What is up YouTube? Welcome back to my channel. For those of you who saw my last Instagram post, I posted a picture of all the pet scans I read last week and a lot of you guys were asking me why I'm reading pet scans, why I'm doing a nuclear medicine rotation, what is a pet scan, why am I reading scans on animals and all that stuff. So I figured I would clear some things up for this video and talk a little bit about nuclear medicine in the process. Let's go. It requires us to do four one-month rotations in nuclear medicine. So the ACGME is the accreditation council of graduate medical education and they are the hierarchy of all of residency programs in the U.S. I have already done three of my one-month rotations, which is why I'm doing my final one-month rotation in my fourth year of residency. And yes, even though I'm doing IR as my specialty of choice, I still have to meet all of my requirements in order to be dual board certified in diagnostic radiology and interventional radiology. So now let's talk a little bit about nuclear medicine and find out what exactly it is. So nuclear medicine is a very specialized field within radiology that uses radioactive materials or radioactive pharmaceuticals to examine ordnance function and structure. Now nuclear medicine is a very complex field which involves many different disciplines like math, chemistry, information technology, and medicine of course. Nuclear medicine is important for treating and diagnosing multiple disease processes including cancer. So at my institution nuclear medicine is broken up into PET and general nuclear medicine which is basically everything nuclear medicine that isn't PET. So let's talk about all the stuff that isn't PET first. So I'm not going to get into everything about general nuclear medicine because the field is so complicated and very vast but I wanted to talk about a few of the scans that we do in nuclear medicine. We do thyroid scans to evaluate thyroid function and or to evaluate a thyroid nodule or mass, renal scans to examine structure and function, bone scans to evaluate for bone tumors and disease as well as infection, heart scans to look for abnormal blood flow or damage to the heart muscle itself, breast scans and or lymphocentigraphy to locate cancerous lesions or metastatic lymph nodes, and brain scans to evaluate for abnormal blood flow within the brain. So PET stands for positron and mission tomography in which we inject a small radio tracer into the body via the bloodstream. Now I'm not going to get into the inner workings of how a PET scan actually works because it is also extremely complicated and I don't even think I can do any justice explaining it to you guys. So the radio tracer we inject is something called fluorideoxyglucose or FDG for short. It's basically a glucose analog or a substance that mimics sugar and it gets taken up by all cells in the body. So as you can probably imagine these cancer cells are not normal cells and they tend to divide a lot more than normal cells and in order to divide they need glucose. So you can see how something that mimics glucose would be taken up a lot more by these cancerous cells when compared to normal cells. So that's how we find cancer in the body with a PET scan. Any cancerous lesions in the body tend to be very hot or very bright on PET scan when compared to normal cells. And as you can probably tell PET scans are really good for detecting spread of disease which is also called metastasis. And we overlay every PET scan with a CT scan so we know exactly where the disease is. A lot of PET scans are done every day to diagnose cancer, stage cancer and even to assess the response to chemotherapy on cancer. Say for instance we had someone diagnosed with lymphoma such as this patient. You see all the hot spots in the mediastinum and surrounding the heart all this dark stuff and then you look at the scan of the same patient two months after a full treatment of chemotherapy. You don't have to be a radiologist to tell that all of this dark hot spots in the mediastinum have dissipated and this is essentially a complete response to the chemotherapy regimen. It's that easy. At my institution on the PET side there are about 20 PET CTs performed each day which takes an entire day to read them all. As a first year I was pretty overwhelmed as this seemed like a ton of work because with every PET scan comes an entire CT chest abdomen pelvis and sometimes a head and neck so it's a lot of imaging to read for one PET scan. But as I progressed in my training I can get through PET scan pretty quickly and reading 20 PET scans in a day isn't that big of a deal anymore. Also what you guys may not know is that we utilize nuclear medicine a lot in interventional radiology. Many of you all may have heard of a procedure called transarterial radioembolization which is also known as tear for short and also sometimes known as just a Y90 procedure for short. Tear is a procedure specifically designed to treat liver cancer or hepaticellular carcinoma. We perform this procedure by first gaining access into the arterial system either through the radial artery in the wrist or the femoral artery in the groin. Once we have access we can advance a small catheter under x-ray guidance all the way up into the small vessels supplying the liver tumor. Once we have our catheter parked in a good spot next to the liver tumor we can inject tiny beads that are coated with a very potent radioactive material called yitrium-90 or Y90 which is why they call it Y90 procedure for short. This allows for safe and direct administration of high doses of radiation directly to the tumor. Now when administering Y90 you have to be extremely careful with everything you do. In fact during the procedure there are multiple safety checkpoints before you can inject Y90 because if a spill happens it's kind of a big deal. In fact a few years ago or so we actually had this issue where one of our catheters was dislodged and happened to send a few droplets of Y90 onto our monitor and the room had to be closed for about three days or so and also the physician who was performing the procedure their lead had a little Y90 on it so they had to put their lead in contaminated storage for about 30 plus days so they couldn't even wear their lead for that long.  So how do you become a nuclear medicine physician? Well there are a few pathways but the traditional pathway that most people do is they do four years of undergrad followed by four years of medical school followed by a year internship followed by a four-year residency in radiology followed by a subspecialty fellowship in nuclear medicine which is pretty much the same pathway for interventional radiology and the other radiology subspecialties as well. And I know you guys may be asking yourself why should an interventional radiologist be trained in nuclear medicine? Why does the ACGME require us to do four months of nuclear medicine? Well the short answer is once you get out in private practice you pretty much have no idea what you're going to be reading so I actually may be reading PET scans as an interventional radiologist depending on what private practice I go to. So hopefully that clears up a little bit about this unclear medicine which is a radiology joke for nuclear medicine because a lot of the images are like pixelated and grainy so we call it nuclear medicine, unclear medicine. Anybody? Anyways make sure you smash that like and subscribe button turn on post notifications so you see when I post a new video which is usually around every Saturday or so make sure you follow me on Instagram if you don't already leave a comment below if I like it I'll respond to it share my videos with your friends otherwise see you guys on the next video


Hey guys, it's Nate, aka The Foot Account, and welcome back to the channel. Every week on Wednesdays, we get the guaranteed team of the season packs for the main league of the season that is currently in packs. Even though it would be amazing for EA to drop a guaranteed toss for the insane ultimate toss that are in packs right now, there's a couple reasons why it's probably not going to happen. But, there might be another big insane pack instead of that guaranteed ultimate toss pack. Let's talk about that today at SBC that I expect to drop today on FIVA 23, and we've got shapeshifters announced, car designs added on the loading screen, new icons are coming and we're still waiting for that toss pack to re-enter the game and for compensation. Lots to talk about in FIVA 23 right now, if you're excited for the video today, drop a thumbs up on it and subscribe if you are new. Let's quickly go over yesterday's content because there was actually a lot of content yesterday too and a couple things that we did not surprise. First things first, we had another end of an era and guys this has to be in my opinion the worst end of an era that we have seen. Marco Asensio, this had some potential, 4 star, 4 star, no upgrades there. He doesn't have more than 90 shooting or passing at this stage of the game without having a 5 star, without having the best of stats that he could really have and he does have striker position change and it's honestly just one that if you're a Madrid fan you're getting it done because it's very cheap to do, only 100,000 coins. That is the only nice thing about this card, other than that it's really not worth doing in my opinion, it's the stats right? Stats like that we've been seeing in this game since like January or even December. So that's why I'm not a huge fan of that card. We did have a couple other SBCs though, the rest of the world toughts guaranteed, a shot at maybe packing the Celtic Jolt Tuff, you went after that one that was pretty cheap and then we actually had a ECO winner Emre Yomas which is actually a rare gold pack for this cheap SBC here, is a really good SBC to do and you might want to check your club because there are some Dutch players, Dutch silvers and bronzes are up in price right now. I checked my club, I sold a few of these, you see like 2.7K, 1.7K, there's some of these silvers and bronzes that are selling for decent amounts right now because of that SBC so make sure you check your club, they're still a little bit inflated especially the rare silvers and the rare bronzes. Now the SBC that was a bit surprising as a part of yesterday's content, this toughts or toughts moments player pick. We had no idea this was coming and it comes a day after the toughts or toughts moments pack, repeatable five times was taken away right and the whole compensation situation that is still looming large, we don't have any news on that right now, EA have not said anything and we still await that SBC to be returned to the game as EA promised that it would be no updates there and the one thing I'm a little worried about this SBC is I really hope that this is not the replacement for that SBC. I really hope that it's not, I don't think that it is because EA said the pack five times repeatable one that got of course taken away is going to come back and it is going to return but this SBC yesterday was a bit of a surprise, 83,000 coins to do guys, the pack going on this is not that good, I think I got Chesney from it and I did not see too many people getting really big W's from this because I mean any toughts card is packable or toughts moments is packable right, you could pack a guy like this Arslan, you could pack a guy up to all the way you know like Mbappe right but those tops your cards are definitely not very packable in this SBC, a lot of those fodder toughts card of course are what you're getting from this but it's still one that you can see right 65% upload for the price that it was 83,000 coins it's a gamble that's fun to take just in the off chance that you were to get something good it's going to come back today too and that's why we have to talk about fodder right, we have to talk about fodder today because this SBC is coming back if we get that toughts pack times five to come back again or finally right that is going to impact fodder a lot we're going to spend a little bit of time talking about this today because today is Wednesday right, week and the rewards are paid out early this morning and I think that's the last amount of supply this market's really going to see on this fodder side of things at least until the end of the weekend into the weekend at least a lot of tradable supply so I'm looking at 82s to 83s all the way up to 86s, 86s are 12,000 coins once again whenever that compensation pack not when the compensation gets paid out but when the toughts or moments player pack the times five repeatable one drops back into the game as long as it's still times five repeatable when it comes back these 86s are going to you know fly up we talked about them yesterday at 13k and below I still love them because if that pack comes back they're going to go crazy now one thing's for certain right 85s are probably going to go crazy again today because they're required and they went up in price because of the toughts moments and toughts or moments player pick right from 8k up to 10 11,000 coins unlike all of these 85s yesterday guess what they're probably going to do it again today I mean nabry went to 11k but a lot of these guys were around 10,000 coins that was kind of their max price in the peak I would stock those I would stock the 84s 83s and the 82s guys 82s I think are slept on they're already inflated but these guys might be 2,000 coins by we by the time we get to the end of the week and 83s might be like three and a half k because there's so many of these sbcs that require you know like an 84 rated squad but you put in a toughts card or an 85 rated squad with a toughts card where you're what are you feeling out with 82s and 83 so that's why I think if you're going to buy any fodder I think this might be the lowest point on fodder from now until the rest of the week I was even doing some 83 plus player picks yesterday um and I was buying the players for that definitely not the best value thing to do right now in this game but like Ericsson some some of these 82s and 83s 1.6k right they get in the solutions and they really really shoot up in price I would just say go through and do a club stock get on some bids that's the best place to get these for sure uh get on some bids and then stock them into your club or the transfer list if you plan to do more upgrade packs like I do whether you want to do them for ultimate team this season or even save some of those 80 plus or 83 plus player picks for shapeshifters which we'll talk about shapeshifters right at the end of the video once again um just to kind of look out for all that's that is upcoming so I think fodder is a very very important play if you're going to do any more of these upgrade sbcs throughout the week I would I would very strongly encourage you to go out and pick some up and put it in the club put in the transfer list because it's probably just going to keep going up throughout this week now tats fodder team of the season cards the cheapest ones on the market are of course up even more and if we get the moments player pick and the regular pack back today uh this is fodder this fodder is going to go crazy again 32 000 coins for basically all of these tats fodder cards they a couple met 31k on snipes that's up even more from yesterday I'm not thinking about selling the tats cards that I've invested in just yet I'm going to keep waiting because I think once we see like 40k I think 40k is going to be a point where I say all right that might be especially for some of the low rated ones right you know the 88s to the 89s the 90s especially for these guys that I got like 15 000 coins once I see about 40k which is almost like for some of these cards their max price see 47 000 coins 45 000 coins for some of these 88 rated cards that's like their max price so if they get close to that I'll probably be selling just because that's like a double in price in the past two weeks and I think for me that's a successful investment yes they could go on to go further up and if you want to hold you absolutely could it could be that last year scenario that we've been talking about all over again where tats cards went to like 60 70 80k for a short time period that could happen again but for 40 000 coins for your time value of investment that is an insane insane profit and doubling your money in like a week so I would take the cash there if we get to 40k and we could get to 40k by the end of this week but I'm just kind of kind of shouting that out there because you see toss prices continuing to go up a lot of you guys are asking when to sell that's my thought process of when to sell now other cards that I have sold we talked about informs right I started selling some of my informs that I bought last week they didn't go up as much because EA has really recently just been requiring tats cards it hasn't been team of the week or team this season most the SBCs have just been team of the season which is making those go up further it's making these go up less but the tradable team of the week 81 plus pack is refreshing today and that is a reason why I am selling those team of the week cards because I think there's an opportunity to double dip I think we're going to see this SBC refresh today is going to bring tradable supply back to this market on all informs and it's going to be a great time to sell before this comes back today and then get back in on open bids on snipes on those 85 86 87 and 88 rated informs they're probably going to dip in value if you take a look at informed graphs on foot bin the last time this SBC refreshed they went down and then they went back up later on so another great opportunity to invest here in the coming days on those informs but they should be dropping in price today so watch out for that for sure now that was a lot of talk about SBC fodder and what's going on in this game which of course we are going to need fodder today for the big pack that I talked about at the beginning of this video right that ultimate tots SBC guaranteed is something we would all love to see right but it's just something that has not been a part of ultimate team this season the past couple of years and as we take a look at the pack code obviously if we don't have an ultimate tots pack in the code we're not going to get an SBC for it right I went back on foot scoreboard twitter to look through the code that's been added and there is nothing in here for me that shows a guaranteeing a one player from an ultimate team in the season pack you've got the weak and the rewards you've got some of the tots packs that were in the store and stuff like that but nothing in here is a singular one player from ultimate team of the season upgrade pack instead just a couple of days ago this SBC was added to the code 93 plus community slash e figs team of the season player pack in my opinion this is going to be our replacement for a guaranteed community or a guaranteed ultimate tots SBC I think number one because EA wouldn't want to give out that good of an SBC of course with all of these cards and packs right now can you imagine an ultimate tots guaranteed it would be like a lot of people packing from Paul and Klaus for fauna and saliva but then some people getting insanely lucky and packing you know kdbs taeos it would probably have the same weight as like the red picks almost honestly which would be like too cracked because how many people do you know that have gotten uh levendoski like taeo hernandez i've seen a lot of red layouts and kovaradonas this weekend and cuckoos even musialas right ocean men's a lot of those cards in reds i think it would just be too overpowered for ea's liking they don't want to give out all those cards super duper easy which is unfortunate because the end game right when i have some fun drop a pack like that and just let us have fun with it but instead i think we're gonna get this sbc again or for the first time i think we're gonna get today and price wise with this it's interesting to think about because a 93 plus community slash e-fix tots that takes a lot of cards out of the equation right um you know it takes out some of the fodder cards like strafeza d lorenzo we take a look back to like league one it's gonna take out andre cabela to debo for fauna it's gonna take all those guys out of the equation you'll still have guys like claus and samba and nuno men's and cards like that available from this sbc but it's gonna kind of take out that bottom tier that a lot of us probably already have right david or sia he won't be packable melina he won't be packable instead you have a chance of getting guys like valverde millitao balde will be in there as a 93 pejori kunday is a 93 you still have marino in there as well so it just basically gives you a more cream of the crop choice out of these team this season cards that have been released 93 plus takes a lot out of the bottom so i think he is going to make that a little bit more expensive today though i doubt it's repeatable more than one time and i doubt we can do it more than one time actually i think it'll be just today and that's it um i would have to say guys though if you're going to prepare for this sbc today maybe kind of creep up the fodder ratings a little bit take some 86s take some 87s and maybe even a couple 88s into the club because i would have to imagine this sbc would probably be around about 150,000 coins if you look at the prices of cards that are around that 93 rated where the bottom of this sbc would be you've got brant at like 46k right um who else do you have any from bundesliga there's not that many 93s from bundesliga a lot of 92s but even if you look back to like premier league i think how much is bruno game rash he's still the 78,000 coins wow he's actually dropped off a lot casemiro is 58,000 coins he's going to be in this sbc soca will be in it he's 380 uh martinelli's 255 so even including community team this season there's a lot of cards in here that are pretty expensive but also a good amount that are pretty cheap shesney is 93 he'll be in it d maria 232 i'm assuming moments will be a part of it as well bremmer's 125k so i would have to imagine this sbc would be 150k maybe even more than that maybe 200 250,000 coins because it's definitely a more elite tats upgrade pack sbc which is why i would say watch out for a tats card requirement or maybe even two in this pack and then definitely like an 88 maybe an 87 rated squad and then maybe like an 86 rated squad maybe it's going to be like a three squad sbc today so that's going to be a big sbc i expect to drop with the game today um stock your fodder in the club accordingly just to get ready for that one because that's going to be an sbc that i think a lot of people would want to do and it's probably going to impact the market a lot as well if you think about it right all those 93 rated cards that we were just talking about there's going to be some that have higher pack weights than others and uh you know a guy like ball day or noodle men's i'm i'm thinking that there could be a good amount of panic selling on some of these cards that are not in ultimate team of the season that will be packable from this upgrade pack today as a lot of people do it you're going to find out right away if you look at the popular page on footbin every day after they release a new type of sbc like this or even like on hero player pick days you can see which cards are getting packed the most because they're number one dropping in price and number two they're on the popular page of footbin i would watch this space today around the content drop because if you see guys like noodle men's if you see ball day if you see um i don't know maybe like shesney up in there probably you're gonna see him a good amount but like some of those middle tier cards that could be halfway packable from this uh from the specific leagues maybe a john and david is super packable today maybe a medina is super packable people want to check and see who they packed and then look at the price of course on footbin that's why you see them go on that popular list that's the prices i expect to see impacted the most today and it's going to be a big coin drain sbc in general so i just can't imagine the mark today is going to be impacted in too much of a positive way that's why i'm keeping my coins pretty liquid as we've been talking about all week long i did make a couple of trades i bought a kavita card here at 1.5 mil flat he's been around 1.6 to 1.7 so i've got mine listed up and so does this guy at the moment a little bit cheaper than me but i made a couple flips around a card like that i flipped a kyle walker yesterday and uh man guys unless we have like a last minute leak today i'm i'm really not feeling confident about an end of an era's latan which is definitely disappointing i would much rather have his latan in sbc even if it's not as high rated as it could be i would rather have an end of an era's latan card um in an sbc than having one impact string shape shifters or during like the next promo or something like that just give me the sbcea that would just be so much more hype i think for a lot of people in this game as well um and latan's just a huge player so i know we talk about latan like every single day i'm gonna pick this level up for 220 see if we can flip that but that that needs to be an sbc right hands down so i hope we get some leaks for that today but with that 93 plus taz pack coming and a new card design also added to the code i think our content today might kind of revolve around another player sbc and that might be the kaka yes we knew about the kaka that was leaked for the e-champions league winner his choice and i mean yesterday we got the e-champions winner uh sbc right his emre yoma's ecl winner he himself this is like an sbc for it a pro player and fifa that's kind of cool right now i think his card's gonna drop today simultaneously the day after the card design is officially in the code i haven't checked to see if it's in the game yet let me do that really quick but again it is kaka that we are looking for today on this game uh to get this sbc he was chosen as the official winner and as i'm looking right now it is not in the game it's not there yet so this card design with kaka on it will be an sbc today hopefully the price is good i'm guessing today it could be later on during the week but today would make the most sense so if it's kaka day and 93 plus tats e-figs day that's a pretty busy day on this game in general so watch out for a busy day of content and more coins being drained of course the refresh of the tats player pick and maybe that tats pack coming back as well five times repeatable it might be a mad day today on fifa 23 we'll just have to see so that's kind of all the content that i'm expecting now the loading screen we have to talk about shapeshifters as well because at the same time we're all trying to pack ultimate tats cards and all these upgrade packs are out and maybe the hype is even dying a little bit for you i know some people are feeling that sort of way the hype is also being trying to be built by ea with this loading screen they dropped yesterday showing not one that too with three different card designs a little bit of stream section right here with a screenshot from earlier i packed three tats yesterday none of them were good so that's the answer to that question three card designs and loading screen number one the foot shapeshifters premium card design with the crown up top a lot of people think is this going to be a hero card i don't know it kind of reminds me of the crown that was on top of those premium footies cards back at the end of fifa 22 where they had better chemistry links they basically had links like heroes almost and i think that might be what that is for shapeshifters in the middle obviously we have a shapeshifter icon card that is now confirmed and then the regular shapeshifter card on the right it looks like ea is really trying to build the hype early for shapeshifters does this mean that they they know that the hype of ultimate tats is kind of lacking a little bit in the pack way it's terrible i'm sure they know that right but this is them trying to build the hype so another loading screen update today maybe we'll start to see a stat or like a nation and position on some of these cards and i would keep an eye on twitter guys because just as ultimate tats is sort of on its way out the the hype and the leaks for shapeshifters really might start to ramp up as well so that's kind of loading there's not too much else to talk about other than we are going to be getting new versions of icons a premium version of shapeshifters and a regular version all in this next week starting on friday so if you've got packs that you're like man this pack weight for ultimate team this season is just too bad i don't want to open anything else then i would just say start saving if you really want to because shapeshifters is a w promo and if there's going to be multiple different types of cards in packs that's going to bring some hype in its own right so just be careful there and kind of just evaluate where you're at with your account and uh yeah guys just be very careful on the market as well i'm doing a couple of quick trades here or there but not too much just because right now uh this market is just kind of in the gutter almost as it seems and a lot of coins are being drained so i'm not messing with too much but we're going to be opening packs today hopefully that 93 plus comes out hopefully ea tell us a little bit more about compensation we have no news besides that we are still getting compensation just bring back that tats pack and bring back the tats player pick and we'll all be trying to pack as biggest of tats cards we can today on this game but if you enjoyed the video today drop a thumbs up on a comment down below if you have any questions and subscribe if you're new it's been nafifthercounter see you guys on the stream today peace out


This is the SF Productions Podcast Network. That wonderful TV year, 1994. From the Pop Culture Bunker, I'm Mindy. And I'm Mark. You can check out our audio podcast, How I Got My Wife to Read Comics on iTunes, or on our website, sfpodcastnetwork.com. Now, I've collected TV Guide Fall Preview issues over the years and thought it would be fun to talk about which shows made it, which didn't, and which ones we actually watched. I have to give credit to Ken Reid's TV Guidance Counselor Podcast for this idea. We've been doing these episodes going back to 1978, and design at TV Guide was fairly consistent until now. Maybe with Entertainment Weekly breathing down their neck, they decided to freshen things up. In any case, the new design screams the 90s. As you will see, there were not a lot of new shows that fall, but a few became monster hits. A few months later, two new networks came on the scene, UPN and the WB. You can see episode 225 for more details about that. Perhaps the networks kept their powder dry on some planned shows as they saw this coming. On Saturday, we have Something Wilder on NBC. Dean Wilder comes to TV in a family sitcom. He's an older dad with twin four-year-old sons and a young wife, Hillary Bailey Smith, who is better known for her soap opera work. The show did not work out and was gone after 15 episodes with three more unerred. The five Mrs. Buchanan's on CBS, co-created by Mark Cherry, post-Golden Girls and pre-Desperate Housewives, this is another show about a group of women. In this sitcom, four women have a common foe, their mother-in-law, played by Eileen Hecker, a legendary stage and film actress, winning an Oscar and Emmy and a lifetime achievement Tony. Judith Ivy, Charlotte Ross, Harriet Harris and Beth Broderick, all co-star. Ivy was better known for her stage work, winning two Tonys. Ross would go on to NYPD Blue. Harris may be best known as Frazier's Mad Agent. Broderick would go on to Sabrina the Teenage Witch. The sitcom eked out a single season. The ABC Family Movie. In an era prior to 500 channels, you could get away with a series of kid-friendly films on network TV. Most of them were produced by Disney, who would buy out ABC the next year. Sweet Justice NBC, won in a long line of big city lawyer moves to small town shows with Melissa Gilbert in the lead. She's hired at a small firm run by Sicily Tyson. Ronnie Cox plays Gilbert's father, who runs a big-time firm. Tyson would get Emmy and SAG nominations for her role. Harris ran for a season with a final episode burned off that summer. I vaguely remember that show, vaguely. Out of everything we've just done so far, that's the only one that I remember. I remember Five Mrs. Buchanan's. Not because I watched it, but because MST made references to it. On Sunday, we had Earth 2 from NBC, a take on Lost in Space without the goofy robot or Dr. Smith. A group of future explorers on their way to colonize a planet, Crashland, and have to deal with Leipzahn's technology. There's a large cast, including Debra Farentino, Clancy Brown, Rebecca Gayhart, and Antonio Zapato Jr. NBC paired this up with another sci-fi series from Steven Spielberg's Amblin Television, Sequest DSV, after a highly rated premiere, Interest Lag, and Earth 2 lasted a season. Fortune Hunter on Fox, an action-adventure series about super-spire Carlton Dial, played by Mark Frankel, who now works for a private corporation partnering with a nerdy guy back at HQ as they retrieve stolen technology. Fox made the incredibly poor decision to air this directly after Sunday NFL schedule, which meant episodes were either cut short or aired late, as a result it never gained an audience, and despite 13 episodes shot, Fox only aired five of them, one in a long line of missteps by Fox involving genre series. The entire series was seen in other countries. On our own on ABC, The Miller-Milkis Family sitcom factory turns out another one. Stand Up Ralph Harris plays the older brother to a large brood, all of whom are played by a real-life family, The Smollets. After the family is orphaned, which seems to happen a lot on sitcoms, the oldest brother puts on a wig and plays their aunt so they can stay together. Some of the Smollets went on to other gigs. Jake and Journey had roles in the film Eve's Bayou, and most of the family had a food network show together. Jesse Smollet was on his way to a major career before 2019, when he allegedly staged a fake heat crime assault for publicity reasons. On our own ran for a single season. Hardball on Fox, not the Chris Matthews commentary show, but a sitcom about a baseball team. Bruce Greenwood and Joe Rogan pre-News Radio lead the cast, with comedy legend Rose Marie as the team's owner. The show only lasted seven episodes with two more unaired. Ironically, it aired during the 94-95 Major League Baseball Strike. Wild Oats on Fox, a sitcom about revolving romance among a group of Gen Xers. Of the four leads, one went on to a major career. This was the first regular role for Paul Rudd. Paula Marshall has also had a long TV career. We either spent a lot of time on the show, as it was gone in four episodes with two more unaired. Something exciting is happening every Monday. Moving on to Monday night. Blue Skies ABC, a sitcom about two guys in Maine running a mail order company who bring in a female partner. TV Guide described it as wings as an LL bean offering. We didn't recognize any of the cast, and apparently neither did the TV audience, gone in seven episodes with one more unaired. Party of five on Fox. Another in a long line of TV kids orphaned after an accident who stick together, but this time as a drama. Scott Wolf, Matthew Fox, neat Campbell and Lisey Schabert, co-star along with an infant brother played by various actors over the six-year run. Wolf went on to Everwood, Fox on to Lost, Campbell to the Scream film franchise, and Schabert to the Hallmark Christmas movie machine. A later regular character played by Jennifer Love-Hewitt went on to a spin-off called Time of Your Life, which didn't last long, but her career did. Party of five tended to concentrate on mature issues like drug abuse and mental illness. It won a Golden Globe in 1996. The show was one of the first successful dramas at Fox. Ironically, if it had come along a year later, it probably would have ended up on UPN or the WB. On Tuesday, me and the boys on ABC stand up and future game show host Steve Harvey stars as a widowed dad. Boy, there's a lot of death this season to three boys. Madge Sinclair played the mother-in-law who came in to help. Sinclair passed only 10 months after the show ended. The show was scheduled to follow Full House, which the show's creators had produced with home improvement following. Despite that catbird seat and hitting number 20 in the ratings, the show only lasted a season. This did free up Harvey for his long-running eponymous WB series. The Martin Short Show on NBC. Grading, at least to us, comedian Short plays a TV dad who also happens to host a variety show. Jan Hooks played his wife. Second City Alums Andrea Martin and Brian Doyle Murray were also in the cast, and SCTV and Schitt's Creek star Eugene Levy directed and had a role on the series. The show was propped up between Wings and Frasier. Even with the time slot and talent, it only lasted three episodes with five more unerred. It's never a good sign when there are less episodes erred than unerred. On Wednesday, All American Girl on ABC. Another TV trope and ethnic stand-up, Margaret Cho, stars in a sitcom about her disapproving traditional family. Jody Long, Judy Gold, and B.D. Wanger also in the cast. The show was scheduled on the night featuring other female stand-up sitcoms, Grace Under Fire, Ellen and Roseanne. However, the stereotypical family generated a lot of criticisms, such as, the show would never have been made today, and the ratings went down. There were some notable guest stars, Meg Nguyen, Daniel De Kim, Jack Black, and Quentin Tarantino, who was Cho's boyfriend at the time. In the final episode of its only season, the show attempted a backdoor pilot with Cho's character and her grandmother, Amy Hill, as two roommates, along with characters played by Dietrich Bader, Sam Cedar, and a bartender at the local hangout, played by law and order SVU's Mariska Hargitay. The pilot, part of a move toward Gen X ensembles, possibly influenced by a show we'll discuss in a moment, was not picked up. The boys are back on CBS. TV stalwarts Hal Linden from Barney Miller and Suzanne Pluchette from The Bob Newhart Show play a married couple enjoying their days without kids in the house, until their adult children move back in. Here's yet another TV trope. George Newburn played one of the kids who would go on to voice Superman in animated shows. The show did not work out, airing only 16 episodes with two more uneared. Pluchette made several attempted comebacks post Newhart, but none of them stuck. Daddy's Girls on CBS. Dudley Moore comes to US TV. He was a fixture in the UK when he was a tankable movie star in the 80s. He plays a divorced dad. His wife and best friend left him for each other. Now his adult daughters help take care of him, played by Stacey Galena of Notts Landing, Meredith Scott-Lynne who went on to be a producer, and Carrie Russell of Felicity and the Americans.  The show was slammed by the critics and went on hiatus after three episodes with ten more never aired. That's bad. This was Moore's final TV series and second to last on-screen role with a progressive palsy that ended in his death in 2002. Then we have The Cosby Mysteries on NBC. Former pudding hawker and current pariah Bill Cosby returns to TV as a retired criminalist who just seems to keep bumping into corpses. This was an era where formerly hot stars got a second career doing cozy mystery shows. This is Murder, Murder She Wrote. William Link of Colombo and Murder She Wrote created the series, although he was pushed out when the show didn't do well. Rita Moreno played his housekeeper. The show lasted one season and was gone. Touched by an angel, CBS. Before there was an industry creating Christian-centric content for cable streaming and theaters, there was this series involving the cases of an angel, Roma Downey, and her sarcastic boss, Bella Reese. They helped people at a moral crossroads of their life for nine seasons. A huge hit for CBS in the top ten ratings for four of them. Other characters such as the Angel of Death, John Dye, and an angel trainee, Valerie Bertonelli, became regulars during the run. The series was shot in Salt Lake City and even spawned a successful spin-off called Promise Land. It was nominated for 11 Emmys, many for guest stars, and three Golden Globes. Mainstream critics hated it. Mark, I think that the episode is going to run too long if we continue. You're probably right. So we will stop right there, and you can come back and watch the rest of it. And in the meantime, you can listen to our podcast, How I Got My Wife to Read Comics on iTunes, or on our website, sfpodcastnetwork.com. From the pop culture bunker, I'm Mindy. And I'm Mark. Thanks for watching.


Are you thinking about immigrating but can't bring yourself to leave South Africa? You can have the best of both worlds by semi-grating. If you want to know more about the semi-gration craze sweeping the country, you are in the right place. I'm Dumie and welcome to the 500th episode of the Private Property Podcast. Before we get started, I would just like to thank all our viewers for tuning in every single night, 7pm and allowing us to reach this milestone. From all of us here at the Private Property Podcast, we would like to say thank you so much for spending your evenings with us right here on the Private Property Podcast. Congratulations once again to Tabiseng Ramalaliflora for walking away with that 500 grand cash prize from Friday's show. Thank you so much for engaging with us and you can also be like her. Just shoot your shot and share this post and take your friends as well and the person with the most shares will walk away with that 500 grand cash prize. So before we get started, let's take a look at our Noteboard to see what the hype about semi-gration is all about. This is the Private Property Notice. Let's begin. According to Lightstone data, Hengting has the highest rate of people who are choosing to semi-grade in 2021. This is followed by the Western Cape Pumbumalanga as well as the Eastern Cape. With the interest rates being at an all-time low, now is the time for those who want to semi-retire. Home buyers are taking advantage of the availability of affordable housing before it's all gone and they want to secure a spot before they become the expensive again with the developments that are coming in the market. Hermanus, according to the South African report, is the fastest growing South African town for high net worth individuals, a large number of Cape Town Pretoria as well as Johannesburg residents have relocated to Hermanus over the past 10 years. And seaside towns like the Garden Route, like Mussel Bay, Plettenbeck Bay, George as well as Nile and I have emerged as the semi-gration hotspots in South Africa. That's all for tonight when it comes to semi-gration. We hope you enjoyed learning a little bit more about it. And if you are looking to semi-grade, stay tuned because we are going to be talking semi-gration all throughout this week and of course more in today's episode. Our guest tonight has over 14 years of experience as a consumer and marketing executive and he's deeply committed to the use of cross-industry skills, knowledge and expertise to ensure business growth and innovation. He also knows a thing or two about credit and the rental housing market. Viewers at home, please help me welcome the head of marketing and sales at TPN Credit Bureau, Valdu Marcus. Valdu, thank you so much for joining us once again right here on the Private Property Podcast. Thank you very much to me and thanks for having us. And yes, congratulations on your 500th show. Thank you so much. I'm sure people are screaming at home and saying, yes, we finally reached 500. People have been going crazy on building up to the 500th episode and we are really, really looking forward to celebrating it more. And we're talking semi-gration today and let's just jump into it to say the person who's watching this for the first time was who's hearing what's the term semi-gration for the first time. What exactly is it and how does it affect them even?  We know that previously as urbanization people moving into cities for job opportunities for career opportunities for better education. But interestingly, the past couple of years we've seen a reverse almost of that. People are moving out of the bigger cities to go and find that unique spot that offers great education, a place that offers great lifestyle and also not just to retire for career but generally to bring up your kids good service delivery, reliable services which has become more and more important and therefore people are looking from bigger cities to smaller cities. Sure and you just spoke about it because my next question was what are some of the reasons why people semi-grate and you just touched on the reason of children and maybe even service delivery, what are the opportunities that semi-gration presents to landlords and even tenants? I think the most obvious one is to look at property prices. So what you would normally be able to afford in a big city you can get a lot more value for money. Bigger families are opting to go for bigger family homes where they can establish themselves for a longer period of time so the family can grow into the house. COVID of course have accelerated it and highlighted the fact that we are restricted. If you live in a big city the lockdown restrictions prevented us from free movement. So someone with the big yard appreciated that big yard for the first time because they used it, they could move around. So apart from COVID accelerating it, I think there's a general movement towards better mental health, high stress jobs now that we're working online across borders not just in your local time zone means that people do want to enjoy a slower lifestyle when it's available to them after hours. Sure and you know based on your experience do you think that the search of greener pastures ends up in a fairy tale or do we have some challenges of course that come with it and in your experience have you seen this being successful for many people who do emigrate? We have definitely seen it and that's why we continue seeing this trend growing. There is of course its own challenges. We see that a lot of companies are introducing their return to work policy so if you decided to move to a smaller town your company might decide to say you need to be back in the office and that in itself will pose certain challenges although we work online collaboration creativity is always hyped during at the office sharing with your colleagues. And then there's also the stories where you have moved to areas especially if you've got close family knits and friendship groups you have a support system moving to a smaller town moving into another province you take away that and you'll have to rebuild it. So although there's upsides some of the downsides is that you're leaving familiarity but it's not a brand new concept to us because South Africans have moved between provinces to chase careers for many many years. Sure and you know just before we went live we were talking a little bit more about the hotspots right and we have identified some of those hotspots. Do you see anything else that is outside of the ones that we identified that might just be maybe an area that's coming up that maybe if or even not just maybe for residential purposes if there are new warehouses and factories and even corporations that are legit saying okay now we are moving from Johannesburg for example to Port Elizabeth because it's closer to the harbor and all of those things. Are we seeing such trends? Yes we are and I think one of the ones that's only started really picking up now is Nelsprate. Nelson Mandela Bay has definitely seen an inflow of people moving out of Ha Teng as well as Quazuli Natal. Interesting it's not just if you look at Ha Teng it's the past decade that we've really seen that there's been a net outflow of people to various provinces and of course the most popular being Quazuli Natal as well as the Western Cape but we also see some people moving into the Eastern Cape although it's only marginal compared to the other two provinces and once again it's got to do with the quality of life, the education available and with international flights now moving to Cape Town flying direct it's become a lot more accessible Cape Town itself has been identified as the Silicon Valley of Africa and that's built into smaller towns like Nisner as well as Stalinbosch. Sure and what would you what advice would you give to somebody who is you know considering immigration and we can also even open it up to businesses as well people who are business owners who are not too long ago were speaking about adaption and supply chains and business owners adapting to the changes that are happening to the market what advice would you give them when it comes to immigration? Well understand where you are in your life plan you know are you starting off with your career you are a lot more mobile you can move around that kind of lifestyle you would enter into a lease agreement rather than purchasing a property if you're young family and you're deciding this and we really want to move to a place where good quality of life good schooling that's going to be a longer term strategy because you don't want to take your kids out of school constantly so that might be a longer term strategy and then invest in a property purchase that so it really depends on where you are in your life plane and of course businesses are also looking at fragmenting their offices so they're spreading their risk they want people to access offices when they live in Quasir Natal in the Western Cape in Haating and it makes it easier for people to connect via the digital channels so businesses are also looking up taking up smaller offices and spreading them so people can access them and can interact with them if it's required I think the third thing that we really have to to consider here is is that of course as the cost of fuel prices have increased substantially value chains from harbors into inner cities like the provinces like Haating will add additional cost which if you live on the coastal towns closer to harbors that prices might be slightly lower in your opinion over the next two to three years what are we seeing is this trend or this immigration wave going to die down because of all of these new things that are coming up you know you've mentioned how how volatile the market is becoming and also how policies and organizations are now becoming stringent because vaccines are available because the main reason why I feel like it it's the immigration spiked up was because of COVID-19 and because now people are being slowly acclimatizing themselves to how the world has changed and now bringing in the vaccination and now bringing in all of these things that have changed the landscape are we seeing this immigration trend dying out or are we seeing it ramping up in your opinion what do you think is going to happen in the next couple of years there's definitely in my opinion there's definitely going to be areas where we're going to continue seeing the growth and the reason for that is as these towns expand they build great infrastructure they can support larger volumes great lifestyle is going to be at the top of the list when people start looking at immigration so I don't think the trend is going to slow down the speed and acceleration thereof is going to be dependent on a the supply of affordable housing and property within those towns of course as demand ramp up prices go up and supply lags a little bit so we might in the near future see a bit of a slow down purely because property prices might be inflated in those areas but the long-term trend I believe we will see the movement of people continuing sure and you know with with all of the movement and all of these things that are happening what should estate agents and people who are actually roleplayers in the in the property market look out for if I'm a property investor what would you advise I do are you saying I should now start buying properties in different cities what would you what would you advise me well yes I think one of the big trends that is as we're seeing right now is student accommodation and students are moving away from home into towns like bunch of sturm a Stalin Bosch UCT that in itself has become a really good investment for for especially property owners that want to start out with a smaller capital outlay your holiday towns will always have the long and short term lease demands and one of the key things that you will need to look out for is infrastructure development and the robustness of the municipalities ability to fund the increase of influx of people and this infrastructure that's required for it and then of course trying to find that what is next and if we had the crystal ball we would have loved to say what what town is next but I would keep an eye out on for instance smaller towns within within the Western Cape as well as going then into the northern Cape and the guru I think there's some interesting developments it's not going to be huge movements but there's going to be a couple of hot spots that one should look out for and keep an eye out for sure no thank you so much for that and any last words before I let you go tonight no it's I think it's it's good to be on the show and I'm being able to share our knowledge with everyone and you know what we're seeing in the changes immigration is is a trend and it's been coming for quite a few years so we expect it to see it continue sure but thank you so much for joining us and we really really appreciate it have yourself a good evening thank you very much and thank you to you for staying to almost the end of our show tonight of course I'm not going to let you go until you know who won the 500 grand cash prize for our 500th show and tonight's winner is none other than can I please have a drumroll because this is a very special one none other than Anelda Everton Anelda is one of our star engages on the private property podcast thank you so much Anelda and congratulations to you and if you want to be like her doing sure that you you you tune in every week day at 7 p.m. right here and interact with us on our comments and remember a healthy dose of property information might just be what you need to make sure that you are on your A game this is the private property podcast and from myself to me and the private property podcast family have a good


We're at Johnston Brangus in Lea to Hatch, Alabama today. We want to appreciate the farm and the farm manager, Alan Haney, for having us here today. We've been filming our videos. It's going to be part of the series. You'll get to see here soon, but we thought we would take a minute to introduce Alan and ask him a few things about the about Johnston Brangus and the farm. Alan, can you tell us a little bit about the operation of the farm as a whole? As a whole, we have two divisions. We have a commercial side of it where we run about 1600 heaths of mama cows. The pure red side, we're at 350 to 400 as of today and plan on expanding it and also plan on expanding the commercial side.  Here we're nothing but cow calf and a little bit of hay just enough to get them through the winter. 2,000 head keep y'all pretty busy. Alan, tell us a little bit about y'all's heifer development program and the different ways y'all are marking this. As far as the pure red side, now of course, they're creek fed from the time they're over enough to eat and then when we wean them, they're on a 13% growing ration through creeping and they keep them on that to their yearlings. At a yearlings, we get ultrasound data, scan them, and then from there, they go on to a developer with a limiter where they're limited to 10 to 13 pounds a day to prevent them from getting too fat. They also have free range of the fish feed, which we have for the cool weather and we have native summer grasses for the summer months of the year. We don't push them extremely hard, but we push them hard enough to get our numbers to where we want them where they need to be as far as the pure red operation. The commercial side is not creek fed at all. They're weaned anywhere from 7 to 10 months old and then they are preconditioned for 60 days and the exact same thing happens there. They stay on a growing ration until we are through with the breeding season and when we're through with the breeding season, they become on the developer with a limiter and then usually that ends in February and they're on nothing but native grasses from there on out. Alan, do y'all do any AI work on the commercial heifers? We do AI on all of the heifers and we do AI on all of the purebred cows. What about your marketing? How are y'all marketing both your purebreds and the commercial heifers? The purebred side of it, we're a member of what used to be Gene Trust. We're now changing names and separating the top end of the heifers we usually put in the sale that usually is held at Cavenders in Jacksonville, Texas. We have two sales there and that's where some of the heifers will go. Some of them retain here to be as our replacements and on the commercial side we precondition and we keep what we have to keep for to keep our numbers up which usually is anywhere from 100 to 200 head and then we will market another 300 head of replacements and nine times out of the end they wind up in Texas because we are one of the few that bring us to bring us and have the true bring us. Alan, what are your selection criteria for your heifers? When you're picking what's going back into your herd or what's going to Texas to sale, what do you look at? Are you looking at structure? Are you looking at genetics? Are you looking at temperament all of the above? Pretty much all of it. Temperament is a big part of it especially the purebred side. I'm extremely tough there. Commercial side I can stand a little bit of foolishness but not a lot. We handle them just a little different than probably most people. We don't hoop and holler, we don't use hot shots and we can get along with them just as well as probably a hosting cow. Do y'all ever market any open heifers or is it strictly bred? No, pretty much everything we market is open heifers. The commercial side we sale is open. Nine times out of ten they're going to a person who is going to put them on grazing, AI them and either keep them or they go into a replacement female sale. Of course the purebred side is we do the same thing. We do market some open heifers at the beginning and we do market a few open bred heifers but not a lot of them. Most of them are sold as open. How do we want to say thank you today for having us out again and having the opportunity to work with you and getting to say some things here at the farm today. We've enjoyed working with the cattle doing our filming today and always a pleasure to get to come over here. Mr. Allen Haney with Johnston Brangus cattle and Mr. Watt Johnston is owner.


Alright, so today, not doing that, we are talking about inodes, which are the final journey of our file system. So this is what's actually used on Linux and Unix, and it's a lot of fun, and you will see that all your page table knowledge is applicable. So yay, that wasn't a waste. So this is what an inode is. So an inode stores everything about the contents of a file. It's permissions, who owns it, et cetera, et cetera. So all that information is stored on something called an inode. So the inode will have store the mode, which are like the read, write, execute permissions for your file. It will also share which owners are in it, so what user owns a file and what group owns a file, timestamps. So when was this file created, accessed, and modified last, so written to, which it's just sitting in an inode, so that's why no one trusts your timestamps on a file, because you can just modify it, you just write out some new timestamp. So that's typically why profs that know better will not accept it. I think, yeah, some friends of mine tried to pull that, like submit an assignment super late and then change the timestamp to before where it was due. So you can do that, because it's just a field there. Yeah. Did it work? Did it work? I will not disclose that. So would it work in this class? Probably not. Would it work in some other class? Yeah, but sorry, you are in ECE, so you probably won't be able to take benefit of that. So other things it stores are how many blocks the file uses, and then the rest of it is kind of the same idea of that indexed allocation.  So there will be a lot of direct blocks, so they will point directly to a block on the disk, and there are a lot of them to represent a single, like, small file. So remember when we had index allocation, we put all the pointers on a block, so we could store up to, like, two to the 11 pointers. Well, if all our files are kind of small and only take, like, six blocks, we don't really want to take a disk block to keep track of all the pointers. When there's not that many, we have to keep track of anyways. So inodes will have a few pointers there that point directly to a block, so you don't have to allocate a block just for pointers. And then the single indirect, so there'll be a pointer that represents a single indirect indexed allocation, so that will be the indexed allocation we saw before. So that will point to a block on the disk, and all that block on the disk has is a bunch of pointers that represent the other blocks that that file actually contains, which is exactly an index allocation, which kind of had the idea from page tables. So unlike page tables where you just have three levels, and then we have to go through three levels, well, with inodes, we have a variable number of levels, so that single indirect one will go through one level, and then you can think of the double indirect one as a page table with two levels. So if you access that root pointer for the double indirect, it means you're going to go through two tables, so that pointer will point to a block full of pointers, so there can be two of the eleven of them, and then each of those points to another block that are full of pointers, and then all of those point to the actual blocks. And then to support massive files, there's also a triple indirect, so that will just do exactly like page tables do for three levels. So why they do that is so that they can be efficient for small files and also support large files. You don't want to, you know, if a file is only like a few bytes, you don't want to just do everything triple indirect, in that case, even if your file is like two bytes, you're going to waste one block for level two, one block for level one, one block for level zero, and then a block for the actual contents of the file, which would be like two bytes out of like eight kilobytes maybe, so you would be wasting what's that, like thirty two kilobytes on like an eight byte file or something like that, which would be absolutely terrible. So that's why there's the direct pointer, so if it's small, it doesn't even allocate a block for all the pointers. And then if you have larger files that scales up, so it only uses the number of levels that it actually needs to represent the file. And there's a caveat here that we'll see that very small files can actually store its content directly in the inode itself, which we'll see what that optimization looks like. Yep. Yep. So in this case, say you have a small file that only takes up two blocks. So say the file, the first block of the file is like block, I don't know, a thousand, and the next block is two thousand, well in the direct blocks, the first index there, index zero would be block a thousand, and then index one would be block two thousand. So it'd point directly to it. So those will always be in the inode, but they're one pointer. So if it's a small file, they'll just be null. Yep. So triple indirect is there, so if it's valid, like if it's a pointer to a block, then you know you have to hop through three things, but it can just not be used. Yep. So you access these in order. So like the first few blocks of the file would be direct, and then the next after the direct blocks are out, it would start filling it up single indirect, and then if that's all filled up, it would go to double indirect and then triple if it needs to. So it would fill it in order, because the more levels we have to, the longer it's going to take to access it, because we still have to jump all the levels. So we just use them in order, so small files, we just look directly, and the smaller optimizations, we can actually cheat a little bit and store it in there. Yep. So the inode itself will also be on disk, so there is going to be a part of the disk that just stores inodes, and that will be allocated with like a slab allocator, so there will be a bitmap for inodes, and there will be a pool of inodes that you can take and use. So that will also be on the disk. Yep. So we'll see. We'll start making stuff and screwing around with stuff, but essentially it's the contents of a file are an inode, and names are merely an illusion, we'll see. So instead of a page, it's a block now on the disk. So other than that, it behaves the exact same way, and it's the same idea where we fit as many pointers as we can on a block. So the single indirect is exactly what we saw yesterday, just one block, and then double indirect is just like the page table, so there will be one block full of pointers, and if you follow a pointer, it's just to another block full of pointers, and you're supposed to follow it again. So instead of taking one hop, you take two. And then for triple indirect, you take three hops instead of two, or one or two. Okay, so let's see, because we saw how big our file could be before with just essentially a single indirect, so our maximum file size could only be like, was it 16 megabytes? So let's assume we have an inode now and see how big of a file we can support. So in an inode, this is going to be the numbers that are actually used in Linux, it could move if you create your own kernel or something like that, but these are generally the numbers for an inode. So it will have 12 direct pointers, one single indirect pointer, one double, and one triple. So in total, there will be 15 pointers. And then our disk block size would be eight kilobytes again, so we'll use the same numbers from last lecture, and a pointer again is going to be four bytes. So and I'm assuming nothing else is on the indirect blocks, they just contain pointers. So now we can calculate the maximum file size managed by this block. So we know that each of the blocks can contain two of the 11 pointers. So using that, so here's our two of the 11, so each block size is two of the 13, and a pointer is four bytes, which is two of the two. So we can fit two of the 11 pointers in a single indirect table. So if we want to calculate the number of blocks we can address with an inode, well, we can address 12 of them directly, so those are 12 direct pointers. Two of the 13 is the block size. So with our 12 direct pointers, we can support, we can point up to 12 blocks, and then for single indirect, well, it's one block, so we can point up to two of the 11 things, and then with a double indirect wall, that's two of the 11 to the power of two, because each entry points to another one, which can hold two of the 11. And then similarly, for a triple indirect, it's two of the 11 to the power of three. So instead of adding all these numbers, we can just guesstimate. So the biggest term here is going to be the last term. It is going to be by far the biggest, and it's pretty much going to be about that. So in actuality, you'll be able to support a bit more than this, but it's about that. So it's about to the 11 to the power of three, which we know how to do exponents, so that's two to the 13 things we can point to. So the total number of bytes that a file could be, well, we can have two to the 33 blocks, and each block is two to the 13. So if we multiply those together, we can support a file up to two to the 48, which is 64 terabytes. So that is what inodes use on Linux, so you can have a file up to 64 terabytes and a little bit bigger because we didn't calculate these blocks, so it would be a bit bigger. But unfortunately, if you want to store a 70 terabyte file, you can't use an inode. So we haven't hit those limits yet, but one day. OK, any questions about that? Yeah. Oh, no, sorry. So the mode here, the mode is like the same thing as your open, and it's the permissions of the file. So it's like read, write, execute. So you know we can do chmod, some numbers, it's modifying the mode there. Yeah. Yeah, I'm just talking about how many things can fit on this. So if it's double and direct, I have two to the 11, and then each of them points to something that has two to the 11. And then if it's triple, it's another level. Yep. So you get a file descriptor to that file so that when you read from it, it will actually start accessing the disk. But when you call open, you don't read from it, right? It just kind of sets everything up for you. Yeah. So if there is a file on disk, your file is going to be represented by an inode. The first bit of information, the way to get to like the first byte of the file, it would have to access the first direct block and then see what that's pointing at. And then it would start reading that from disk, and that's the first byte of the file. So your kernel does that for you when you read. So it has to access this structure. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. So the point of this too is like usually you might only like read the first few bytes of the file and then decide you don't care about. So that's why it's also used to direct and you don't just straight up go to the like triple even if it's a huge file. Yep. So if you want to access bytes of a data, well the first byte is going to be on the first block. Yeah. Yeah. So you read, you can read in the block to memory from the disk and then it's byte accessible. But with this, typically you can only read them into memory at blocks at a time. And then you do byte accessible things. Okay. So let's see. So let's talk about hard links. So this might dispel some illusions you have. So actually let's do this question. So who wants to tell me if I do something like, so if I do touch to do.txt, so that will create a new file called to do.txt that doesn't have any content on it, right? So to do.txt should reference an inode somehow, right? So if I do stat, stat will tell me information about the file and it's essentially stuff that is on the inode itself. So but we'll see soon that this file is not stored in the inode itself. But all this information would be in the inode. So the size of the file, so it's zero bytes. So it's empty.  So this one contains zero blocks because it's empty. Then it says how big a block is and then what type it is and where it is. And then here's the inode. So this is it's inode number. So inodes are a real thing. And then there's this curious links number that we will look at soon. And then here's the access. So this is that mode parameter there. So sometimes they call it different things in this, they call it access. Then who owns the file, what group owns the file, and then all the timestamps here. So access, modify, change, and birth, which is just created. I don't know why they call it birth. And then we have LS, yep. What's the difference between modified and change? I'm not sure. It's kind of weird. And some of the terminology is different. So usually it's just created, modified, and accessed. Don't ask me why this is slightly different. So if we do LS-L, there's some things we are kind of familiar with. So there's the modes there. This is actually the number of things that link to the file and then who owns it and timestamps and stuff like that. So soon we will explore that how inodes connect to actual file names. So a hard link is just a pointer to an inode, and that is what todo.txt is. So within a directory, all of the directory is, is a pair of names to inodes. And that's it. That's all a directory contains.  That's it. There's no more discussion about that matter. That's all it is. Yep. So a directory itself, yeah, a directory itself is a special inode. So it's a directory inode. And the contents of that will be all of the name inode pairs. So there's actually not that much special about a directory. Yep. How do you translate from a path to an inode? So you would go look up that information from the disk. So from the disk, there is a defined root inode, and that's how you know what inode that is. And the root inode is going to be a directory. So that's where all the names are. And then you just follow it. Nope. Yep. So, yeah. The question is, is there a big table that just has all the files and all their paths? And the answer to that is new. All the, there's a special, a root directory, and that contains a bunch of names to inodes. And then past that, that root directory can contain other directories and other directories that have more names, so on and so forth. Yep. So the file name and then what inode that file should represent, that name. So hardlink points to one inode. So you can actually create multiple hardlinks. So what we can do is we can have todo.txt, and then that would be assigned an inode. We got some long number for us. But we can also create another name that points to that. And then deleting a file doesn't actually delete the contents of an inode. It actually just removes a name, and that's all it does. So let's see that. So two, okay, let's go through the example first. So we'll talk about that. So in here we have todo.txt, it's empty. So I can create a hardlink with just ln. So ln, so I'm going to create a new name that points to the same inode as todo.txt, and I'll call it b.txt. So when I create that, it looks like I have two files, and if I do ls-li, so this column is the inode column, and you can see that they both represent the exact same inode. So both names are the same inode, and then this number is the number of links to that inode. So now there's two things pointing to that inode. So what would happen? If I edit todo.txt, I said hello, oops. So now I have todo.txt, our world's all right, so if I cat todo.txt, what am I going to see? Hello, what about if I cat b.txt? Yeah, because it's pointing to the same inode, so it's going to get the same content to the file because inodes just store all the blocks that the file should represent. So I link them with ln. So all ln does is create a new entry in the directory that points to the same inode as the first argument. So now if I go ahead and I edit b.txt, well that's the same inode as hello.txt, or what I call todo.txt, so I'll edit b. So if I edit b, it's the same story. If I cat todo.txt, well I actually changed the contents of the inode because I changed the data that is in the block. So now if I cat todo.txt, it's the same thing, it's the same content because it's the same underlying storage of that. All names are just ways of getting inodes. There's nothing else special about a name other than it's easier to type a name for you than to type an inode. You'd probably be annoyed if you had to type 1583612 every time you wanted to access that content. But other than that, there's nothing special about names. So in addition to hardlinks, so if you called something a hardlink instead of a link that kind of gives you an idea that there's probably something called a softlink. So what a softlink is, is instead of pointing to an inode, it just points to another name. So it's kind of an additional layer of indirection. So this also leads to some interesting things. So if I have to resolve the file and B is a softlink to todo.txt, well if I want to read that, I have to read B.txt, go figure out what B.txt actually represents and then use that to get the inode and then I can actually finally read the contents of the file. So fun things about these are softlinks just contain a name that they're pointing to. So the name doesn't need to exist, which will give you some interesting errors. And even if it does exist at one point, the name it's pointing to might be deleted later. And unresolvable softlinks will lead to some headaches. So some programs will automatically follow softlinks for you and some won't and will just refuse to run if they see a softlink. Yeah. Yeah, yeah. So the question is if there's so many disadvantages with softlinks, why do I use them for hardlinks instead of hardlinks? So you would use softlinks, one, it's really easy to see what they're pointing to other than just like no one checks inode numbers. And number two is that they can actually break the strict hierarchy of things where you have to have, you know, directories within. So normally when we have a file system, we can't create giant loops, right? So with softlinks, you can create loops if you want to, which is also why they're dangerous to go through. Yeah. So a softlink just points to another name. It can be literally anywhere. Yeah. Softlinks just are to a name. Doesn't matter what that name is. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yep. That's it. Yeah. We can try that. We'll try. Yeah. Are there common softlinks? So there's a lot of softlinks typically, like real web servers will use softlinks. It's typically you have files that represent, you know, a website. So typically you might want to enable and disable a website. So instead of removing that file, you'll enable a site by just creating a softlink to that configuration. And then if you want to remove that file or remove that site from your web server, you just remove the softlink. So sometimes they're easier to deal with with stuff like that or just kind of rename stuff under the hood. So you might, you know, have a directory called Python with like the actual full version name. You might create a softlink to that just called Python 3. And then if you update Python, that one would change, but you could still access it through Python 3 or something like that. So softlinks are useful, but they're kind of a pain if you have to deal with them. Okay. So yeah, let's see an example problem and let's play around with it a little bit. So we already have our hardlink. So we already have our hardlink to the same inode. So b and todo.txt point to the same thing. So I can create a softlink and I will call, oops, I will point to todo.txt. I'll call it c.txt. So now when I look at it, well, I can see here is my simlink. So simlinks another way to say softlink, typically they're used interchangeably. So I've c.txt and you can see it says it points to todo.txt. And it itself is an inode. So there's an inode representing the symbolic link and we can stat it if we want. So it says that the size of the file is eight, which makes sense to do.txt is eight characters. So that's why it's size is eight. And there's a special file type for symbolic links. So that's how the system knows what it is. Yep. Ah, that is a great question. So there's a question is why is it zero blocks when the size is eight? So there is a optimization with simlinks. So typically, simlinks are just going to be names and they're going to be pretty short. So if I look, let's go back. If I look at all of my pointers here, so I'll have 12 direct blocks, one single, one double and one triple. So I'll have 15 pointers here. Each pointer is four bytes. So the total of that is 60 bytes for all the pointers. So the optimization is if it's a simlink and the name it's pointing to is under 60 bytes, it will store the content on the pointers because it knows if it's smaller than 60 bytes, I don't need to grab a block. I can just store the content in the iNote itself. So for that case where to do.txt is only size eight, well, it's just going to store itself in the block in like the pointer data for the blocks. So there'll be eight characters there to do.txt and it will be living right here and take up the space where two pointers would have been since it's eight characters. So that is a fun optimization. So we don't waste block size otherwise, how much internal fragmentation would we have if we just had an eight character file? It'd be eight kilobytes minus eight bytes, the rest of it. We're pretty much wasting eight kilobytes. And then also the maximum length of a file name in a directory is 255 characters. So that is your limit on Linux. So there are limits to everything. Yeah, so if it's a directory, the only difference, whoops, that's not, so if it's a directory, so we can just stat, actually dot's a directory, right? So dot is the current directory. So if I stat dot, you can see that it's just an iNote too, but it's a directory iNote. So nothing else special that and its contents have some format and the format is just name to iNote.  So the file name itself is not stored on the iNote itself. It's just pulling that from the argument I gave it. In this case, it's just to do.txt. Yeah, it's the destination. So c.txt is going to be within the directory and then point to an iNote. And whoops, that's i. So c points to this iNote that has the 15. That iNote is a symbolic link. And it contains that data dot, or sorry, that to do dot txt. And that's, you can think of to do dot txt of the contents of that file. But it's defined that if that file type is symbolic link, the contents of the file is actually a name. Yeah, that is an optimization only for symbolic links. Yeah, symbolic link and soft link are the exact same thing. So it's whoever, depends who you're talking to. Yeah. Yeah, so the question is the soft link permissions are all, it's all permissions. So all that means is you can read and write that soft link. It doesn't change the permissions to what it's pointing to. So even though it has all permissions, it doesn't mean the group or anyone else can write to that file. Because all the symbolic would do is chase the name and then figure out, oh, I have to actually open the iNote that to do dot txt points to. So now if I do this, if I cut c.txt, it kind of looks the same as all the rest of them. I'll see hello, I'll let it be. And this way they all kind of work the same way. And then next step I can do, they're all pointing to the same thing. Then we can see what move does. So move, funnily enough, does not move a single thing. So move is also another lie and remove is a lie. So all move does is rename an entry in a directory. If it's within the same directory, if you're moving it, it only actually moves if you move across directories. But if I'm within the same directory, I can move to do dot txt to something like d dot txt. And if I ls again, well, I can see all I did, it's still pointing to the same iNote. All I did was change the name. So now there's still two things pointing to that iNote. I have d dot txt and b dot txt. But now you'll see something is in red because I broke the soft link. Yeah, they're hard links. Yeah, b and d are hard links so there's no arrow. The arrow is only for soft link because soft link is just everything in directory is a name. And then if it's a soft link, it's name to another name. And then if it's a normal file, it's named to an iNote. Yeah, so in the directory, so if we went further and went into the directory, this directory would contain three names. The directory contains b dot txt, c dot txt and d dot txt. And then within them, b dot txt is this iNote, c dot txt is this iNote, which is actually a sim link. And then d dot txt is this iNote. Yeah, yeah, so LS, so this is LS following it. So LS will, if it's the files of sim link, LS will display what it points to for you because LS is nice like that. Yeah, yeah, so the ln call, like without the dash s, that creates a hard link, so it'll create a new name in the directory that points to the same iNote as whatever the first argument is. Yeah, oh wait, c dot other way around. So if I do that, it's smart enough to, they're both in red. So I just create a circular link there. So to do dot txt points to c dot txt and to do dot txt points to c dot txt. And it's smart enough, smart. So yeah, so this is probably something you haven't ever accounted for in your programs. Well, you guys probably never even think of handling a soft link. But in real programs, you have to handle soft links. So it's your choice. Do I follow it? And then if I do follow it, how many times do I follow it?  But this is the power of sim links or soft links. I can create an infant loop, but with normal files I can't. I'm not allowed to. Yep, so cat tried to do it and it said too many levels. So I followed, it's gonna have a limit where it will follow sim links to I don't know whatever number. Probably something sane, like, I don't know. What's the sane number? Like eight would be kind of insane too. But it'd be like some low number because otherwise it gets kind of crazy. Yeah, whoever wrote cat, it follows it a specified number of times and if it can't actually find a real file, it gives up. So cat is a bit smarter than us. But that was a cool thing to do. All right, so where are we? Yeah, yeah, you can. You can give it the whole path. Like you want to give it the name or the whole path. Yeah, you can give it whatever name you want. So it's, so the first argument is actually a path. So I could do whatever. I could do dot, dot, dot, I don't know, it doesn't even need to exist like high. Whoops, I didn't call anything. Sorry? For the C is linked to D, sorry. That's what we just did. That's like a circular loop. Yeah, so it just follows them. But then if there are real files, it's just gonna read that I node, whatever's on that I node, it's done. So yeah, it doesn't carry. Yeah, or well, I can create a loop if the symbolic link just goes up and then I follow it to myself again. So you can create some recursive cases with it. Yeah. So this, like if I do this or wherever it is, was it like this? So how do these things resolve to be the same? So it will follow it first. The only real trick to it is there is a special named I node for the root directory. So if you do a path like this, it knows what the root I node is and spoiler alert, it's I node two, I think. I'm pretty sure it's I node two. So it knows to go to I node two. And then within I node two, it will look for the name called home inside that directory, because it will be a directory. Yeah, like the root, root I node is a directory I node. So within that, there'll be a bunch of names to other I nodes. So there would be in the root directory one, there would be a entry called home and they would point to an I node and that I node would also be a directory. So I would go in that directory and within that directory, it would be an entry called John, which would point to an I node that is again another directory. And then within that directory, you can see where this is going. There's something called examples, I'd follow it so you just have to go all the way through. And then for relatives pass, well, that's why there's a dot here. So since there's a dot, I mean, you can just get the I node for the current directory and you know it's a directory I node so you can figure it out. Yeah, technically it'd be faster to do relative pass because you don't have to start root unless you go all the way back and then all the way forward. Okay, so that, oh yeah, and then we can do a fun thing called RM. So RM, we'll see that doesn't actually delete anything. So we have two things point to the same I node. If I remove b.txt, well, didn't delete anything because we know b.txt and d.txt are the same content in the same actual file. It's still there, it's not deleted because there's still one reference to that I node. So if we start it again, we see that the number of links has decreased. It was two because two things point to it and now one thing points to it. So that I node will only be reclaimed and reused again if zero things point to it and we'll actually get deleted. So RM doesn't actually remove anything. All it actually removes is that name in the directory. So it just removes that entry for the name in the directory. That's it. If it's the last reference to the I node, it might get deleted but that's up to the kernel and it probably won't. Okay, so quickly because we have TA evaluations we need to fill in as well. So after all of this, it looks like this. C.txt points to the name to do.txt which doesn't actually exist so I'll put in a black background and then d.txt points to an I node that actually represents the original to do.txt but to do.txt has long been removed. So Linux, everything's a file. So directories are also I nodes. So we kind of saw that. So the only difference is that their file type is a directory and then there is a special format that says, it has to contain name to I node and the names again maximum size is 255 bytes. So you can create a path that's huge but each individual name is only 255 bytes. So other things they can be, there's regular files, there's block devices. So even your hard drives will be represented by a file and a block device just means that you can't access them byte by byte. You have to access them in big blocks. Yep, no, so that's, I know it represents a file. Yeah, so it represents a block device but it's just its representation. There's other ways to represent block device so I can access the whole thing. Yeah, so directory I nodes don't do anything that special. All they contain is name to I node. That's it. So we'll go through this quick. What's stored in I node? So the file name is not stored in an I node. The names only exist in a directory. That's the only place names exist. And then I nodes also do not know what containing directory they're in. They have no idea whatsoever. You have to follow all the links to figure out where it is. There's no back mapping or anything like that. They do contain the file size, so it's whatever it represents. They contain the file type. So regular files, symbolic link or directory are the main ones you'll probably encounter. If an I node is a soft link or just an I node doesn't even know how many soft links are pointing to it. Doesn't know where the location is. It however does know the number of hard links to it. So that was one of the things that are stored on it. So the kernel knows if it can actually delete what it points to. And then the location of hard links it doesn't know. And then other things that stores the access time stamps and file content sometimes. So that's that got you thing. So if it is a small symbolic link, the I node will actually contain the contents of that. Yeah. No, so a directory name doesn't contain any other, doesn't contain its own name. No. Yes. Yeah, which would be the contents of that I node, but not the I node itself. I see, okay. Yeah. Yeah, and then by definition, an I node will store an ordered list of data blocks. So one thing too is we saw using caches to speed up writes. So writes are slow, we can use a cache. So you could also cache a file system. So there'd be a file system cache. And sometimes you might want to bring in stuff ahead of time. That's like the prefetching thing that windows might do. So if you're referencing a block, you might wanna reference it again if it represents a database. So I'll keep it in memory instead of writing it back and forth to disk. And then if you're, sometimes you'll read a file sequentially. So maybe I just read it into memory ahead of time before you do it. So it's already there by the time you get it. And then the kernel is responsible for actually writing the changes back to the disk. And we saw that before with the write through stuff. And then the way to control that are there a system calls for flush and sync. And that will trigger the kernel to actually write data. Clear all the caches and actually write it to disk. So that's what they do. All right. Last thing quick is the journaling file system. So deleting a file has, it's like a three step process. So to actually delete the contents of a file, it would have to remove its directory entry. And then assuming that that's the last link to the inode, it would have to release the inode to the pool of free inodes. And then also record that all those disk blocks that that inode points to are now free. And they would be a bitmap. So they would have to zero them out. So if you care about data integrity, your power could go out at any point in this process. So my power goes out between one and two. Well, I'm not going to have any way to access the directory inode through names anymore, but it's going to look like it is still in use. And all the disk blocks it's using are going to look like they're in use. And then if I crash between step two and three, well, that inode's not even gonna exist anymore, but all the blocks it was pointing to are gonna be used and I can never reuse them again. Yeah. So in the directory type, the contents of that inode, so the blocks it points to, the data that it points to are going to just be name inode pairs. Always name inode. So inodes, a soft link is an inode. Is an inode soft link. Nope. So quick. So the directory does contain the soft link, but here if we look, so this is a soft link, right? But it's, whoops. That is not, it crashed, cool. Yeah. So it is an inode. So the soft link is itself an inode and the only way we see it to do .txt is because LS actually grabs the content of it. So if we look at it, itself is an inode and its type is symbolic link. So directory doesn't change name to inode. Okay. Yeah, they shouldn't. They shouldn't. Yeah. All right. Yeah. So last thing, journal. Basically it just writes what things are going to happen. So if it crashes, so it would write what it's about to do. And then if it crashes anywhere in step one, two or three, that entry would still be in the journal. So it knows where it needs to go look for to actually recover all that data and go through. And it can figure out where it crashed from there and then make everything consistent. And then the usual case for a journal is once it's done all the steps, it would go ahead and remove itself from the journal and then you know it's all consistent. So that's it. I guess there's office hours now and if you can, there's a TA thing. So just remember, going for it, we're on.