Welcome back. It's still the breakfast and plus TV Africa. We have a guest set for a first major conversation this morning quite a controversial one But I we believe they would be justice to this this particular issue well the Nigerian opposition parties under the ages of a coalition of United political parties have raised the alarm over What their ledger moves to use secret court secret court in court to stop the use of the bimodal voter accreditation system be vast machine in the 2023 general elections the coalition also claimed that it has uncovered a Massive voter registration fraud and a plot to sack the chairman of the independent National Electrical Commission if he fails to stop the use of be vast All right a statement made available on Wednesday the spokesman for the coalition and lawyer Ikenga Imo O'Gochinge While addressing the press conference said the vigilance team of the CUPP Following what it calls credible intelligence Discovered the suit at the very federal high court where it was filed on August 24 this year interesting To say to him user word discovered well the lawyer in this particular suit whose stamp and seal was used is saying that He knows nothing about this case and that one of his Lawyers use his stamp and seal without his knowledge. Well, the coalition also Displayed extracts of a national voter registration Register which the claim were a part of at least 10 million fake registrations done by one of the political parties But it did not disclose the name of the political party according to the coalition The names were sourced from both within and outside Nigeria including some African countries such as Ghana, Cameroon, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Togo, Guinea, Gambia and countries outside Africa like Jamaica, Brazil and New Zealand. The opposition parties say they have evidence of several registrations which were captured from passport photographs and other photos or yesterday I like released a statement in Response to this saying that it was still going through the processes of cleaning up the voter's registrar now It's a truly a grand plan to reignit your as forthcoming general elections In the favor of the all-progressive Congress political analyst Mark Adebayo joins us from Abuja Glad to have you on the program this morning, Mark Also, we have Ambrose Bokeh who's also a public affairs analyst joining us from the peaceful and beautiful city of Edugu gentlemen. Thank you very much for your time All right, do you going by what the CUPP has put out? I'll start with you Mark Adebayo Do you believe that all this information and this evidence that Has been put out do you believe it consists of substitutes constitutes Enough evidence to prove that there's a grand plan to rig the elections in favor of the all-progressive Congress Well, thank you so much. You see even a little indiscretion in the photos register is more than enough to raise alarm Like the aphorism goes Eternal vigilance is the price of freedom. I will not extend that also To to democracy now, especially in the Africa context, you know, we are elections Are desperately manipulated by parts that be to ensure a preferred outcome It is essential. It is very important for all political stakeholders So to be very vigilant in these times and climbs. It's extremely important And you know that I neck has not come out in the response the response of I neck to The CUPP press conference. Yeah, Nick has not said I've not thrown it out. I'll try to they said in that particular you know Location in Nemo states that was used as an example of where the massive for photo register fraud As the perpetrator they said you have clean up out over three thousand names there many that Mean that something something was going wrong badly there, but that the commission is you know It is it's an ongoing process is clean up the register. It has continued to clean it off So when that was what was discovered by the CBP it be hoops On CBP as an organization of the Armagam of opposition political parties to go public with that for For the commission to make sure that those job very well I'm for the public to know that that's why I'm the mountain and for the relevant security agencies to be On their feet to make sure that they investigate this matter and bring it out and make sure that the political perpetrators Punished according to the law and if a lawyer says my seal has been used without my knowledge You know, you take responsibility nobody can just take your seal and go and use them use it to make that kind of a suit That is extremely Crucial to the determine to the conduct of the 2020 General elections, so you said somebody took your your stamp and seal and went to To sue to to to to register in suit without your Your knowledge. Okay. Yeah, Makadeva. Let's bring in Ambrose Igbo. Okay. That's what Ambrose. What's your take? I'll ask you the same question. Do you believe that we have a preponderance of evidence as put out by? Ikega Imo Ongochinere to assume or to conclude that this Means there is a plan a grandeur is the plan to rig the elections in favor of the APC next year Hello, yes, I'm Bruce. Are you there? I'm Bruce. Okay. Can you hear me, please? Okay, I hear you now. What did you say? Okay? I'm saying do you believe that the evidence put out by Ikega Ongochinere is enough to Conclude that I neck will rig the elections next year in favor of the APC well in Nigeria political when it comes to electionary campaign and You cannot rule out anything. Actually, it's a contest of rigging and not rigging and votes buying by all political parties involved, but the 23rd election That's kind of paradigm shift in terms of awareness And the way Nigerians are, you know looking at the election as a way of liberating them from the economic hardships They are countering. So the passion the will the desire And the you know concerted efforts to ensure that 23rd election is not like any other election It's in the offing. So people are not trying with it because they know that they are future And their destiny is live with that 23rd election. So for many Nigerians it is make or ma hence it is Unusual, you know interest in the 23rd election having said that Through the introduction, I want you to introduce some technologies into our electionary campaign before then it has always been manual And a lot of manipulation that is why we hear a lot of ballot snatching Comprinting people going to write different resource sheets and the rest and by what John attendee what we tried to do was The technology was not awesome There was to the issue of what you call incident form that if a machine refuses to work Then you use incident form But that was also abused and used for rigging because in many places they would just conclude that it didn't work and That's I happen to speak to a lot of youth corpus in 2015 who said that even the power Which is another issue we should look at the beaver's the power the electricity the energy to power the The technology on most cases were not there There was a case of a local government chairman When he refused to work in the polling center asked them to come to his house and he used the generator to power the devices He happened in so many places. So this also cost for concern about the beavers Now the beavers are taking it a much higher Which means that Everything about the election From the capturing to the sourcing of the names to an actual voting is going to be done under the technology platform so that If it fails for example, they'll use your face Your facial capture to be able to match their database That's so a lot of political parties who depended On reading becoming afraid of becoming uncomfortable with the beavers Hence I would not be surprised at all that there are you know, nicodemons efforts to you know Try to remove it from the Electoral process Nogen has to resist it. We thank God for the c up people that have come to You know, bring this to the fore Nogen has to resist it and ensure that such nocturnal Uh, you know escapades The tool was truncating a transparent election does not have the light of day. Uh, then when you talk of the INEC, I am surprised That in a very particular polling units a word a polling people could manipulate from 4600 to for more than 40 something thousand Within one election cycle and I did not raise a lamp even at that When I net discover 3000 You know On the registered people that were not valid. What did I net do? Just cleaned up went to sleep. Who are those responsible for such action? From to have 3000 in a single polling unit. Who are those responsible for that? Who are those? Brought to book as anybody been Prosecuted for that action I mean, let's have Mike Adebayo now I'm okay Let's bring in Mike. Uh, Mike Adebayo into the conversation Mike Adebayo, can you hear us? I'm hearing you loud. I'm clear. All right then. I like to share your thoughts on the response of you know INEC on the situation and you know the issues that were raised by the CUPP For instance, you see on corresponding data pictures and gender There's not much and all of that and with the you know the explanation that INEC has actually made I'd like to share your thoughts on this. Do you think that you know, there's any element of truth in it? Absolutely, I mean She is a train lawyer Uh, he knows what you can do within the limits of the law So you wouldn't go public with fake stories and this and of course, you know that INEC has not Denied any of these allegations. What they have said is that they are There's an ongoing process to clean up the electoral register So they have not done in that particular area. They said they have cleaned up about 3132 names Which means there's a lot there's a lot for them to do there So for the mere fact that we have INEC saying that look that place that you're talking about that location You're talking about that police, you know, you're talking about that world you're talking about We have already discovered over 3,000 Victitious names and we are cleaning them out. The question is how do those names get into the register? That's what the fact we are using we are using technology to register. I I have gone to to Renew my pvc. I was captured You know directly I didn't go there with my passport or anything I was caught directly my data everything was entered into the technology outcome that we are now seeing faces of people with What you call passport photographs outcome we are seeing Name from Germany from Jamaica from Sambia from Ghana from Cameroon from Sierra Leone How come we are seeing male faces and Female gender written under them. How come we are seeing all those all those there? So which means that there's a lot to be done before the elections If you you are already discovered over three thousand in one word it shows that And that that's just in one word. That's just in one state. That's just in one One pulley unit area. And then what about The 77 before local governments we have in this country. What about over 8,000? Over 8,000 pulley units you have you have what do you know has gone wrong there? So that is why You see people needs to be commended for coming out with this All Nigerians know that the last seven and a half years have not been easy in this country that the way this country has been Nigerians are tired and Nigerians are poorer Makadebayo, sorry Sir Praveen to come in and ask you a follow-up question In your face, in a show, yeah It seems you know people are maybe Getting ahead of themselves as far as this whole situation is concerned. I want to ask you and What's the possibility of Ikenga Ogochinere Being able to identify the nationalities of these names that um that he's talking about You know, because you know, I I sensed a lot of uh Guesswork at play indeed. Nobody is saying that we'll have a perfect system But for god's sake, how are you able to know that someone is Jamaican or Zimbabwe? Can you can you maybe guess how Ogochinere was able to get the nationalities of these people he's talking about? No, I cannot guess against the guesswork you are suggesting The issue is that it came that Ikenga Ogochinere is a trained lawyer And he knows what you can do with the limits of the law. There is no guesswork there No, no, I'm saying you mark. I can't I can't sit down here and know where you're from I see Makadebayo will I say you're from Lagos So I'm saying where where did where did Ogochinere meet these people to yeah, where did Ogochinere meet these people to get their nationalities from Then what what constitutes a Jamaican name?  You know, I'm from the southwest So if somebody say is uh, Ken Green or You know, you have you have names that excuse me Makadebayo I'm sure you know your namesake who is Adebayo the footballer who comes from togo What are we talking about sir? And he's I can't believe this.  What passport does he carry? What's important is that in Yoruba the passport is there are people in this country who have multiple passports in this country So that is not an excuse. Adebayo knows is from Oshun state I'm asking you sir. I'm asking you said so He carries So how did Ogochinere meet these people to know where they are from? I mean Because even in law you can't as a lawyer you he should know that you can't just sit back and assume who is from where By just a name not engaging guesswork. This is not guesswork. Let let the people the relevant authorities come out and say Is it is not true? They cannot say that but they've come out. Okay. Okay. You hear names You know where they are from it doesn't take local science to know where you are from when you hear your name But that is not true. I just give you an example sir. I just give you an example My name my name my name can be found. Sorry, sir. My name can be found in multiple countries around the world So I'm I'm asking you is it possible for a lawyer as qualified as Ikenga Ogochinere To wake up and then say that he's seeing names on and then assume Where they are from which countries he are from And I'm saying that we have a lot of Inaki saying that people are taking you know are making points that are verifying or trying to understand I don't know. I don't know how much of technology You know the kind of experience you have in terms of technology. I don't know the knowledge you have in terms of technology But you see a picture you can you can actually search for people and look and I know where they are from Do you do you know sir? There are some names that that you can find in Zimbabwe that you see inside Let one of these people that have been sent came from Germany or from Jamaica come out and say they are from Nigeria In the in the locality we have people we are in Kechi. We have people we are Ogochinere Now you begin to see people names like green Cannot thing you begin to see people who are born in 19 00 people who are born in 1901 Are in the electoral register of Nigeria? Just a follow-up question to to I guess apologies mercy and I like this is lawyer. I'm Rosie. He's this lawyer For all this qualification. He's telling us that he has discovered A, B, C, D, E in the voter's register Ambrose. I like he's saying they have not even published the voter's register yet I like he's saying they have not even published the voter's register yet There is no but these are names of the fresh registrants from last year. I think June or July 2021 to 14 January 2022 they were published and they were for people to go see and then say, okay These are discrepancies and they'll take it through their ABIS ABIS system to clean it up Then from 15 January to the end of the last Continuous voter registration They are going to publish the names and then when people go and say, okay They make complaints and all that they will now finish everything then clean it up They have not even added this to the voter's register. So even lawyer says the voter's register has been compromised. What is he talking about? Well, first of all You are a journalist and as a journalist Forget the kind of journalism we are present to the cost So the bottle journalists when we sit down to receive a press release this from people They call journalists does what we call investigative journalism So the journalists I'm even ashamed that is a lawyer that brought me that you're supposed to be the journalist during their work I hear you are here. I'm getting what I don't know The first of all the journalists are supposed to investigate that there are what you call I have the news to investigate the state secretive as a covert operation So the journalists have the capacity people have the capacity to to investigate things and to preempt things from happening We don't need to wait for Inet to publish that is a lazy mass approach And that's what journalism has done to in Nigeria Where we sit down and wait for press releases We are supposed to dig into and find out what Inet is a public institution We don't need to wait for them to give us a Publish something before we investigate what they are doing So with whatever means and as a journalist you also have your means what they're supposed to call sources technology is also there to investigate these things If we were asking Ambrose part of part of not being Yes, part of part of part of being a good journalist Ambrose and part of not not being a feeling bottomed journalist like you want to see us be Is to not take everything everyone says and to question everything you hear I'm asking you a simple question If the lawyer says that the voter's register has been compromised But yeah, these names that he's talking about have not even been added to the voter's register I'm just asking you if that makes sense to you It is there in the voter's register It is there These names have not yet been added to the voter's register I think at this point in time we need to move away from this Ambrose For Okay But it's it's in the press release I speak to these guys every day. I ask them questions every day and it's in the press. It's even the press release I don't need I don't need to be the PR And ask you for your response I'm just saying the lawyer said the voter's register has been compromised and we say but where asks you a simple question If the lawyer says the voter's register has been compromised. Yeah, go on And I think that You know, I'm brosik. Okay. I'm brosik. Okay. Let's come back, you know to other issues So these are the issues and so we have a response I mean you have the c upp are coming up with a situation and you have aina kondia Unfortunately fastest aqua you cannot be here with us this morning because he has to attend to, you know, the other issues that consents the Electoral umpire very urgent Hopefully we're able to have him, you know to clarify this because she'll be part of the conversation But however in the response aina k is not, you know, really Said that this is what it is. They're only saying that well, we're going through a process So it's not like they've said that this didn't happen. No, like, oh, that's impossible So it's also possible that that could have happened that you have Names imputed and what have you but the big question that everyone is asking is how did you get into the system? Now, it brings me to the question that i'm asking because we have been very positive I know a lot of persons stakeholders governors differ including the president Everyone seemed to be excited with the electoral act that has been signed I mean they say with this one it's impossible to read the election Do you think that this is still a thing or this should still be upheld by Nigerians? And we should believe that you know with this new electoral act and the fact that you're going to have Introduction of this new technology would be impossible to read the election Should we still believe this statement, especially the president making it and all the quarters? First of all, there is no technology that is foolproof Every technology has little gaps for manipulation And we even remember what happened to WikiLeaks and how he was downloading documents secret documents from The most sophisticated governments in the world with the most powerful technologies He was able to hack into their system So we should know that it is no hundred percent But what we are saying that is a big departure from what we used to have And some of those things for example In this 2023 election if we go back what we have snatching of ballot buses will just be in vain Because you cannot longer because election is no longer manual where election results are transmitted from the polling unit straight to the INET database So what INET should be doing is that to have mailwares To prevent fusing to prevent hacking to house powerful You know systems in place to anti hacking systems in this way they can be able to you know manage it better Even in the last election of the one that brought him down a truck united states There was a lot of acquisition that it was uh, it was somebody it was act So if that can be done to america, why not? All right. Yeah. Yeah Yeah, so sorry, sir. Sorry, sir. We have Okay, we have we have to go we have to go Yes, yes, if a final one a final one to to ugem, that's very quickly Please mark at it very quickly and this court case that we're talking about it can go in the watching area Talked about a secret a secret court And are you is are you to you? Is there anything like a secret court known to you in nigerian legal system secret court? Secondly, yes, secondly, sir. Secondly, is there anything that stops any nigerian who feels Agreed by the use of beavers from going to court to seek to stop it And is there anything that also prevents people who are against such a move from also seeking to be joined in such a process? So the word your second question is uh, it's a no no for me and it's a no no for democracy It's a negative for democracy for anybody to seek to stop the beaver the use of beavers It shows that as a premeditated Plan to to rig the elections. Why would anybody not want to? Is a no no a nigerian that does that is a patriotic is This kind of practice and behavior is it very common in our judicial system? Is it possible? No, you know, he asked he asked he asked two questions So the second part is what I've answered that whether anything stopping a nigerian from who is supposed to use of beavers To go to court. That's what I'm saying. No. No, that person cannot Is not a preacher anybody that tries to do that I ask if if if there's any law that prevents an aggrieved nigerian from seeking redress if they feel and that's the morning If there's any law that stops people who are against that person from also seeking to be joined There's no law known to law known to the concern of nigeria that's suddenly nigerian from going ahead to To do anything but when you do doing this secretly, you know, that's what again I call it secret court that why doing this secretly without letting the public know, you know This is you know when people want to throw out their tenants without their knowledge They go to courts beyond the same of change judgment and then they just without the guys knowledge I don't come and throw him out of the house brandishing A court judgment it has happened separately in our political process And then coming to the issue of the lawyer that said What you should also think about is that the lawyer has not said that he didn't go to court He said somebody else used his stamp or seal to go to court So that is to tell you that the king knows what he's saying and when the irony came out to say that look That place is complaining about they have cleaned out three thousand one hundred thirty six names from the from that particular place That's to tell you that there is there is something to to to see about in that place It's not as if you think I just woke up one day and began to tabulate and bring Names and figures or myself even if it's only one that they have discovered Where it came guys complaining that something has happened You should let us appreciate the fact that you know, he has done a good job Not that to say that he's doing the guest work or something about it came guy You don't know him if you know him, you know that it's not somebody that is frightful also Or jobless to the extent that you just sit down and begin to to want to it's also a Stakeholder and you cannot blame him. He's contesting in this election. You cannot blame him for being very vigilant I'm bringing that thank you so much. He should be appreciated I don't come out to say that he lied they said Thank you very much that number. Well, the fact is that we don't have these names added to the voters register yet You cannot say that Please go and read the statement they've said it In that place, they said they have removed three thousand one and thirty two names No, those are registrants. In fact, the first phase of cleanup, they removed more than one million names So after we have claims and Uh, uh, uh, uh Challenges from people who grieve maybe or my name didn't come up When they finish to add all these to the final voters register that goes back to what is important to me This revelation this is for say we have everybody to sit here. Thank you will be more vigilant. I agree I agree Will be more. But we need to question everybody This is the most important Factor in this situation. Everybody will now be more vigilant and郵ans will be more interested Thank you gentlemen. Maka Deba, your Angbrosi Bokeh, thank you so much. You have accused us of film bono. It's all part of the passion you have for the country and you want to see the best happening for Nigeria. Tomorrow you will say I became like a PDP member. Thank you gentlemen. I appreciate your time. Thank you so much. Hope to have you again soon. Alright. Merci. We have to move on. Quite interesting. What I said, we take a break now and when we return we will be looking at a second conversation. Please stay with us.


Hi folks. Welcome to the future of democracy. My name is Sam Gill. And in this show, what we try to do is take a look at some of the big ideas, big trends, big controversies that are really animating our democracy, our national conversation and take you a little deeper than you might be able to get just hearing a debate on cable news or reading one article. And this month, we are teaming up with the Miami Book Fair to host an amazing set of conversations with authors with artists focused on different topics about what they think about the future of democracy. And this is all leading up to the 37th annual Miami Book Fair from November 15 to 22. The Book Fair is an incredible collection of authors, an incredible collection of books, a really vital conversation about ideas. If you're interested, please go to MiamiBookFairOnline.com or follow them at at Miami Book Fair. If you're not interested, then you're not paying attention to the incredible authors they're going to have this year. Natalie Portman, the actress is going to be a part of the Miami Book Fair Bill Nye the science guy is going to be part of the Miami Book Fair. And you can hear every single presentation every single talk for free, but only if you tune in from November 15 to 22. One of these conversations is one with Doris Weatherford. She is an acclaimed historian who has written a number of books about the history of women in the United States. And we had a chance to sit down to talk about her new book, Victory for the Vote, the fight for women's suffrage and the century that followed. And of course comes at the 100th anniversary of the 19th amendment, which extended the franchise to women. And of course I had a chance to talk about that history and what it means for our democracy today. I hope you enjoy the conversation. All right, well thank you so much for joining us. I'm happy to be here. In, in reading the book, obviously this was a timely moment to be to be revisiting the history of the expansion of the franchise and the passage of the 19th amendment. Tell us just philosophically, you know, for those of us today who are unfamiliar with this history. What was the animating argument that powered the expansion of franchise what was the argument that really carried the day in this movement. Lots of them, but basically the advance of the future democracy exactly what you're talking about. I, I'm an old hand at this I published my first book titled for new female immigrant women in America in 1986. And since then I published a dozen books on women's history. And I wanted to, I had done this victory for the vote in a different format with a different title for the 150th anniversary of the Seneca Falls convention. That was the first call for the right to vote in 1848. So in 1998, I went up to Seneca Falls is did a lot of other people including Hillary Clinton. And we had a fantastic celebration. So I have been looking forward now for almost 25 years to 2020, which should be the centennial of the 19th amendment. And I, I wanted to reissue the book with an update. The subtitle of the book is the century that fall. And I do a lot of talking about how other issues arose during the 20th century, and the vote was not the solution for everything. But I especially like to talk about how women's rights are human rights, and women have made more change in the way the world is governed in the last century. Then in all the millennia before. And I really do believe that the path to peace, the path to prosperity, canceling corruption, people don't realize how corrupt government was prior to women voting. And that was a main reason why men opposed it. They knew they couldn't buy women's votes. And they, they did. I'm sorry, especially in the immigrant community, it was routine to have a saloon next to the polling place and buy a guy drink and have him go in and test the ballot that you want to pass. And these were a literate people are at least a literate in English, and they cast a vote according to the donkey or the elephant. And that was an outrage to Susan B. Anthony, and other people who were teachers and well educated into democracy seriously. And that was a large part of their motivation. It wasn't so much that they wanted these personal rights, but that they wanted to improve government. What do you see as the critical. So if that if it if 100 years ago, the battle was really formal inclusion in the opportunities and obligations of citizenship. What do you see as the frontier in 2020 for for equity and gender. For what equity for gender equity. It's, I like to frame it a way that most people don't. He said, all the question of quote states rights versus women's rights, individual rights. And we had this conversation during the Civil War. We had it again in the 1960s with with racial justice. But a lot of people still have to grasp most people still don't realize that a woman gains or loses personal rights when she crosses a state line. It used to be very true in terms of property that state laws very tremendously in Louisiana woman had no rights at all, not even to her own clothes. And in several states, a man could will the custody of her children to somebody else after he died. In most states at the beginning, a woman could not go to court and file for divorce. So she was simply trapped in a bad marriage. And these things vary tremendously as I said my state with Wyoming being the first liberal state. Wyoming was actually still a territory territory organized in 1869, the ratio of men to women was 51. So they wanted women move there. And the very first act in the legislature was to give women full rights, voting property, everything. And the same thing happened in Alaska later on in the Alaska territory was the first bill and the organizational legislature. The frontiers have always been more liberal than the urban areas. And it's another point that people don't grasp. But the main point is that your rights as an American should not vary depending on where you live. So this point I think it is does strike me in the history which is that kind of rights come from the periphery inward, you know that it's not the coastal elite was not the place to go looking for progressive thinking about gender the place to go looking was off the map. So to speak, why, why is that because pioneer cultures needed women and value them. The, the coastal, the East Coast was settled and wealthy enough that it could treat women as a decorative, at least among the people who wrote the law. Whereas in the West, they valued women wanted him to come and the upshot was that every Western state except New Mexico had in franchise women before any Eastern state did. And that was New York in 1917. And we had the 19th amendment I gave the vote to all women no matter where I 1920s three years later. So, you can see what a long and yet ultimately quick movement it was it was a very, very sophisticated political movement, millions of dollars, thousands of field organizers. Mary Chapman cat was a brilliant organizer, and doesn't get enough credit for that at all. One of the things that also really, really struck me just seizing on what you said and thinking about resonance today is, you know, certainly a convenient myth about social change in the past is there's kind of this general uprising, you know, society for change and of course you document. The pivotal chapter on the 19th amendment you document most of the chapters devoted to intense internet sign struggle within this movement about strategy, about tactics about goals. What do you see parallels today when you look at movements either for gender equity or for quality more broadly that you that we where we need to learn from what it really takes to produce change. Yep. Yeah, it, it is a perennial political problem and yet solution. In the 19th century, there was a lot of so between the forces led by Susan B Anthony and Elizabeth a stand and the forces led by Lucy stone and other Boston women including I'll cut and really award how who aren't known particularly for this, but they were leaders and they were moderates they produced a literary magazine. That state and business, whereas Susan B lesser heart insisted on a newspaper called the revolution that went bankrupt in three years. So there's, there's always that tension. And finally they got together again through their dogs, Alice stone black well and Harriet stand black, brought the two bodies together again. And then without competition, they kind of stagnated and not much happened for several decades. And then the Alice Paul troops arose to challenge the older organization. Ultimately, I credit the older organization for the political victory, but the Alice Paul people made a tremendous difference in visibility and PR and made the mainstream women look very sensible compared to their tactics. So that goes on today. In every movement you have competition between personalities and strata and tactics, and if you don't have it. It's a sign that you're dying. So is that like is that how you would interpret say, on the, on the left, green new deal and defund the police and on the right, a kind of intense pot like these are the flanking movements and the question is what's going to co here in the center. Yeah, yeah, I agree. I think November is going to be a big victory for Democrats, but I'm, I'm a historian more than political scientists. But you, you see that now with the fringes becoming more powerful. I experienced myself in that I've always been a member of the League of Women Voters, but I also was a member of now. And I think that now did a lot to push the legal league into doing things, as opposed to just taking positions on issues. The League still doesn't import endorse candidates, but they take strong positions on issues, including our on voting rights and other forms of getting out to vote and truly representing the people. So one, one really powerful theme in the book is the, and it's also where you leave us at the end of the book, which is the kind of swinging pendulum of race in the movement for for equal rights in, you know, the abolition is powering the movement. It's the critical moral warrant in the 19th century. Sort of you document starkly by the early 20th century racism is powering huge parts of the movement and racial fear becomes a really critical part of the arsenal. And now in the late 20th early 21st century, we're left with very complex questions about race and about race and gender. Tell us a little bit about that about what you found in the history and what you think it tells us about the this intersection today. Well, the main thing that people need to know is that almost all of these women were abolitionists before they were feminist and the key to the feminism was their exclusion at the World Anti-Slavery Conference in 1840. Several women paid their own way to go to London to represent their anti-slavery societies at this conference and the men there would not allow them to be seated. They were not recognized as delegates. They had to sit behind the curtain and listen to the debate and not participate. So Lucretia Mott and a Quaker and young Elizabeth K. Stanton, who was there on her honeymoon, got together and resolved that when they got back to America, they would add women to blacks to their agenda, and they called it the Equal Rights Society, and they intended both of them. So from 1848 to 1860 when the Civil War began, they had annual conventions, mostly northeastern states, but strong conventions that they publicized worldwide. But when the Civil War came along, they disbanded. They didn't meet for six years and instead concentrated on black rights. And that became a big problem after the war, when Congress adopted and forced the states to adopt the 15th Amendment, which guarantees the vote to all citizens. It does not say male citizens, but the assumption of everyone was that it meant male citizens. So Lucy Stone on her side decided to go ahead and support the 15th Amendment. Elizabeth Stanton and Susan B. Anthony did not because they wanted it spelled out that this was included gender. Well, as I said, nobody really thought it did, except these far-thinking women. And it went to court, a Missouri woman named Virginia Minor challenged the Registrar to vote in St. Louis, and it went to the Supreme Court, which this laughter hoarded the Bible more than the Constitution. It wasn't natural for women to vote. Of course, they meant male, even though they hadn't said it. So that was in 1874. And all those years afterwards, we had to work to add an amendment that spelled out that the 15th Amendment meant what it said. And finally got that with the 19th Amendment. Indeed, the constitutional project in some ways is about the original words meaning what they say in real life. So kind of last question, you're a historian, but we're going to ask you to be a bit of a historian of the future. So 1820, we're still a quarter century out from Seneca Falls, give or take. 1920, we expand the franchise. 2020, we're asking new questions about gender identity, asking new questions. We are in Me Too, we're kind of going off the map of the law and asking about culture and habit. 2120, what are some of the big questions between here and there that you think we should be asking in the quest for equal rights in this democracy? Reproductive rights. No question about it. No question about it. And again, people don't realize how recently this change occurred until the late 1960s. It was illegal to sell birth control pills in Massachusetts. I lived there at the time. I remember it. Connecticut sold them only to people who could prove that they were married. You had to take their marriage license along. And both of these cases went to the Supreme Court, Griswold v Connecticut and Baird v Massachusetts. And women won the right to buy birth controls without divulging anything about their personal lives. And of course, you know, we'll be weighed in the same era, 1973, almost 50 years later, just amazing that there are people who think it will be overturned, especially because the way that feminists got the 19th amendment was the right way of drafting the 19th amendment meant that I'm working and working to get it through Congress and the legislature. They have the opponents of reproductive freedom, never have even drafted a constitutional amendment. They know that it's not popular. And instead they intend to take it in through the Supreme Court. And this hypocrisy is just authoritarianism, which raises its face everywhere. Well, it's incredibly powerful conversation. And much more in the book, the author is Doris Weatherford. The book is victory for the vote, the fight for women's suffrage in the century that followed, and you can follow Doris at d weatherford dot ag dash sites.net. If I could add one thing, please. We forgot to point out that the book has an introduction by Nancy Pelosi. Indeed. Thank you. Can't miss that. And history by Doris Weatherford. Go out and find the book. We'll make all the information available on the website. Doris, thank you so much for joining us. All right, folks, every single one of these conversations is going to be released leading up to the 37th annual Miami Book Fair. It runs from November 15 to 22. Every conversation is free during that period. Check out Miami Book Fair dot com or go to Twitter at Miami Book Fair. And remember, the future of democracy runs every Thursday live at 1pm Eastern. You can learn more at kf.org slash FD show. You can also follow the FD podcast at Spotify, Apple Stitcher or wherever you follow podcasts. That's also where we'll be releasing every single one of these exclusive conversations in partnership with the Miami Book Fair. Of course, feel free to send a question at any time to me on Twitter at the Sam Gill. Thanks so much for listening.


Hi everyone, Joe for jaspeyscasebreaks.com coming at you with a quick little uh, sello pack break 2017-18 prism sello pack break random team number nine it's a 30 spot break at the end of the break will Rerandomize everybody's names and the top five will get a spot in that big mixer the big basketball mixer featuring luka donchich So big thanks all of those people right there all the teams are in let's roll it Let's randomize it five into three eight times. So this is just for the break first one two three four five six Seven and eight. It's just just for the break. We're doing always do the break first Zach down to Adam and then eight times for the teams and Eighth and final time we got Suns down to Kings So remember this is 17 18 so we're looking for Jason Tatum's And you can't really expect too much out of these little sello pack breaks, but You never know Or the Boston Celtics, that's the first half of the list. There they are down there Rob with the Celtics Trays 18 19 He's with he's with luka donchich All right TWC trade window closed. So there you go the official printout You got silver Rick Carlisle Green buddy heel fundamentals That'll ship, but it's not numbered and We got silver Terrence Ross Nothing earth shattering there. What about in here? We got Julia local form ready Jackson and We do have a Trayvon Graham rookie And that'll be for Charlotte. That's gonna go to Mac. I'll set that right over here all right Nothing earth shattering there, but again the whole point of this is to see who wins those mixer spots So let's copy all of your names put them into a new list here along with the new dice top five after Seven top five after seven good luck one two three four five six and seven after seven times Top five after seven and thanks everyone right here for getting into the action I think we have one more pack we need to do so if you didn't win this time You might want to try again and congrats to the top five Adam Daniel Thomas Corey and Thomas There you have it congrats to you. Thanks everyone else for getting into the action. Thanks for watching I'll see you next time. Jasper's case breaks.com


I'm part of Global Women in Tech, working towards promoting STEM and promoting women in STEM in the local community here in Romania. The organization is founded in 2017. We develop certain programs for both young ladies, so basically women who are in the early stages of their career, but also for women who already have a path in this field.  There is an unconscious bias, actually, that boys are more prone to go into the technical fields and women into more social domains. It's about the resources and how the school is investing in promoting STEM for the young girls. We are talking about women in tech, but actually we are talking here about how we can develop as a nation, and we can all develop together. So basically I would love to see even more men involved in supporting this development of women and diversity at the end of the day in our companies and our organizations. I really believe in practice what you preach. If I wouldn't be encouraging women to thrive and to build their own path and careers, I wouldn't make a real contribution. It's very important for me, the community involvement here and the way I act every day. Not only we are seeing even more women entrepreneurs or women in a very good position in the field, but also we are seeing changes in the mindset and in the way companies work and embrace diversity. So I'm actually looking forward for the future.


Here we go. Herder Turtles. Herder Turtles. Ninja Turtles. Alright, here we go. Hold on. Broogers! Broogers! We're coming for you, Broogers! Baby your baby. I.e., let the noise pour forth from the house even as he's napping and he just kind of slid down the mama room. So we'll just pick him up here. Actually, he's still good. So it's like, let the noise, the ambient noise, and then when he's, you know, six months, he's used to this noise and he'll nap through it. Boom! Whoa! Painting fiasco slash project a couple days ago. Still trying to figure out how to clean it up. What happened here?


The study analyzed 146 audio-recorded clinical encounters between providers, parents, guardians and HPV vaccine-eligible adolescents from May 2015 to March 2017 at eight practices in Northeastern U.S. It found that provider recommendations were associated with vaccination rates, with an indicated recommendation resulting in a higher rate of vaccination compared to an elective or contraindicated presentation. The study also found that parental pre-visit intent to vaccinate was associated with vaccine receipt and the association between vaccine recommendation style and vaccine receipt was most pronounced with undecided parents. Overall, the results suggest that the words used to introduce HPV vaccination have the potential to inform parents' decisions about vaccination. This article was authored by Annie T. Fenton, Teresa J. Oon, Jack A. Clarke and others.


Namaskar, I'm Professor Devati Purkayastha from IIT, Bombay, and welcome to my course, Business Fundamentals for Entrepreneurs Part 2, External Operations. This is week two, fourth module, and the topic is about marketing communications. But before I get into the module for today, let me just remind you of the discussion flow for the entire course. So this is a four-week course, and we started last week, in the first week, talking about how you can research markets, competitors, trends, technology, players and products in the market. And then we talked about how you can look at your customers, customer segments, customer value proposition, etc. This week, the second week, in the first module, I talked about value-based marketing. How do you create value for your customers? How do you capture some of it for yourselves and build a long-term, sustainable, profitable business? And today's module is about marketing communication. It's not enough to have a great value proposition. You have to be able to communicate it to your customers. And today we talk about how do you do that. In the next two weeks, I will talk to you about selling, sales channels, direct selling, B2B and B2C selling. And in the last week, we'll talk again about customers, how do you build loyalty, how do you build advocacy, how do you make sure that you provide them with great service, and then about the supply chain and logistics of your business. So that's the course flow. So with that, let's get into today's module. So I'll start with the essence of marketing communication. And then we'll talk about two or three very important concepts, branding, marketing, positioning and advertising. And what are some of the skills you need to develop if you want to choose a career in advertising. If you want to become a brand manager or an advertising manager in a top-notch company like a Procter & Gamble, you need either Nestle, Samson or Tatars or Goodridge. So let's start with what is marketing communication. Remember I talked about value-based marketing, which has three pillars.  You have been able to create a long-term sustainable, profitable, growing business. And this week we're talking about how do you communicating value to your customers. And next week we'll talk about how do you deliver value to your customers. And diving deeper into the three pillars, last module I talked about how to create value, which is the value proposition for your customers and the price that you charge the customer. What's the mechanism of pricing so that you remain profitable and growing. In creating value there are two parts, customer branding, we'll start with that today and customer advertising. So what's a brand? All of you are familiar with brands. The biscuit that you're eating will probably be a brand from a Britannia or ITC or Nestle. It will be called Parle G or Oreo or any of those other biscuit brands. The soap that you use will have a brand name. The detergent that you use, the shampoo that you use, the car that you ride, the scooter that you ride, the t-shirt that you wear, they'll all have a brand. So what's a brand? A brand is a name or a logo or a symbol that identifies one company's product from other company's products or non-branded, commoditized product. So if you wear a pantaloon brand versus a shirt or a pant which is just made by a small of small cottage industry, you will know that that's a pantaloon brand or Adidas brand or Nike brand or Levi's brand and then the other product doesn't have a brand.  So why is a brand important? Because a brand builds trust and you'll see that companies go to a lot of effort to build the trust which is then communicated with the brand, the logo or the symbol. We'll see some examples later. And the brand value is the premium that a company can charge because of the brand versus an unbranded or any other brands. So branded Ata or flower will typically be a bit more expensive than an unbranded Ata or flower which comes in a loose packet. So that's the brand value and we'll see some examples soon. And therefore brands are very, very important because for the consumer it means there's a trust. When you see a branded product, you can trust that product. And for the company, it gets the extra profits and sales and it differentiates them in the market. So let's look at some examples of great brands which you will be familiar with. So this is a ranking and an analysis done by a global company. You can see the name below. It's called Brand Finance Global and the list is for last year, 2022. And we'll see the world's most valuable brands which means the premium that the brand gives to the company. And we'll see and not a surprise that one of the most valuable brands is the Apple brand. And we'll see a number there which means that the Apple brand because the phones are branded Apple or iPhone or iPad or MacBook are branded with that Apple sign. The Apple company can get 355 billion US dollars, which is about maybe 240,000 crores extra valuation because of the brand. But without getting too much into the numbers, look at the other big brands. Second is Amazon. Many of you must be using Amazon because when you go to Amazon, it's convenient and you get a wide range of products. And Amazon is quite well known across the world versus other smaller e-commerce company. Google, all of you must be using Google, Microsoft. Anybody who's using a PC or a laptop will be using MS Office or MS Outlook. Walmart, which is a large supermarket in many parts of the world, especially in the United States. It's a US company. And then Samsung, many of you will have a Samsung phone. Most of you will be using Facebook. ICBC is a Chinese company as is why and Verizon is like Geo or a Vodafone or Airtel. It's a telecom company in US. And these are the brand values. But there are also brands in different categories or industries. So let's look at some of them. If you look at India, for example, the most valuable brands, of course, are not a surprise Tata's, Infosys. And why is Tata the most valuable brand? Because if there's a Tata product, instinctly, most Indians will trust the brand and say, oh, it's a Tata product. Must be good. Infosys, if you say Infosys software, most companies will say, oh, it's Infosys solution. Must be good. LIC for life insurance. Reliance, whole bunch of products from reliance, including Geo, Airtel. And then if you go down the list, SBI, many of you will be banking with state bank or HDFC bank. Vipro is a B2B brand. Companies who buy Vipro solution trust Vipro. Mahindra is a SUV brand, passenger vehicle brand and tractors brand. So farmers trust Mahindra tractors. And that's why they can command a premium. And then we've got HCL. So these are valuable Indian brands. Moving on, let's look at some soft drink brands from across the world. Many of you will be having some soft drink or the other. Obviously Coca-Cola and Pepsi are the most valuable brands, but then I've got Red Bull, which is an energy brand. And then if you go down the list, some of them are available in India. Nescafe. Many of you will be drinking Nescafe coffee.  And these are the brands which are valuable because if you say a non Coca-Cola, non Pepsi-Cola or Cola drink, you may not trust it and you may not pay as much as you'd pay for a Coca-Cola or Pepsi-Cola. And that's the value of the brand. Let's move on. Let's look at cars. So which are the most valuable brands? The most valuable brand in the world now is Tesla, and Tesla is electric vehicles. And it's a new category, but it's leading the world in electric vehicles. And then you look at Mercedes because a Mercedes brand is supposed to be highest quality. And then we've got Toyota. And we've got BMW.  You've got Volkswagen, Honda, Ford, Hyundai, and Audi. And please see here that the Porsche may be a better car in terms of high quality, a racing car, an expensive car. But the brand itself may not be as valuable as a Toyota brand. Because Toyota cars in general are more affordable than a Porsche car. But Toyota sells much more. It's a much bigger car company and a car brand, and therefore it's more valuable than a Porsche. Here let's look at luxury brands. Porsche is the most valuable luxury brand.  And they've got Louis Vuitton, Gucci, Chanel, Hermes.  It could be an April or it could be a perfume or it could be a car like Porsche. And why are they so valuable? Because when you wear a Chanel perfume or a Louis Vuitton dress or a Gucci polo or t-shirt or dress, it comes across as a much better, much more esteemed brand than maybe something else like a pantalon or a west side brand. Let's move now to another important concept called brand positioning. So the brand valuation were more the science of branding. Brand positioning is more the art of branding because it's in the human mind. So brand position is in position in the mind of customer about how he or she perceives the brand. It's got nothing to do with numbers. It's a psychological impression that companies create in the minds of the customers. And we'll see some examples soon. And therefore it does not involve too much of number crunch, but brand position involves more of psychological like emotions and associations and value judgment. And the big thing about brand positioning is it's not a long sentence. It's not a complex calculation. It's a tagline, which means it's three or four words, which are very powerful and it sticks into the user's mind. But those three or four words must be able to communicate to the customer what the brand stands for. So let's look at some examples. The most famous or at least one of the most famous campaigns was Apple Think Different. And there is a Steve Jobs video of when he launched the Think Different campaign. You can find it on YouTube. You can search for Steve Jobs brand values or Think Different. And in that Steve Jobs explains how he wants the Apple brand to be very different from what else exists out there. And it is used by people who are also very different. The person who wants to be a very different kind of a photographer and therefore wants an Apple iPhone with a great camera or someone who wants to be an artist and therefore wants to hear the best music of an Apple iPhone. So he talks about people who want to be different, think different and therefore they use something which is Apple and because they want to be different and they get it from Apple, Apple can charge a huge premium. Nike. There are many shoes in the world. But Nike shoes are very special because Nike as a brand celebrates the spirit of just do it. The spirit of athleticism. So when you wear a Nike shoe, Nike wants you to feel, oh, today I can run a lot. I have not been running but if I am wearing a Nike shoe, let's run. Let's swim. If I am wearing a Nike apparel. So the spirit of Nike is let's just do it. Mercedes is the highest quality. So they say the best or nothing. If you want the best, you buy Mercedes. If you look at state bank, the value proposition of state bank is whichever corner you go to in India, every village, every city, every town, there are state bank branches. And it's a bank for 150 crore Indians, 1.5 billion Indians. So the tagline is banker to every Indian. It's everywhere. Pantaloons. In love with life. In love with passion and fashion. But of course it appeals to affordable segment.  They can wear pantaloons. So that's the brand positioning of pantaloons. Many of you would have seen Mahindra cars or SUVs. And many of you would have seen on the roads a Mahindra thar. Some of you may be owning it. Mahindra thar is like an SUV, an off-roader, which can go to the mountains and the jungles and cross the rivers and so on. So the positioning for Mahindra thar, that SUV there, is explore the impossible. You can go anywhere to explore anything. So again two or three words conveying the position that Mahindra thar wants the consumer's mind to capture. So it's all about the mind. Levi's. It's all about quality. Now it's not enough for brands just to have a fancy tagline. Everything that the brand does has to support that positioning and the tagline. So then let's look at how Levi's supports its tagline of quality never goes out of style. Remember Levi's is a very, very old brand. It's one of the oldest brand and it basically sells branded jeans. So how does it convey the position and how does it support the position of quality never going out of style? So let's look at how the brand or the company supports the positioning. First of all you see the tagline, Levi's. The brand is there everywhere. It's on the back pocket typically and for a t-shirt or a shirt or a jacket is probably on the pocket. And if you enter the store the brand is right up there. And then if you look at the tag, the Levi's tag, you will see quality clothing original riveted because when Levi's first created those jeans it actually put metal rivets in the stress points of the pockets so that the pockets will never tear because earlier pockets used to tear up and because they put the rivets, the pockets are much more durable. And if you look at the picture of two horses trying to pull apart a Levi's, there are stories about how horses cannot tear up a Levi's jeans because the fabric is so strong, the yarn is so strong, the rivets are so strong and so on. And then you'll see the same thing in any of the Levi's advertisement and you see on the screen on the bottom right, you can see the Facebook advertisement. But let's look at an Indian example, DMART.  How does DMART support that position? So if you walk into the store, you'll find the discounts are displayed right up front, buy one, get one, buy one, get one, or you get 12% discount or 10% discount. So it's there right up front. So the pricing that you are getting daily savings is in every aisle, every corner of the store when you walk in. That's how brands create a whole experience to support the brand positioning. And if you have a great brand position, you can command a premium pricing and you can grow maybe a bit faster than others and make much more money and therefore your brand valuation goes up. And I give you some examples of great brands with great value. So with that now, let's pause and I urge you to reflect on what's written on the screen. Remember, in this course in every module, we'll have the reflection breaks of three minutes where I encourage you to write down in your course journal whatever you remember from what I've said and then think about what I'm asking you to think about on the screen and write it down and at the end of the course you can look back on your course journal and refresh your mind about everything that you've learned in the course. So the next three minutes, think of a brand that you use. It could be a food brand, it could be a quick service restaurant, a chain restaurant, it could be a t-shirt, it could be a shoe, it could be an institute, an IT or NIT or whichever college you are in, these are all brands. And of that brand that you use, think about what is the logo. Even if you're in a college or a school, your school or college will have a logo because that explains to the outside world which school or college it is or the logo on your shirt or the shoe or the logo on the restaurant. And see if there's a tagline. Look for the tagline of the brand. And then think about how is that brand positioned in your own mind. So when you think of that brand, that biscuit, that coffee, that restaurant, that airline, Indigo or Air India, all that corporate brand, Tata's or Godrej or Billa's or Mahindra's, all that car, Maruti or Hyundai, what comes to your mind? Emotionally, what do you think about it? And then think about how the brand supports this positioning. So if Tata's is all about trust, I trust the Tata brand. Think about how all the Tata companies and the Tata products support the position of Tata trust, the trust that Indians have on the Tata brand. So reflect.


Good morning everybody. My name is Steven and I am representing the Kansas City Chapter of Tool and today We're gonna do a really short video for you on cuff stuff. We're gonna talk about handcuffs We're gonna tell you the different pieces of them We're gonna tell you about the key and how the key works We're gonna tell you how the inner workings work And we're gonna tell you how if you don't have a key to get yourself out of a nice pair of handcuffs Now this is going to be a disclaimer first Remember if the police put you in handcuffs because they're arresting you or detaining you It is very ill advised to get yourself out of the handcuffs if you do that We take no responsibility for that number one and number two you're gonna find yourself in a much worse Situation than you were in before so please this is just to be used for fun This is not to be used to get yourself out of handcuffs if you have been detained or arrested by the police Again tool takes no responsibility for that We are merely here to teach you the inner workings of the various locking mechanisms that exist in the world And their various flaws So let's start with a very simple pair of handcuffs a handcuff is made up of multiple different pieces This is the ratchet arm Now the ratchet arm is what swings and allows it to go around your wrist We also have the housing. We have the little keyhole Inside of our housing. We have what's called at the Paul or the PAW L It is a set of teeth that actually is what causes Your ratchet arm teeth to lock in and not be able to be pulled free now underneath your Paul You're gonna have a spring the spring is what allows the Paul to be compressed down to let you out and it's also what pushes the Paul back up in order to make sure That the handcuffs don't get tighter or don't get looser. That's the whole point of it So let's take a look at our key. This is a handcuff key. It's a very very simple. You see it's only It's very small. It's made of solid metal and all it has is just this one little notch in here Now that's because Inside of here what we have is we have a little metal lip So what happens is when you insert your key Your key is going to connect on to that metal lip and as you push it down It's compressing the spring and it's what allows your handcuff ratchet arm to freely spin Now you can see that when I let go of it Now the Paul engages your ratchet arm and you can hear the little clicks and that's what's keeping it in there So what you've really got is you've got little teeth that are down in here And you've got teeth that are on your ratchet arm your ratchet arm teeth are going to engage Your Paul teeth and they're going to set in when you try to pull it backwards It doesn't work because the teeth are interlocking That's what keeps you safe from being able to get out of them But it's also what tries to keep you safe from being able to further ratchet it down that way you you know You don't get it too tight around your wrists Now if for some reason we find ourselves without a key, let's say we find ourselves maybe Bancuff to a bed. I don't know your situation and I don't judge. So what would we use in that case? So one of the main tools that we would use is a very simple lockpick and this is just called a lifter Now if we look at our lifter We can see that it is very very similar to our key all it is It's just a very simple hook So we want to mimic the motion of the handcuff key into the lock So we locate our lock we take our lifter We slide it into the very top and all we're going to do is go up into the right and twist just a little bit until we have engaged the metal lip in the Paul and Compress the spring down pushing the Paul back down in order to open our handcuffs So let me demonstrate that one more time. We're going to take our lifter. We are going to put it right into our Keyhole we're going to move it up and to the right and then we're just going to give it a very simple and light twist Once you feel it engage all you need to do is pull the arm the ratchet arm out And then you can let go because now you've gotten yourself out of that now You can really use a lot of other different picks You can use a half diamond if you wanted or really whatever one you have around It just needs to fit properly into the hole and it needs to mimic what the key looks like or as close as you can get to that Because remember all that exists within here is just a little metal lip and that is all that you are touching So as long as your tool can touch that lip and is strong enough to push it down and maintain The downward pressure while you pull the ratchet arm out That's really all you need to be able to do that There's also another way with which you can do that if you don't for some reason have access to the keyhole Or you don't have anything that's going to work in there and what we would use is called a shim Shim is a very very very thin piece of metal You can make them out of titanium which lasts a lot longer or You can make them out of a simple pop can now if you're gonna make them out of a pop can just remember They're not gonna last nearly as long because they are very very very thin light weight aluminum So in order for a shim to work You're just gonna stick it right down in between Your ratchet arm and your pawl and what that shim is doing is it's pushing those teeth out of the way And it's making it so that there can't be a connection between the teeth and your ratchet arm and the teeth on your pawl Keep in mind that when you do this you are most likely going to end up Tightening the handcuff one to two notches as you push the piece of metal into there So if it's already very tight You're already at the very end because you have small wrists or the person put them on too tight This method may not work or it may put it in so tight that it starts to cut off the circulation and it starts To actually hurt you so please be aware of that make it if you want to test it and play with it Make it multiple Notches too big for your hand that way when you push the shim in and it locks it down a couple notches You're not hurting yourself. You're just putting it right where it should be in the first place So that is a very very simple overview of a handcuff of how a handcuff works and how you can get yourself out of one remember The handcuff key is very very simple and all you need in order to mimic it is a simple tool such as A lockpick lifter or a lockpick half diamond anything that mimics the key is going to work I'm going to be able to get you out of there and once again. I will remind you if you get placed in handcuffs by the the authorities Please do not try to get yourself out and we absolutely do not and will not condone that you will find yourself in much Worse trouble if you have further questions about handcuffs or you want to talk about some of the more advanced types of handcuffs Or even the international handcuffs, please find the right channel in the Defcon lockpick village and we would be more than happy to discuss this with you. Thank you so much for watching


My name is Aaron, or Acorn, and I've seen a security researcher with Grim, and I've played with cars, and I'm going to tell you about what UDS is and why it can help you hack cars, and let's get moving. So what is UDS?  CAN itself, for the purposes of this particular talk, you can think of CAN as about kind of old school, 10, 100 ethernet, you can have a bunch of things on the bus, and they can talk to each other, they use the MAC address to figure out what messages are meant for them, right? So keep that in mind, that's basically CAN. UDS itself is then a higher level protocol living on top of that. As you may know, CAN has a limit of 8 bytes per message, and so if you want to send anything bigger than 8 bytes, like you want to send firmware to an ECU on a car, you're going to need to use a higher level protocol to segment that up into multiple messages. So ISOTP is a segmentation layer, kind of like IP, and then you have UDS itself, which you can think of like, I mean the analogies break down at this point, but you can go with maybe UDP, TCP, whatever you feel like. Like I said, the analogy does break down at that point. But there's the ISO standards, if you feel like looking at it. One quick mention, OBD2. OBD2 is a little bit different standard. It's not really living on top of these things as well, but it's meant, it's very specifically a single purpose meant to talk to the emissions related equipment for scanning codes. So it's not really the same thing, but sometimes the ECUs, which do talk OBD2, also talk UDS. Sometimes not. So CAN. You have a message ID, arbitration ID, it's what identifies what message is meant to go on the bus. The, if you have standard, CAN is 11 bits only for the message ID, arbitration ID. And standard for UDS is 7xx is going to be the request, and then 7xx plus 8 is going to be the response ID. This will make sense eventually, I promise. The 29 bit, or the extended CAN, is a little bit different, where it uses two different, you know, two different bytes as kind of the sender and receiver. It makes a little bit more sense. OBD2, there's a specialized set of IDs that are meant for OBD2 only. So you don't know, and so going back to the Ethernet and IP example, we don't have routers here. We don't have a switch. We don't have DNS to tell us what's on the bus. So the thing is we need to figure it out. But right here, we've got a very, it's a pretty limited subset of IDs that we can scan to figure out what's on that bus. It's like a maximum of, that's actually a little bit less than 256. So real quick, ISOTP, there's a couple different frame types. It's not really important at this point, but basically the first nibble of the CAN data frame indicates what type of message it is. Since it's a limited subset of values, it can make it really easy to see large data transfers, which is one of the things that is nice about UDS, it makes it easy to just visually take a look at it and see that something is happening. A couple different UDS services, if you take a look at this and you say, what do I want to do to a car? You can say that downloading and uploading things to the ECUs does sound interesting. Transferring data, security access, this is, there's a lot more than this. If you want to know, you can go look at the standard. Or actually the Wikipedia page for UDS is pretty good. And so you can go take a look at that. There's a lot of things in here that are custom per automaker, which means to figure out what is actually supported for an ECU. You need to either have the design documents or you need to figure it out. So that's kind of the goal here. So let's take a look. Here's a couple different ECU UDS responses. The whole idea is you've got a request. So in the very first message here, we've got a request ID of 74A. And the response here is 7B4. And you'll notice that that's not actually what I said earlier. Earlier I said it should be 8 more than that. Well, that's the standard. Just because it's the standard doesn't mean it's actually what is ever done because nothing's ever actually done standardly on passenger vehicles. So here we see the message. The very first, you see the first nibble of the data is zero, which means it's a single frame message. Again, it's very obvious what's going on. Second nibble is the length. And then after that, we see 10, 0, 3. 10 is the diagnostic session request. 3 is just a session ID. What does that session mean? Well, again, it means whatever the automaker wants it to mean. So the only way to figure out what it means is if you can start actually taking, you know, querying what functionality is available in that diagnostic session. You might have some simple diagnostics in session two. You might be able to reprogram the ECUs in session two. Maybe session three lets you do things like disable the brakes or something like that. You know, maybe it's some debugging or implementation. Some of the engineers we're doing that's not really meant for general consumption. Well, if you can figure out what that is, if you can get in there and scan what's going on, then it allows you to get access to what that type of functionality is. So another one, the second UDS request here, again, we've got seven, oh yeah. So the response itself, so we have zero six. So again, single frame message, six bytes, 50. So the first byte here is ISOTP. That's kind of the encapsulation layer. UDS itself is then the actual, the remaining bytes, right, then remaining seven bytes of this message. The request is the service ID, which was 10. The response, if it's a successful response, is then hex 40 more than the request. These all seem incredibly arbitrary, I know. And basically it's because, I don't know, the people who wrote the standard did it that way. It's actually, it's based on older standards. So what you're seeing here is kind of the evolution of a lot of things based on a lot of things, which is basically how all technology in computers has ever worked, because it's all based on, well, we did it this way, so let's do it this way now. That's why it's this way. So you just got to take a look at it and look at the standard and you eventually figure it out. So 50, that means successful, because it was 40 more than the request. And then, then the next thing is going to be three, which is the diagnostic session that was requested. The length is six, which means there's three more bytes of data here. I have no idea what they mean, but usually it doesn't actually matter much what they mean, but they're here in case you want to refer to it later. If you're actually implemented this or doing something with the dealer tools, it might be meaningful, I don't know. So if it's 40 more, that's a successful response. What happens if it's an unsuccessful response? That's the next example I've got here. Got zero to 10, four. So it's slightly different session ID I'm looking for. The response itself, then, is 7F. That means it's a negative response. And then you have the error code here, so it says after the negative response, the next byte is the service ID that caused the error, 10, and then it's the error code. Well, the error code itself is 12. That is, thankfully, a standard thing in this, and 12 means sub function not supported. So that basically is somebody telling us that we don't know what this means. So this is, again, this is the way that the UDS protocol is allowing us to enumerate what functionality exists on an ECU. The last one here is a read-did message. So a did in UDS speak is a block of data. If you want to find out what VIN is in a car, you read a particular data identifier, and in this case data identifier F-190. That's part of the standard. There's a range of these different dids which are standard for the ISO standard. Then there's a bunch of other stuff which automakers or suppliers do because they feel like it. Probably really to put in information that they feel is necessary. What version of software do we have in here? What version of the hardware is this? Who compiled it? Maybe. So here, the response was, there's a couple, two things I want to point out about this last one. You can see that the error is, we have a 7F which means error, but the error's code is 78. Error code 78 means that it's a, hold up. Let me read this properly. Request correctly received response pending. So basically it means, hold on a second. And this is one that always annoyed me a little bit. Because if you take a look at the timestamps, it didn't actually take that much longer for the actual message to come back. First nibble is one which means it's a first frame of a multi-frame message. And then again, like I said, three is the flow control. So it's saying here's, it's the person who's receiving the data telling the other end if it has any restrictions in the block sizes, right? So if you can think of this again in terms of Ethernet, it's just kind of like a hand shake working out like MTU sizes or something like that, right? Again, these analogies are a little bit strained, but you know, it's a way to think about it. But then the first frame is two. Two means it's a multi-frame message. And this is really good if you're like looking at the dealer tools for taking a look at, if you use the dealer tools and look at the canned messages that are happening while the dealer tools are like programming the ECU. It makes it extremely obvious when there's a block of data going to a particular location. Because it all starts with two and the message ID is all seven, something or other. In this case, the actual response doesn't matter too much. It was just because of those two things I wanted to point out there. All right. So that's the basics of UDS. I could go in for quite a long time going into detail of UDS, which would probably bore everyone more than you're already bore.  Tools can easily abstract what's the important stuff that's going on behind the scenes that helps you have a deeper understanding of how the computer is behaving. So a couple of useful tools I want to point out here. First one is CanCat. I work with the Grim. We like CanCat. We use it. It's not... It has a lot of libraries for allowing you to do the low level Can stuff, which is what we demonstrate over at our booth. But we also have a class in there for UDS. It allows you to interact with the ACU of doing UDS functionality. And what I'm going to show here in the second half is taking a look at a tool I wrote on top of the CanCat stuff that allows you to essentially do Nmap style scanning on a car. There's two other ones I'd like to point out here that are capable of doing UDS things. First one is Carrying Caraboo, which I have a hard time saying. It works pretty well. It works with standard Python Can stuff. If you have a Socket Can capability, it's like a CanTact. This will work well with it. It also does UDS scanning. Scapey can also do this as well. As much as I love Scapey, it's not... The interface is a little bit harder to use. And let's hear familiar with how it's working. In this particular case. So CanUtils, the low level Socket Can if you're running Linux, you've got Socket Can. You've got CanUtils. They're installed by default, pretty sure, on most distributions. But the thing is they interact with the raw Can messages. They don't necessarily give you the UDS capabilities. What we demo over our booth for just recording and replaying messages, you can do that with CanDump and CanPlayer. CanSniff is also a really useful tool. Unfortunately, CanSniffer isn't actually support 29-bit messages. There's a pull request that's been open for like a year for it. You can go and look at the pull request if you want to go and see it. You can go find a particular patch and download it and compile it. It's useful for low level things, but once you start getting to higher level protocols, you usually need to step outside of something like Socket Can. And here, like I said, you can use the CanUtils for doing Can injection. And here's just a simple example. You don't really see it interacting with the vehicle at this point, but what I did was I hit CanDump, we started logging. I hit the unlock button, and then I control C to kill the CanDump. Then I take the CanDump that was generated and I run it through CanPlayer, and I watch the car unlock itself. So this is again a simple example of message injection with CanUtils. CanSniffer is another useful one, and this allows you to do like an interactive viewing of the messages that are going on the bus. You hit the pound sign and then it will slowly shrink the window, like notches the messages it's receiving. And then it highlights, if you give it the dash C flag, it'll highlight the new messages it receives. So in this particular case, what I did was I started CanSniffer, and then I was periodically hitting the unlock button. And if you've got a sharp eye, you might notice what message ID is actually doing the door unlocking in this case. Or if you already did figured it out when you were taking a look at it on our booth. But anyway, so again, hit the unlock message, unlock the button on the key fob, and the message popped up here highlighted with the changed bytes in red. Can't the escapee again? So there's the, there's the incantation for doing it. You can go on the escapees, read the docs page, and it will, there's a good lot of, there's a lot of information there about using escapee for automotive testing. And you know, this is just a simple example. Again, you can do CanStiff. This again records all the messages and you can, it's a Python interactive shell, and you can interact with them using all the different Python tools escapee presents. Carrying Caraboo. Again, this is doing an ECU scan. So this is starting to get into more of what I was talking about. How you can use UDS capabilities to identify what's on the bus. So this again was looking, I was scanning 3PO, and I did UDS discovery. This is just using the can, cannibal. I was a little $10 piece of hardware, and it's going through all the different ECUs to find out what's present on the bus. And you can see here, it's finding different things. It's finding some things that are standard. It's finding some things that are not standard. The particular results in this case don't matter too much. It's nicer to have something animated on the screen. So UDS, one of the nicest, well okay, the functionality, not the nicest, but one of the nicer things about UDS is the error codes. They're extremely verbose. This is one of those things where you take a look at a protocol, and you can tell it was written by an engineer. Because they say, well, I want to know why this didn't work. I want to know what went wrong. And so there's, well, there's a bite for the messages, so you've got a couple hundred possibilities of what the error code is. They're not all valid, but a lot of them are valid. And here's some of the common ones. So it's not supported. Conditions not correct, which is an interesting one. Security access denied. Invalid key. Exceeded number of attempts. So exceeded number of attempts, for example, is one where, if you're trying to do a security access, what should happen if you do it wrong as you're supposed to then get an error message back saying that you ran out of attempts? Well, sometimes it happens, sometimes it doesn't. Conditions not correct is a good one, because what it's saying is, I can't do the thing that you're asking for, but I am capable of doing it if the conditions were correct. So then you got to figure out what those conditions might be. Again, it lets you start narrowing down the type of functionality you're looking for. There's also a really verbose section of errors like RPM too high, RPM too low. Engine is running, engine is not running. Throttle pedal too high, too low, transmission not in neutral, transmission in gear. And not all of these different error codes are things that all automakers implement, but when you see them, it allows you to know that, well, great, this thing I've almost gotten to the ability to activate this function, all I have to do is change the conditions that the car is in. So again, this is allowing you to scan the functionality. You don't have any knowledge of what's going on, and it's allowing you to figure out what is going on. So, UDS. So, because I can't help myself, I named it CANMAP, because it's based on CANCAT and it helps you do N mapping of a car, right? That's the theory anyway. So, there's my car, my own test subject that I tested this on, to try and figure out what's going on. So, again, when you're doing a pen test, right? If you're doing a pen test, you want to figure out what's on this network, what services are available on this network. You run NMAP with a different range of IP addresses, and you come back, if there's a service there that gives you a successful or an error, some error responses, it allows you to know that that IP address is valid, and allows you to know what services may or may not be present on there. It can allow you to detect if there's a firewall present. So, NMAP is, again, a blind tool that lets you go through and figure out what's going on. CANMAP is pretty much the same thing, and of course CaringCaribou does similar things as well, but I felt like doing it on my own. I don't really like using tools that I'd not wrote because I don't actually ever understand how the tools work until I play with them myself with my own hands. I might be the only one who ever uses a tool, but the whole point is it's helped me learn about how UDS works. It's written on top of CANCAT, so it's an example of how you can use CANCAT's existing API to interact with the bus. So use it as a way to learn how CANCAT stuff works. I use it as a tool, a standalone tool by itself. Whatever you use this as an example, or a chance to explore other new tools, as long as people are going out and learning new things, that's my goal. So first thing the tool has right now, because it's brand new, is it allows you to scan for ECUs. Right here it'll start over in a second. So it allows you to, first thing I'm doing is scanning for ECUs. There's a couple different ways you can do this. Any functionality you can send to an EC, any function you can request. So the things I pointed out earlier, read did, diagnostic session control, data transfer, ECU reset. There's all these things that you could send that would allow you to detect if an address is valid. In this particular case, the one of the default modes is just reading and dits. So it tries to read the VIN out of a vehicle. And you can see a bunch of things coming back here. So it's detecting that if there's a non-standard response. And it logs it in different ways. There's different, this is the way that I had figured out how I wanted to do it. I want to talk a little bit too about how the scanning works. UDS works. UDS is the basis of all the different functionality that like the dealer tools use. When the dealer goes and interacts with an ECU, if they need to reprogram it, they're going to use the UDS protocol to get this to happen. Well, one of the things that's been happening on newer vehicles is there's a CAN gateway sitting on the OBD2 port. That's supposed to only let the certain things through that are allowed to go through to the rest of the vehicle. One of the things that by design it has to allow through is the UDS messages that allow the dealer tool to interact with the ECUs. Which means that you using the UDS will help you find things even getting through a gateway. It's essentially using a firewall's capabilities to allow you to go through it on its own. You don't have to break through it as long as it lets you through in a nice and friendly manner. So here's the results, the results of my scanner I'll put into a YAML file. I'm not a fan of YAML but it does work well. And then the YAML file has the list of like what are the transmit IDs, what are the response IDs, and eventually what are the actual values of different dids. Now what is the bus speed that I use for this? And then this YAML file can be used in future scans that will allow you to not worry about scanning for the ECUs because you've got them already saved in a file and then you can use those and go on and scan for other things. It's also got the notes there indicating what the actual command you ran was. The idea being that it should help you find out how long did the scan take and what actually how did you actually invoke the command that generated the results you see there. So here again scanning for dids. I'm not going to show you an animated one for that because it's just a ton of output but I want to point out a couple things here. Again looking at the ISO, TP, frame IDs. If you take a look at the bottom one you'll see you've got the zero, one, three, and a bunch of twos. Again that's very classic. It's an easy way to see looking at the raw can messages that you're looking at an ISO, TP, block transfer. And then you can actually see the read did result there. In this case it was one of the application identifiers. F182, whatever this. I don't know. One of the things I also want to point out about how UDS is useful in this case is by taking a look at the contents that you can get out of the different data identifiers on the different ECUs once you have extracted the firmware for the ECU. They can act as good signposts because it allows you to have this particular string search for that string in the firmware somewhere and then once you find it you can start finding the references and you can you know that the references are going to be related to this particular can functionality. So it can allow you to go from a known set of information in the software that will allow you to figure out how you get back there to the can stuff and once you take a look at the can functions you can see what other functionality might be available through that can interface. One of the other things that is nice about that I like about the tool can cat so it allows you to do a save session file. You've recorded all this information all these can messages been saved you've been doing hours of testing. Well there's a function called save session to file. You can just type it interactively on the ipython shell that's normal way or what we can do here is if you pass the dash c flag to can map it'll save the session file for you also it's just a pickle a python pickle if you know how those work yes they're insecure so don't unpickle other people's pickles that they provide. If that phrase makes if that sentence makes sense. But it's really useful because it allows you to take your logged output that you see here's the results I see here's what's going on and you can take a look at the raw can messages themselves so if something has gone weird then it can allow you to find out exactly what's going on here. In my limited testing leading up to this I didn't have time to go through every scenario to figure out what works but being able to go through and look at the raw messages helps you figure out what's going weird. The last set of functionality I've gotten it is scan for diagnostic sessions. I've got the warning here because when I started doing this things do start acting weird because it does involve putting the ECUs into different modes. I set the immobilizer off on my car. It did clear as soon as I turn the car on and off again off and on again but again this is one of those things are once you start messing around with different diagnostic sessions in ECU resets things can get weird. On the other hand it can also help you identify which ECU does what on a car. When I was doing the scanning for for sessions and I saw okay well here's the session ID and then I see my radio start rebooting I know that that session ID is my radio because just looking at the raw message IDs you don't know which ECU those belong to necessarily. But when you start seeing the actual physical effects on the car then you can start correlating that to what ECU does what function. Again here's some results you can see some of the weird errors I started getting. One of them was like when I go to a particular session after I start scanning long enough then it just it just kind of stopped responding in a friendly manner. Again I'm not entirely sure why but looking at the raw messages can help you diagnose what's going on. And again this is the first version of it it'll get better. It's still sitting in a poll request up to the main can cat so it'll get there eventually. The no I must be a later site. So real quick wrap up UDS helps you to enumerate the vehicles attack service. Let's you figure out what ECUs are present and let's you figure out what data is in there the data can then be used to more easily reverse engineer what's going on in the thing. I do want to point out that UDS itself is not necessarily a vulnerability in and of itself. It's simply a way to discover the functionality that's present on the vehicle. The functionality itself might be the vulnerability. Right if I'm a lot if I can do things to a car that are bad if I can put my if I can unlock a vehicle from an external location that itself is the vulnerability not the fact that I found out I could do it with UDS. If I can put an ECU into diagnostics mode while the car is running and then impact the vehicle dynamics that is the vulnerability not the fact that I use a session control to do it. This is again similar to the way different protocols work and if you're taking thinking about regular computers. I can go on forever with these if I had time which I don't. Again the more tools better so I can map carrying caribou escapee other options out there and lastly go out there scan be curious play with your own car and have fun. That's it. I know it was really quick and if you have any questions we don't have time right now unfortunately but please I'll stand around afterwards if you have questions let me know and I'll answer them or go into more detail if you wish. A couple links here if you haven't got read Chris and Charlie's paper it goes a lot into UDS and security access key the seed key pairs that's very valuable to go and look at it talks about reverse engineering those algorithms out of the dealer tools the dealer tools are always a valuable resource when you're trying to figure out what the capabilities of a vehicle are and again some links to the other different can tools here that's it yes yeah question was if I've messed with the Tesla 3 I've not personally messed with the Tesla 3. Anyway I'm pretty sure I'm out of time it is in a pull request up on the CANCAT repo so if you go up to CANCAT and you look for pull requests you'll find one of them that's a branch labeled CANMAP so it's working on it it was a lot of code changes so it is a it was a lot of code changes so it's going to take a little while to review and make and fix all the stylistic things that I've messed up right question was about emulators so for messing around with this if you play with the soccer can tools you can even create a virtual can device which will allow you to play back pre-recorded data I do did create a testing can interface for CANMAP it's kind of limited at the moment though but it allows you to kind of fake out the high-level stuff but not the low-level ones so short answer is kind of yeah and there's also tool we also do SO tool in CANCAT now that allows you to go between soccer can dumps and P or P caps and CANCAT sessions files so you can convert from one to the other to play with them if you want to but that is functionality I would like to do eventually but I'm now a couple minutes past time whoever's next is going to need to get up here so I do need to shut down thank you everybody for being here and I'll be hanging around afterwards