going to see that the lines are a bit off. They're not as even right there. And this has a dramatic impact on the design and how it's perceived by the user. So what we want to do to start off with, this is going to be very similar to setting up for your section spacing. We want to first start off by putting together a guide. So create a guide. Again, you could just draw this and write this inside a notebook before you start a project. And we want to create two, we want to create two widths. One of them, this top one right here, the 1280 pixels. This is going to be for the large sections that is covering most of the webpage. And then we're going to have this one right here, smaller one at 900 pixels. And that's going to be for the smaller sections are more narrow. Let me show you how this works inside of design. Here's a design that we're working on right now. This is a given idea on how to structure the width of your content and in your layout. So as you can see here, we got these red lines right here. And this is the outer wraps right here. So this, this defines our gutter and how much we want to make the width of our content. Now the gutter, that's going to be on the right and left sides. That is a space that the content does not go past. So we have those spaces on the sides. And then we have a secondary line right here. And this is going to be for the smaller sections. So we want those smaller sections that they don't need to be full width. We want to make those defined as well. We want to set two of them. Because now if we go through, and if you take a look at the design, we make everything fit in it. You can see here I got this content. This is larger content stretched out to the outer guides. And then we got the ones for the smaller guides. The first step is to define how much width that you want for both your large content and your smaller content. The next step is going to be setting this up in Elementor. So when you're starting a project, first navigate over here and go over to your side settings.  And then define your content width right here and make it the large one. So this is going to be your main content width. So as you can see here, I define mine at 1280. When you set that up, go here to your edit section and just leave it on box. And don't put in anything here on your width. If you manually do this on each one of your sections, you're going to create more work that needs to be done and you're going to open up room for error. Every single section I go through that is a full section. You see I leave it just as that is set up to go. And it's nice, even and clean. We're going to have smaller sections like this. So define your small sections. When you do have a small section like this, go back to your layout. In my layout, it was 900 pixels. And that is when I will go ahead and put 900 right there. And you'll see on every single one of the smaller sections, I have 900. So we got full section, full section, small section, take it down to 900. Small section right here at 900. Then we got full section and we just leave it undone and by default at 1280. So that is how we keep a really clean layout.  It's not consistent. First master, putting together a clean website and working on consistency and making sure your grid, your layout and everything is consistent and your websites are going to get so much better. They're going to look so dope and your skills are going to go up. And as your skills goes up, well, the results that you deliver to your clients goes up and then ultimately your prices should go up too, which I am all for and I'm hoping that this helps you out. And you might notice if you've seen some of my other videos, this is a bit different right here. And I'm going to be doing a bit more of these kind of videos focusing on the design aspects of building websites because if you get better at design, well, your skills improve and the better your business is, the better clients you could find, the better work you could deliver, that is ultimately going to help you build your business if you are creating websites for clients. And if you are creating websites just for yourself, you're a do it yourself type of person, then this is going to help you build a better website for yourself. That's going to give you more results. So I got more content like this coming up that is design focused. So if it does help and if you do like this and go ahead and subscribe, hit that notifications. I'm going to have at least one or two of these coming out every single week. And yeah, drop comments. Let me know your thoughts. If you have questions, let me know I get back to everyone. I hope this video helps and I'll be back soon with another video. Thank you.


In fact, one of the later slides will compare them. We'll come back and compare them. Let's just summarize the operations. We generate keys or round keys, sub keys. So we take our original key and apply some operations to generate sub keys, k1 and k2 in our case, because we have two rounds. The operations of p10, p8, and the shift are defined. They're fixed. They are known by everyone. They're public. They're known by a malicious user. So an attacker knows what they are, and they never change. To encrypt, we apply our initial permutation at the start of the operation. We apply some function, and that's got many detailed steps, using sub key 1. Swap the halves. Apply the same function, and then swap using k2, and then to finish the inverse initial permutation. And decryption is the same steps. IP, the function, swap the halves, the function, inverse IP. So encryption and decryption are the same code or the same algorithm. Just that we use the keys in the opposite order. And of course, we have the ciphertext on input, and we get the plaintext out. It's not the purpose to remember all these operations or the permutations. It's just to demonstrate that all that we're really doing is the simple operations we saw in classical ciphers. We're doing transpositions or permutations. And in the S-box, we're doing a substitution. So in the function f of k, the dark gray box, there's two S-boxes in there that define we take four bits in, and we get two bits out. They were defined here. So a substitution box. So the cipher is a combination of substitutions and transpositions. And you should have tried this and got to the ciphertext. If you've got any troubles with that, then again, the operations are very simple. It's just a matter of being careful with performing those operations, making it clear in your notes so that you don't make some simple mistakes. The answer, I think the entire steps are on the website for that example. So you can check your answer. So in summary, simplified desks and educational encryption algorithm, it can be expressed as some equation where those operations are defined. For example, to encrypt, we take some plain text. We apply the initial permutation. On the output of that, we apply our function using k1, subkey k1. The output of that, we swap the halves. Then we apply our function, the same function again, but use k2 as an input. And then when we're done, the inverse initial permutation. And then the second equation is the decryption operation. And you see it's the same, exactly the same, except here we use k2 and then k1. Of course, we've only got a 10-bit key. Brute force is easy. We've only got 1,024 possible keys to try. So from that perspective, it's insecure. But the algorithms or the steps themselves considered good for such a simple, small cipher. And when we come to the real desk, it's the same. Even though the key may not be secure, the algorithm itself is considered secure. For example, if you took, if you knew a pair of plaintexts and ciphertexts, even with simplified desks, try and work out what the key is, not easy. So now how do we compare that to the real desk, the thing that is used or has been used in practice? Some of the characteristics, simplified desks, we used an 8-bit block. Real desk operates on 64-bits. So we take 64-bits of plaintext at a time. And when we split it into halves, we have 32 and 32 bits, the left and the right half. Real desk has a 56-bit key. And I've said before, in fact, it's a 64-bit key, but eight of those bits are not used in the algorithm. They're just used for a parity check. So effectively, there's 56-bits for security purposes. And there are 16 rounds. We had two rounds, two applications of this function f. Desk has 16 rounds. And as a result, we generate 16 round keys. And they're all 48-bits in length. So there's an algorithm that takes our 56-bit key and generates 16 round keys. The initial permutation, because our blocks are 64-bits, is also a 64-bit permutation. Our function f, uppercase f, operates on 32-bits, whereas if you look in simplified desks, I think the light gray box, you'll see it operates on four bits at a time. And we had two S-boxes, S0 and S1. There are eight S-boxes because we have more bits coming in. And again, if you write real desk as an equation, we see we take the plaintext, an initial permutation just at the start, apply some function using K1, swap the halves, apply the same function using K2, swap the halves, and just keep doing that. You do that, apply that function 16 times. So the function with key 15, swap the halves, the function with key 16, and at the end, the inverse initial permutation. And the decryption is the same. So that we're not shown here the decryption. Same equation except here we'd use K16, 15, 14, K2, K1. We use the keys in the opposite order. We'll just quickly go through, and I'll show you some of the desk details. We're not going to go through in any detail, but just to give you an illustration that it's the same as in simplified desks, but bigger. The encryption algorithm, initial permutation, round one with K1, round two with K2, round 16 with K16. And then we finish with the inverse IP. And of course, we take a key as an input, and we generate those round keys using, for example, permutations and left shifts. We saw a left shift in simplified desks to get K1 and K2 and so on. And same in simplified desks. The operations, those permutations are defined and fixed. So they're always these values. For example, the initial permutation, the first bit, if you read it row by row, moves to the 40th position here. The second bit on the input moves to the 8th bit here, and so on. And the inverse, we see that the 40th bit moves to the first position, the 8th bit to the second position, and so on. You'll see some pattern there, those permutations. On their own, they don't add any security, but they assist in getting the correct ciphertext out. And again, the permutations, the expanded permutator defined, the different permutation functions are defined. And a single round, our function f of K, we take our halves, expand and permutate the right half, XOR with the key, S box, permutate, XOR with the left half, and we get our output. If you look back and compare the simplified desks, it's the same algorithm, the same steps. There are eight S boxes, not just two. We have 48 bits in. Each S box takes six bits as an input, so six lines here, and produces four bits as output. So we get 32 bits out. And the S boxes are defined. And similar, you look up the row and the column based upon the input, and it gives you the value of the output, a four-bit output. It's shown here as a number between zero and 15, a four-bit value. And the other operations. That's... For the block ciphers, the symmetric ciphers, that's the only one we're going to go through in any detail. In some later ciphers, maybe after the midterm, we'll see asymmetric cryptography. We'll go through some details, but they're in fact much simpler than this. There are many other ciphers, block ciphers. They have similar design principles. So let's comment about the issues with design of the real desks and the potential for attacks. One measure of the security of cipher, and it's related to the measure of how good it is against or the concept of diffusion and confusion, is called the avalanche effect. An avalanche is when something, say, starts falling, a small stone starts falling at the top of the mountain, and it knocks on other stones, and they knock on more stones. And at the end, many things are falling. It's a large fall of rocks and so on. It's known. So you start with something small and it contributes to changing many things as it goes. This effect is desirable in ciphers. And it's defined as a small change of the input should produce a large change on the output. That's the idea. So, for example, a small change in the key, if we have some cipher, we take one key and click with our cipher, we get some ciphertext. If we change that key by just one bit, then what we'd like is that the ciphertext as an output is changed by many bits. Changing just one bit on the input should change many bits on the output. That's desirable. It turns out that desk has this avalanche effect. That is, when you make a small change on the input, it'll make a big change on the output. And from that perspective, it's good in terms of security. Desk is considered strongly a strong algorithm. One of the reasons is because it exhibits the avalanche effect. Let's demonstrate with an example we will not calculate. We'll do two different cases. The first case, we take some plaintext input and it's shown in hexadecimal here. It's a 64-bit block. We take this plaintext one and we have a key, some key which will use the same value in both operations. We'll encrypt plaintext one with a key and we'll get some ciphertext. And then we'll do the same operation. We'll encrypt plaintext two with the same key and we'll get some ciphertext. The difference between plaintext one and two is just one bit. It's at 64 bits. In hexadecimal, we see all those digits are the same except the first digit. So in hexadecimal, if we convert to binary, plaintext one is... each digit is four bits, so zero here followed by two and followed by all the other bits, whereas plaintext two is zero, zero, zero, one and all the other bits are the same. So there's only one bit that differs in the input of the two different plaintexts. So we encrypt p1 with some key, get some ciphertext. We encrypt p2 with the same key and get some ciphertext and then compare the ciphertext. And this shows that it compares the output of not just the final ciphertext but each round. Remember in desks there are 16 rounds. So this is the input. Our plaintext one at the top and plaintext two below it. That's the input to our desks. And at the end, the output is here. This is ciphertext one, this is ciphertext two. But in fact we see the output of each operation or at least each round in this case. If this is the input to desks after the first round the output will be these two values. You can see that's similar. Almost the same. Turns out the only difference the number of bits which are different if we convert these two hexadecimal values to binary there's only one bit difference. So in the input there's one bit difference. The delta, the difference is one. And after the first round there's one bit difference. But in desks we of course we apply, we repeat the operation 16 times. After the second round there are five bits different in the output. And after the third round 18 bits and then we do seven we around 30, 32 bits differ. And at the end 32 bits differ in this example. Which is exactly what we want. What we want is if we change one bit on the input then we should randomly change bits on the output ciphertext. And if it's randomly changing bits half of them we'd expect to change on average. If you've got 64 bits of ciphertext then a different ciphertext a different ciphertext should differ by on average 32 bits, half of those bits. So we encrypt p1 we get out to the output at the end here c1 some value and also if we encrypt p2 with the same key we get c2 we want so if we have some bits here whatever they are then if we'd like c1 and c2 to be different on average then half of those bits should be different values. And that's what this counts here. But 32 bits were different which is exactly half in this case on average we'd like half. Sometimes it would not give us exactly 32. Changing one bit on input produces many bits changing on output. It doesn't show us which bits but it just counts the number of bits. We could determine by converting this to binary if you want. So in fact the goal is to produce half of the bits to be different which we achieve. In fact after about round 4 we achieve that. So we could have from that perspective stopped at round 4 after we do round 4 from the perspective of the avalanche effect of round 4. We've changed half of the bits but we keep going it doesn't hurt in terms of security it does hurt in terms of performance the more rounds you do the longer it takes to encrypt something. If we stopped after one round this cipher would not exhibit the avalanche effect because we'd have one bit change on the input if we performed just one round then the two ciphertext values c1 and c2 would be different and then an attacker can potentially use that information to take the ciphertext pairs and work out what this plaintext was. If we stopped after round 2 then 5 bits different again they are similar c1 and c2 would be similar 18 bits after 4 rounds then we start to get significant differences. So that's an illustration of the avalanche effect. Small change on input large change on output this is the case where we change one bit in the input plaintext where we keep the key fixed the same value we can do the same by keeping the same plaintext but changing the key value. Take one plaintext value encrypt it using c1 and then take the same plaintext and encrypt it using c2 where c2 differs from c1 by just one bit one bit change on input and in this example it produces 30 bits change on output around our half around 32 or close to 32 so same plaintext here but 2 different keys after 1 round we got 3 bits different 11, 25 and now we're around or close to our desirable goal of 32 bits different. If a wrapper exhibits the avalanche effect then we consider it's good in terms of security if it doesn't then that's a potential flaw that an attacker can take advantage of and DESC does exhibit the avalanche effect and also indicates that using 16 rounds is a good design choice if the designer chose to use 2 rounds it would not be a good choice why not use 10 rounds well it would be good from the avalanche effect it would be better in terms of performance but they need to make some decision somewhere and say the more we do the better for security but worse for performance and the decision was 16 seemed reasonable in that case you could do 100 rounds and it would be more secure but it would take more time to process the other part of the security of DESC so it's considered that the algorithm itself is secure but what about the key length what about brute force attack so from a security perspective only 56 bits are used for encryption 8 bits are for parity check so from the attacker only really needs to guess 56 bits we only care about those 56 bits so how long does a brute force attack take with a 56 bit key so 2 to the power of 56 possible keys which is that 70 billion or 70 million 70 million billion you can work it out what it is many, so 16 zeros that's the number of possible keys so what if we attempt to decrypt we've got a ciphertext we decrypt with the first possible key check the plaintext does it make sense if not, move on to the next one just try all the keys until we get plaintext that makes sense on average we'd have to try half of those keys to get the right plaintext so when DESC was designed or after it was released in 1977 people estimated how much it would cost to build a machine a computer perform a brute force attack they didn't build it, they estimated so this is what 40 35 years ago they estimated it would cost them about $20 million at that time which is quite expensive for a computer to build a computer that would break it in 10 hours in 1998 so 14 years ago the, what is it? the electronic frontiers foundation they built a machine that broke DESC so they performed a brute force attack it cost them $250,000 US and it took them 3 days to get the key so at that time DESC was considered insecure because for you and I this is expensive but for an organisation that wants to get secret information or a government organisation to break DESC so brute force attack was possible in that case so EFF just used commodity off the shelf computers and put them together and broke it in 3 days so 56 bits is considered too short against a brute force attack it's not long enough we need more bits so that's the primary problem with DESC the algorithm is considered secure people don't know of any well there are no known flaws in the algorithm that make it easy to break but the key length is too short so people took advantage of that they knew that the algorithm was secure or they assume the algorithm is secure they have implementations of the algorithm in software and hardware so, but the key length is too short so we developed triple DESC or three DESC which uses DESC but three times and there's two different ways you effectively instead of have a 56 bit key you either double the key length have two 56 bit keys or you can even triple the key length two well this is called 128 bit so two times 64 bits but of course some are used for parity check so to increase the key length just apply DESC multiple times using a different key each time we'll show some examples of that and see why triple DESC is needed and why double DESC using just two operations doesn't work maybe a bit later but definitely today what about other attacks and we're not going to describe them I don't know how some of them work in details but people have tried to do different types of attacks in theory mainly against DESC not doing a brute force but trying to take advantage of knowledge of the algorithm the implementation of the algorithm to try and break the cipher one type of attack is called a timing attack the encryption is implemented they're in software or hardware and each operation the X or the the S box takes some time what a timing attack does is they try to measure how long each operation takes and from that depending upon the input plain text the input to each operation it may take different time so from the timing of each operation try and work out what the plain text or key is so observing in a very small detail of nanoseconds so on what your hardware is doing while it's encrypting something with DESC and if you can make out if you can work out encrypting this sequence of bits or applying this operation took 5 nanoseconds but then the next round it took 7 nanoseconds then that difference in time can potentially be used to work out eventually what the plain text or the key was possible in theory but not very useful in practice A because it's hard to implement it's hard to get that information so when I'm encrypting something to measure what my computer is doing is not easy and B because it's quite easy usually to prevent the way that the implementations prevent or stop timing attacks is to add some randomness to the implementation so when your CPU is doing some processing different add some random delays in there which slows down the encryption but prevents a timing attack so in practice it's not useful against DESC another type of attack differential crypt analysis is to look at when you encrypt two different plain text blocks similar like the avalanche look how they evolve as you encrypt them after each round and from the differences try and then work out okay if you know the ciphertext and plain text try and work out what the key or the other plain text was in theory again it turns out if you use such approaches then there are techniques that can break DESC in 2 to the power of 47 encryptions our brute force attack takes 2 to the power of 56 so that's let's say that's the limit we'd need to do better than that brute force maximum number of operations is 2 to the 56 so when comparing attacks we normally don't talk about time we talk about how many operations how many encryption or decryption operations so brute force we need 2 to the power of 56 different operations in the worst case turns out if we can break DESC that is find the key of the plain text in less operations then that's better from the attacker's perspective with differential crypt analysis there are techniques that can break it in 2 to the power of 47 compared to 2 to the 55 that's the average this is the maximum let's write the average which is would take us 256 times less to break the cipher because the difference is a factor of 8 that is this attack is 2 to the power of 8 times faster than a brute force attack because if it takes 2 to the 55 operations here this takes 2 to the 47 operations that's 2 to the power of 8 a factor of difference or 256 so if our brute force attack took a year on some computer then this would take a day or two still not significant okay 256 times is okay but it's not not great in some cases the problem with such an attack is that it takes advantage of and requires chosen plain text remember when we spoke in one of the first lectures in general the types of attacks the more information the attacker has the easier it is to attack and we listed the what do we have we had chosen plain text chosen cipher text a combination of the two so depending upon what the attacker could know it made it easier as they knew more information in this case if the attacker can choose plain text get the corresponding cipher text for each of those plain text values then using that information they can try and find the key and they can find the key in 2 to the 47 operations so long as they have about 2 to the power of 47 plain text values which in practice is impossible 2 to the power of 47 different plain text and the corresponding cipher text to get those values is almost impossible that is what 100 it's almost it's almost a million billion different plain text values 10 to the power of almost 10 to the power of 50 so in theory possible but in practice not very convenient because the attacker would need to get those plain text values store them somewhere and then they perform the attack another approach linear crypt analysis is to try to find some linear approximation some equations that approximate the relationship between the cipher text and key or cipher text and plain text and from that try and work out what the key is and it turns out using that the technique is a little bit better 2 to the 43 operations so 16 times better or faster than this but actually sorry that's wrong using 2 to the 43 known plain text I think in terms of the effort it's similar to this one around 2 to the 47 but for it to work again you need a lot of known plain text less than this but not many so in theory attacks are possible in practice desk the algorithm is considered secure but the key length is too short that's the problem so brute force is possible finally about the design of desk it was designed as we said at the start of this this topic designed or standardised by NIST in the US but designed originally by IBM and the NSA in the US and the design was done in private that is a company and an organisation come up with a design known else knew how they made the decisions why did they choose the S boxes as they were why did they choose 16 rounds not 20 rounds and therefore there are some questions about the motivation and some people had doubts as to whether possibly it was designed such that some organisations could break it if they knew about the motivation for the design but it turns out in most cases it's considered still considered secure after a lot of analysis it's been around for 40 years people have tried to break it but it's still considered quite secure turns out the S boxes work quite well they provide confusion in the output people have done analysis to show that if you took the S box of des and changed it by just a small amount the output would be much less secure which suggests that the design is designed in a way that it produces a secure output so the S boxes were designed to provide confusion in the output whereas permutations to increase the diffusion in the output is a summary of the design principles of des algorithm is secure key length is not we're going to look at the extensions the algorithm is good key length is not so the first approach is you apply the algorithm two times and use two different keys that effectively increases the key length doubles it the same algorithm which is an advantage leading to triple des and then we'll list some other ciphers but we'll do that after the break because it takes to give some example there it takes a fair bit of time which I think we'll not try to rush it right now let's try and look at another example we'll come back to that how long have we got 20 minutes let's start it and then we'll do the example after the break that may be easier so since people consider the algorithm for des to be good but the key length not to be good they wanted to design a new cipher that uses the same algorithm but increases the key length the advantage is that of using the same algorithm is that you know it's good you don't have to test it much more and you've already got software implementation so you can reuse the software and hardware so that's an advantage of continuing to use des and the approach quite simply is encrypt multiple times but with different keys and we'll go through the cases double des is you encrypt twice so we'll see on subsequent slides single des we take des we encrypt let's instead of give the name let's just say e to encrypt we take some plain text as input and we get cipher text as output and we take a 64 bit key that's single des or normal des so for double encryption take our plain text encrypt that with a 64 bit key let's say k1 and then take the output of that encrypt that with a different 64 bit key k2 and get our cipher text that's all so the same algorithm here this is des used encrypt with a 64 bit key we get a 64 bit output then encrypt that 64 bit output again using a different key and we get our cipher text again still 64 bit blocks on input and output double des from a brute force attack in single des they need to try 64 bit key 2 to the power of 64 or we know that in fact only 56 bits are relevant but we often refer to it as a 64 bit key with double des the attacker has to guess both of the key values because there's no good knowing just one because if you know k1 you need to then work out what value of k2 is given to give the cipher text so in double des the attacker would need to know both key values k1 is 64 bits k2 is 64 bits effectively we have 128 bits that the attacker needs to guess so they're 2 to the power of 128 possible keys as opposed to 2 to the power of 64 possible keys so that's the idea of combining the ciphers together use the same algorithm just apply it twice and use a different key each time let's work that out let's simplify and let's say we have a 3 bit key even simpler 2 bit key instead we have a cipher that takes a 2 bit key as an input so the values we know there are 4 values so the attacker has to guess which key it is so if it takes a 2 bit key then there are 4 possible 2 to the power of 2 4 possible keys so a brute force attack in the worst case we need to try all 4 apply the same algorithm we have a 2 bit key here and another 2 bit key here so what are the possible values k1 and k2 can be any of those 4 values how many combinations do we have we have 16 combinations because we could have 00 and 00 k1 and this value of k2 we have 00 01 00 and then so there are 4 values then we have 01 00 so effectively we have a 4 bit key in this case so 2 plus 2 and so the number of keys is 2 to the power of 2 plus 2 in this case which is 16 and hence if we have a 64 bit key it increases the length up to 128 bits it doubles the length the problem with double des although the key length is doubled the amount of effort to break it is not doubled is not much stronger than the amount of effort needed to break single des we'd expect we'd hope if we had 2 to the power of 64 for single des then we'd hope we'd take 2 to the power of 128 operations to double des but it turns out that's not true there's another attack that we can perform such on double des the amount of effort to break it is about the same as single des about twice as single des 2 times the effort is about the same that is if it takes 1 day to break single des and 2 days to break double des then they're both considered insecure 1 day 2 days no one cares, that's still insecure same as 1 year 2 years well we just buy a double the speed to computer or spend twice the money and we can break it so the effort needed to break double des is not proportional to the power of 128 it's about the same as single des and that's what led to triple des which increases the strength we want to explain why double des is not much better than single des then we'll finish on triple des so this is double des or double encryption to encrypt we take our plain text apply the encryption operation of des with a 64 bit key this could be confusing sometimes I say 64 bit key sometimes I say 56 bit key for des just remember des takes a 64 bit key as input but only uses 56 of those bits so in fact from a security perspective the attacker only needs to guess 56 bits I'll try and use 56 instead of 64 so we take a key as input we encrypt we get some values output let's say some value x then we encrypt that again using the same cipher but using a different key k2 we get our ciphertext and the decryption is the opposite take our ciphertext apply des the decryption form of des using k2 we get x where this x should be the same as that x because if we encrypt you look at this top picture and go backwards decrypt with k2 should give us x take x decrypt with k1 should give us p back and that's all this shows the decryption algorithm so if we encrypt our plaintext once with k1 we get x and similar if we take our ciphertext and decrypt with k2 we'll get the same value x and that's where a flaw in this algorithm comes in because what an attacker can do is what's called a meet in the middle attack try and find x and from that work out what the correct key is so since we have 256 bit keys giving us a key length of 112 bits we would hope that would take on average 2 to the power of 111 operations in a brute force attack but it turns out if we apply the meet in the middle attack it takes around about 2 to the power of 56 operations about the same as single desk how does it work we'll describe the approach here and then after the break I'll go through an example that illustrates it what the attacker does is first they need to know some pairs of plaintext ciphertext so the attacker must know here's a plaintext value p1 and it knows the corresponding ciphertext c1 which was obtained by encrypting with k1 and k2 so let's say in the past the users have encrypted some plaintext with k1 and k2 obtained some ciphertext and the attacker they don't know the key k1 and k2 but they have found the value of p1 and c1 they know a pair of plaintext ciphertext and possibly they most likely need to know multiple pairs more than just one so that's an assumption in this case that the attacker has somehow found some pairs of plaintext ciphertext so a known ciphertext a known plaintext attack they don't have to choose the values they just need to know any values and the aim of the attacker is to find k1 and k2 the attacker knows two plaintext ciphertext pairs in this case pa ca pbcb let's denote them what the attacker does is takes the first known plaintext pa and does a brute force attack using single des that is they encrypt with all known values or possible values of k1 to get multiple values of x this is our double des operation on the previous slide what the attacker does is that they take pa a known plaintext value they know that pa was encrypted with some key k1 and k2 and it produced ca as an output so what they do is they take pa and do a brute force attack they encrypt pa with all possible values of k1 how many possible values of k1 in our case 2 to the power of 56 56 bit key they need to try 2 to the power of 56 possible keys and as an output of that so this is just this operation they'll get 2 to the power of 56 values of x if we encrypt the same plaintext with all these keys these values of x as an output whatever the values are x1 up to x 2 to the power of 56 and then what they do so they store those values of x they may sort them in a table and then they take ca the ciphertext value and they come from the other direction they take ca and they decrypt ca using possible values of k2 and the value that they get as an output if it matches one of these values of x that it indicates that the value of k2 and the corresponding value of k1 is a possible is the possible key it may not be the exact key but it could be one of the it could be the key why there may be multiple shortly so coming back here first step take the known plaintext encrypt with all possible values of k1 you'll get many values of x next step take the corresponding known ciphertext decrypt with all possible values of k2 2 to the power of 56 values take ca and k2 and try all the values to the power of 56 getting confused and we'll get many values of x and remember that the value of x when we encrypt p with k1 and then encrypt x with k2 and get the ciphertext if we decrypt this value in the middle should be the same if we use the same key so if one of the values of x from this set matches one of the values of x from this set then that's an indication that the corresponding k1 and k2 is the correct key but it may be that there are multiple matches and if there are multiple matches you need to do the same step of the set of possible keys but using a different plaintext pair so using for example pb and cb so you do a brute force attack on k1 and then similar on k2 2 to the power of 56 operations and then it turns out most likely you'll find a pair of one value of k1 and a value of k2 that gives us the same x and that means that value of k1 and k2 can possibly be the key if they're not the same value of x it means those values of k1 and k2 are definitely not the key if we have multiple values we need to check which one's the correct one assuming we get one value here of x let's say x10 and here at x 1043 and they are the same and there are no other values of x in this set that match the values of x in this set if just this these values are the same then that tells us for sure that k2 1043 and k1 the 10th value combined is the key so the key that the normal user used was the 10th value of k1 and the 1043 value of k2 because they give the same value of x the value in the middle if it works if there's only one match here then how many operations did we do how many encrypt or decrypt operations were applied in that case we did a brute force attack on the first key how many operations 2 to the 56 operations here and then effectively we do in the worst case a brute force on k2 how many so 2 to the power of 56 plus another 2 to the power of 56 how many is that 2 to the power of 57 operations just twice as many as the normal attack and if we find the key in that case that's it we're done so we don't need 2 to the power of 112 operations we need 2 to the power of 56 operations or approximately which is twice as many as we need with single desks on average we need 2 to the power of 55 operations with double desks to break it we need 2 to the power of 56 operations and that's where double desks is not much secure than single desks because if single desks takes $10,000 to break then double desks takes $20,000 to break in the same time you just double the compute power so double desks is not considered secure let's try and go through an example of that but after the break the last 5 minutes let's look at one one example of the brute force attack this is not seen where is it unsuccessful this is just a few pictures from some different websites and some details about the attack that was performed on desks we said before that in 1977 they estimated it would take about $20 million to build a computer to break desks by brute force attack and in 1998 EFF the electronic frontiers foundation built a machine that broke desks called deep crack so using some commodity hardware it cost them less than $250,000 US dollars and in 56 hours it found a key so given some key it could find that by just trying them all it performed about $80 billion, $80 by 10 to the power of 9 keys per second so that's the speed it could perform that machine so it just tries many keys, gets the plain tax until it gets the right one some people have come up with other hardware to do it and this is one example this software from some German universities and some German company this is again still quite 6 years ago, 2006 but newer they just used some dedicated hardware to break desks and some FPGAs they had these boards of I think 12 or 16 FPGAs on a board like this so they dedicated hardware circuits to break desks to try many keys and each FPGA could do 400 million keys per second and they had 120 out of them 120 of them so 120 times that is the number of keys per second so they got it down to about 9 days so that's 6 years ago and it cost them $10,000 so because computers are becoming more powerful then the cost and the time to break the ciphers goes down and at about the same time a Pentium 4 at that stage so that's the typical computer then could do about 2 million keys per second whereas the FPGA 400 million about 200 times faster than a normal Pentium 4 given that here's some approximate numbers because approximately according to Moore's law the speed of computers doubles every one and a half years so if we assume that so your computer now in one and a half years time the same cost computer will be one and a half times faster in other words for the same power the same compute capabilities you have the cost every one and a half years if we assume that then now in 2012 using that old hardware $600 $625 to break desks so using the same approach so anyone can do that given that same simple analysis it's more complex than that but following that same simple approach then how much would it cost to break a longer key that was on a 56 bit key then every time you length by one bit you double the cost because you double the set of keys from 56 bits to 57 bits increase of one bit we've got twice as many keys and therefore with the same computer it would take twice or the same compute capabilities take twice as much cost because we have to build double the strength of computer so with 64 bits today about $160,000 this is in US dollars 70 bits so increased by 6 bits to just 70 bits you're at $10 million to break that using the same techniques what about in 15 years time so let's say you want to encrypt something now and you want it to be secure over the next 15 years so that no one in 5 years time can use a faster computer and break it or even in 15 years time then 70 bits in 15 years time $10,000 so not so hard for a small company to break that 100 bits in 15 years time with this increasing computer strength 10 what is it 10 trillion dollars so again even a a large government cannot break 100 bit key in 15 years time so nowadays 128 bits is considered secure and what's recommended because it's again much much harder to break than just 100 bits so that gives it an approximation of the amount of effort or cost involved in brute force attacks increase your key length by one bit you double the effort involved or double the cost involved so it doesn't take much to make it possible we'll have a break and after the break we'll go through an example of how to break double deaths check your quizzes ask me questions


Episode 9 Individual vs. Bureaucratic Spending San Francisco officials decided in 2022 that the city needed more trash cans. While they could have simply purchased simple, ready-made bins, they decided instead to commission a local firm to create 15 custom designs, each cost between $11,000 and $21,000. They then placed QR codes on each can so residents could vote for their favorite model, without any reference to the price. One member of the city's Board of Supervisors, Matt Haney, criticized the plan despite voting to approve it. I think most people would say just replace the cans with cans that we know work in other cities, he said. A trash can is one of the most basic functions of city governance. And if the city can't do something as simple as this, how can they solve the bigger issues? Haney's criticism raises important questions about why bureaucrats make different decisions on how to spend money than private individuals. Consider how you make spending decisions for your household. Most likely, you try to maximize quality while minimizing cost. But how do your priorities shift when you buy something for a stranger? You likely prioritize price well over quality. Now imagine that you're spending someone else's money. If you are purchasing items for yourself, you will probably prioritize quality over price. But if you are spending somebody else's money for the benefit of strangers, you would likely pay far less attention to both price and quality than you would when spending your own money on yourself and your family. This is how bureaucrats make decisions about how to spend the money you pay in taxes. Think about how much money your household pays in taxes each year. Let's assume a family of four with an income of $70,000 a year, which is the national median household income. Most obvious are the taxes withheld from your paychecks, which include income and payroll taxes, along with social security and Medicare payments. Depending on the state you live in, you will have your salary reduced by roughly $21,000 each year. But this is only the tip of the taxation iceberg. When accounting for property taxes, sales taxes, and other embedded taxes, which are various regulatory costs, such as business taxes and tariffs that are embedded directly into the prices of goods, the total tax burden for a family earning $70,000 will be around $30,000 each year. And this doesn't even include the many fines and fees levied by government agencies or the so-called inflation tax. But it is enough to ask one simple question. How would an additional $30,000 per year change your family's life?


Hello, everyone, I'm Gabrielle and I'm over here today at Oxmer Toyota. So you all, we just received this vehicle, it just got off the truck. It is a brand new, it's a 2022 Toyota Avalon, this is the hybrid, it's the XSE and it has the Nightshade Edition, which with the Nightshade you'll see more of these black accents throughout the vehicle and we'll go ahead and show you those off. So let's go ahead and start on the front so I can show you guys the grille. So you do have that front black grille, you're going to have that really pretty kind of mesh look. You're going to have your LED headlights and you'll have your LED daylight running lights as well.  You're going to have the black mirror caps, the black handles, looks really good against the exterior color which is called windshield pearl.   Alright, well why don't we go ahead and look in the interior.  Now as you move in to the cabin you will have a sunroof. You are going to have a 9 inch touchscreen. So in this vehicle you are going to have 14 JBL speakers. Now that's including a subwoofer and amplifier. So you are going to have a really good sound system in here. You are going to have a wireless charger. And you are also going to have Apple CarPlay with Android Auto. Alright you all, if you have any questions on this vehicle, if you'd like to take a closer look, even take it for a test drive, feel free to let us know. All of our contact info will be on this side of the vehicle. So thanks you all for watching and we'll see you soon, bye.


Bardock's on the edge of death, so my my my thinking is let's just try to read the sparking if it doesn't go right. It doesn't go, right? Oh It went so wrong How's it going everybody? Dr. Dua here back with some more Dragon Ball Fighters rank matches and today we are playing a very special team Aka the king of auto combos team now obviously Bardock and Vegeta where must have inclusions these guys are Infamous for their auto combos in this game Yamcha, I think is a nice third You know his auto combo will not crazy good or anything does have a bit of utility and the fact that if they block it You actually get a free safe tag in which is a pretty unique God Goku GT was so small by the way that only his head was was showing in Krillin's intro That is crazy. Let me back it up Wait back it up. Look at the team. I'm playing. Hold on. Let me click some lights That was unfortunate Okay, and then we'll just use the vanish to be mixed. I think we go for a mix right might as well get the beam assist Oh, wow okay, oh Nice use of bombs away move to keep me blocking if we make them block we can What did I tell you about keeping it nice and safe? Ah, dude?  Why not right?  I was hoping he wouldn't Dragon rush. Yep Snap back. Oh wow my buttons must be broken to be fair I do my fair share of mashing it might be time to pick up a new controller Oh Dragon rush again this time. I'm just gonna hold it You already know who's the one that's gonna die here. It's Goku All right Bardock level 3 oaky did get nerfed a little while back, but let's be real still Bardock still great. Oh No time to block after that Yeah, we'll take this Nice low uses the pole jump to oh, no Okay Totten here We'll have to take a level 3 mix of our own. I Believe this switch is sides. I'm not wrong. I'm not wrong You tried it you tried it only you can be held accountable for what happens next aka revenge of the mix Dude, I'm really hoping we hit this this time. I'm gonna go. Should I take an overhead into dragon rush? Wow, we are far out. Oh Nice doesn't combo, but it was a good try That one the other hand was not a good try Okay Hmm, I think it's worth going for the mix here. I don't think Goku GT has any way out of it sparking. How could I forget?  Oh Try that on me again. Try that on me again. You do realize my name's Vegeta. I switched Bardock style Dude, I was so I was so happy. I hit that that I forgot to combo off it. I accidentally tagged Down tech here. No, no down tech comes out. All right. All right. It's getting intense now. Bardock is definitely dead No drops that is goodbye Bardock All of a sudden this match is picking up an intensity real quick. Look at the dread. No, wait Don't look at those the curse is still very much alive. I Looked at him dude. I who weren't we can't lie to ourselves here. We have to be honest I looked at the dragon balls For those of you that don't know if you're new to the channel every time I look at the dragon balls. I lose It's a it's a simple spell, but quite unbreakable not gonna lie if it was breakable. I would have broke it already It's breakable. I'm gonna win. Just take the sliding Don't overhead. Oh, it didn't oh it did combo. Nice. Oh I Can still very much lose this the confidence levels aren't exactly all there. Oh, come on. Oh No Throughout the new trouble. Ah, no nice beam. Nice beam. I gotta give it up. Does he switch out? No, he doesn't I'm just checking out I'm switching Got him. Got him. Oh, that was so random what he did there Oh, he's got just switching sides with the auto He must have knew what team he was playing against Oh Stressful game one it didn't start off too stressful, but I don't know what my blood pressure was off the charts right there at the end. I Gotta give it up to you. This guy's a curling player Change I feel so bad every time I do that because I've seen vegeto players be like no There's a different midscreen One that has way more carry and I know there is too. Oh That's a nice change. I probably should have just set back sat back Meanwhile, we got guard cancels of our own boys mix-ups. Oh man back dash Very good Bombs away again stopping me over at Bardock Can't confirm off of it and we just get swept up by the explosion. Oh Wow a problem with me going up against Krillin is that I play Krillin so much that I think Krillin is played Like I plan and I think that's a rookie mistake Because I've just got uses the bombs away a lot And I I do not so I'm not never really prepared for it. I Wonder if that's something everybody struggles with I Guess that you know what that's a question I kind of want an answer to if you have a main that you play a lot Do you struggle in matchups against them because you're just so used to how you play them overhead? I Guess that might be a thing with a lower tier characters that don't get a lot of showtime Yamcha assist. That's why it's godlike Hmm get down to the ground Big punish big punish, dude It's just mix after mix after mix. I'm kind of feeling a wake-up level three. I don't know why I hope I'm wrong Big punish again, dude. It's too real Let me kill here. I might have made a big mistake Look at the time. I'm buying though. Oh God, okay. Hold that hold that. Oh that Okay, that's not my panic. Oh nice nice patience there on the superdash. I wish I could say I had patience myself Don't take this time. Oh never mind. We don't have a choice. We're waking up on this guy's terms. I Would say most people usually go for the low so we're gonna crouch this one out. Oh, I panicked Come on, dude sick with it Sick There's a reason this team is named the auto combo gods Aka the auto combo Kings. I did that video before but this is a new level of gods as Your level of play improves. So does your level of scrub activity That's your word of the day. We mash there. Oh Take some L's to the face on that one some lights You got to enjoy that one dude that one that's the one you enjoy the most Yep game two we take a win. What about game three? Game three. Can we go three and out? That would be amazing. Let's back it up here first We don't want to rush things except for when we do know he dashes in just above the yamcha assist Frontline has decent corner carry. We are all the way in here now and the rock catches me Do you have to jump after that? Vegeta players time stamp that and let me know what I'm supposed to do That's how I get my tech. I Need the Vegeta player union to save me on that one. Oh, it wouldn't have worked.  Damn it. I dashed forward just a little too much and Goku hit the u-turn Damn do I up tech? Defense is a problem this match this round Two bars though, but we will live anything that's thrown out. Nice Risky Risky What do I do? Forget it, dude. No switch. Thank God. He didn't punish me. That was nice. You goku GT's assist is beautiful.  We're probably gonna end up using that on yamcha if the health is anything to go off of here I'm not confident with my Vegeta conversions on that one. Not too confident. Yeah Hard ox pretty hard ox on the edge of death. So my my my thinking is let's just try to read the sparking If it doesn't go right, it doesn't go right. Oh It went so wrong It went so wrong Okay Nice finish.  I speak in a dragon rush. I need to get goku GT back bad input Damn, and I that was a me. I was me trying to super dash full disclosure Hashtag sponsored.  Oh the beam is angled Okay, you know what I'm not in the corner. I am sliding pretty bad. Oh, no, he's just got the super dash priority help help Thank God, dude. Thank goodness And we still might lose but there's hope I've made a lot of yamcha comebacks in my day This one could probably not even be technically called to come back, but it's loose, but I want it so bad No, oh That's getting rough It's getting to the territory where it might not be possible Dude that was stressful. That's where I'm gonna end the video for today. Hopefully you guys enjoyed it Sorry for no upload yesterday. YouTube was acting weird. I actually did upload a video But only the people I I uploaded it to Twitter saw it or maybe a few of you on YouTube did whatever it is I greatly apologize for that. Not sure what happened there But hopefully you guys are seeing this one if you are make sure to go down below in that comment section Let me know your favorite moment as well as hitting that like button and subscribe if you're excited for more Dragon Ball fighters news that is coming out next week I believe they're gonna talk about the world tour and that's where things are really gonna kick off for fighters So you might want to stay tuned for that other than that there's some videos up on your screen If you want to check them out give them a watch it really helps the channel out a ton Otherwise I have been doctor do you thank you so much for watching this video and I will see you in the next one


I have some great Amazon finds from Prime Days that worked out so good for me that I wanted to share them with you. These are ones that I am really impressed with and I think that you're going to love. Hello friends with Amazon Prime Days being behind us. I picked up so many things and I wanted to bring you the things that I really loved that I picked up so that you can see and I'm really enjoying all of them. So where we are going to get into that video but I'm going to put a timestamp right here where you can skip ahead to where I actually talk about all those products because I do talk about what I'm wearing and I do talk about a couple other things and my interest can get a little bit long. So if you want to skip over all this go to this timestamp right here where I actually start to talk about the products. Now first of all we're going to talk about my shirt and I am in love with the shirt. It's so pretty. I really have been enjoying it. This is a Jersey knit shirt. It's very light. I loved that I picked out black this time. Black is not normally a color that I pick out but it's so pretty because it does have all of this cut out or all of this cold shoulder detail. This is my bra underneath here. It's not just another strap on this shirt but I like that because I don't have to wear a strapless bra which can get a little bit uncomfortable. I also love the length of this. It's a tunic length shirt and I really like that. I do have some adorable earrings. These are a geometric design that I'm so in love with. It's the gold. They're very lightweight. This is a plastic back here so it's not going to wear your ears down at all and I really do love these. I just think they're so pretty. I did wear a couple of bracelets that I picked up during that time too that are so beautiful. This is a baguette bracelet but it's the rectangle baguettes or the emerald cut baguettes set in the gold. Love that and then this one is like the infinity bracelet with the little accents of the rhinestones on it as well. This one is rose gold and then this one is the regular gold and I just think they paired well together and as always I will have all the makeup that I'm wearing, my fingernail polish, my rings, all of that good stuff listed and linked down below. Speaking of links we always talk about how I have a numbering system on my videos. There's going to come a number three up right here. When I get to product number three, I'm going to hold up product number three. I'm going to tell you the name of it if there's a color, any specifics about it. You don't have to remember what number three is or jot down what number what number three is specifically. You just have to remember that you like to number three. Then go down into the description box and I will have everything numbered one through however many products we get through today and then you can shop that way. The product if there's a specific color or a size will be right there. I will also tell you if it is a fashion item or a shirt I'm wearing, if it's true to size and by the way this shirt is true to size. So you will be able to go ahead and shop that way. It's so much easier for everybody. That's the introduction. Let's get into the products. Here we go. I decided that I was going to test out real techniques for you. I don't know why I just have other brushes that I've used and that I've never tried real techniques. I picked up every brush that I could find from them so that I could test them from you. I think that I actually picked up about four sets and then a couple of singles and so I will have all of those listed. I just dropped one. I will have all of those listed for you down below but I can tell you that I'm really impressed with the quality. So if there's specific brushes that you need to have in your brush kit, these are really really good but I do feel like they need to make a little bit more of, a little bit more of a variety of these brushes. A lot of them were kind of the same as far as the blending ones and they were just not quite exactly what I needed but I'll tell you they do have some of the best liner brushes I've ever seen. Look at that thing. It's got such a very fine tip and I liked that this one right here. Beautiful for eyeliner if you're somebody that likes to do your eyeliner with either powder or a cream or whatever. This one is gorgeous. I also like that they had this pencil brush right here which I normally use only my Sigma E301 but this pencil brush was so good but the face brushes I was super duper happy with. There are so many. Like this one right here is kind of just a larger size of the BK Beauty Angie Hot and Flashy concealer brush. It's just a little bit bigger. I don't feel, I feel like it would be just as good as that as you can tell. I haven't used this one yet but it feels the same. It's got the same angle and this one I feel like is going to be really good. I love this big huge fluffy one. All of these will be listed and linked down below as to as to what they are. I absolutely loved this fan brush. I, you know, did my highlight with it. Felt like that was absolutely beautiful. This brush right here very tapered, very pretty for blush. Really liked that one. This one all over powder brush. Huge. It was really nice. I also really liked this little one just for, you know, setting down a little bit of powder, a tiny bit of powder and specific spots. There was kind of another concealer brush there. I really like this. This is one that you buy on its own. This is called a Rebel Edge one. This one is so lovely for doing contour and bronzing. Love that. They are super high quality. I loved that about them and I was so pleased with them. The other beauty item that I picked up during the sale that I'm so glad I did is this Anastasia Beverly Hills lip gloss. This one is called Santrope. I love these because first of all they're super opaque. Not all of them are but a lot of them are. They're so opaque but they are so pretty and I will just pop a little bit more on because I've been talking a lot and what I had on is kind of coming off. Super hydrating formula. Yet it's almost like a hybrid between a cream lipstick and a gloss. I love this. It's been on me for several hours and you just saw how much, you know, I do a lot of talking and, you know, while I'm filming and everything and it's still on there. It's just so pretty and I really love it. By the way, I know somebody's going to ask about this mirror. This is one of my favorite mirrors now that I held it up. I might as well talk about it. This mirror is five inches across which is almost the size of your face which I love. It has a five times magnifying on this side and the regular on this side but what's fantastic about it is not only does it light up on one side, it lights up on both sides and has LED. It's rechargeable. This is probably one of the best finds I've ever found for a mirror because both sides are lit up. Normally you have the magnifying side that's not lit up or the other side. You don't have to choose on here and it's big enough that I can completely see my whole face and lots of those little compact mirrors I can't. So I really love that. All right, that's beauty. Let's just step into fashion. I'm so happy that I got this particular necklace. This necklace is from a company called Lifetime jewelry and this necklace, it's a little bit more than the fashion jewelry that I normally show. This is the Herringbone necklace which I absolutely love. This is one necklace that I purchase in fashion jewelry all the time. However, this is plated in 24 karat gold and these are guaranteed for life. So when they say lifetime that means if anything happens to this they're going to replace it. If it tarnishes, if it loses its clasp, anything, this is going to be something that they will replace for you. This you can wear into the shower, you can wear it all the time, you can wear it to bed. They claim it will never tarnish. I've been wearing it like crazy and I have not, I have yet to see anything dull on it. They have them from all different kinds. You don't have to go with just Herringbone. There's all different kinds of chains. There's rope chains. There's snake chains. All different kinds. There's the silver. There's the gold. There's different links. I'm really impressed with this company and I'm going to be ordering a piece of this I think once a month because that's how impressed I am with it and I love this. It's so, so pretty. Also, I wanted to show you this. I have had this for a while. I didn't get this during prime days, but I definitely wanted to show you this little RFDI wallet, which means nobody can steal your identification from your credit cards. But this is the littlest, most compact thing, has a little B on here. I got it in like a fuchsia color and this holds every credit card you could ever imagine. So, you know, we all have like a million cards that we have to carry around for a million different stores just because that's their savings card or whatever. And this is a great way to just open it up and look at it and go, oh, there's that card. It expands like that, which I love. It does have a little coin purse over here on the side, which is a little bit tough to get into.  It might not be the best for holding coins, but you could put some coins down in here and it wouldn't be a problem. And it really does hold a lot. And I love this little thing. It's been one of those things that I just carry into the store with my phone instead of, you know, carrying a whole purse. It's just really great to be able to do that. So that's one of those that I love. And I actually put that in a giveaway because I love that so much. What would an Amazon video be for Melissa if she didn't talk about shoes and purses? Let's talk about shoes first. I don't think I've shown these to you before, but these are my sketches. These are my go-to sketches. If I'm going to put on a sketcher and go out the door, these are them because they have the memory foam in them and they are so comfortable. And during the summer, I can wear them without any socks on or I can wear the little no-shows and these are so comfortable. I can go all day long. Now, I have a really bad problem with the ball of my foot. That pad on my foot hurts all the time because I have a little bit of problems in there, but these don't hurt. They don't hurt. I can wear them for hours and go walking or do whatever. And I just love these. They're so cute.  And like I said, comfy, comfy, comfy. And I, yeah, I wear them all the time. And then I wanted to show you this little pair of heels that I bought. Now, I will say that I'm going to get these in the black as well because, again, these are so comfortable. You can see kind of the pillow cushioning or the little stitching that gives it the little pillow. I forget what that's called. Cushioning, I guess. But I love the comfort of these because they're not the strappy thin straps that cut into your feet. They're that soft plastic, obviously, or that soft vinyl that really doesn't hurt my feet as I'm wearing them. Yes, these are a little bit higher. They do have several others that aren't near as high, but I didn't have this color in my wardrobe. And so I love having these shoes and they're pretty darn comfortable. Even the heel has extra padding on them. So I'm really liking that. Now, here's the two purses that I'm going to share with you. I love, love, love this little purse for a special occasion purse or if you just want to be a little bit more dressed up or whatever. This is so darn cute. It has the chain on it, which is the cutest little accessory to it. It is tonal. There are lots of other colors, by the way. It has this khaki green on here and then it has like the beige color on here and then the bone color. And when you open it up, by the way, you have to clasp it in order for it to close.  So I do want to say that lots of people get a little bit irritated with just having class. I personally love them. So this is a purse that I probably would not take if I needed to carry a lot. The next one, you can carry a lot in. But this is a purse that you would probably just put down in here, your phone, your credit card, a lipstick, maybe a couple of other makeup items or a couple of other things that you know you need. If you wear contacts like I do or whatever, it's kind of limited on this space is what I'm trying to tell you.  I know that I do. The other purse, this comes in so many colors and I am so glad I got this. I'm so into crossbody this year. And I feel like this one, it's really a beautiful purse. I love the gold on here. I love the straps on here. This is a flap over. So you know, on the back, it does have an extra pocket as well. This color is I think the darker pink. They have like three or four pinks. They have three or four blues. They have a green. They have so many colors in this. But what's fun about this is it's the inside of it. It has this bright yellow color that's really quite easy to find things even though this is a deeper purse. I shy away from deeper purses because everything gets caught in the abyss and you can never find it right. But this is nice because you can see a lot in there. It does have the two separate distinct pockets, but there is a third here. There is the zipper pocket. I do love this and I can highly recommend it. And the color is so much prettier than the color that they showed actually on Amazon that I'm so glad I got it. All right. I want to show you this dress and I apologize for not actually showing this on me because my back is killing me today and I just could not do a wardrobe change today. But this dress is so flattering and so pretty on. I was shocked. It has the wrap over design and I will show you a full length picture of it right here. But it's got this little fluttery sleeve on it. It's polka dot. Tons of colors again that it comes in. It's a lightweight almost a feel of a rayon poly blend. And I really love that about it. Yes, you probably will have to iron it. I actually haven't worn it yet as you can see by the tag. But I've tried it on and I've walked around the house and it is so airy and lightweight and pretty and I can't wait to wear it. I'm excited to wear it. And right here you would think that it might not be very modest, but that lap over right there or that fold over right there is very modest. And it does come with a belt so that you can tie it at the waist. You could tie it right there at where it folds over. You could tie it in the back if you wanted to. You could actually wear this around your neck or in your hair and that would be really cute as well. This has the cutest hemline. It's kind of an uneven scalloped hemline. I love this dress. I absolutely love it. And like I said, I can't wait to wear it. I'm actually going to wear this on Sunday. So it's so so pretty and I really would recommend this and it is very true to size. So you that you know that this is very true to size. These two shirts that I'm going to show next I have shown before on my channel and I've worn them on my channel, but I want to mention them now because they are probably my favorite by in a long time for shirts. This is the cutest shirt as far as how it sits and where it ties at. It does have the tie that comes right down here on it and it's just a little button down and then it has the tie and the fluttery sleeve. This I'm sure is a polyester fabric, but it's super lightweight and I love this. This covers my bum. It covers my belly and I just think it's so cute. It does come in tons and tons of colors. As you can see, I have a periwinkle and then I have like a pretty purple fuchsia right here and it's so flattering. I'm so glad that I got these. I have to fight myself to not get other colors in this because I know that I don't need other colors, but I think that any color that you choose you're going to absolutely love. The next product that I got I was so excited to get because it is this beautiful carousel or makeup organizer. What I love about this I have a wood one too that I use all the time and I had a plastic one that I use all the time, but this one is glass and it has the gold on it and I think that this one comes in a silver and maybe a black or kind of a gun metal. I'm not exactly a hundred percent sure, but I love how classy and beautiful this looks because it is the glass. It is the gold accent and it does have all of the accents even on the gold itself. I love that it turns all the way around. I love that I can hold every single perfume that I have in it and this was this was one that I was really happy I got. I did not get this one on sale though, but I'm really happy that I got it. Also, I want to talk to you about the Rub-Away Stainless Steel Hand Bar. It's supposed to be like a soap, but it's not soap. Obviously, it's a stainless steel. This is so cool. When I do garlic or onion in the kitchen, I always would put lemon on my hands and then I'd wash them and I'd try to get that scent out, that really pungent scent out and you can't. It's there because the oils are there. For some reason, this works wonders. My daughter told me when I got this, I'm like, this is the coolest thing. This really works and I make my husband use this when he's had gasoline on his hands even. Okay, she said that when they were in culinary school that they would rub their hands if they were working with garlic or something on this stainless steel sinks and I'm like, why have I never heard this before? Apparently something in stainless steel will actually take away the smell, so I will do that after I'm done. I'll just use it with water and I'll rub it on there. Wash your hands a couple of times, rub it on there again. That smell, whatever the smell is, it's gone and this is genius as far as I'm concerned. Absolutely genius. Also, what I think is something else that's pretty darn genius is these scrapers. Now, these are some heavy-duty scrapers. I used to have one from Pamperchev and if any of you were ever around Pamperchev or did Pamperchev, I didn't do it but I love some of their stuff. They had a scraper like this for a pizza stone. This is every bit as good. You can use these on your Teflon pans because they are the plastic and they're not going to take up that Teflon. I love using these. They're super easy to clean. I have four of them. I bought them in a four-pack and I keep one in the drawer. I keep one up here actually in my room just for different like if I want to take off a tag off of something that I'm using. It takes off that sticky tag. It's great. So there's lots of uses for this. You know, if you get something on your floor that's hard to get up, you know, you can use it there. I mean there's tons of uses for this and it has different corners so it can fit in different places. These are great. I just really thought that they were every bit as good as any brush that you could buy to get into weird corners. Also, this is called Vibe Light. This is cool because not only is it your regular flashlight, which is really nice to have that kind of a flashlight that's small and can fit down into cool places or fit down into little places, not cool places, but it also has on this and a magnet that works so well. That magnet you can, you know, pick up just about anything with and the other nice thing about it is it is extendable. So if you drop something down behind something and it's, you know, it's a metal piece of metal like we did that with a bobby pin, not a bobby pin, a safety pin the other day and we were able to just pick up that safety pin from behind our bed. So this is great.  I thought it was a really cool gadget and I love that it does have a flashlight on it and it can clip onto somewhere in the car or if you need it in the car or whatever. So I think this is one that is really handy for just about anybody to have. This one is so cute. This is called the Pizza Boss. This one I bought just simply because of the novelty factor. It's in the style of a skill saw and I just thought this is so darn cute. So this is really cute. It has a great handle on it for you to be, just have a little bit of a jingle there. So it's really good for you to be able to hold onto it and just, you know, go across it. So if you've got somebody in your life that is a carpenter or something, would that be just the cutest gift to give them? And just it would just be a fun novelty gift to give to just about anybody and it cuts pizza really well as well. That's it for today's video. I hope that you did enjoy that. If you have any questions about any of this, please go ahead and ask that in the comment section below. Did you pick up something on Prime Day that I might need to take a look at? I would love to hear that from you. I'm always loving to shop at Amazon. Right now I'm going to throw up another video right here, another Amazon video that you can go take a look at a few other products if you would like to. I hope everybody is doing really well. I love you very much and I will catch you in my very next video. Take care my friends. Goodbye.


Freedom! Welcome back! My name is Adam Maripos-Vox and in this video I have a free resource for you that may be very helpful if you know of a website called Patreon. Down in the description below I will have a download link to a free set of customizable end cards for your videos to help promote your Patreon campaign. These have PNG files, image files of the actual end cards, but it also comes with a sketch and Adobe Photoshop file of the end cards so that you can customize them to your own will. So in theory you could just take out the Patreon button and use it if you don't use Patreon. It also has all the individual assets for the buttons in the background and things like that so you can just make your own. Which is pretty cool! And it's all free! There's a few different variants for whether or not you want to promote your own video or just thumbnails, etc. And they're all very nice looking and very easy to use. Just open up your favorite video editor and use motion controls to map your either video or your video thumbnails to the various video boxes in a small clip at the end of your video. Then over on YouTube just add the annotations for those videos and YouTube actually lets you add just direct link to Patreon in your video annotations. So for that button you can literally just paste your Patreon page, over top the link for that button and it'll work out great. Then add the one for your subscribe button and for your various videos and you're good to go. Also don't forget you can use YouTube cards which are a separate set of on video notifications and links that you can use that actually work on mobile as well. Whereas annotations don't show up on mobile. If you don't know what Patreon is, it's essentially crowdfunding for creators. It allows your most dedicated subscribers or fans or just people who want to help you out, contribute to your channel and your work by a monthly contribution. And that adds up quite nicely and then you can offer special rewards to those who contribute to your channel. And so for mine for example, I offer my patrons a private Q&A session and early access to my videos depending on what donation tier they're on. So pretty much any video across all of my channels that I create or upload, as soon as it's actually ready, which at times can even be up to a month in advance of posting, they go ahead and have access to it and can watch it at any point in time, go ahead and leave a comment on it, like it, etc. Patreon's important because as if you're trying to go YouTube full time, it's very important to have off YouTube revenue. This means you have dedicated revenue that you can always rely on or you can rely on at least most of the time. That doesn't fluctuate quite as much as AdSense does because AdSense revenue that you get through your YouTube network freedom, presumably, fluctuates a whole heck of a lot, especially from season to season and it totally depends on how much views you get. Whereas if you get solid off YouTube revenue, you get that revenue no matter how many views you get, which is very very beneficial and it can help build a sustainable digital media career while utilizing YouTube as your main forefront of content creation. And off YouTube revenue means that you have no ceiling of how much money you can earn, regardless of how many subscribers you have, and those can be brand deals, sites like Patreon, selling video clips, offering consulting, etc. So it's important to think of your channel as a business and start finding alternative ways to bring revenue to your channel outside of just views and ads and things like that because it takes its ad blocker and suddenly you're not earning views up a whoever's watching your video. If Patreon isn't your thing, freedom's actually working on. Okay, they won't let me say that, but let's just say freedom's working on something big for off YouTube revenue and you're going to want to keep your eyes glued on the Freedom Central channel for that announcement very very soon. If you want to sample Patreon campaign, a link to mine as well as a couple other examples, as well as that download link for the zip file of those end cards will be in the description below. You can check them out and you can also find me and my YouTube channel down there as well. Hopefully these end cards will be useful for you. Check that download link in the description below, smash that like button, make sure you're subscribed to Freedom Central if you're somehow not already in seeing this and I will catch you in the next video. Whenever that may be. I'm bad about that.


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