Okay, so now we are ready for Hiba, and Hiba, I would ask you to introduce yourself, please. Thank you very much. Thank you, Christian. Hi, everyone. I am Hiba. I am from Palestine. At the moment I live in Gaza Strip. I received a master's degree in midwifery last year from the University of Aberdeen in Scotland. And now I am working as a clinical instructor at some local universities in Gaza, and also working as a clinical midwife at a maternity hospital in Gaza too. So this presentation is part of my master thesis, and I am happy to be here and to participate in this conference, and hope that everyone will enjoy this presentation. I will start now with my presentation. The presentation is about women's experiences of childbirth in the Arab world, a systematic review of equalitative evidence. This picture was on the day of my graduation ceremony at the University of Aberdeen. I am the second one from the right. The first one from the right side, she is my first supervisor. Her name is Lucia de Ambroso. And the third one, she is Helen Pitford, my second supervisor. And the first one, she is Alice Kajol. She is the external examiner for my thesis, and I am pleased to tell you that I was honored to win her prize for the best in midwifery nursing research project at the College. Okay, so I will start with some introduction about the Arab world. The Arab world occupies a large geographical area which comprises 22 Arabic countries. In the Arab world, marriage is considered the gate to childbirth because it represents the only foundation within which childbirth is allowed, as well as that childbirth is viewed as the purpose of the marriage. Childbirth is a major life event and a special life story and emotional experience for women. Women's experiences and their stories of childbirth are therefore relevant in developing evidence-based care on individual subjective narratives. So there is an urgent need for women's experiences to be incorporated into health services and health policies toward improving the quality of care in maternity services. Just a simple notice, I am sorry about what you're hearing from my background. I cannot stop this sound, it's from open area and I am absolutely close to the room but you still can hear the sound, anyway. There's a report from the United Nations. Okay, thank you. The United Nations report demonstrated a substantial discredited and fertility rate among Arab women in most countries except Iraq, Yemen, Palestine and which is my country, Sudan, Somalia, Mauritania and commerce. The total fertility rate remains over four live pair women reproductive age for the seven countries that I mentioned which indicates continuing high rates of fertility for some poor and rural areas. As you know, the geopolitical status of the Arab world nowadays is complex and challenging due to state of the crisis and armed conflict areas such as Iraq, Yemen, Syria, Palestine and Libya. So these circumstances undermine the health system and cause emergency health situation because of the occupation, internal civil strife and political tension. There are comparatively fewer studies addressing satisfaction, maternal satisfaction and exploring women's reported experiences as an outcome of maternal care in the Arab world compared to Europe and United Kingdom. Therefore, it has been worthwhile in this paper to focus on women's third care during the childbirth experience to develop recommendations towards influencing health professionals and policy to improve health systems and make real change. So the aims and objectives from this paper was to addressing these two questions. The first one was what are women's views and experiences of the flavor birth when accessing delivery services in the Arab world? And the second question is what does the evidence suggest for policy and practice? The methods for this paper was a systematic review accompanied by a synthesis of the quantitative and the quantitative studies describing women's experiences in birth and labor in the Arab world. The elements of the actual narratives and thematic synthesis methods was used to analyze the data from selected study. Also, my experience and reflections of my professional background was also incorporated for the result of this paper to support the interpretation of the data. Now for the findings. Elevator studies were selected for the review of three quantitative and eight qualitative studies. From the analysis, there were two overarching themes were identified, women's third care and medicalization of childbirth. Medicalization of childbirth with unnecessary technologies can be viewed to exist in direct opposition to third care delivery with culturally sensitive care where women are empowered and otherwise lead care in childbirth. For the first theme in this paper, women's third care in the papers, many women would have appreciated the feeling of control during the childbirth process. Women indicated their need for family's emotional support and their mother's attendance during labor. However, it is forbidden in most public hospitals and actually this is the policy in most Arab countries. For the second theme, medicalization of childbirth. Women experienced a number of routine practices that were unnecessary, harmful and non-indicated of procedures during labor and birth. Those involved induction, artificial rupture of the brain, continuous fetal heart rate, suffering, if equal, vagina examinations, and epizetony, enema, and shaving. The humanization of childbirth were so important in terms of lack of respect, care, poor pain management, lack of necessary information from skilled birth assistants, and lack of privacy. The medicalization of childbirth was observed in the widespread use of unnecessary procedures which affected negatively women's control in childbirth approaches in terms of demonizing childbirth. In conflict areas and during wartime such as Gaza in December 2008 to January 2009, there was no safe place for childbirth as reported by Wick and Hassan 2012. Women in this area reported multiple barriers to accessing a suitable birth place. They reported no near safe place for a childbirth or access to nearby health birth attendants and fear of unknown about their families and their labor status during the constant chilling. This reported by the women from Gaza that the women had facing the war in 2008-2009. In addition, there was the impossibility of knowing when and where the bombing would take place and so safety guarantees were impossible. The wives also reported trying to help laboring women with only simple and ill-prepared equipment. Now for the reflection of my experience in Gaza to support the result of this paper. In 2012, I was working in the largest governmental hospital. It's called H5 Hospital in Gaza Strip. The Ministry of Health in Palestine sought to employ midwives in maternity services with WHO in cooperation to build midwifery lip care during training the midwives with the basic and advanced skills. Midwives in Gaza are authorized to manage low risk cases of laboring women during delivery care as defined by International Confederation of Wives ACM. The midwives in Gaza are unable to order any procedure without reference to doctors in spite of WHO recommendations for midwifery lip care in Palestine. Their severe pressure worked with high case loads. For example, during my work there were more than 12 cases with only three midwives. One physician and one obstetrician. Doctors request oxytocin infusion for most cases and bisectomy used routinely for most primigraphida. Some doctors use their previous experience and their old knowledge without guidance according to WHO recommendations and evidence-based practice to deal with the emergency. The women also are restricted in mobility and drinking during labor. Therefore, the midwives and the doctors evaluated women's labor artificially by plant catheters. All women give birth in lighted homey position and I can say this is the only position women can have childbirth in the public hospitals in Gaza. And convenient support to attend labor is forbidden due to open area in labor world in which the patient's feet are separated by care turns or rubable walls. However, it's allowed in the private health facilities to have social support during childbirth. The overload of work results is insufficient with wifery support for every woman. To conclude, my experience in Gaza was relevant and consistent with the findings of this paper or this review, the medicalization of childbirth and using unnecessary harmful procedures in post-conflict region where also relevant to the two overarching themes identified in the results chapter. As a result, women's preferences are critical sources of knowledge to explore and consider in such situations. Now for the key conclusion. To counter the effects of intersecting lines of medicalization and technology power over women's experiences of childbirth in this context, health policy makers, decision makers with wives and other health care professionals need to work with this available evidence of women's experiences and narrative account of childbirth to achieve high maternity quality care. The indications for practice. It's important to involve all stakeholders including midwives, maternity care professionals and women in efforts to improve current practice and also to eliminate unnecessary procedures. There's a need to develop policy in Arab countries and update WHO recommendations with evidence on the subjective lived experiences of delivery and the childbirth to achieve high maternity quality care and women's satisfaction. Also, the decision makers need to empower midwives in their community either geographically or socially to be able to provide their care for marginal groups or in time of a crisis. Especially now, the situation in Arab countries is not stable. Also, there's a need for planning for emergency care is essential by mapping the availability place of midwives providing them with basic medical equipment and medicine at home and any clinics in order to facilitate their care to women's needs during a childbirth. The future research. We need a future research to focus on somehow to support women and supporting childbirth experiences from a few points of skilled birth attendants and maternity care staff. A future study could also explore in more detail the challenges of providing evidence-based practice to reduce medicalization of a childbirth in terms of legitimacy of subjective lived experiences. A future review and research which focus on whole childbirth experience including an antenatal or intrapartum or postpartum period are recommended. A greater effort and evidence is also called for women's rights of safe birth, a respectful healthcare and accessible and available access to care during complex and wartime. Now I just put some pictures. It was taken by Al Jazeera. This picture was in the last war. The last, I can say, Dalash-Australia attack on Gaza in 2014, exactly in July 2014. The first picture is from the Shifa Hospital Maternity Unit. During wartime, we can expect 25 to 50 women over a 24-hour period. And also, the medical supplies are running short due to ongoing Israeli offensive on Gaza. In other meaning, Gaza is still under blockage by Israel. So this blockage also limits the medical supplies and we have these chances in basic equipment. The second picture from Shifa Hospital too. As the ambulance made its way to the hospital, this lady called Hanan El-Mahifrim, continued to bleed and was rushed to surgery, to see a surgery where her baby gear was delivered by a caesarean but unfortunately died at birth. After her condition, Hanan was not told the news of her daughter's death until a day after the surgery. Hanan said, when they told me, I feel like I couldn't breathe. I wanted to cry but I was too tired. I think this is the last picture. Mariam joined it, 39 years old.  As I mentioned in the introduction, the fertility rate in Gaza is high. I can say it's 4.6 baby women. And this is the difference. Now I can say, oh, I finished. Now I am happy to hear any questions or any comments. Thank you very much, Hiba, for your interesting presentation. There was one question in the chat right in from Monika. Can you ask if women's mothers are allowed during birth in the hospital? Yes. Actually, this is a policy in the governmental and public hospitals. They cannot bear birth companies, mothers or any relatives. Because the area of the hospital with the leopard women is very crowded and if the hospital allowed for every woman to have hair relatives, it would be more crowded. So this is why they avoid this. I can say there's another reason. I think it's for cultural, it's related to cultural beliefs. Some husbands maybe refuse to attend the childbirth. Maybe they are shy or something like that. So maybe this is the, I can say this is the reason. Yes. Is there another question? So I would like to ask... Is the answer clear for everyone? I hope the answer is clear. No, no, they will ask if it's not clear. So I ask our participants to put in more questions to Hiba while our participants are in... Ah, okay, Margaret is asking do all women go to hospital for birth or are there a birth at home? Okay, actually we have two systems. We have public hospitals and private hospitals. At the moment we don't have a home birth except for women. She cannot go to the hospital and suddenly have birth at the home. But till now we don't support the home birth in Gaza and I think this is bad. But for my side I think it's good to support home birth. But to answer your question, at the moment the woman can have birth at a public hospital or private hospital. Okay, thanks, Margaret. Okay, so please put in other questions for Hiba. I would like to ask the question what is about the breastfeeding rates in your region? Yeah. What is about breastfeeding? Hiba? Yeah, sorry. Did you ask about breastfeeding? Yeah, breastfeeding, the rates of breastfeeding in... Yeah, the rate of breastfeeding in Palestine is actually high. It's 96%. Yeah, it's considered high, I think 96%. That we have cultural beliefs about breastfeeding. So if the mother at the beginning has or facing difficulties with breastfeeding, her mother or her relatives will support her to breastfeed her baby. So, okay, Akita is asking in the rate of caesarean sections in your region, your country. Okay, actually I don't have accurate person about caesarean section rates. But I can say the normal phasional delivery is more than caesarean section. And usually the women prefer phasional delivery. And just for urgent reasons or accidental reasons, the women refer for CF. But I am afraid I don't have accurate number. So, but is it often in your experience or do women ask? For CF? No, it's not often. Because we usually refer the women for normal childbirth. But for some reasons, for example, if the women have at the barter of marriage or accidental marriage, the lady should be referred to CF. Yeah, it's a good question. Are there any wife-led care units at all? In my country, there is Norway. It's called Norway. It's a project supported by Norway. It started last year to support with wife-led care unit in Gaza. And it started just in one hospital. It's in the Chippa Hospital because it's the largest hospital in Gaza. And I think they started in this hospital because if this project succeeds in this hospital, they will follow other hospitals with the project. This project is actually just for law-risk cases. Wives can care with women. With women, law-risk, considered as law-risk, the women don't have any medical problems. Wives can care with it without any interruption from the doctors or obstetricians. The midwife in this unit don't use oxytocin, don't use abyssaltony. And the midwife using birth-deep exercise, full exercise. And they ask the women to choose which position they prefer to have a childbirth. But most women, as I can see, they choose a light-atomy position. I think because they think, because as they use to have a childbirth by light-atomy, maybe they think this is the best position for them. But we try to learn from them that you can choose any position you like. Okay, thank you very much. Now, let's see if there are any more questions from our participants. So, what about the education of midwives in the Gaza? Are there enough possibilities to get well educated as a midwife in your region? Okay, we have two colleges that teach midwifery programs. The midwifery program is in Gaza for four years. For example, at my side, I have a bachelor from the Islamic University of Gaza. And my bachelor was four years. I started a clinical training in the hospital from the second year. And so continued the training in third and fourth year. Then after graduating, we have a period called the Eternalship Period, like 300 hours. This period to make sure that I am good with wife after graduating. And I cannot take the certificate without finishing this internship period. So in Gaza we have two midwifery programs in Gaza. The first one was started in 2001. In the College of Palestine, called College of Palestine. And the second one started in 2008 at the Islamic University of Gaza. And also we have another program for midwife. It's called Practical Midwife. The midwife can be a practical midwife for two years. It's called the Bluna Midwife. I think maybe the word Bluna is different for you because the Bluna is known for certificate. The Bluna in Gaza means that the midwife has learned for two years to be a midwife. And actually the practical midwife who has two years, she can deal with women, support women. But for example, she cannot provide help in childbirth. Just she can help in both NATO and NATO units. That's it. What about midwives associations in Gaza? How are you organized in your region? Okay, actually we don't have a special organization for midwives in Gaza. We have association called nursing association. This nursing association can cover the midwifery issues. So we don't have a unit or organization special for midwives. And I think this is a weak point for the midwives in Gaza. But for example, if I need help in some issues, I can go to this association or I can go to the Ministry of Health in Gaza. I can see another question in Christian. How long do women stay in hospital after childbirth? Okay, for women, for women has no childbirth. If the woman is pregnant, she can stay for like four to six hours. And after that ask to discharge for the multi-gravity. Women usually actually stay just for two to four hours. And most I can say, most women stay just for two to three hours after no childbirth. But after if the woman has CS, she should stay at least for two days in the hospital. And she can go home at 30 or 40 days. And do midwives help women at home, like visiting them at home in the first weeks after the birth? And is it for the women? Okay, having childbirth in public hospitals, it's free. No paid, no money to pay by the families, it's free. But in private hospitals, it isn't free. For the supporting women after they go home, yes, we have community midwife, the community midwife working in the postnatal clinics. And they have regular visits, the midwives have regular visits to women's home to support women and to provide some health instructions about childbirth, about caring baby, caring herself after childbirth. And also if the baby needs vaccines or something like that. Yes, that's it. So there's a question, it's about how is the bonding and the skin to skin supported? I would like to say that we support bonding and we support the skin to stick to skin contact after childbirth directly, we have this. And before do this, we ask women that we would like to put your baby in your abdomen. Some women fears at the beginning, some women's, no, they used to have that. And for the bonding, I can say we have breastfeeding at the first hour of childbirth, most women breastfeed their babies. Because I said this is a catcher of beliefs about breastfeeding. I was going to ask you, but you said that the units get really, really busy sometimes. And how do you cope with that when you're flooded with women? Christine. Hello, can you hear me? Eva, do you hear us? Okay. Sorry, Christine. No problem. Christine. Please put again the question. Christine, can you hear me? Can you hear me, Eva? Eva, do you hear us? No, sorry. What's your question, sorry? Please repeat your question. I think I had an interruption in the disconnected intellect just for a few seconds. What did you ask, Christine? Oh, sorry, I said, you said in your presentation that the units often get very, very busy. How do you cope with a midwife with a sudden, with lots of women coming in? Are you able to see more stuff in? I'll get you, host. Are there anything? Please type in the question. Okay, okay. Sorry, I think I had disconnected it just for a few seconds. Okay, let us ask the question. What are the women's or our own experience of typical midwifery care in both the midwife, midwife, midwife and public hospital? Okay. Actually, we need to study, we need to do study and research about this point, about the experience of typical midwifery care in both the midwife, the unit and public hospital. But I just can give you some highlights points about that. I can say sometimes you find women satisfied about her childbirth if she has any complications. And some women, maybe, yes, dissatisfied about her childbirth. If she's having complications or problems like fairly old cares, postpartum homelage or these things. But in general, I can say it's maybe half-half. I think I can say it's maybe half-half that the women sometimes are satisfied about the rule of the midwife and the public hospital. But sometimes, really, I think it depends. I hope it is clear for your question. Thank you. So, please put in other questions for Hiba, for a fantastic guest from the Gaza Strip. I would like to continue the question. What is interesting for me, while I'm googling, I just found midwives with the organization Midwives for Peace, which is a grassroots organization. Do you know about it? Sorry, I didn't follow your question. The organization Midwives for Peace? Uh-huh, organization for, yeah, Midwives for Peace. I have no idea about this actually. No problem. Okay, so we have another... Sorry about that. But yeah, I think it's good to have a look about it. We have another question. How do you cope with the increasingly busy unit, as you said, that can be up to 40 to 50 women in 24 hours? Yeah, thank you for this question. It's a good question, actually. It's a very overall work. We try to manage. We try, if need help, we can call midwives from other units or midwives who's in the call. We try to organize the work with the women. For example, we just take the women, so we have words, as you know, we have antenatal words, interpartum words, postpartum words. So, usually the antenatal words. I mean the antenatal words, the women who they are in the first stage, I mean who they are in the first stage of labor. They are in antenatal words. This word department, this word is usually busy. So, we just take the women to the labor room, who are nearly to be fully, or the women, for example, seven to eight. This is one of the methods just to organize the labor room and to organize the first stage word. And as I mentioned before, sometimes for just away, the women just stay after childbirth from two to four hours. So, after two or four hours, they're dispatched for another woman. So, by this simple method, we can just organize and control this overload and the pressure work. And also, the physicians and the obstetrician, they help us in the high risk word. So, to reduce this overload pressure work. So, we have another question from Julia, who is asking what is the midwife to patient ratio? Okay. I know internationally it should be midwife, one midwife per one woman. But in Gaza, I can say one midwife per seven to ten midwives, sorry, one midwife to seven to ten patients in maternity departments, intranet and intrabartum, antinatal and bostecal. And maybe you think that we have shortage of midwife, yes, we have shortage, but also we have graduated midwives in Gaza. But because of the economic status of the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Health cannot avoid more and more midwives because they have problems with their funds. So, they just stay both, for example, and that we have actually two midwives per every shift, sometimes two or sometimes three. In the labor room we have three midwives per every shift, first stage work, postnatal work, obstetric ICU, we have obstetric ICU, gynecological department, high risk departments, we have just two midwives per every shift. So, yes, this is what I mean when I said overload work. Do you have a separate assessment unit or is this included with the same unit? Sorry, can I ask you what do you mean with a separate assessment unit? Is that you mean the assessment for the midwives, the midwives differed from the doctors' midwives, that what do you mean? Initial phone call. Do you have a separate assessment unit or initial assessment of presenting women? Yes, we have initial assessment in the reception. If the women, for example, come with labor pain, they will come to the admission department and their women, the midwives in the admission department will assess the lady and if the lady in labor, if the lady has cervical irritation more than 4-5 cm, they will admit it to the first stage work. This is what I mean with the, this is what I have, but is that what do you mean with the initial assessment? I'm afraid we are at the end of our time. I would like to thank you very, very much for your input and for answering the questions. I wish you everything the best for your work on a very hard situation and all the best for you and for your family. Thank you very much to be part of this and I want to be thankful to be, also that I had a chance to get to know you. Thank you to everybody here in this room. Now I will give over to Sarah once again and everything good from Austria. Okay, thank you, thank you very much. Brilliant, Christian, thank you so much for that. Right, I'm just going to do a little bit of housekeeping and save all the chat. And you are welcome to pop off and have a 10 minute break and stretch your legs while I tidy up this room. We will start again at the hour. Okay, thank you.


It looks like a lovely route. Sorry. I did do the art. I did do the art. I was filming there. Oh, were you? Didn't you film it? Yes, yes, that's me. Oh, my god. What's your name? Pauline. Pauline, what are you doing today? 250, Park Run. Why did you start doing Park Run in the first place? I've done Horsham Learn to Run. It was a 10-week course. Oh, OK. And so you just stuck with it? I did. How proud are you to get to 250? Very proud. Right, welcome to Horsham Park Run. We're not actually in Horsham. We're at Southwater Country Park, which is a little bit south of Horsham. It looks like a lovely route. Sorry. Did you do the art? I did do the art. Oh, you were filming there. Oh, were you? Did you film the film? Yes, yes, that's me. That's me. Hello. What's your name? Nicky Hackman. This is my friend, Jane. Ha, ha, ha. So, yeah, I mean, I've been to Southwater Country Park before. It's a lovely place, but I've never done the Park Run here. So let's see what it's like today. Portion runners. Very narrow paths around the country park, around the lake here, so we need to be careful we don't knock into anyone. And the start is on the downs link just around here. Right, I've just been collared by Phil, who's the...  The Event Director. Event Director, OK. He's the main man here. The main man. But the main man is running the event today. How many Park Runs are you now on? So, we're around about 320-ish feet. So, yes. I don't even know why I'm celebrating 200. 320. Every milestone is worth celebrating. We had a 500 here last week. Our first 500 here. Wow, first 500 here last week. So, I've got something to live up to then. Long way to go to 500 for me. And look, there's a volunteer, 25-volunteer t-shirt in front as well. Not only can you run at Park Run, but if you volunteer, you get recognised as well. Always great to volunteer at Park Run. Thanks, Phil. No problems. These guys are going to go fast, so I'm going here a bit further back. So, we've walked up to the start, which is on the Downslink, the old railway line. And we're going to go back that way towards the country park. We just started without any shout or any whistle or anything at all. So, I had no idea we were going. But we are off. So, that's one kilometre in. 356. Lovely route. And at the moment, of course, it's a bit quicker than I expected it to be. But, apparently, another hill is coming up. I'm going to make sure it's not bad. So, here's our lead runner, 403 for the second kilometre. This kilometre in 356. Cheers, buddy. Heart rate 166. Well done. Kilometre four in 402. So, last kilometre now. Back on the Downslink again. Thank you. 200 metres to go. I've got your own camera this time. What did you get? 1630. That's nice. 1630 for our first finisher today. Right, go and get my barcode from the car, which is in a car park halfway up there. Are we all right? Not really. Do you know what? I mean, it is very quiet. People are talking, so... You don't hear it, I know. I just totally missed the start. Thank you very much. There we go. So, ninth place today in 19 minutes 36. And the great thing about the Horsesham Parkfront here is that they are right next to this lovely cafe. And believe me, I've been in this cafe before. It is very nice indeed. So, if you want a lovely afternoon egg, come to Southwater Country Car. So, this cafe and this lovely lake, come on a Saturday, do parkfront, and then you can have a stroll around the lake afterwards. So, if you've enjoyed this week's parkfront, this is number 199. I think I'm going to go and do my 200 at my local one in Worthing. It will break the tourism streak, but what the heck? Let's do 200 at Worthing next week. So, from here at the Southwater Country Park, please subscribe if you haven't already subscribed. This is the last parkfront I did right here, and we'll see you for the next one on the start line next week. Take care, bye-bye.


Hello friends. I'm Sanjay Gupta. I welcome you on Sanjay Gupta Tech School. Here you can see my website studiesalesforce.com so where I placed the videos which I created related to Salesforce so you can go and watch. So in this video we are going to discuss about related records in Apex. So what we will be discussing I will tell you how we can insert related records through Apex. How we can update the related records and how we can query related records like from parent object to child and from child to parent. So first I'm going to explain how to insert related records. So I have already opened this anonymous window. So I'm going to execute so you can click on debug and open execute anonymous window. So here you can write Apex instructions directly and you can execute them. Later on you can implement classes as well and through those you can call the methods. So those classes generally we implement when we call the Apex classes through triggers. So in this video we are just understanding the Apex code so we are not implementing any trigger so those code will be directly executed this anonymous window. So what we are going to do first we are going to create one account and then with related to this account we are going to create a contact. So account ACC equals to new account and inside this parenthesis I'm putting name. So name I'm putting as Sanjay Gupta Tech school. Then second field is phone. So in phone I'm putting 123456 and then I'm writing insert ACC. So when the statement will be executed. So this account record will be inserted and the ID will be available into this ACC. So further I can use that ID to create contact. So. So here I need to put account ID equals to ACC.ID then first name equals to Sanjay. Then last name equals to Gupta and phone equals to 123456. Right. And now I can write insert. So first account will be inserted. So that ID will be available into ACC. Then we are fetching that ACC.ID and we are relating this content newly created contact with account. So now I'm going to execute this. So I need to click on this execute button. Okay, so an error is there. Okay, I forgot to put comma here. So that's why that error occur. Okay, so here you can see this is showing exception field custom validation exception exception please populate it populate value of active underscore underscore C. So this is a validation rule. So I need to put active underscore underscore C equals to yes. So these are the values for account. So again I'm going to click on execute. Yeah, this time executed successfully. So I'm moving to account. So whatever you perform through anonymous window that also reflect in the org. So here you can see this account, Sanjay Gupta underscore Sanjay Gupta tech school is created, and it is having related contact as well. So phone is available if we see the details of account so you can see here also phone number is available. So I hope you understood how we can create related records to apex, then I'm going to tell you how you can update the related records. So, again, I'm opening an anonymous window so this time I'm first going to query the records and then I will be updating so we're moving all these so I'm going to click on equals to when I'm applying select ID name and phone these and fetching for contact and for account. I'm just fetching phone. I'm sorry, contact where name equals to Sanjay Gupta ID equals to null. Right, so those details will be varied. And here, let me put one more condition and com.name equals to Sanjay Gupta tech school. Right, so all the details will be available in the pond. So now I can write corn dot phone equals to so you saw right now we created both a count and context and we provided phone number is 123456. This time I'm putting a triple one for corn dot phone and corn dot account dot phone. I'm putting 222 six times. Then I'm writing update corn and then I'm writing update corn dot right and then I'm executing this. So moving here again I'm refreshing. So here you can see for account details, phone number is triple to sorry, six times two and for contact you can see six times one are available. So this way, you can update related records. So we updated contact phone as well as we updated related account phone with this. So I hope this way you understood how we can insert related records how we can update related records. Now, next is query related records. So first I'm going to tell you how we can query parent to child. So this we will be applying on standard as well as custom objects. So I'm removing this. So what I'm going to do, I'm going to implement a for loop. So we are applying. So, okay, let me first create a list of account. ACC list equals to list of account. And in this ACC list, I'm going to query. So select ID name. Now, this is we are applying query on parent because account is on parent side and contact will be on child side. So I will be carrying contact now. So select ID name from context now from where this context came. So what you need to do you need to go to child object, then in field and relationship search for the look up to parent. So here you can see look up to account is available, open this. And here you need to search for the child relationship name. So that name you need to use while querying the child reports. Now from account. So this way we can apply the query. Then where name equals to. So, so this is the record we right now created so that will be carried along with the contact that is available with that account. So now we can write system dot debug. And here I can write ACC list and ACC list. Right. So now I'm going to execute this. So the result will be displayed in the debug log. So here you can see this is account ID and name are available. Now, if we want to display contact details, so we need one more system dot debug. And here we can write contacts and you can write ACC list. Okay, ACC list is maybe containing more than one account so we can iterate a loop then. So you need to apply if condition then not ACC list dot is empty. So you to check if list is not empty then we can apply a follow. So account ACC then ACC list. So one by one account records will be available into ACC. And now you can apply a system dot debug contacts plus then ACC dot contacts. So let's say you query two accounts and each account is having two related contacts. So one by one account details will be available into this ACC and the particular account related contact will be displayed with this. Right. And later on, maybe if you want to apply some operation on the related contact context as well. So you can apply one nested loop as well. Like this ACC dot contacts. Right. So you can write the instructions whatever you want to perform here. So this way you can create a relationship between parent to child. So we queried child records through parent. So now if I execute this so you will see contact details as well. So it is going to open debug logs. So here you can see in first line account details are available and the related contact is available here. And if you match these IDs, so account ID and here in contact account ID, both are same. Right. So this way you can query the data. Right. And later on what you can do instead of creating this list. Let's say I'm commenting this, this as well and this as well. And from here I'm copying this and I'm putting it here. So what I did. I'm just applying the query inside the loop. So if we do so, so what we can remove, we can remove this. We can remove this. And this. So no, if condition is required because we are not having any account list this time. So whatever records we are querying, they are directly available in the loop and then we are doing the operations. Right. So this is on standard object. Now, let me show you how we can apply this on custom objects. So I'm removing all these things. Yeah, uncommented. Now, in my org, I have two custom objects student and book. So student is on parent side and book is on child side. So here you can see if I go to fields and relationship or book object. So you will see one. Lookup relationship to student. So here, if I open this so we can identify the child relationship name. So that is books. So now how we can use this. So student underscore underscore C. So it is the parent one. So first time putting it, then this will be student list. So I'm putting it everywhere. Now, from student I'm fetching ID name, then select ID name of books. So child relationship name, and also remember we need to put underscore underscore are as well if you are fetching custom object as a child. So the student where name equals to so student name I'm putting Sanjay. Right. So I have one student here whose name is Sanjay. And the student is having some related books. So here you can see two books are related. So those related books will be fast. And here we have a checking student list is not empty. Here also student underscore underscore C STD. So here student list will be displayed now one by one student record will be available into STD. And here I can put books. And later on if I want to iterate it. So here I can write book underscore underscore C B then STD dot books underscore underscore R. So this is through child relationship name and here we are creating one variable of this book object. So that's why book underscore underscore C. So this way you can apply this parent to child relationship on custom objects. So if I execute this. Okay, spelling mistakes, so we are student. So this is executing and the results will be available in the debug logs. So here you can see first student details are available in second line you can see book details. So total two books are related with that student. So first book name is 0005 second book name is 006. And here you can see that. Right. So this way you can perform operations on related reports by calling them. So this was parent to child. Now, the time is for last one that is child to parent. Right. So let me show you how we can do that. So first I'm going to show you standard one. So on child side we have contact and on parent side we have accounts so I'm writing contact. Con equals to select ID name. Then you need to write parent side object dot the field. So whatever parent is related whose name we want to fetch from contact. We have name equals to Sanjay Gupta. Right. So details will be available in the contact now. So let me make this list of contact because they may be more than one records available. Now what we can do we can iterate a loop. So here I can write contact on on list and I can write system dot debug. So I just want to display these details. So let's say I want to display contact name. So I can write on dot name. And if I want to display related account name so I can write account name plus con dot. So this way you need to fetch. So let's say we retrieved five records. So five times contact name and account name will be displayed. Right. So maybe what we can do we can put them together as well. So I'm cutting it here from here putting it here so that for one contact one account name will be displayed and so on. So now I'm going to execute this. So debug log will be opened and you will see the results. So here you can see contact name is Sanjay Gupta. So account is not associated with that final for beginning three then fourth one is showing a name as Sanjay Gupta and account name is tech school seven fifth one is having null. So account name is null. Then six one is contact name Sanjay Gupta and account name is Sanjay Gupta text. So this way you can apply the process. So after fetching the list you can iterate it in the loop and then you can fetch the details like this. And if you want, you can put this query here as well. Like this and you can remove this. Right. Now, here you can see we used account directly. But now if I applied this on custom object like child custom will be wearing parent custom value. So that time we need to use underscore underscore R. So I'm using book underscore underscore C be select ID name. And here I'm writing student underscore underscore R dot name. And from book underscore underscore C we are name equals to so book name I am putting B dash 05. So here you can see with the 005 students Sanjay is related. So now, first we are going to display book name through the dot name, and then student name through the dot. Student underscore underscore R dot name. Now I'm going to execute this. So you will see first book name will be displayed and the student is related with that book record so that student name will be displayed. Right. And if you want to give some space in between. So here you can write this. So now if I execute this so you will see some space between label and the value so that you can easily read. So this is book name so everyone spaces available and student name Aaron spaces available. So this way, we can fetch custom objects from child to paint. So remember one thing whenever you are working on parent to child or child to parent on custom object. So you need to use this underscore underscore R. So why parent to child so we need to use underscore underscore R with child relationship name and from child to parent so in that case you need to use this underscore underscore R instead of underscore underscore C. So I hope this way you understood all these things like how we can insert related records, how we can update related records and how we can query related records, both for standard and custom objects from parent to child and child to parent. Right. So I hope you understood whatever I demonstrated in this video. If you want to watch more Salesforce related videos so you can open this website study Salesforce.com and you will have lots of video collection there so do watch them. Thank you for watching this video.


Welcome back to Marxian Economics, this is Deepankar Basu from the Department of Economics at UMass Amherst. Let me quickly remind you about the structure of this class. So we have so far looked at one video which gives us an overview of the whole class and then we started into the content of the class. The first video was an introduction which discussed the issue of how Marx came to the study of political economy. It discussed the phases through which Marx went over his period of life and we saw that there were two phases of his study one going from 1843 to 1847 and another going from 1850 to 1883 when he died. We saw that during the first phase of his study Marx not only engaged with political economy but he also engaged with classical German philosophy and French socialism and what emerged from the critical synthesis of these three strands of European thought later came to be known as Marxism. Two key ideas that emerged during this phase of his study is the dialectical method and historical materialism. Both of these ideas remained with Marx for throughout his life. So when he returned to his studies again in 1850 after he had been chased from different countries in Europe he finally settled down in England in 1849 and he was able to resume his studies from 1850. So the phase of his studies that runs from 1850 to 1883 was the phase during which he really concentrated on political economy. But during his phase this second phase of his study he was always guided by these two key ideas that he had worked out during the first phase of his study the dialectical method which told him that if he wanted to understand a social system he not only had to understand its current structure but also identify its key conflicts and contradictions which lead it to change. So that was an idea that remained with him and historical materialism told him that if he wants to understand society he has to understand how the structure of production is organized. What kind of relationships emerge in the process of production between different groups of people whom he called classes and therefore the key object of his study in the later phase of his study through political economy was a way to understand the key ideas that would help him understand the key social classes of capitalism. So that is what we are going to be focusing on for the rest of this course. So that was the first module of the class. The rest of the class will be broken up into three modules two, three and four. Each of these three modules will cover the argument developed by Marx in the three volumes of capital. As we have said in the introductory part, this class is a study of the economic ideas of Marx and the most complete and comprehensive picture of his ideas of economics is found in the three volumes of capital. So that is what we are going to be studying. The first volume of capital will be the focus of the module that we are going to discuss now. The next module will deal with volume two and the module after that will deal with volume three. Now let me quickly remind you what the argument about what the content of volume one is. Marx tells us that the content of volume one is to understand the process of production of capital. In the introductory section, we argued that the key concept that Marx uses throughout his economic work is the concept of surplus value and therefore we can restate the content of volume one as the generation and accumulation of surplus value. So in this module, we are going to be studying the processes which are relevant to understanding the generation and accumulation of surplus value. Once we have done that, we will turn to volume two and the content of volume two is the realization of surplus value. Why is this important? Because capitalism not only wants to generate surplus value but wants to realize them in monetary form by selling the commodities. In volume one, we are abstracting from issues that are relevant to the second question. How does the capitalist system sell all the commodities at prices that are necessary to realize all the surplus value that was generated? So we will return to those questions when we discuss volume two. After we have done so, we are going to be studying another important issue which is how the surplus value that was produced and realized then gets redistributed in society and emerges as the income of different fractions of the ruling class. So the content of volume three will be an analysis of the distribution of surplus value. So that should give you a good idea of the main economic argument that Marx laid out in the three volumes of Capital. We are going to be spending the rest of the class understanding the key components and details of that argument. So today we are going to be starting with the argument in volume one of Capital. The content of volume one of Capital which we are going to now study is to understand the notion of Capital. How does Capital get generated? Now we know that the generation of Capital or the process of production of Capital can be broken up into the processes of generation and accumulation of surplus value. So to understand Capital we really need to understand the notion of surplus value. What is surplus value? Surplus value is something which is an excess of value and therefore to understand surplus value we first need to understand the concept of value itself. Now we will see that to understand the concept of value we actually need to understand the concept of the commodity. So that is why the beginning of volume one of Capital is an analysis of the commodity because with an analysis of the commodity we will be able to understand the notion of value. With the notion of value we will be then able to understand the notion of surplus value and with the notion of surplus value in place we will then be able to understand Capital. So therefore we are going to start our study of the political economy of Capitalism as laid out by Marx in the three volumes of Capital with an analysis of the commodity. What is a commodity? A commodity is anything which is produced for exchange. Now roughly I can say that we whatever we consume we either get it from somebody through the process of exchange or we produce it ourselves. Oversely we can say that anything that we produce we either produce for direct use or for exchange. So anything which is produced with the intention of being exchanged is a commodity. Let us look at some example. Let us say I am growing vegetables in my kitchen garden for my own consumption or the consumption of my family members. That vegetable is not a commodity because it is not produced for exchange. Now let us think of a farm which is owned by a capitalist farmer who employs a lot of wage labor to produce vegetables for the market. That vegetable is a commodity. So therefore what is important is not what we are looking at whether it is vegetable whether it is a car whether it is a computer or whether it is a service. What is important is the intention with which it is produced. So a commodity is anything which is produced for exchange. Now a commodity if we think about it will have two important aspects. One aspect of the commodity is that it is useful. It is useful to somebody. So the aspect of the commodity whereby it is useful to somebody is known as use value. But that is just one aspect of the commodity. There is another aspect of the commodity. What is that? That aspect is that the commodity can be exchanged with other commodities. So the aspect of exchangeability of commodities whereby one commodity can be exchanged with any other is called by Marx as exchange value. So let me summarize. A commodity is anything which is produced for exchange and it has these two aspects. It is useful to somebody and we say that therefore it has use value. And it can be exchanged with other commodities and therefore it has exchange values. Now let us think a little bit about exchange value. Exchange value has both a qualitative and a quantitative aspect. What is the qualitative aspect? The qualitative aspect is that a commodity can be exchanged with every other commodity. What is the quantitative aspect? The quantitative aspect is that a commodity when it is exchanged with other commodities does so in a definite ratio. For instance, one bag of rice will exchange with two tables. One table will exchange with 10 pencils. So whenever we think of commodity exchange there are these two aspects. Any commodity can be exchanged with every other and when a commodity exchanges with other commodities it always does so in a specific ratio. Now once we have understood this we need to ask a question which Marx asks in the very beginning of Capital. What can account for the exchange value of commodities? Meaning what is it that can account for the fact that a commodity exchanges with other commodities and does so in a specific ratio? Now this is a very important and deep question and the discipline of economics broadly provides two answers. One answer which is what we are going to explore in this class emerges from the classical tradition which was worked out by Adam Smith, David Ricardo and taken over by Marx and refined further. This tradition answered this question by saying what can account for the exchange values of commodities is the labor that has gone into its production. Every commodity is the product of labor and this classical tradition understands labor as being the key aspect of the commodity which can account for its exchange value. But let us pause and also think that there is another tradition which is the new classical tradition which emerged in the late 19th century which provides a different answer to the same question. The new classical tradition says that what provides or what can account for the two aspects of exchange value is the utility that people derive from the consumption of commodities. Now if you contrast these two different ways of answering that same question you can see that the new classical tradition which relies on the notion of utility to explain the two aspects of exchange value is really a subjective theory of value because the utility that is derived by a person from consuming a commodity varies from person to person. The same shirt worn by different persons will give different types of utility, different magnitudes of utility. On the other hand the amount of labor that has gone into producing a commodity, in this case the shirt is an objective fact which does not depend on the subjective notions of individuals. If we can therefore build our theory of value on the notion of labor that goes into producing a commodity we will have developed an objective theory of value. In this course we are going to we are going to develop this tradition and we are not going to engage in any detail into this other tradition. So let me summarize what we have understood is that the classical tradition the tradition that comes from Adams made David Ricardo which was taken by Marx and further developed answers the question as to what can account for the two aspects of exchange value by pointing to the amount of by pointing to the labor that has gone into producing a commodity. Now notice that this answers both questions or accounts for both aspects of exchange value. When we say that it is the labor that has gone into producing a commodity which accounts for its exchange value we are able to account for the qualitative aspect. Why? Because we are then going to say that commodities exchange one with the other because all of them have this common property that common property is that they have been produced by human labor. So that accounts for the qualitative aspect of exchange value. This also allows us to address the quantitative aspect. What does the quantitative aspect say? It says it points to the fact that commodities exchange one with the other in definite ratios. When we say that it is labor which accounts for this quantitative ratio we are in effect saying that two commodities exchange one with the other in the ratio that is necessary to maintain equality of the amount of labor on both sides of the exchange. Let us take an example. Let us say one bushel of wheat exchanges for one shirt. What does this say? This is saying that the amount of labor that has gone to producing one bushel of wheat is exactly equal to the amount of labor that has gone to producing one shirt. That is why one bushel of wheat exchanges for one shirt. If we for instance looked at another example let us say one bushel of wheat exchanges for 10 kilograms of tea. If that were the case then we would be saying that the amount of labor that is necessary to produce 10 kgs of tea is exactly equal to the amount of labor that is necessary to produce one bushel of wheat and that is why they exchange in the ratio 1 is to 10. Let me now propose one important concept which arises from the discussion we have just been having and that is the notion of value. What we have said so far is that the aspect that can account for exchange value is the fact that commodities are the products of labor. Classical economists summarize this by saying that commodities have value. By this we only mean the following a commodity has value to the extent that it has absorbed some of the productive labor of society. So, through an analysis of the commodity we therefore come to this important concept of value. A commodity has value only because and to the extent that it has absorbed a part of the labor the productive labor of that society. Now before moving on let us just remind ourselves that the notion of value should only be used in a specific historical and social context and that context is the context of commodity production. So, the notion of value cannot be used in societies where most of the items are not produced for exchange. A commodity producing system is one where most of production is organized through exchange meaning most of what is produced by human labor is for the purpose of exchange. It is only in such a system that the notion of value makes sense. So, we should always tether our concepts to a particular historical and social situation. So, what we have understood so far can be summarized in the following way. We have understood the concept of value by looking at the commodity. We have understood that the content of value is the labor that has gone into its production. Marx also calls this as the substance of value. So, we can say that the substance of value is the labor that has gone into its production. And what is the measure of value? The measure of value is the labor time because the amount of labor that has gone into producing a commodity can be measured by the amount of time that that labor has been put into producing that commodity. So, the value of a commodity comes from the fact that it has absorbed some labor. So, therefore, the substance of value is labor and how do we measure? How much value a commodity has? We measure it by the amount of labor time that is necessary for its production. So, we have understood this important concept of value. Now, let me caution you that the idea of value, the term value we use in different senses. We often use the term value in a normative sense. We say that something is valuable when we want to emphasize that that is good. When we say something is not valuable, we want to emphasize that that is bad. In the context of classical political economy, in the context of Marxist political economy, the notion of value is different. The notion of value is different from these normative judgments. By value, we will only mean the fact that a commodity has absorbed a part of the labor of society. That is what we mean by the notion of value. So, when you use this notion or term value, you should try to be specific. You should not try to say that something has value means that it is good because what we want to emphasize, what we want to study is the relations that emerge in a system where most of the things are produced for exchange. It is for that context, it is for that purpose that this notion of value has been enunciated and that is why we will use it. Now, this gives us a quick introduction to the notion of value, but we have to probe further. So, there are two different angles that we want to look at. One angle will relate to a qualitative question and another angle will relate to a quantitative question. What is the qualitative question? What we will want to explore further with respect to the notion of value is the question of what kind of labor creates value. And the quantitative aspect that we will like to probe further with respect to the notion of value is how can we compare the value created by different kinds of labor. So, these are the two aspects that we need to explore before we can finish our discussion of value. So, let's start with the qualitative question. The qualitative question we want to ask is, how do you or what kind of labor creates value? Now, let's start with some examples. Let's say there is a tailor who produces a coat and there is a carpenter who produces a table, there is a farmer who grows rice, all of this is produced for exchange. So, all of these are commodities and there is a baker who bakes a bread. Now, the type of labor that is involved in making a coat is very different from the type of labor that is required to produce a table. To emphasize this, we distinguish between the notion of concrete and abstract labor. So when we look at the commodities created by different types of labor, the labor of the tailor, the labor of the carpenter, the labor of the farmer, the labor of the baker, what we get is different commodities with different use values. The usefulness of a coat is different from the usefulness of a table, which is different from the usefulness of rice, which itself is different from the usefulness of bread. Now, when we take any commodity, we know that it has these two aspects, it has the aspect of use value, usefulness and it has the aspect of value or the fact that it can be exchanged. So, when we therefore look at the labor that has gone into creating the commodity, we can therefore also distinguish the two aspects of the labor that has gone into creating the commodity. One aspect of that labor is what we can call concrete labor. Concrete labor refers to the specific form of labor that is necessary to produce a different commodity that we are looking at. So, concrete labor of a coat is going to be different from the concrete labor of the rice. The concrete labor of the bread in turn will be different from the concrete labor that goes into making the table. Now, how do we distinguish that from the notion of abstract labor? Well, we will say that each of these commodities have value, because a coat being a commodity can be exchanged with bread, a rice being a commodity can be exchanged with table, the rice can be exchanged with the coat, therefore each of the commodities can be exchanged with every other commodity, therefore every commodity has value. Now, when we look at any of all of those commodities, therefore we can find that there is something in the labor that has gone to producing that commodity which remains after we have abstracted from the concrete form of labor that has gone into producing the commodity. So, if we consider the labor that produces the coat and try to understand what is it that is in common with the labor that produces the bread, what we get as an answer to that question is what Marx calls abstract labor. So, abstract labor is what remains of human labor after we have abstracted from the concrete form that that labor takes. Now, since every commodity has value, we would need to say that what creates value is not the concrete form of labor, but what is common to all these forms of labor. So, we can summarize by saying that the answer to the question what kind of labor creates value is the notion of abstract labor. So, what creates value, what type of labor creates value is abstract labor rather than concrete labor. Now, let us come to the second question which is the qualitative question. How do we compare the value created by different types of labor? Now, to answer that question, we want to make three distinctions. The first distinction we want to make is between complex labor and simple labor. So, let us take an example. Let us say there is a person who maintains cash registers in Walmart. Now, the type of tasks that are needed to maintain a cash register does not require lot of training, does not require lot of experience. A person can be given the basic training to do the works required to maintain a cash register very quickly. On the other hand, if we look at a neurosurgeon who does very complicated surgeries of the brain, we know that the amount of skills that need to be imparted to make a person able to carry out those tasks is enormous. So, to distinguish between these two types of labor, the labor of maintaining a cash register and the labor of a neurosurgeon, we would like to distinguish between simple and complex labor. So, simple labor is the labor that can be done by a human being without getting lot of experience and without having lot of skills. Complex labor, on the other hand, is highly skilled labor which comes from lot of training and education and also lot of experience. The importance of distinguishing these two is the following. If we take one hour of labor of a neurosurgeon and compare it to one hour of labor of a person who is maintaining a cash register, we would say that the value created by one hour of labor of a neurosurgeon is several multiples of the value created by one hour of a person who is maintaining a cash register. So, we will say that when we are trying to compare the value created by different types of labor, we would say that one unit or one hour of labor of a complex labor creates many times more value than one hour of simple labor. So, that is the first important distinction. The second distinction is the distinction between socially necessary labor and socially wasted labor. Now, what is the distinction here that we are making? Well, what we are trying to emphasize is that when we count or when we take account of the value created by labor, we always have two things in mind. The average technology that is being used and the average intensity of labor. The average technology that is being used and the average intensity of labor give us the average socially necessary labor to produce a commodity. So, why do we say that value is created or why do we refer to socially necessary labor? Because we want to rule out cases where a worker or a person produces a commodity using more labor than is this socially necessary average amount of labor. In that case, we would not like to say that the value of the commodity created by this other person who uses more labor than is socially necessary, that person has created more value. So to prevent our theory from saying so, we always refer to the amount of socially necessary labor needed to produce a commodity by referring to the average level of the technology and the average intensity of labor. So, any person, any worker, any commodity producer who takes more time than is necessary on average is going to be using or wasting some of his labor. So, when we want to take account of the amount of labor that is creating value, we will not count labor that is more than what is socially necessary. To emphasize that, we distinguish between socially necessary and socially wasted labor. The third distinction that we want to make here is the distinction between private labor and social labor. So, let us go back to an example we looked at earlier. Private labor is the labor that is used to produce a commodity, to produce a use value not for exchange. So, if I put in some time to grow vegetables in my kitchen garden that is private labor, that labor will not be counted as producing value. On the other hand, any labor which is producing output for exchange for the market to be sold produces value. Therefore, to distinguish between labor which creates items for direct consumption versus labor which creates items for exchange, we distinguish between private labor and social labor with the understanding that value is only created by social labor. So, now we are ready to summarize our discussion. Value is created by S N A L T. What is that? S stands for socially, N stands for necessary, so socially necessary abstract labor time. The socially necessary abstract labor time that is needed to produce a commodity is the value of that commodity. There is one more issue we want to think about before we close our discussion of value and that is important to prevent some misunderstandings. Many people think of the theory of value that we have developed, what is also known as the labor theory of value as claiming that the ratio in which commodities exchange that is the price of commodities is exactly equal to their values. We will see when we come to our discussion of volume 3 of capital that that is not true. So, therefore, whenever we think of the labor theory of value, it is necessary to think of value at the aggregate level. One way to do so is to think of two things. Let us think of the total labor time of society. So the total labor that has been used to produce all commodities. On the other side, let us look at all the commodities that has been produced. The labor theory of value tells us that there is a equivalence between the total labor that has gone into producing items for exchange and the value of all the commodities together. So the equivalence that is asserted by the labor theory of value is at the aggregate level between the total labor of society and all the newly produced commodities. What that implies is that for any particular commodity, the price and the value might not be equal. They might diverge from each other. In fact, when we go to our discussion of volume 3 of capital, we will see that there are reasons to believe why for each particular commodity the price and value will necessarily diverge. That's why it is necessary from the very beginning to realize and to keep in mind that the labor theory of value is an equivalence between total labor of society and the total value of everything produced at the aggregate level. This leaves open the possibility that at the individual level, at the level of each commodity, the price and the value might diverge. With that, we have now understood the notion of value. We started with probing the commodity. We looked at use value and exchange value. From there, we came to the notion of value and we probed further into various dimensions of value to understand that the value of a commodity is created by the socially necessary abstract labor time. Next, we will take up the notion of money.


Where does the Commission believe broadband can drive significant progress in sustainable development? The UN Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development is united in its belief that broadband can deliver real and meaningful progress in all 17 of the Sustainable Development Goals or SDGs. However, progress may be more immediate or apparent or dramatic in some goals before others. In this respect, the Commission believes that broadband can have a real transformative impact in areas of health and well-being, education and e-government services, whereas the use of broadband for energy efficiency and protecting the environment, satellite imagery of oceans, for example, this may take longer to become apparent.


In this presentation, we will take a look at preliminary engagement activities. In a prior presentation, we took a look at the audit, breaking it out into stages, those stages including the client acceptance and continuance, preliminary engagement activities, support accounting instruction by clicking the link below, giving you a free month membership to all of the content on our website broken out by category further broken out by course. Each course then organized in a logical reasonable fashion, making it much more easy to find what you need than can be done on a YouTube page. We also include added resources such as Excel practice problems, PDF files and more like QuickBooks backup files when applicable. So once again, click the link below for a free month membership to our website and all the content on it. Plan the audit, consider and audit internal control audit business processes and related accounts, complete the audit, then evaluate results and issue the report. Now we are focusing in on the preliminary engagement activities. So note, we're still basically above the planning of the audit section before we get into the auditing of the internal controls. And finally to what most people would consider kind of diving into the actual activities, the audit business process and related accounts actually taking say give me the accounts, let me go through and start auditing those activities. So the preliminary engagement activities assess the compliance with independent and ethical requirements, determine audit engagement team requirements. So we're going to think what are the routine requirements that we are going to need for the engagement topics to discuss will include the engagement letter, whether we can use the work of the internal auditors and note if we're talking about a large type of engagement, especially for publicly traded companies, they probably have internal auditors, those auditors that are going to be working for the company, they get a W2 wages. Therefore they don't have the same independence, which is part of the need for us as the external auditor to be auditing. However, they're going to be doing many of the same type of procedures. Therefore, our question then is, well, can we depend? Can we use their working papers or in other words, to what extent can we use the working papers or the work that is being done by the internal auditors in order to collaborate our evidence as the external auditor and possibly lower the amount of work we need to do? If we're looking at smaller type of companies, we may not have any internal auditors. Obviously at some level, you have to get above some threshold level before hiring an internal auditor is going to be appropriate, but publicly traded companies will typically have them. And again, our question is, can we use the work that they do the role of the audit committee? So we're going to discuss the role of the audit committee as we go through, of course, the auditing process. And you'll recall that the audit committee is going to be a subset of the board of directors. The board of directors is going to be voted on by the stockholders, the owners of the company, they are in charge of hiring management. So they're the people that basically we will be talking to much of the time when we're considering the audit process, setting up the audit process, reporting the audit process. And when we issue the audit report, engagement letter documents the terms of the engagement, including so now we're talking about the engagement letter, you'll obviously whenever we have a new engagement, we want to give the engagement letter. And I would recommend this with just about any type of engagement, of course, we would want it with an audit because it's a pretty formal type of process, but you want it with basically anything you're doing, if it's if you're doing bookkeeping or something like that, you probably want the engagement letter taxes engagement letter, few different reasons, because you want to list out exactly what you're doing, and what the responsibility of the client is. If you don't have the terms set up very well, then it's very possible for the two people involved or the entities involved to not have an understanding of what's going on or what's being expected. It's also possible for kind of work creep, we could call it to happen as well. In other words, it's possible for the client to slowly basically ask for more types of services and us to be providing them without basically reassessing what the engagement is, what the actual terms are, possibly not, you know, billing for them in the proper way that we should be doing within an audit. Of course, it's very important for us to determine upfront, this is what we are doing. This is what you are doing. It could be very confusing for smaller type of companies that may not have as much experience with the audit to have that separation of what's going on here, what's the purpose of an audit, especially for a small company, maybe they need an audit for a loan or something like that. They might have the impression that the CPA firm is there to basically put together, you know, do more work to help put together the financial statements or something like that as opposed to reviewing the financial statements that are put together by management, management being responsible for the assertions. Publicly traded companies obviously that should be pretty well known because the audit process is a required process. So engagement letter then. We want to list out the objectives. We want to know what the management's responsibilities are and we want to know what the auditor's responsibilities are. Any limitation of the engagements, we want to list out any kind of limitations of the engagement. Engagement letter may also include, so these are basically the minimum. This is the minimum of what we would have in the engagement letter. We could include, in addition to the minimum, plans for use of specialists or internal auditors. So if there's a specific plan for the use of the internal auditor information, or if we need some type of specialist say to review the value of certain assets or something like that, we may list that in terms of the engagement as well. So that is clear. limitation of liability of the auditor or client. So we may put the kind of like this is the kind of like a disclaimer in there, the limitation of the liability of the auditor or the client, any additional services agreed to be provided. So if we have anything above and beyond the audit, we want to list out, Hey, this is the audit. This is another engagement we might have. Now note, you probably you may want to have this outside of the engagement letter. In other words, if you're going to do the audit, and then you're also going to do tax work or something like that, it might be best to say, Hey, here's the audit engagement letter. Here's the tax engagement letter, you might want to have in other words have two engagement letters for separate engagements, so that you don't start blending these things together in the mind of the client and or yourself and the CPA firm. Now we'll take a look at a little bit more detail related to the audit committee. Requirement of audit committee members of publicly held companies, according to section 301 of Sarbanes-Oxley Act includes member of the board of directors and independent directly responsible for overseeing work of any registered public accounting firm employed by the company must pre approve all audit and non audit services provided by its auditors must establish procedures to follow for complaints and must have authority to engage independent counsel.


Live from Las Vegas, Nevada, it's theCUBE. Covering AWS re-invent 2016. Brought to you by AWS and its ecosystem partners. Now, here are your hosts. John Furrier and Stu Miniman. Hi everyone, we are here live in Las Vegas for Amazon web services re-invent 2016. This is theCUBE, our flagship program. We got to the events and extract the signal from noise. I'm John Furrier, my co-host. This week's Stu Miniman and our next guest is Teresa Carlson, Vice President of Worldwide Public Sector, booming business, CUBE alumni. Great to see you. Thanks for coming on again. This is your box. I love you guys, thanks for having me back. Great to see you. So, honestly, we see a lot of government, public sector, action, business is good. Give us the update, how big is it growing? Can you share some stats? The business is doing really well. I'm very proud of what our customers and partners are doing on AWS because generally in an environment where everybody thinks about it being really sort of stodgy and slow, it's actually moving really quickly. And in fact, here at the re-invent session, we had a closed door event just this morning with the intelligence community and we had a lot of people there, I'll just say that, and they are growing like crazy and adopting the cloud, mission critical solutions, applications, workloads. So they're an example of it. Again, a group that everybody said, wow, the intelligence community and they are moving fast. We had Department of Defense here, we've had intelligence agencies. We had the American Heart Association today where we just a couple of weeks ago announced a precision medicine platform with them. So it's going really well and I see that on a global basis. So while again, people would say, yeah, commercial, it's moving really fast, government, education, not so, actually they're moving very fast. I want to get to the CIA update deal, but before that I had a chance to sit down with Andy Jassy for a two hour exclusive interview at his house at the helmet head. He's got a freaking sports bar in his basement, so the best man cave of all time. But we had a serious long conversation, I wish I could have enjoyed the sports bar more, even though the Seahawks game was on. But I asked him about what he thought was really going to be big, both commercial and public sector. He talked about IoT and behind us is C3 IoT, Tom Siebel's company, quietly doing a lot of business, I hear in public sector because of the data growth in IoT. Thoughts on how that IoT is shaping up in public sector? Oh, definitely. So if you think about vertical markets like justice and public safety, transportation, health, all those touch across every aspect of public sector, and IoT is really big in this business. In fact, I don't know if you know what CGIS is, but it's the criminal justice information system. It's a mandate or a compliance that comes out of the Department of Justice that states have to meet for justice and public safety data. Well, they are now, everybody almost is mandated for body cams. So if you think about body cams, there's lots of sensors now shaping up around just the body cam world of justice and public safety. Autonomous vehicles, transportation, drones of every type, video cams that are out there, sensors on light poles everywhere, transportation, sensors everywhere. So it's very big in that data. By 2020, they think there's going to be over 30 billion data points coming from IoT devices, right? Well, if you think about that, a lot of that's going to come out of a public sector space through smart city applications. Citizens just touching and wanting to know every point and aspect for mapping. Even if you go to places like Singapore, they have something called OneMap where every component of the city now has IoT sensors around where they look for, where is traffic being amassed? Where is a population gathering? So they're really looking at IoT even for capabilities like that. And because of AWS and serverless computing, right? It's very cheap and easy to use and these applications are quick to be built. Terry, so you've been traveling the globe and you must have a phenomenal viewpoint as to how things like security and compliance fit into people's thoughts about the cloud. Last time we talked to you, a lot about things going on in the States here and we know that the adoption here in the US, what do you see as the global view? How do they look at things like security and compliance globally? Well, I will tell you that they are still very concerned about it. In many countries, data sovereignty is still very on top of everyone's mind but as you see, we're keeping pace with that because we're launching regions around the world. So when we launch a region, that's very good for the public sector business because we can go into government in a partnership mode and immediately start doing their security and compliance. So we take in what we've learned from the US but you might say to global countries, other countries outside the US really care about that, they do, they look at US as a model because the US wasn't early adopter of cloud. So we've taken the NIST standard, the National Institutes of Standards and Technology, we've taken the FedRAMP model from US and we literally share that as well as other things like SOC1 and SOC2. So yes, they care, yes, they're concerned that we have an answer in a model and just start programs to help them. So we are very hands on and we actually are like, what concern do you have, less address and head on? We do not back away from that step. We hit it head on. When you look at the maturity of how customers are adopting things, a lot of people start out kind of that base infrastructure service level and move up. Do you see that same kind of overseas? Did they jump some of the maturity because cloud is more mature in general now or did they still go through some of those kind of basic crawl, walk, run? They still go through crawl, walk, run and it's mainly because it's a new model and we encourage that because we want them to have a well-architected design for anything, especially mission critical applications. So from a well-architected model, if you think about the workloads that they're driving, it's essential that they start and then they learn now. The really interesting thing is once they get going, they just take off. So that crawl, walk, run is very condensed. It's not the traditional model of IT. They move out fast. Theresa, what have you learned from the CIA? So you guys had a landmark win there. We talked about that on theCUBE when we last spoke a couple years ago. And now you see with the VMware relationship, you're seeing them a hybrid coming together where in essence, you're going to see Amazon being much more configurable to the needs of the environment that might have legacy constraints or environmental issues or whatever their requirements are. It might not be a pure cloud native. It might be that hybrid. What have you learned from the CIA deal and how are you moving that into operations as you go to market and drive your business? Well, it's a great partnership. Let me just say that. It's not really like a customer-vendor relationship. It is a true partnership model. And as a result of that, we have really transformed the way government is adopting cloud. Very fast, very mission critical. We are learning together. And I'll tell you, one of the things we've learned is how to speed the accreditation of a system. And what I mean is the security compliance. We move through that accreditation very fast. We've learned very much on the AWS side. What are the requirements that we need to meet at the most sensitive side of data? And we've been able to move through those kind of things. That as well as new services that we need to offer. And when you learn from a community like that, you have to remember, every time we do something from a community like that, we roll it into the rest of the world. So every customer of AWS- A lot of leverage there. Completely. So every customer gets to take advantage of the things that we're learning from great customers like the intelligence community. So one of the things on the stage this morning on the keynote was Vinra talking about cloud. And one of the- My customer. Exactly. I love Vinra. His comment that I want to get your thoughts on, because you mentioned security and stuff. He said security in the cloud is better than doing it on-prem, which has kind of been what Dave Vellante and Dave in particular have been talking about going back four years with Pat Gelsinger at VMworld, is security a do-over? Is there new security models? And the big thing was multi-tenancy. And the debate, there's a variety of nuances around that debate. But I find it striking that they're standing on stage saying this is what we've learned. Can you expand on and expand that nuance? Because that seems to be now the thought process in the mind of folks who have a very secure security mindset that they want to have that. Why are you guys doing this better than people can do it on their own? Well, the first thing that AWS did, and Vinra, by the way, they are like amazing. They have moved down on the cloud and they are power users of the cloud. I just have to tell you, if you ever want anybody on to talk about it, these guys are power users and they are moving their data and applications so fast. And the way they've adopted and learned, I think it's quite innovative as well in terms of just getting their users on board with cloud. But why, if you take a customer like that and they say AWS is more secure, why do they say that? Two reasons. One is we do not shy away from answering any question a customer brings up. So when you do that sort of arm waving and saying, oh, we can't go to cloud because it's not secure, we break it down, item by item by item, we're like, okay, why? And we literally answer every question and check it off. And if we can't, we say, okay, let us go back and we come back with an answer. So we love those, I mean, we love hard things to solve. So for us, it's been like security's going to be the most important thing we have to deal with. So for the folks watching, go check out the replay of that keynote on day one, been a great, impressive speaker. But the comment that Andy Jassy made as he was leaving the stage, kind of read into the tea leave there, connecting the dots. Andy said, thank you very much. I beat the guy's name. Thank you very much. We've learned a lot from you. And implying that they brought a lot to the table for AWS. Could you share things that they've brought to you guys? You said power user, what are they pushing you guys on? What are they doing to make you better? Well, the one thing, again, I think that differentiates AWS model with customers, that obsession side of us, is we ask a lot of questions and we don't mind hard answers coming back to us. So when you have a customer like Fenra that deals with highly regulated data and industries, critical information that cannot fail because the market could fail, they push us. And they're like, okay, this, like certain kinds of tools and technologies, they tell us if they need a different adaptation or tweaking and we listen to them and we work together. So when Andy says that, he's really talking about the model that AWS works with our customers, which is that give and take of what's working, what's not, how do we improve it? And our service teams, which is the beauty of cloud, you can change that in real time. Like you don't wait much, you don't have to wait two years to cycle a feature or service, you're like, okay, let's update that now, let's make these tweaks and changes. And that's what cloud offers you, that experimentation, filling fast, recovering and then moving out. Teresa, I'm curious how policy fits into what you're working on. I heard the announcements this morning about AWS AI. You see things like image recognition. And when you talk about the public sector and a lot of uncertainty going on in the global world, everything from Brexit to what's happened in the US and people are trying to, are regions going to be a little bit more insular with how they need to think about things. So how does Amazon approach this? How do you work locally and globally on these kind of issues? Thank you for asking that question. That's actually a great question. A lot of people do not realize how much, how important policy is and how it plays into a global company like AWS and our partner ecosystem. And what we do, we take a very proactive approach. We have a policy team around the world and it was fairly new to us though at AWS. We didn't really have a tech policy team. So we've created that, but like everything else we do, we roll up our sleeves and we get in there and I'll share my first trips to Capitol Hill almost six years ago, we'd walk into congressional offices and they were like, oh, you're here to talk about Kindle or tax, right? No, we're here to talk about technology. And they would look at us because they had no idea what AWS is. Today they know what AWS is. And I love it because now we are shaping technology policy. We are explaining to them how the use of cloud is a differentiator for mission, how it creates jobs, how it creates companies. And we can go in and talk to a minister of finance or a leader, a congressional leader on the house or Senate or whatever hill it is around the world. And they get that AWS is a driver of jobs, which we don't talk about a lot because when you think about startups and the number of startups that run on Amazon Web Services, that creates entrepreneurs, that creates jobs. And when we can talk to them about that, that helps to shape policy so they're not, so they don't think about policy in a way to inhibit innovation but to create policy that drives innovation. And that drives jobs also brings up the point of reshifting jobs, training, thoughts on how you guys are educating pre-existing job roles that are coming in, I mean with machine learning and you got Polly and you got Lex, the Alexa stuff, Echo, I mean all this new transformation, how are you guys re-educating the workforce? Well it's, if you ask me around the world, the number one thing I get asked about from ministers, prime ministers, CEOs, CIOs, they say how do I get jobs? How do I get these skills created? And here's what we're doing. So we created a program that we rolled out a year ago called AWS Educate. We announced the version two of this just a few weeks ago and V2 is basically what we're doing with crowd source content. We get millions of dollars away to professors and students on computer science. So we encourage them to both create content for cloud, share that content and then we help them curate it. We do hackathons on campus, we do online training and education but what we've also added this year is a career pathway and the career pathway gives these students badging. So they can badge and select, if you go online, they can select their career on cloud. They can do like a security badging, an IOT badging. So we're going to allow them to have a badge they like. Now the best thing about it, when they create their career pathway, they get the skills they need, they can put their resume on our job skills board. So we've created a board, they can place their resume and now we have all of our partner ecosystem putting their jobs up there. Salesforce, Amazon, AWS, we're saying, put all your cloud jobs that you have and select from these students that are now cloud-enabled workers. So we are really excited about the possibility of this program and you're going to see us put a lot more into this. It really combines the marketplace of ideation ideas. Ideation starts innovation, that marketplace of ideas that we see that conversation happening with the marketplace of applicants. Yeah, exactly. And we have partners like Trend Micro wants to help us create that security badging. And I was just at the Peace Institute in Washington DC and that's a who's who that comes to the Peace Institute from around the world. They want to create a peace badge for IT and they even explained to me, which I had no idea, MIT and other universities have worked with them on an ethical model for peace IT. And so they want to create a badge with us for cloud. So these things to me, it's just career after career and we can get these students then connected on a global basis, not just a U.S. basis, but a global basis to actually get a new job. Now can I just tell you one more thing about FINRA because I want you, they actually transitioned their workforce really interestingly. They gave out free credits. They said, here's credit card, go by cloud. And they let their IT workers go by cloud and those workers that had a propensity toward AWS and cloud, they started a whole new team with them. So think about it, they just allowed them on their own. It's like giving the keys to the candy store. And they just learned. So there's like a lot of creative ways to get people to actually do a transition of skills. Well, we're really excited for you. It's great to watch you continue to have a great performance on the business side and the impact to society with what you're doing. It's been fun to watch your team grow and you expand the kingdom of public sector. It's been a fun ride. What's next? What are we going to see this year from your group? What's the big to do item? What's the big mountain you're going to climb next? So the big thing you're going to see from us this year, we're going to have a big focus on the K through 12 side. You're going to see a lot more coding academies. We're really going to try to focus on the education side on that really young population. Get them really excited about cloud. And I've hired a diversity expert and you're going to see a big focus on women in tech and diversity in tech from my team. It's important.  Well, we'll have to take our new nonprofit tech truth that we launched in July and we kicked off at the Grace Hopper Women in Celebration, our first class integrated with some of the things you're doing, super exciting. I would love that. In fact, I'll invite you guys. We have our women in tech panel tomorrow, which we have girls who code SBP as moderator. I'll be on the panel. We have a Netflix executive. We have a Salesforce executive, University of Maryland. And you're going to see us doing things around the world. And also, government worldwide, you're going to see us partnering with countries, doing things with countries. We should be filming that live on theCUBE. We need like 10 cubes for Amazon re-invent stew. I would love that because countries, when you go into countries, they want you to partner with them. So places outside, they need to understand what does this cloud thing bring? And we've got to make sure that they understand it's a new way of doing business and it's a new way to create an economy. And the benefits of being agile, focused creativity on high impact opportunities. Congratulations, Teresa. Thanks for coming on theCUBE. Teresa Carlson, Vice President of Worldwide Public Sector for Amazon Web Services, continuing to change society with technology and create more regions, more availability zones, all this stuff that James Hamilton's building. All goodness for you guys, congratulations. We'll be right back with more live coverage here, live in Las Vegas at AWS Amazon Web Services re-invent 2016. I'm John Furrier, Stu Miniman, we'll be right back with more live coverage after this break.