Welcome to the Hindu News Analysis by Shankar IA's Academy for the Day 21st of April 2019. Displayed are the list of news articles taken up for today's analysis and the respective page numbers of the Chennai, Bengaluru, Thiruvananthapuram and Delhi editions. The link for the handwritten notes is given in PDF format in the description section given below and also in the comment section. Let us now move on to the discussion of news articles of the day. The first news article of the day is India rise rate dip as demand slows, Vietnam prices flat. This news article appears in page number 11 of Chennai, Bengaluru and Trivandrum editions and in page 13 of a Delhi edition. The content of this news article and our analysis will be helpful in your prelims preparation under current events of national importance and next under economic development in particular. Also, it would be helpful for your mains preparation and general studies paper page number 13 under major crops, cropping patents, transport and marketing of the agricultural produce and issues and related constraints in particular. Let us now start with our analysis. This news article lists down some of the rate statistics and the low demand for rise as a reason for the decrease of the prices of the Indian rice commodity. Let us not focus on the rates, we shall see more about the reasons for the price dip and also some facts about the rice crops in particular. There are three main reasons for the low demand of Indian rice that has resulted in its price decrease mentioned in this news article. The first reason is the weak demand from the African countries who happen to be the major importer of Indian rice. Since the inventory is ample, there is a weak demand. Inventory is nothing but the stock or quantity of a particular good. Ample inventory mentioned in the news article means excess stock availability. The second reason for the price dip is the aggressive selling of old inventories by China at lower prices. This is a significant influence that has caused the price dip. The third reason mentioned in the news article is the decrease in the purchase by Bangladesh country. In 2017, Bangladesh was facing a rice shortage. India's rice exports made Bangladesh avert this shortage. But in the previous year, a bumper production of rice has been achieved by Bangladesh. So this has also resulted in the price dip because of a low demand. India's rice exports have stood at 10.57 million tons in the year 2018-19, which is 9.4% lesser than that of the exports made in the year 2017-18, if you see. As already told, do not focus on the price numbers mentioned in the news article. Let us now see some facts about rice crop in India. The scientific name of rice is Oryza sativa. Rice is grown throughout the length and breadth of India in widely varying zones and also the altitude. The best suited climate for rice is the hot and humid climate. Rice grown in altitudes from 0 meters, that is the mean sea level, and also up to about 3000 meters. Rice is also grown at below mean sea level altitudes in India, the only one such case in India in the Kuttanad region of Kerala. The ambient temperatures for cultivating rice vary from region to region and also based on altitudes. The average temperature required for growing rice across India is 21 degrees to 37 degrees Celsius if you see. The maximum temperature at which the rice crop grows is from 40 to 42 degrees Celsius. Rice is a rich source of carbohydrates, hence it is widely consumed by the entire world population. Rice is a poor source of proteins and fats. Let us now see some important uses of rice crop that includes your entire rice crop, the edible as well as the non-edible portions of the crop. Rice is mainly consumed as a food grain. Many food materials are processed from starch. Alcoholic malt is also manufactured from rice. The rice straws are widely used in the making of porcelain and glass and they are also used in pottery. The paper pulp is also manufactured with rice crop as one of its main sources. Livestruck bedding is traditionally made with the help of dried rice crop, its straws, husk, etc. The public procurement of rice and its further distribution to the citizens is carried out by the Food Corporation of India in India. Rice cultivation is supported in the form of minimum support prices in short MSP by the central government. Now let us see some statistics in relation to rice produced, processed and sold as a food commodity. India is the second largest producer of rice in the world. China stands as the largest producer of rice in the world if you see. India is the largest exporter of rice in the world. India accounts for 30.1% of total rice exports. Let us now see some of the factors that influence the prices of rice commodity. The first factor is the carryover stocks. These carryover stocks are nothing but the leftover stocks from the previous year's production after meeting the demand. The second factor is the expected demand, which is nothing but the average level of consumption and exports during the past few years. The demand supply cycle should be a consistent one for a better price realization. The third factor is the crop acreage, which means extent of area sown under the crop. If the crop acreage is more, the production is more likely to be more, so the supply side can be satisfied. The next factor is the production quantities. It is the estimated output of the rice crop, but it is based on various parameters such as you acreage, weather conditions, pest infestations, etc. The next factor is imports and exports. The government has thoroughly controlled rice trade as it is a major food grain crop in India. So the price factor is largely controlled by the government. The next and the most important factor is the government policies. It includes any change in government policy relating to the crop such as your MSP, which is the minimum support price, that would determine the prices of the rice. The final factor is procurement factor. The direct procurement by the government agencies and storage in warehouses that primarily includes the food corporation of India that we saw a short while ago and change in tariff and base prices of externally traded goods will have a direct impact on the respective commodity prices. These are some of the major and the most common factors that consistently influence the prices of rice commodity. Let us now see some of the recent current affairs news from the past few months in relation to the food grain rice. The first news is the inauguration of International Rice Research Institute, South Asia Regional Center called IRRI SARC in short. This institute was inaugurated in the city of Varanasi in India. It would focus on the research activities of developing new varieties of rice. Its headquarters is based at Las Banos Baguna in the country of Philippines. The next current affairs news that you need to follow is if any geographical indication tag shortly called the GI tag is awarded to any of the rice varieties. In the financial year 2018 to 2019 two types of rice have been awarded the GI tag status. First one is the Boko Chawal rice variety from the state of Assam and next one is the Jira Fool rice and aromatic rice variety of Chattisgarh state. In the last financial year three rice varieties have been given GI tag. They are the Katarani rice from Bihar state, Tulapanji rice and Gobindbog rice varieties from the state of West Bengal. With this we come to the end of this topic analysis. Now from Prillam's perspective try to know about the cultivation parameters discussed, the uses of rice crop, about IRRI SARC and finally about the GI tags recently awarded to some rice varieties. Try to know about the factors affecting rice prices for your mains preparation. You can also use the statistics relevantly as per the question requirements in your general studies three paper. Now have a look at the Prillam's question we shall discuss at the end of the session. Let us move on to the next news article. The second news article of the day is Indoor emissions affect air quality standards. This news article appears in page number 13 of Chennai, Bengaluru and Trivandrum editions and in page number 15 of your Delhi edition. The contents of this news article will be helpful in your Prillam's preparation under current events of national importance and general issues on environmental ecology in particular. Also it would be helpful for your mains preparation in general studies paper 3 under environmental pollution and degradation in particular. Let us now start with our analysis. A recent study was conducted by researchers from the Indian Institute of Technology IIT Delhi in collaboration with University of California from USA, Urban Emissions based out of Delhi and University of Illinois from USA. Here note that Urban Emissions is NGO platform having a repository of information, research and analysis related to air pollution. In the study the researchers have found that 40% of the total particulate matter 2.5 recorded in Gangetic basin is because of the use of firewood, kerosene and coal in the households. In other words 40% of the PM 2.5 air pollution is because of the indoor air pollution in households. It means that indoor air pollution that happens in the households is the major contributor to the outdoor air pollution in the Gangetic basin. Particulate matter 2.5 is given importance because it leads to adverse health impacts predominantly affecting the respiratory and cardiovascular systems and the urban population are the most affected here. Right now around 40% of Indian population is living in urban areas and it is estimated that 50% of India's population will live in urban areas by the year 2030 therefore reducing particulate matter 2.5 air pollution is of utmost importance. Some of the important findings of the study are that the household pollution significantly contributes to outdoor air pollution and by eliminating the indoor air pollution and emissions the average outdoor air pollution level could be brought down within the limits of national ambient air quality standards in short called as NUTS. And we already know that the indoor air pollution accounts for nearly 10 lakh deaths in a year in India. In 2017 the average annual PM 2.5 air pollution concentration is 125 microgram per meter cube in India. The PM 2.5 average annual concentration guideline or standard of the World Health Organization is 10 microgram per meter cube. The WHO air quality guidelines of 2005 prescribed three interim targets. The interim target number one for PM 2.5 annual mean concentrations given by WHO is 35 microgram per meter cube. Interim targets were given in WHO guidelines in 2005 itself. So why are these interim are temporary targets needed. See these targets are proposed as incremental steps in a progressive reduction of air pollution. They are mainly intended for use in areas where the pollution is high. These targets aim to promote a shift from high air polluted concentrations which have acute and serious health consequences to lower air polluted concentrations. If these targets were to be achieved one could expect significant reductions in risk for acute and chronic health effects from air pollution. Also if all households move to clean fuels such as liquefied petroleum gas about 13% of premature mortality or premature deaths in India could be prevented. The study found that if indoor or household air pollution is eliminated then India's average annual PM 2.5 air pollution could drop to 38 microgram per cubic meter which is within the National Ambient Air Quality Standards Prescription of 40 microgram per meter cube as mentioned here. This news article makes a special note about Delhi National Capital Region in short Delhi NCR. In a departure to previous findings it states that even if indoor air pollution is mitigated in Delhi NCR the particulate matter 2.5 pollution in the region would not attain the targets because in Delhi NCR the major contributors to air pollution are number one the stubble burning from the neighboring states that surround Delhi NCR region. Number two industrial and power plant emissions in and around Delhi NCR and number three brick kilns and vehicular emissions that happen in Delhi NCR therefore it would require more serious and stringent measures to attain these targets in Delhi NCR in order to mitigate the air pollution. Thus the article concludes saying that India's pollution problem is much bigger than often perceived and it requires a multi-pronged approach to control emissions from industries, transportation and power plants and mitigating air pollution at the household level is the easiest and more practical way for the government to reduce both household pollution and outdoor air pollution at the national level. Let us now move on to the next news article. The third topic of the day is Khurbi tribe which is based on the picture that appears in page number 18 of Chennai edition and in page number 20 of both Delhi and Trivanandapuram edition. It has not occurred in Bengaluru edition. The content of this topic will be helpful in your prelims preparation under current events of national importance and next under social geography in particular. The picture talks about Khurbi people taking out a procession in a festival celebrated in Marigown district of Assam. In this context it is important to know about the Khurbi tribe from the prelims perspective. Khurbi's constitute important ethnic group in the hill areas of Assam and they are mentioned as the mikirs in the constitutional order of government of India. However, they never call themselves mikir but call themselves khurbi and sometimes Arlang which literally means a man. Although at present they are found to inhabit in Kharbi-Anglong district in Assam some khurbi-inhabited pockets are also found in other places of Assam like the North Kachar Hills, Kamrup, Morrigan, Nagaon and Sonithpur districts. The Khurbi-Anglong district enjoys autonomy under the provision of six schedule of the Indian constitution. It is the largest district of Assam in terms of area. Kaziranga National Park is part of a larger landscape that extends south into the Khurbi-Anglong Hills. Racialy the Khurbi's belong to the Mongoloid group and linguistically they belong to the Tibeto-Burman group. The original home of the various people speaking Tibeto-Burman languages that also includes a khurbi was in western China near the Yangtikiang and Wango rivers. Khurbi's are also mentioned in Buranji's which is the chronicles written in a Prost tradition taken to Assam by the Ahom people. Khurbi's follow the patriarchal system of family structure. Agriculture is the main occupation of the khurbi's. In the hills they practice zooming cultivation that is the shifting cultivation by cleaning the forest of the hills using slash and burn method. In their gym they cultivate mixed crops. They also do lowland cultivation where such lands are available. Rongpur and Chomankhan are the two most important festivals of Khurbi. Rongkher is celebrated the beginning of the new year. It is a springtime festival celebrated by the entire village. Chomankhan is a festival celebrated on the death ceremony of people. It is a non-stop four days and four nights celebration. These types of dances are performed by the youths during the celebration of Rongkher and Chomankhan. The Khurbi tribe is notified as a scheduled tribe of the state of Assam. These tribes are not listed in particularly vulnerable tribal group designated by the Ministry of Home Affairs. For that matter no tribe from Assam has been listed in this particularly vulnerable tribal group list. And from the Northeastern region of India only the tribes from the states of Manipur and Tripura are included in this PVTG list. They are Maramnagar tribes from Manipur state and Raiing tribes from the state of Tripura. Now have a look at the prelims question we shall discuss at the end of the session. Let us now move on to the next news article. The fourth news article of the day is Soon Heritage By-Loss for Purana Kila Kairul Manzil. This news article appears in page number 5 of the Delhi edition only. The content of this news article will be helpful in your prelims preparation under current events of national importance in particular. Also, it would be helpful for a mains preparation in General Studies paper 2 under Statutri Regulatory and various quasi-judicial bodies. Let us now start with our analysis. This news article tells that within few days heritage by-loss for these two monuments would be released by National Monuments Authority drafted in accordance with the provisions given under Ancient Monuments in Archaeological Sites and Remains, Amendment and Validation Act of 2010. These by-loss will determine the nature of the new construction activity in regulated areas. Let us call this act as AMASR Act of 2010 in short. In our discussion, we shall know what is a by-law, what are prohibited and regulated areas and about two related institutions, National Monuments Authority and Archaeological Survey of India. Let us start with what is meant by a by-law. What is a rule or law established by an organization or the local communities in order to regulate them? This by-law will be created as per the provisions given by some higher authority. The higher authority here can be the legislature which is nothing but the legislative arm of the government or by a government body, an organization, authority or an institution of the government. Now, this AMASR Act of 2010 describes about the prohibited areas and regulated areas near the protected national monuments. Prohibited areas are located in 100 meters span from the protected monuments. The area starting from 100 meters from the protected monument till 300 meters away is called the regulated area. Now, Archaeological Survey of India shortly called ASI can carry out repairs in this prohibited area. The AMASR Act of 2010 as provided for the by-loss that should be drafted in order to regulate the construction activity in these regulated areas. The National Monuments Authority has been formed as per AMASR Act of 2010 in this context only. Hence, it is a statutory authority. Drafting the by-loss for regulating the construction activities across all the monuments in the country is the main function of this National Monuments Authority. This authority functions under the Ministry of Culture. Let us now see about Archaeological Survey of India shortly called ASI. It is an attached office under Ministry of Culture. ASI functions as a regulatory body. ASI's main function involves the regulation of all the archaeological activities as per the provisions of the AMASR Act of 1958. That is, ancient monuments and archaeological sites and remains Act of 1958 and also the Antiquities and Art Treasures Act of 1972. The prime function of ASI is the maintenance of ancient monuments, archaeological sites and archaeological remains of national importance. It also involves an exploration and excavation activities of ancient sites. ASI conducts specialized study of inscription and various phases of Indian architecture. ASI also involves in training in different areas of archaeology. Also, ASI involves in the operation of antiquities and Art Treasures Act of 1972. The headquarters of the Archaeological Survey of India is located in New Delhi. The Archaeological Survey of India is the successor of the Asiatic Society of India. With this, we come to the end of this topic analysis. Now, from the prelim's perspective, try to know about the bylaws, prohibited and regulated areas surrounding these protected monuments and about the two institutions that we saw. National Monument Authority and Archaeological Survey of India. Also, try to know about the functions of Archaeological Survey of India from the main's perspective. Now, have a look at the prelim's question, which I will discuss at the end of the session. Let us now move on to the next news article. The fifth article of the day is Fighting Poverty through E-commerce. This article appears in page 4 of magazine section in all the four editions. The content of this news article will be helpful in your prelim's preparation under economic development, sustainable development, poverty, inclusion, and as a part of your main's preparation in your general studies paper 3, under the area's inclusive growth and issues arising from it, and next under effects of liberalization on the economy, and also in your essay paper. Let us start our discussion. E-commerce is grown quickly in China. The total E-commerce trade volume has increased 30 fold in the year 2017 when compared to 2004 levels. While E-commerce is more developed in urban areas of China, online retail sales in rural areas have grown faster than the national average. From 2014 to 17, online retail sales in rural China increased at a compound annual growth rate of 91% compared to 35% nationally. In 2014, the Alibaba Group, in collaboration with the government of China, launched the Rural Taobao program in order to give rural residents a greater access to broad variety of goods and services and help farmers earn more by selling agricultural products directly to urban consumers in online platforms. This program has four main activities. The first, setting up of an E-commerce service network in counties and villages. Second, improving logistical connections for villages through two stage delivery shipping packages from county centers to villages. Number three, providing training in E-commerce and promoting entrepreneurship. And finally, number four, developing rural financial services through one of the subsidiaries of Alibaba Group. The number of Alibaba Taobao villages, which is a cluster of E-retailers, grew from 212 in the year 2014 to 3202 in the year 2018. The formation of Taobao villages broadly proceeded through these three stages. Version one was mainly about the grassroots development, where villages who have distinct entrepreneurial skills let the establishment of online businesses and created models for other villages to follow. As E-commerce developed and more Taobao villages prospered, version two was accompanied by government support. The local governments provided direct support for infrastructure, E-commerce training, and finance. And then in the version three, the local governments are providing support through subsidies for specialized E-commerce service providers and firms to build an E-commerce ecosystem with E-platform companies. Success stories in Taobao villages suggest that digital technologies can contribute to inclusive growth in rural China. They can lower the required skill threshold, allowing individuals, including the less educated, to participate in E-commerce and earn more. The experience in Taobao villages has sparked strong interest among researchers, policymakers, and the private sector to explore the use of E-commerce as a tool for poverty alleviation and rural vitalization. The Rural E-commerce Demonstration Program launched jointly by the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Commerce of China in the year 2014, aims to contribute to poverty reduction and remodernization of rural areas through the promotion of E-commerce. Its main activities consist of establishing and improving rural E-commerce public service, fostering rural E-commerce supply chains, promoting connectivity between agriculture and commerce, and enhancing E-commerce training. The program grew quickly, and by the year 2018, it covered 737 poverty stricken counties, which is 89% of the total, including 137 counties with extreme poverty levels, which is 41% of the total. Many case studies show that strong public-private partnerships can encourage the use of digital technology and E-platforms to support poverty alleviation in rural areas. For example, digital technology improves the quality of agricultural products and E-platforms expand online markets for agricultural products, create more and better jobs in rural areas. E-commerce has the potential to help support poverty alleviation, but there are certain challenges to it. Because developing E-commerce requires much more than connecting people to the internet. It needs proper infrastructure and logistics, entrepreneurship and skills, and a conducive environment, which are all crucial. The key challenge is identifying suitable products for online sales that will have a market. Another challenge is the long-term fiscal sustainability of subsidies to support the participation of the various emerging stakeholders in E-commerce, like the households, individuals, logistics companies, et cetera. Emerging lessons show that in addition to supporting logistics, providing subsidized training to build human capital, providing subsidized post-training support to help develop the online branding, as well as providing incentives and awards for high-volume online sales can help encourage E-commerce, even in areas where the initial endowments are weak. You can utilize this content presented today in your essay writing in special to the E-commerce topic. Let us now move on to the next news article. The final news article of the day is Crap Nebula, pictured by Hubble Telescope. This news article appears in page number 13 of Chennai Bengaluru and Trivandrum editions, and in page 15 of your Delhi edition. The content of this news article and our analysis will be helpful in your prelims preparation under current events of national importance and next under general science. Let us now start with our analysis. The news article has displayed a picture of the Crap Nebula. In celebration of the 29th anniversary of the launch of NASA's Hubble Space Telescope, astronomers captured a festive, colorful look at the tentacle Southern Crap Nebula. We need to know what is meant by Nebula. A nebula is a giant cloud of dust and gas in space, mostly consisting of hydrogen and helium. This Crap Nebula is officially known as HEN-2i-104, and it is located several thousand light years from Earth in the Southern Hemisphere constellation of Centaurus. Centaurus is the closest active galaxy to planet Earth. The nebula, which was pictured, appears to have two nested hard glass-shaped structures that were carved by a whirling pair of stars.  White dwarfs are stars that have burned up all of the hydrogen, which they once used as a nuclear fuel. The bubbles of gas and dust appear brightest at the edges, giving the illusion of crab-like structures. The object was first reported in the late 1960s, but was assumed to be an ordinary star. In 1989, astronomers photographed a roughly crab-shaped extended nebula formed by symmetrical bubbles. Now, from the prelim's perspective, it is important to know about the Hubble Telescope. The Hubble Space Telescope is a large telescope in space. It was launched in 1990 about the space shuttle named Discovery. The Hubble Space Telescope is a project of an international cooperation between NASA and ESA, the European Space Agency. NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland manages the telescope. The Space Telescope Science Institute, located in the city of Baltimore in Maryland, state of USA, conducts the Hubble Science Operations. Hubble travels around Earth at about five miles per second, that is eight kilometers per second. Hubble faces towards space. Scientists have learned a lot about space from Hubble's pictures. It has been hundreds of thousands of images back to Earth, shedding light on many of the greatest mysteries of astronomy. It takes pictures of planets, stars, and galaxies. Hubble has seen stars being born. Hubble has also seen stars die. It has seen galaxies that are trillions of miles away. Its gaze has helped determine the age of the universe to be about 13 to 14 billion years, much more accurate than the old range of anywhere between 10 to 20 billion years. And it determined the existence of dark energy, a mysterious force that causes the expansion of the universe to accelerate. Hubble Telescope identified the first supermassive black hole in the heart of a neighboring galaxy, providing evidence of an accelerating universe, which is propelled perhaps by some unknown source of energy in the fabric of space. The Hubble Space Telescope is the direct solution to a problem that telescopes have faced since the very earliest days of their invention, that is the atmosphere. Earth's atmosphere changes and blocks some of the light that comes from space. The shifting air pockets in Earth's atmosphere distort the view of telescopes on the ground, no matter how large or scientifically advanced those telescopes are. This atmospheric distortion is the reason that the stars seem to twinkle when you look up at the sky. Hubble flies around our orbits high above Earth and its atmosphere. So Hubble can see space better than telescopes Earth can. All of Hubble's functions are powered by sunlight. Hubble sports solar arrays that convert sunlight directly into electricity. Have a look at the prelims question we shall discuss at the end of the session. With this, we come to the end of today's discussion. Let us now move on to the practice question discussion session. Question one, this question asked to match the right pairs of the GI TAG varieties with the respective states where the particular rice variety is grown. Let us see the first pair. Katarni rice grows in the state of West Bengal. The first pair is wrong. Katarni rice is grown in the state of Bihar, not West Bengal. Let us see the second pair. Gobinbog rice grows in the state of Bihar. The second pair is also wrong. It is grown in the state of West Bengal. The first and the second pair are incorrectly matched. The next two pairs are correct. Jeera fool variety is grown in Chhattisgarh and Boko chavl variety is grown in the state of SM. So, the correct answer here is option B, 3 and 4 only. This question is framed based on the first news article of the day that we have analyzed with respect to the GI TAG varieties of various rice. Question two, the International Rice Research Institute South Asian Regional Center has recently been launched in which of the following city? Option A, Manila in the country of Philippines. Option B, Dhaka in the country of Bangladesh. Option C, Varanasi in India. And option D, Kandy located in the country of Sri Lanka. This is a very direct question. The answer here is option C, Varanasi, India. As we have seen in our analysis of the first news article. Question three, consider the following statements regarding the people of Kharbi tribe. Statement one, they are notified as schedule tribes of the state of SM. Statement two, they practice zooming that is shifting agriculture by slash and burning of land. Statement three, they are listed as particularly vulnerable tribal group. Here we must choose the correct statement from the above. Considering the first statement, we have already seen that Kharbi tribe is notified as schedule tribes of the state of SM. And statement one is correct. Now, the second statement states that the tribe practices zooming which is also the correct statement. Coming to the third statement, we saw in our discussion that no tribe from the state of SM has been listed in the particularly vulnerable tribal group. As Kharbi's also tribe from SM, this statement is wrong. So the correct option for this question is option A, one and two only because statement three is wrong. Question four, consider the following statements. National Monuments Authority is a statutory authority formed as per the provisions of ancient monuments and archeological sites and remains Amendment and Validation Act of 2010. This is the first statement. Second statement, it main function is to regulate the archeological activities in India. And the statement three is it functions under the Ministry of Culture. Here, the first statement is correct. National Monuments Authority is a statutory authority formed as per the provisions of this AMASR Act of 2010. The second statement is wrong. Regulation of archeological activities in India is done by the archeological survey of India, not the National Monuments Authority. National Monuments Authority's main function is to draft the bylaws for the regulated areas which we have discussed in our fourth news article of the day. Here, the third statement is correct. Both National Monuments Authority and archeological survey of India comes under the Ministry of Culture. So option two is wrong. Go by the elimination technique here. If two is removed, options B and D are out of our focus. Between options A and C, the correct answer is option C one and three only. Question five, consider the following statements with reference to the Hubble Space Telescope. Statement one, it is a large telescope in space. Statement two, it is launched by NASA in the year 1990. And statement three, it identified the first supermassive black hole which among the above statements is our correct. We have to look for the correct statements in the above statements as we just saw the question now. From our discussion, we know that Hubble Space Telescope is the large telescope in space. But keep in mind that it is not the largest telescope. Hence the first statement is correct. The second statement says the telescope is launched by NASA, which is incorrect. As we know from the discussion that it was a joint project of NASA and European Space Agency, ESA. But it was launched in the year 1990 only. Hence the statement here is partially correct because ESA is left out. And the third statement here is correct. We discussed it already in our analysis. So the correct option for this question is option B, one and three only because the statement two is wrong. The final practice question, recently the image of the Southern Crab Nebula has been captured, which telescope was used to capture this image? Option A, Event Horizon Telescope, option B, Spitzer Telescope, option C, Hubble Space Telescope and finally option D, AstroSat. We clearly know from our discussion that the Crab Nebula was captured by NASA. Hence by the elimination method, option D can be eliminated directly as AstroSat is an Indian telescope launched by ISRO, Indian Space Research Organization. Now the other three are NASA's telescopes. From this we have to choose one. With the help of the discussion we know that the correct answer here is Hubble Space Telescope. Let us now move on to the final question of the day which is a practice mains question. The question is, examine the role of e-commerce and employment generation in case of rural areas? An answer for this question should include the points mentioned in the article with or without special reference to China because this article largely discusses China as a case study. You can simply take points from the analysis of how China achieved the inclusive growth using e-commerce. Also list of the challenges in e-commerce to substantiate the point that generating employment is not only the primary issue. With this we come to the end of today's analysis and also today's discussion. Please do like, comment and share the video and please do subscribe to Shankar IAS Academy channel for latest videos and updates. Stay focused and motivated friends. Thank you.


When General McClellan was put in charge of the Union Army of the Potomac, formerly called the Army of Northeastern Virginia, the Potomac River became something of a demarcation line for the opposing forces. Around the city of Leesburg, Virginia, Union troops organized on one side of the river and Confederate troops stood on the other. For several months in 1861, after the Battle of Bull Run, things were moving rather slowly. Pickets were stationed on either side of the river and they started to make friends with each other. Pickets from one Union regiment, the 1st Minnesota, put up a swing, and when they were on picket duty, they would take turns swinging in full view of the Confederate pickets. Other pickets made truces with each other so that they could wade into the waters of the Potomac and exchange newspapers, and they would have friendly chats while they did this. In one case, a Mississippi soldier traded a copy of the Mobile Tribune for a copy of the Boston Herald from a Massachusetts soldier, and while they chatted, they agreed that, quote, the shooting of pickets is all foolishness, end quote. As the months moved on, uneventfully, the friendliness between the two sides became so profound that pickets would actually cross the river completely and visit their friends in the enemy army, which became common enough that the officers had to intervene to finally put a stop to the fraternizing between people who were, their government said, supposed to be enemies. For those of you who listen to this podcast regularly, you know I love these stories. Minute War told who the enemy is, but the people on the ground did not always agree. But it also serves as a reminder that we are still rather early in the war when resentment and war fatigue had still not yet built that heavily between the two sides. But eventually, in October, a series of missteps would escalate a reconnaissance mission into a small-scale battle, one that would not have the military significance of a bull run or a Wilson's Creek, but would have tremendously more significant political consequences. This would be the Battle of Balls Bluff, also known as the Battle of Leesburg. I'm Chris Calton, and this is the Mises Institute podcast, Historical Controversies. We just finished the story of how the Lincoln administration secured the three border states of Maryland, Missouri, and Kentucky, as well as the secession of Western Virginia from the Confederacy. With this, we are approaching the end of 1861, with Balls Bluff being the last significant battle of the year, which will lead us into a handful of episodes on the often overlooked political history of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War. Then we will talk about Union Diplomacy and the Trent Affair fiasco before moving on to an even more neglected area of the Civil War, which is the role of the Native American tribes at the outset of the war, particularly the Cherokee Indians. So I know a lot of people think they've learned all there is to learn about the Civil War, but I guarantee you we will be covering some things you've never heard of before. The Confederate commander around Leesburg was an officer that we should already be familiar with from the first Battle of Bull Run. Nathan Evans, known more commonly by his nickname, Shanks. With authorization from his commanding officer, General Beauregard, Shanks Evans moved his troops from Leesburg on October 16th and established a new position roughly seven miles to the south at Carter's Mill. Beauregard was taken aback by Evans' unauthorized move and demanded to know why he pulled back from Leesburg, and especially why Beauregard hadn't been notified beforehand. Leesburg, Beauregard explained, had strong defenses. However, he gave Evans the authority to remain at Clark's Mill so long as he left at least one regiment at Leesburg. But General Beauregard was not the only officer interested in Evans' move out of Leesburg. As the Confederates pulled out of the city, Union pickets across the river took notice and sent word to General George McClellan. Potentially, this could indicate an opportunity for the Union Army to capture Leesburg, which would give them a secure position in Confederate territory without the natural barrier of the Potomac River standing in their way. But McClellan was a cautious commander. In fact, before he would be removed from his command later in the war, Northern leaders would decide that he was overly cautious. McClellan is a bit of an interesting figure, and he's the subject of a great deal of historical criticism that I believe he probably deserves, at least from the perspective of his abilities as a military leader. But I'll talk in more detail about all of that later. In October of 1861, General McClellan was still enjoying some of the adoration of the Northern public for his victories in Western Virginia, though people were at this point starting to wonder why it was taking him so long to attack. The well-known phrase, all quiet along the Potomac, was only just starting to be used as a snide criticism of McClellan's inaction. But after General McClellan learned about Evans' move out of Leesburg, he sent orders to investigate. He was worried it was a trap. On October 19th, he wrote a letter to his wife saying, quote, the enemy have fallen back on Manassas, probably to draw me into the old error. I hope to make them abandon Leesburg tomorrow, end quote. He sent General McCall to move toward Leesburg, investigate and draw up maps of the area. McClellan followed behind him and they halted in Dranesville, Virginia, which is roughly 14 miles southeast of Leesburg. From there, he ordered McCall to continue his map making toward Leesburg. Then he sent orders to another subordinate officer, Brigadier General Charles Stone, who was occupying Poolsville, Maryland, which was just across the Potomac from Leesburg. McClellan's orders to Stone seem rather benign, but they would end up being the beginnings of a union disaster. His order, delivered by his adjudant, read, quote, General George McClellan desires me to inform you that General McCall occupied Dranesville yesterday and is still there. We'll send out heavy reconnaissance today in all directions from that point. The general desires that you keep a good look out upon Leesburg to see if this movement has the effect to drive them away. Perhaps a slight demonstration on your part would have the effect to move them, end quote. Stone's slight demonstration was not even an order, it was more of a suggestion, and it was left to Stone to ultimately decide what to do. But what was left out of the order is perhaps more important than what was in it. Prior to giving the order, General McClellan had ordered General McCall to return to Langley as soon as he was done making the maps of the area. The message to Stone makes no mention of this, so in General Stone's mind, his slight demonstration should be giving the impression of a possible two-pronged attack against Leesburg, one from General Stone to the east, and another from General McCall from the southeast. Stone's assumption was reasonable, and McClellan's oversight at not informing Stone about his plans for McCall would have significant ramifications. This is the first example of communication problems that would plague Stone and McClellan throughout the ball's bluff debacle. It's also significant that Nathan Evans had learned of McCall's movement to Dransville and was responding by moving his troops back to Leesburg. Evans even had a lucky break when McCall's courier was captured, and the Confederates were able to learn about the Union position around Dransville, and he now knew that they were not going to attack from that direction for the time being. Little did Stone know that when he was making his slight demonstration, he would be moving toward a much larger Confederate force than the Union army was aware of, and he would be doing so without the support he believed he had in Dransville. Around noon on October 20th, Stone started to carry out his order. Stone moved a handful of regiments to Edwards Ferry, which was a highly visible spot, so it was quite suitable for his purpose of making a demonstration. He also had a battery station there to continue lobbing shells across the river. As General Stone later explained it, quote, I ordered General Gorman, the commander of his second brigade, to display his forces in view of the enemy, which was done without inducing any movement on their part, and then ordered three flat boats to be passed from the canal into the river, at the same time throwing shells and spherical case shot into and beyond the wood where the enemy were concealed and into all cover from which fire could be opened on boats crossing the river to produce an impression that a crossing was to be made, end quote. This was Stone's slight demonstration. It was meant to serve as a distraction for some of his other regiments to cross at Conrad's Ferry, which was about five miles upriver from Edwards Ferry. Conrad's Ferry was just upriver from a crossing point at Harrison's Island, which stood just opposite Ball's Bluff. The demonstration would offer that a hitch. A handful of Union soldiers crossed over to the Virginia side, they flushed out some Confederate pickets, and then returned to Maryland after only 15 minutes. Stone successfully made his slight demonstration for McClellan, and he also took this as an opportunity to time how long it took to cross the Potomac. He sent word to McClellan of his successful feint towards Leesburg, so far so good. But Stone did leave one small patrol on the Virginia side for reconnaissance purposes. He wanted them to find out if their demonstration had an effect. In command of the reconnaissance mission was Colonel Charles Devins, the leader of the 15th Massachusetts. Devins passed the mission to his subordinate, Captain Chase Filibrick, who was more familiar with the area because he had been part of the picket duty there. Filibrick asked for volunteers, and he got 30 soldiers who, solemnly promised to die sooner than be taken prisoner. He didn't take them all, but he picked maybe 10 or 20 of them to join him. We don't know the exact number. The team took two skiffs across the river after nightfall. They moved up the Bluff without any problems, and they started working their way inland along a small path. After about a quarter of a mile, they came upon what appeared to be a Confederate camp. In the words of one of the members of the reconnaissance team, Lieutenant Church Howe, who happened to be a veteran of the Pratt Street riots in Baltimore back in April, Howe said, We saw what we supposed to be an encampment. There was a row of maple trees, and there was a light on the opposite hill, which shone through the trees, and gave it the appearance of a camp. We were very well satisfied it was a camp. End quote. But they were viewing the camp at a distance in the dark. It looked like a camp, but they didn't really know. What matters is that they concluded it was a Confederate camp, and that it appeared to be deserted. The implication was that the slight demonstration had worked, and whatever Confederate soldiers had been camped out there, abandoned it for fear of a Union attack. As Howe later reported, the abandoned camp looked like, quote, a very nice little military chance. It seemed one of those pieces of carelessness on the part of the enemy that ought to be taken advantage of, end quote. But there was no camp. What they were seeing was only a line of trees that, with the way the moonlight is shining down on them, and the distance at which the Union soldiers were viewing them that night, they mistook for a line of tents. After McClellan's orders to stone that left out relevant information about General McCall, this identification of a non-existent Confederate camp can be identified as the second mistake leading up to the Battle of Balls Bluff. When the Reconnaissance Party reported to Stone about the abandoned camp, Stone did not have the authority to order a direct assault, but he did have the authority to send a raiding party. Months earlier, General McClellan had sent an order to Stone that read, quote, Should you see the opportunity of capturing or dispersing any small party by crossing the river, you are at liberty to do so, though great discretion is recommended in making such a movement. End quote. Those instructions were given in August. Now, in October, Stone believed he had just such an opportunity. His small demonstration was now being upgraded to a raid. Around midnight, Stone gave Colonel Devens the order to lead the raid. The order read, quote, Colonel Devens will land opposite Harrison's Island with five companies of his regiment and proceed to surprise the camp of the enemy discovered by Captain Philbrick in the direction of Leesburg. Colonel Devens will attack the camp of the enemy at daybreak and having routed them, pursue them as far as he deems prudent and will destroy the camp if practicable before returning. Having accomplished his duty, Colonel Devens will return to his present position unless he shall see one on the Virginia side near the river, which he can undoubtedly hold until reinforced and one which can be successfully held against largely superior numbers. In such case, he will hold on and report. End quote. So now Devens had a hastily prepare a raid on a camp that did not actually exist. To transport the large number of men, this time about 300, they brought in a boat that could transform maybe 20 minutes at a time. This with the two skiffs they used previously, roughly 30 to 35 men, could cross the Potomac at a time. Stone also ordered the party to take two 12-pound Howitzer with them to be placed on Harrison's Island to fire on Ball's bluff in case they were needed to cover a retreat. Adding to Devens' 300 men, Stone sent Colonel William Lee, a distant cousin and West Point classmate of Robert E. Lee, along with 100 of his men. Thus, between midnight and six in the morning on October 21st, the Union officers were occupied with tediously, seeing the transport of 400 men and two cannons across the Potomac with only three boats that could carry less than 10% of their men at a time. Colonel Lee was excited to finally see some action, but Devens was not so optimistic. He saw the raid as a potential suicide mission. Retreat would not be possible, despite the two Howitzers set up on Harrison Island. Lee didn't disagree, but he was apparently excited at the prospects. With no prospect of retreat, the men would have more motivation to conquer whatever forces they happened to face. By 6 a.m., all the troops made it to the Virginia side of the river, and Devens ordered them to start moving along the same path used earlier by the reconnaissance team. The sun was coming up just as they started marching. It wasn't long before they came across the camp that Philabrick had discovered, in Devens' words, quote, on arriving at the reconnaissance team's position from the previous night, as it had grown lighter, I saw what had caused the mistake of the scouts. We came out upon the open field, which rises gradually. At the head of the rise, there was a single row of trees, I think of fruit trees, of some description. The light coming through between part of the branches of the trees gave very much the appearance of a row of tents, end quote. So much for the raid on an abandoned camp. Philabrick was with Devens, of course, and he first tried to insist that this was not the camp they had discovered during the night. He was understandably embarrassed, but as the party moved to the top of the bluff, which gave them a very good view of the area, all they saw was Leesburg, which had four military tents set up just outside of it and a farmhouse some ways north. At this point, in retrospect, we can probably argue that Devens should have just turned around and returned to Maryland, but his orders from Stone said that if he saw a defensible position, he should hold it, and Devens now believed that he found one. Maybe the raid wouldn't be a waste after all. Devens believed that his position on the bluff was secure and he decided to stay where he was. But what he didn't know is that the Confederates were already aware that Union soldiers had crossed the river during the night. While Devens and his men were moving toward the camp, Lee was lagging behind, sending out patrols to guard Union flanks. Believing that they had crossed in secret, William Riddle and his four-man patrol were surprised when they came across Confederate soldiers. Shots were fired, and Riddle took a mini-ball that shattered his elbow. It wouldn't kill him, but the arm would have to be amputated. William Riddle became the first casualty in the Battle of Balls Bluff. When Riddle returned back to Colonel Lee with his injured men, he reported on the Confederates, and Lee sent 10 men this time to drive them away. They did so, falsely reporting that they killed one of the Confederates in the process. All of this was taking place while Devens was up on the bluff, feeling secure in his position, completely unaware that the Union men had been discovered. Devens' decision to stay on the Virginia side might be identified as the third mistake, leading up to the Battle of Balls Bluff. Devens ordered Lieutenant Howe to send word to General Stone that he had decided to hold the position on the bluff. Stone received Howe's report and immediately started working to protect the raiding party, concocting a plan that was similar to his original demonstration. He once again feigned a crossing at Edwards Ferry, hoping to draw Union attention away from Devens' position. He also sent a scouting party to, quote, examine the country with reference to the passage of troops to the Leesburg and Georgetown Turnpike, end quote. This is the path that Stone expected Union troops from Dransville to take, and he sent the scouting party with the clear assumption that McCall was going to be staying in Dransville. This is very important to highlight to understand Stone's behavior. Because General McClellan did not inform Stone that he had ordered McCall back to Langley, all of Stone's plans were constructed with Dransville in mind. Later, when we're done with the battle and we start looking at the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, this political winch hunt, it will be useful for us to understand Stone's decisions in October. So keep all of this in mind. The scouting party was led by Major John Mix, a cavalry company officer, and his orders were to cross quickly, make a quick dash toward the Confederates, and then cross back to Maryland while being covered by a handful of skirmishers from the 1st Minnesota Infantry Regiment. Mix was so confident that he would be back in Virginia without trouble that he ordered his cooks to have breakfast ready for his men by 9 a.m. Once he was on the Virginia side, Mix and his men did come across a body of Confederate soldiers, and they exchanged close-range fire, the Confederate soldiers using pistols. Little damage was done in this exchange except for one dead horse and another injured horse, leaving two of the Union cavalry on foot. Mix fell back to Edwards Ferry, but instead of crossing back to Maryland, he found more Union soldiers coming to join him, and they brought further orders for him to remain on the Virginia side. Mix would not get his 9 a.m. breakfast after all. On the bluff, Devons finally became aware of the Confederate presence when he spotted a group of about 40 Confederates under the command of Captain William Duff. Devons obviously wasn't aware of this, but it was soldiers in this small company that had shattered Sergeant Riddle's elbow. A group of 40 Confederates was hardly a threat to Devons' force of 300, but the direction they were coming from gave him cause for concern. Instead of coming from Leesburg to the south, these soldiers were approaching from the north. This could indicate that this small force was sent to draw him into a trap. Duff's Confederates were not moving toward Devons. They were moving toward Leesburg. Devons sent Phil Brick and his company of about 65 men to meet them. As the Union men approached, Duff cried to them to halt several times, at which Phil Brick yelled out, friends! Phil Brick was not confused about who the troops were, as had been the case in previous battles, and he was now using this pattern of troop confusion in the hopes of confusing Duff. When he said they were friends, he was hoping that Duff would mistake them for fellow Confederates. But the trick didn't work. When the Union soldiers were within about 60 yards of the Confederates, Duff ordered his men to fire. The Confederates under Duff were all carrying rifled muskets, while Phil Brick's men were using antiquated, short-range smoothbore muskets. When the Confederates fired, 10 men from Phil Brick's company went down, injured or killed. It was a very small skirmish, but for a company of 65 soldiers, 10 casualties were significant. They immediately fell back to Devons' position and relayed the news. Now that Devons was aware that the Confederates knew of the Union presence, he no longer believed his position to be secure. But Lieutenant Howe had already been sent to inform General Stone that they were going to hold their position, and he had yet to return. Unsure of what to do, Devons held his position for a little while longer. But at 9 a.m., he gave the order to withdraw, completely unaware that Stone had already sent more troops across the river. As he was moving, he spotted a company of Confederate cavalry not far from Leesburg. In fact, what he saw was about 70 Confederate cavalry that were made up of portions from three different companies. But Colonel Evans had put them under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Walter Jennifer where they set up on a ravine to observe Devons' troops. As Devons was moving back to the river, he ran into Lieutenant Howe who was returning to his company after delivering the message about the non-existent Confederate camp to General Stone. He gave the good news that Stone had already sent some men to reinforce Devons, but Colonel Devons was aware that this was done before Stone knew that any fighting had taken place. The reinforcements would be modest, suitable to reinforce a raiding party only. Devons ordered Howe to return to Edward's Ferry and inform Stone of the new circumstances. The night before, when Stone was still planning the raid, he also sent an order to Colonel Edward Baker, the commander of his California Brigade. They were stationed south of Edward's Ferry. The order was carried to Baker by Captain Charles Candy, and when he arrived at Baker's location, he gave instructions to have Baker move the California Brigade north to Conrad's Ferry where the raiding party was already preparing to cross. Their orders were to be there by 7 a.m., after the raid was already underway. The first regiment to arrive at Conrad's Ferry was the first California under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Isaac Wistar. While they waited, they heard the gunfire exchange between Sergeant Riddle and the Confederates who shattered his elbow. Wistar sent word to General Stone that they were in position at Conrad's Ferry, and Stone sent back orders to sit tight unless they heard significant fighting going on across the river. Colonel Baker and the other three California regiments arrived behind Wistar, arriving about an hour late at 8.30 a.m. After speaking with Wistar, Baker took off to speak to Stone personally. They spoke at roughly 9 a.m., right about the time that Devons was withdrawing from his position on the bluff. Stone, still unaware of all the events that had recently transpired on the other side of the Potomac, ordered Baker to take his California Brigade across the river where he would take command there and to advance as far as he felt he could safely move toward Leesburg. As Baker was taking off back toward Conrad's Ferry to cross over to Virginia, Lieutenant Howe was already on his way back to Stone to update him on everything that had taken place. When Stone received the updates, he told Howe that everything was now in the hands of Colonel Baker, who would, quote, arrange things to suit himself, end quote. Up to this point, we've really only seen all the small mishaps that set the stage for the Battle of Balls Bluff. A battle that could have potentially been avoided had any one of these mistakes not been made. Had McClellan adequately relayed information to General Stone? Had the reconnaissance not mistakenly reported on a camp that didn't actually exist? Had Devons not decided to hold his position on the bluff unaware that Confederates were already aware of his presence? Had Stone not issued orders according to new plans that he was devising on the fly as he received information that was already outdated by the time he received it? Had any of these problems not occurred? There may not have been a Battle of Balls Bluff. But as we will see in the next episode, there would be a battle resulting in a disaster for the Union, who will suffer a casualty rate of more than 50%. The death of an officer that would finally make the war personal for Abraham Lincoln and a political winch hunt orchestrated by the radical Republicans who were determined to find scapegoats to pin the blame on for the Union failures of 1861. That's M-I-S-E-S dot O-R-G.


Our story for today is entitled playing on the sand. Travis likes going to the beach. He is fond of playing on the sand. He brings his toy shovel and pail. As he walks on the sand, he likes to pick different things he sees. He picks shells and sometimes starfish and crabs. Be careful with crabs, Travis, his dad says. It can bite your fingers. Don't worry dad, I only pick crabs that are dead, Travis replies. Now let's see if you understood the story. Is the sentence true or false? Travis likes going to the beach. True. Travis is fond of playing in the sea. FALSE He brings his toy car. FALSE He brings his shovel and pail. He picks shells, starfish and crabs. TRUE The crabs bite his fingers. FALSE Travis is careful. Now let's match the picture to its name. What picture is this? Shell, right? What is this? Shovel, correct. What is this? Crab, right? What is this? Starfish, correct. Practice reading the story in your book now and answer the activities in there.


Hi there, Nico Carver here. For this 5 minute Friday I'm going to chat about some of the most disappointing astrophotography projects, the ones that really failed in my eyes for one reason or another. And thinking about this video I started thinking conceptually about sort of the different stages of an astrophotography project. So for me it always starts with the idea and then I pre-visualize what that idea will look like as a finished photo and then I come up with a plan for how to capture and process to get me to that final image that I have in my mind. And I realize when thinking about this that you know I'm a pretty okay processor so really most of my failures don't come in the processing stage but either in that visualization stage where sometimes my vision is just really out of whack with reality or sometimes it's a flaw in my actual capture be it poor planning or the wrong gear for the job or something else. So let's go through a few examples here and I'll talk through what I think went wrong, what I learned from each failed astrophoto. This first one is my most recent failure and it really pretty much just came down to poor planning and not enough time to fix my poor planning because I didn't have another clear night. The problem here is the dust in CFIUS should actually somewhat extend down here into this part of the photo and the reason it just cuts off so abruptly there is because this is a mix of data from different cameras and different lenses and so the top half has all the data it needs and the bottom half is still missing some data from an 85 millimeter lens. And this is the kind of failure I really don't mind too much because all it means is I have to wait for my next opportunity to shoot the bottom part of the photo and then I can finish it. And I might even get a chance pretty soon because I'm going out to the Okitex star party in a couple weeks and that's a Bordel one zone so fingers crossed I can finish this project there and it'll look really cool I think when it's all done. Okay here's a failure where I had a strong vision which was to show the Boston skyline the Charles River and the entire Orion constellation setting over it all in HL for light and in mono and I tested shooting this a little bit here in Somerville but without a good landscape and I thought it looked pretty good from home sort of but it wasn't perfect but the first night I set up there I realized that my plan didn't really quite work with the lenses that I was hoping to use because Orion was much higher than I thought it would be for some reason and so I needed a much bigger sensor or a much wider lens to capture it all and I was paying by the hour because I was on top of a parking lot and for integrity's sake I was only going to shoot it when Orion was actually over the city so I was short on time which always leads to bad decisions and I decided I'm going to try this with this Samyang 14 millimeter wide lens that you know is pretty good for Milky Way shooting but looking at the photos quickly I thought wow yeah this looks good you know the whole field of view is exactly how I want it when I get home though I realized the stars look like triangles it looks like there's Vaseline on the lens or something and I realized the likely problem was back focus with filter thickness you can't really use thick narrowband filters effectively with wide angle lenses without getting tons of distortion unless you are very exacting about the back focus and so I still published the photos but acknowledged anyone you know and friends and things that I didn't think was that great and I might try again with different gear like either the Canon eSRA or something like that because I think the problem was just matching the wrong optics to the camera and filter I was using so I didn't get that kind of sharpness and detail that I wanted okay if you're still with me this last one is really a problem with pre-visualization meaning pre-visualization just means imaging or imagining the photo in your mind's eye before you take it and what I was imagining was this this would be the fill the entire frame here with with nebulosity but about 83 hours in you know the the bottom half of the photo is still not holding up to the top half so it's very top heavy and so what I ended up doing eventually is just cutting off the entire bottom half but that means 50 hours of work is gone so from this failure I learned the best thing with big projects is to continually test bring in the data into pics inside look at it see how it's going to work before going forward you know with this one I just had blind faith that it's going to work out in the edit I thought yeah it's gonna it's gonna look cool in the end but it just never did sort of meet my expectations for the photo and so these were some of my astrophiliers in terms of the creative process of astrophotography which is something that I felt like covering and hope to do more of because I feel like it's not talked about enough speaking of that Dylan O'Donnell just released a great video about the creative aspects of astrophotography about astrophotography styles and processing styles over on his channel and I really enjoyed that one and and do recommend you check it out well till next time this has been Nico Carver nebulaphotos.com clear skies


What's up, everyone? It's your girl Kenzie here from Layton sports guards and I'm ripping a personal here for Sam Why we've got a 2022 panini revolution WWE Hobby box. All right, Sam. Best of luck. Thanks so much for hopping in and let's see what we can get ya Let's see my top five. I think I had I had CMC then I had Mark Andrews Did I pick my quarterback in the second I then I think I had Herbert Gabe Davis I don't know but I think I've got a pretty darn good team Those are my top four It's Derek Henry Mike Evans And I think I took James Connor Yeah, I passed on him We've got Roman Reigns on the cubic to 49 hot start there for you Sam shockwave of Kofi Kingston Dave G You are on deck. We've got Jeffrey are up next and then you are up Dave almost there We've got Indy Hartwell on the groove and Rikishi Yeah, I think Dave Davis gonna have a really big season too. I'm surprised. I Got him when I did we've got Otto here of oi Shira Shari Nice oi again autos are not guaranteed. So there you go Sam nice on there got Astro Dolph Ziggler and Vortex of Brock Lesnar Nice one there Yeah, Monner is a good good fantasy. Yeah, he got picked up pretty early. What third or fourth round? I think someone oh you grabbed them. I we've got Sammy Zane on the fractal Kenzie my name is Kenzie Maroon Macaroon Close We've got King Woods on the angular out of 199 Supernova John Cena Thanks for the light it's the fifth force cards. You're welcome We've got atomic the rock and sock connection. That's cool Nice on there or sorry fractal Atomic just ripped out of baseball problem after and I'm glad you did well with Ravenshire You're good.  I was like I've only had a couple sips of my coffee so far rookie of brawnbreaker Astro of JBL and the rock base Alrighty Sam that'll do for your personal. Thanks again for hopping in and for your patience and we'll get this right out to you