I'm the comic weekly man, the jolly comic weekly man. And I'm here to read the funnies to you happy boys and honeys. Yes, boys and girls, it's comic weekly time.  Right out of the pages, I've parked the comic weekly straight into your living room. Your friend, the comic weekly man, the jolly comic weekly man. Hello, hello, hello. Hey. Ha ha ha, a little bit of sorry, how are you today? I'm just fine, thank you, how are you? Chipper as a chipmunk. Chipper as a chipmunk. Happy as a donkey. Ha ha, poor. Very well then, I won't waste any more time. Goodie, read me the funnies, please. Puck the comic weekly? All right, I'll read that in just a moment. But before I do, let's listen to this nice man. Go with Puck the comic weekly and on the top of the first page, hop along Cassidy. Magic words for the music, please. Very well, my lady. Six guns blazing as he thunders along. Give us music for hop along. Hoppy had saved Don Ramon's ranch from being sold to the Outlaw Slote. As Hoppy brought the deed to the ranch to give to Don Ramon, he saw a huge urn and discovered within it, Slote. When Hoppy kicked the urn over and broke it, Sloan slipped out of the window and disappeared. Hoppy, Lucky, California and Don Ramon are after him. Finally, they ran in. California says, No sign has slowed anywhere. Pretty much to know we were telling him and give us a slip. Hoppy replies, I hope that's the answer.  Quickly, they galloped back to the Hacienda to find out. They arrived at the ranch last picture second row and discovered Chico the guard lying on the ground unconscious. In the big picture in the next row, Don Ramon discovers that his son, Felipe, is gone. Lucky says, That Slote's escape was an ordinary trick to lure us away so somebody could grab that boy. Quickly, the men mount. California says, first picture next row. Would you care to go out and fire? Mound up. We're searching the countryside. Meanwhile, several miles away, first picture next row, Slote and his gang who have captured Felipe have arrived in an old abandoned stone quarry where they intend to hide out. Slote says, All right, climb down, Felipe. This'll be your new home for a spell till you decide to tell us where that Madeira Spanish land grats hid. The men dismount. Slote turns his back on Felipe and says to the men last picture the row. All right, relax, boys. We'll wait till P.V. gets here. Suddenly, Felipe reaches inside his shirt, pulls out a gun, and whirls on him saying, You will wait with your hands up, I think. Last picture, one of the outlaws says, Hey, what is this? I thought the kid was blind. Felipe holds his gun on him and says, I was until his son blindness went off. You know that you have shown me your hideout. We will wait for this P.V., right? Yes, this way, he pretended to be a sleeping dog until he got him where he wanted him. Yes, and now it's the I'll betcha. Well, let's hope so. I think young boys do some wonderful things in the funnest. I think so, too. And next week we'll find out how this turns out. Now what? Oh, is it time for Prince Val yet? Oh, you bet it is. So just turn over the page. And there he is on page three. You remember last week Val and his friends were crossing the mountain and they got up to the high peaks and a big snow slide came and blocked the way in front of them. And the guide, the man named Paul, told them that they should camp for the night and hope that in the morning the snow would be frozen hard so they could cross over. Let's read and see whether the snow is frozen. All right, here we go with Prince Val. Eckhart, Brackett, Gray, Malkin and Quince, music romantic for a fair, fair prince. Dawn comes and one by one Prince Val and his friends untangle themselves from the huddle they had formed to keep warm. All except young Art. He seems stupefied with cold and stumbles as he walks. They're in luck. The avalanche of soft snow that had blocked the pass is now frozen hard and they make their way carefully but safely across. As they move along, Val, last picture top row, watches his boy squire anxiously, his lips moving in a silent prayer for well he knows the agony that is in store for the land. They get across the patch of frozen snow safely and come to the top of the peak in the big picture in the middle of the page and discover that now the way slants downward. Brance is behind them, literally ahead. For a time, mist obscures the way. Then the wind draws it aside like a curtain and they look down on a billowing sea of clouds through which glittering peaks go marching across the sky. It's a beautiful sight they see but they don't pause to look at it long. They make their way down through the clouds that hang around the peaks. They never did our think that he would go hiking in such a high spot that he would be walking through clouds. First picture bottom row, the way leads down into the clouds a wet and twilight world of swirling mists. The wind swirls the clouds around them until it seems that they're walking in a snowstorm. They can't see their way and it's too dangerous to risk their lives on the high mountains in this fog. They can go no further in a sheltered spot men and animals huddled together for a warmth waiting for the clouds to lift. Snow falls and then night. Morning comes at last, bright and clear and Val looks anxiously at our. The lad's face is white with pain. His frozen feet are thawing out. Next week we'll find out more about his condition. This is really a dangerous adventure, William. Yes, it certainly is. Well, now what? I believe it is. So turn over the page, go past Barney Google and Snuffy Smith, past Jungle Jim, turn over the next page, and there he is in the middle of page six, Donald Duck. Say the magic words with me. Squeegeum, squeegeum, squeegee, tick-a-chack. Let's have music to better... Quack, quack. Donald's nephews Huey, Dewey and Louie are downtown tying a rope around a lonesome looking dog. Dewey says, I'll be sure it's tied tight. And then they start off down the street. They pull and pull, but the dog won't budge. So Louie says, They go around behind and push. And Huey replied, Yeah, I guess it's a little bashful. So Huey goes behind the dog and Louie and Dewey pull and Huey push. But the dog won't budge. Last picture top row, Huey says, Hey, hold it, fellas. I've got an idea. And he dashes into a second-hand store. First picture bottom row comes running out. And he's carrying something. Dewey says, A carpet sweeper.  Now watch. And he puts the dog on the carpet sweeper. And Dewey and Louie push and away they go with a scared dog riding on the sweeper. And Huey says, I guess we better stick to alleys just in case. Next picture, they lift the sad-faced dog over a fence. And as they grunt and push, Louie says, It's a trouble with alleys. Dead end. Finally they're at the front doorstep. By now the dog looks frightened as a pup in a storm. They push him into the house. And last picture into the living room where Donald is reading his paper. Donald looks at the old dog. And the dog looks at Donald. And Dewey says, He followed us home, Uncle Donald. May we keep him? Well, I think he's rather a homely looking mutt. No dog is home sweet. Even the dogs will growl at you? No dogs ever growl at me because I love dogs and they know it. Maybe they know you're kind. Maybe they do because I'm always kind to animals. I'm glad to hear that. And maybe if more people were kind to animals, animals would be kind to people. Oh, I just love the way they push that dog all the way home. And then when the dog didn't want to go and then they said it followed them home. Now let's read Dagwin Blonnie. Yes, let's read Dagwin Blonnie. All right, let's read Dagwin Blonnie. Here it is in the first page of the second section. And here we go with Dagwin Blonnie. Well, I'm a food, I'm a fun, zim, zim, zombie. Conjure me music for Dagwin and Blonnie. Alexander tells Dagwood, Hey, Papa, I just heard Mama mention spring house cleaning. Dagwood screams, Oh, no! I simply can't go through another spring house cleaning as long as I live.  And Cookie says so heartfully, It means cold meals. Last picture top row, The tears roll down Dagwood's face in the moans. Furniture piled up in the middle of the room. Everything is confused. And Alexander starts to cry. Yeah, yeah, yeah, it goes out for days and days. The first picture next row, Dagwin exclaims, I've got it. I'll call in a crew of professional house cleaners to do the job in a jiffy. And Alexander says, Oh, Mama wouldn't permit that she likes to do it herself. Dagwood replies, You get Mama out of the house for the day and leave the rest to me. So the kids take Blondie to the movies on the zoo. And as soon as they've gone, Dagwood sends for the professional house cleaners. And second picture third row, The cleaners are giving the house a thorough going over. They clean the ceiling, the walls, the floors, the rugs, the furniture, the lights. As a matter of fact, the only thing they don't clean is the gleam in Dagwood's eye. Last picture third row, Dagwood says cheerfully, Whatever it costs, it'll be worth it. And one of the cleaners says, It'll cost you $40. First picture bottom row, The house is spick and span and the cleaners have gone. The children bring Blondie back and Dagwood greets her, Look dear, the house is spotless from top to bottom. And Blondie replies, I'm glad you noticed it. I know how you all hate spring cleaning, so I've been doing it a little at a time for the past three weeks without telling you. I finished yesterday. Dagwood drops on a chest in the hall, pounding it with his fist. $40.  But in Dagwood's head, a round and a round goes the thought. $40. Now not just a minute, he was very thoughtful and was drawing Blondie a big favor. Well, he was it. Well, I can see right now, we aren't going to get along. Oh, yes we are. Oh, thank you very much.  That's fine. Now, read Ray Rogers please. Very well, I will in just a moment. The first year is that nice man again with something interesting to say. Now here we go again with Puck the Comic Weekly and on the bottom of page one of the second section, Roy Rogers, King of the Cowboys. Maggi Grits for the music, please. Very well, my lady. Now here we go with Roy and Trigger. Roy Rogers has captured the outlaw who tried to steal Blackjack, the wonderful lead steer owned by Wildwood or Dowd. Roy's friend, Dolfel Hawkins and Wildwood have gone back to prepare for the cattle drive over the mountains. Roy's taking the outlaw to town to turn him over to the sheriff. They approach a bridge over a stream. Roy says, Keep moving, Mr. I want to hear what you tell the sheriff. The outlaw's hands are bound together. He's smoking his cigar, holding the cigar against the ropes, trying to burn the rope through. He says to himself, I've got to get my hands loose before we cross this bridge. Now it's working.  Suddenly the outlaw wheels his horse against Roy. Out of over, horse! He knocks Trigger over the side of the bridge into the river. Fortunately, the river is deep enough so that Trigger isn't hurting the fall. The outlaw calls. That'll teach you to try to outsmart Stogie Grimes. Let's go, horse. Gallop saw. Meanwhile, Trigger makes his way to land as Roy says, last picture top row. Stogie Grimes, eh? Well, we'll meet that sidewinder again, Trigger. And when we do, the score will be settled. First picture bottom row, Roy says, I stretch, boy. We got to meet Dolpho Hawkins and Cedar Valley and get that herd moving to Rohe. Little later, Roy joins Dolpho in Wildwood and Cedar Valley. Dolpho greets him. Howdy, Roy.  Roy replies, Well, you're right this time, Dolpho. The wrestler got away from me. Sorry, Wildwood. And Humbrey Grimes is a good reason for not wanting that herd to get to Rohe. Dolpho suddenly says, I hear a horse coming. Probably more trouble. You see a man on horseback galloping pale mail toward them, followed by a herd of runaway cattle. Dolpho says, last picture, it's Glyb Mason, the fellow who promoted the money for the trail drive. As Mason gallops toward them, he yells, Spread out! The whole blasted herd is stampeding this way. Yes, he did. He outwitted Roy this time, all right, but give Roy time. He'll get the last drop, I'm sure. I wonder whether that outlaw Stogie is to blame for the cattle running away. Maybe you've got something there. Maybe I have. We'll find that out next week. Troy Rogers is always so exciting. And I know something else that's exciting. Who do you think it's time for now? Oh, I think it's time for Flash Gordon, and he's on the next stage. I'm here. Yes, he is, and here he is. You remember Flash and Dale and Professor Bride have gone to the moon and they landed there? It's so exciting. Yes, and there's nothing on the surface of the moon at all. And as they were going along bouncing and they took overtime, they took a step because they were so light, a beetle man, who's that thing that looks like a beetle, but is as tall as a man, grab Dale. So let's read quick. I want to see whether Flash sails there. Very well. Then here we go with Flash Gordon. Regga regga dune dune saskimatash. Let's have music for heroic flash. Dale learns to her horror that the moon is inhabited by a race of weird beetle men. One of the creatures drags her into his underground tunnel, closing the trapdoor behind them. Hearing Dale's terrified cry for help, Flash leaps across the crater floor with 20-foot strides and catches the heavy rock door just before it closes. Flash picture top row, the beetle man frantically tries to open an inner door leading into the moon's interior. Flash doesn't dare shoot for fear of hitting Dale, but he fires a warning ray blast against the wall. Suddenly the beetle man releases Dale, first picture bottom row. Dale whispers to Flash that she thinks the beetle man wants to make friends, that when his antenna brushed her arm, she seemed to get a telepathic message. She believes the beetle man is grateful because Flash didn't shoot him. Flash notices that the moon man does seem to be afraid and that he seems to understand orders when Flash touches his antenna. Last picture with the beetle man as prisoner, Flash leaves the ominous tunnel for future exploration, for his immediate task is to solve the secret of the meteor missiles that are bombarding the earth, threatening it with destruction. I was afraid that beetle man might have kidnapped her and that lots of others would have come and captured Flash. Well, let's hope that everyone else on the moon will be afraid of Flash's rocket pistol too and obey as nicely as this beetle man did. Yes. Isn't the moon a strange place? And next week we'll find out more about it. Oh, I certainly hope so. Now I think it's time for Dick's adventures. Oh, yes. And they're in the middle of a battle. Dick is with John Paul Jones on a ship at sea and an English ship attacked them and the guns were going bang, bang, boom, boom and I'm anxious to see who wins. Oh, very well then. Let's go over to the last page. And here we go with Dick's adventures. Say the magic words with me. Riggity packer, zacker, zick. Let's have music for adventurous Dick. Music Midshipman Dick is serving under John Paul Jones at the furious battle between the Yankee armed frigate Bonhami Richard and the British Manowar Serapis off the coast of Britain in 1779. Dick is reporting an alarm. We're filling faster from cannon shots below the water line. Last picture top row, learning that his ship has not long to stay afloat, John Paul Jones does an amazing thing. He swings the battered, sinking Bonhami Richard against the side of the Serapis, plays the two ships square to each other and lashes them together. This so that his ship won't sink. The English ship will hold it up. Shouting like madmen, the American sailors climb over the rail onto the deck of the British ship and attack the English sailors. And first picture next row, in an instant, an engagement flares into hand-to-hand slaughter on the narrow battleground furnished by the decks of both warriors. Dick leaps aboard the Serapis, only to be hurled back. The flag is shot down. Dick springs over the dead and wounded to retrieve it. From the Serapis, the British commander is yelling to John Paul Jones, Have you struck your colors, Yankee?  Last picture of the row with flashing eyes, John Paul Jones shouts back. Rock my colors! No! Begin to fight! First picture bottom row. Once more with greater fury, Dick storms aboard the Serapis. John Paul Jones is fighting beside him, slashing fiercely with his sword, heartening his handful of men. Then suddenly, Dick drops. Everything goes dizzy before him and Dick blacks out. Hours later, Dick finds himself lying on the deck of the British Serapis out on the high seas. The Barhami Richard is gone. Dick moans, Oh, we've lost. Then he sees something. From the mast of the Serapis, not the Union Jack, but the American flag is flying above him. And on the bridge, still in command with the British officers and crew, his prisoners stands John Paul Jones. Right, and he's captured the English ship in hand-to-hand fighting, took down the English flag and ran up the American flag, and then cut away his own ship which was blown the pieces and let it sink. My, wasn't that wonderful? And he captured all the English sailors. My goodness, what a hero. Hmm, he was a great hero. I wonder what he will do next week. Next week we'll find out if you'll be here. Oh, I certainly will be. Oh, look, underneath Dick's adventures, there's Rusty Riley. Yes, and things there have really come to a head. Yes, and do you remember last week that that man named Smith had gone back through the trailer ahead of Rusty and Tex, and he'd gone through Rusty's suitcase and found the picture that Rusty bought? And when Tex and Rusty interrupted him and said he couldn't have the picture, he grabbed a gun. Oh, yes, so now read quick. Let's see what he's going to do to Tex and Rusty. Very well. Here we go with Rusty Riley. Gallop and run until the road is dusty. Give us music for his horse and Rusty. Smith points the gun at Tex saying, I'm just doing exactly what I say and you won't get hurt. Tex exclaims, great snake Smith, you go and plumb local. Now pick that horse picture up, Rusty, from where you dropped it, and tuck it under my arm. Quick, I'm not fooling. As Rusty picks up the picture Now listen, I'm locking you two in his van and I'm going to drive it where there aren't any squad cars and state cops. He's sensible and you won't get hurt. He shuts the door and locks Rusty and Tex in. Then quickly he gets in the cab and drives off. Last picture, top row, Tex says to Rusty, he from the feel of it, Rusty, he must be driving as over some old dirt road. One must be plain loco to do all this for that 50 cent picture. Rusty replies, Well maybe not, Tex, I got something to show you. Then first picture bottom row, he hands something to Tex saying, When I dropped that picture, the frame, the back of the frame came loose and this folded piece of paper came out. Smith didn't see it and I put it in my pocket. Look, Tex examines the paper saying, hmm, it looks like he sketches some machinery. Well I'll be a knock-kneed maverick. Rusty, this plane is marked top secret and confidential. Looks like some kind of a new airplane engine. Collie, Smith must be a spy. The truck jolts around and Rusty exclaims, Hey, couldn't I, what kind of a road are we on? Tex yells, Hey, Smith, there's a race horse in this van. You want him to break a leg? Last picture, we see where the truck is heading. Smith is going up a bumpy old dirt road in a lonely part of the country, heading for a rickety bridge. He says to himself, This is the place I was looking for. This deserted sawmill. If I get this truck across that bridge, I can put them on ice till I get a clean getaway. You're right about that. I hope the bridge doesn't break when the truck goes on it because Tex and the horse and Rusty are locked in the back. Yes, this is really a predicament that they've gotten into. Oh, I'm so anxious to know I just can't wait. I'm afraid you'll have to wait until next week. Oh, I'll be here. And you know something? What? I'll be here too. Oh, that's good. But that's all the time I have for today. And now before I go, here's that fellow with some more interesting information. Honey and all you boys and girls, I gotta go now. All right, sweetie.  Be sure to meet me with our little friend, Miss Honey, next week when I read Puck the Comic Weekly. For I am the Comic Weekly Man, the jolly Comic Weekly Man. I'll be back to read the funnies to you happy boys and honeys. Don't forget, boys and girls, see you all next week. Your friend, the Comic Weekly Man, the jolly Comic Weekly Man.


I have an amazing construction update for you guys today on Yukon striker frontier Canada, and I guess the same old with orbiter But some very exciting stuff going on if you look just there. There's only two sets of trains there There's six compartments in a train so six cars So the two trains one's missing. Well, where could it be right there in front of you? So one train is loaded into the storage shed on Yukon striker The other train as you just saw in the footage was loaded onto a flat bed And it's gonna be shipped into the park as well. That's super exciting if you're looking at the screen You're probably noticing a bunch of things. It's difficult to look and figure out exactly what's going on because there's so many different things to look at But right there you can see the station framework is going up So the top portion of the station is going up And so that'll be exciting to watch you have frontier Canada construction going on just over by the vertical loop They're digging up a lot of land over there. They're digging up the land next to the drop on the other side of the drop along the like kind of shoreline of the pond whatever you want to call that and Yeah, definitely very exciting in this footage You're actually gonna see the elevator being used as well and then people walking on top of Yukon striker That's super exciting There's work going on mine buster. It looks like they're replacing one portion of a support column on mine buster It looks like down by the last bunny hop before the turnaround Orbiter looks demolished beyond belief and there's a bit of like a service road or road That's like carved out there that connects to the main pathway So again for the 2019 season my prediction is that there's gonna be a pathway of some sort that connects behemoth to the Yukon striker area And then whatever happens in the future happens in the future the rides obviously not going to be replaced immediately or anytime soon But there is an update about orbiter. It is up for sale So it looks like Wonderland's not demolishing it that would explain why it was taken apart carefully And sitting in the storage lot ready for shipment to whoever chooses to buy it So that's super exciting Trying to think what else there was so much going on. Yep, you have the station framework Yukon striker trains You can still see them there. I know we're so far away I can't get you a closer view until we're invited back to the park But Yukon striker trains are definitely in the storage shed there if you look closely And more are gonna be on their way into the park If you notice that flatbed next to mine buster's a little bunny hill You can notice that there's a little bit of a support column. That's being repaired repaired Again each season very minimal work is being done to mine buster I'm gonna take that as a big sign considering Wild Beast is getting like pretty much the special treatment and being replaced in large portions Definitely keeping an eye on my buster. I don't think it's here to stay at Wonderland in the long term Does that mean it's gonna be removed right now? No, it doesn't mean it's gonna be removed right now But I definitely don't see mine buster's future being a strong one I think splash works needs an expansion and orbit is plot a land mixed with mine buster's lift hill and station and queue line Makes up a big plot of land for another coaster for frontier Canada down the line Maybe at the end of the five-year expansion we could see a coaster in that plot of land and a water park expansion I think my buster just takes up too much valuable land at this point And I think that the park probably knows that it's an older attraction And there's a lot of what I think Problems and negatives to this ride. So hopefully this thing gets torn down at some point I really hate it and I'm sorry if I offend anyone. I really hate my buster with a passion as soon as you get older Like especially into your mid-20s and older. It really starts to hurt your back and bones I know a lot of people couldn't relate to that. That's how listening to this right now So again back to Yukon Straker. So the trains are on the Storage shed that does not mean testing is gonna take place any soon anytime soon and I'll explain why So as you look at the station area, you're not gonna notice any op booth You need an op booth to test the ride You need electrical the op panel the op booth and all that and there's no sign of that yet So obviously testing is not gonna take place in the next week two weeks three weeks Again, it's gonna take place March I was aiming for early March my in my predictions. I don't necessarily think that's going to be The case anymore. I'll keep an eye out. It could change Leviathan tested around March 22nd in In 2012 so we're gonna probably see a similar timeline Maybe second week of March third week of March. We'll see testing. We are getting closer to that So we're about a month away from testing. So that is exciting And it looks like things are going really well. The station is coming along So as you notice it is different from the rendering So the station actually goes out to the transfer track area unlike in the animation It ends right at the station so that's pretty exciting that it's a little different than the animation because I'm looking for a little more excitement coming from that building Here's me trying to get as nice a shot. So I flew down low to look at that train in the storage area We're gonna be flying Every day at possible again, I shouldn't have even been flying today It was difficult to fly in the high winds and it was cold and whenever that happens. I'll go personally and fly myself But yeah, we'll be flying as much as possible keeping an eye out for anything because things are getting really exciting We're seeing the electricals hooked up because they're using the elevators We've this is actually I think the third time we've seen them use the elevator wonderland posted a video of them using the elevator And definitely lots of work going on So I'm trying to think of oh and the frontier Canada construction there was so much today I keep slipping my mind frontier Canada construction going on down by the vertical loop again I'm not necessarily like I can't guarantee it's frontier Canada But with the amount of digging that's going on over by the second Imelman and the vertical loop I'm assuming it is frontier Canada related again We know there's gonna be some sort of immersive area launching with this coaster on the website. It says with you constraker. We are also a Launching or revealing or some sort of word. I forget the word they use frontier Canada with it So I'm expecting some sort of immersive area like forbidden frontier Just maybe not as elaborate this frontier forbidden frontier is kind of like that separate edition and with you come striker We can't see too big of a like, you know like Challenges or anything. I'm expecting kind of like you're gonna see those little like fishing for gold almost with those like strainers Maybe at most some shops. I don't see any signs of a restaurant in this area I would love to see coasters the restaurant right there Maybe transformed into a frontier Canada type restaurant kind of like re retrofit that building To fit in with the area and start maybe frontier Canada right at that building where the coca-cola freeze Zone is where they spray you with mist. I would love to see something like that To kind of complement the area I know that they kind of made that building over in the other side of frontier Canada more Canadian at the end of the last season Maybe changing the colors would help a little bit because I still think it's a little further on in the era of Canada to fit in with Frontier Canada, so I'd like to maybe see it like made a little to look a little older in terms of eras But I don't have a general idea of what frontier Canada is gonna look like. I don't think any of us do Hopefully the park starts to tease or show us some sort of Kind of spoilers to what frontier Canada is gonna look like and I'm sure we're gonna see lots of updates coming from grace Peacock at the park and the marketing team. They've been absolutely fantastic My team and I were actually talking that Canada's Wonderland has been one of those Parks that have been posting the most this season and that's rare for Wonderland Wonderlands in the past usually been that very secretive park where we don't get to see a lot of the stuff going on in the park during the off-season and I've just noticed ever since grace joined the team and There's a lot of new people on the team as well the teams have been posting a lot of stuff very informative I've noticed a lot of more engagement in the enthusiast community in Canada So I definitely think it's helping and it's just so awesome to see the park really stepping out of their comfort zone and being more enthusiastic and inclusive with Their coverage definitely enjoying it and love them for that But yeah, not much else to report on I think though in this shot You can see the elevator going up and then you're gonna see some people walking around the top I don't know what they're doing could be the marketing team taking pictures could be the construction team Finishing off electrical and making sure everything's good to go Again over in the parking lot. You have the trains on flatbeds. They're definitely coming in. They weren't on flatbeds before So super exciting lots of things are gonna be going on over the coming days Hope you guys enjoyed this pretty big update on Yukon striker And don't forget to hit that like button Subscribe if you haven't and if you guys don't mind definitely share this video for others To check out the channel and the videos on Yukon striker Anyways, hopefully you guys are having a warm little winter blast today in Canada And I know a lot of the states is being hit by some snow as well. So everyone stay warm and safe Thanks for watching guys. Have a good one. Bye We like the fountain of you I can hear them talking so far away so many smooth


Ammo Flava is on a mission to help a seven-year-old girl learn to read. Talk about having a heart of gold. Radio host Ammo Flava is on a mission to help a seven-year-old caller to learn to read in whatever way possible. During a segment called Kids Give the Best Answers, Ammo Flava, and his team, Pearl Shanghui and Owen Haney posed a question, What is it that you wished you knew how to do? While a class captain from the previous day wished she has superpowers to help elevate the world from all the crime, another caller wished he was made captain for the junior sundown soccer team. What the hosts of the show didn't see coming was a young girl who wished that she knew how to read so that she could make her parents proud. Surprised by the girl's answer, the Metro FM host encouraged the girl saying that she will learn how to read one day. Shortly after his radio show ended, Ammo was still touched by the girl's answer and said he is planning on helping however he could. The seven-year-old girl who called in on my show earlier this morning talking about how she struggles to read and wants to make her parents proud broke my heart. We are working on helping, in whatever way we can.


Good morning, Sadhguru. Thank you for taking time to talk to me and you were just telling me just now your travel schedule which is kind of hectic. So I'm glad to have a moment to sit down with you today. The people listening are people all over the world who are interested in the fashion industry. The people watching might also not know everything about you but I just I never intended but you know people are thinking I just designed my own clothes and now people are saying it's a big fashion statement. It could be. I mean it is beautiful. It's just my natural choice. But I wanted to start the conversation by for those people who aren't familiar with you and your work and your story if you could just introduce us a little bit to you know who you are and how you've ended up becoming the person you are and you know what is it that drives you? Oh I'm not driven by anything. Okay. I'm self-driven not driven by anything. Not used to talking about myself because I never thought there's nothing much to say. But people who want to understand what what you do like how do you explain it to someone? Well there are many areas of work. So people are always trying to define themselves by what they do. Right. This is what I'm trying to change in the world. What you do should not define who you are. Who you are should define what you do. Right. So who I am is really nothing. So I do whatever is needed. So that got me involved in variety of things. One thing is fundamental human well-being. So systems for human well-being which we developed come under the brand of you know in engineering. Then ecological needs are there. So we started what is called as Project Green Hands. We planted over 33 million trees. So people started calling me a triple enter. Then I said I am not a triple enter. My basic work is to make human beings blossom. Then the rivers in India was bad. So we started Rally for Rivers which became the largest ecological movement on the planet. 162 million people participated in a month-long prop event. And this has become a recommended policy in India for all the states. The central government recommended the Rally for Rivers policy recommendation document we gave. The United Nations also took it up and we launched what is called as a decade of action in UN. Well we are involved in education. It's not that I'm interested in all these things. I'm just interested in life. Whatever, wherever I see things are not functioning well. Inevitably I get involved. So education, health, nourishment, ecology and now fashion because the way we dress is destroying the world. Textile has become the third largest polluter on the planet. So one important thing that needs to happen is to shift back to natural fiber as much as possible in the coming few decades. If we don't do that because everybody is shooting the plastic bag which is visible, the lowly plastic bag is yes it needs to be handled but it is not the main thing. It's just visible and flying all over the place. But textile or polyfiber is one of the biggest polluters when it comes to plastic pollution is the largest one actually. But it goes unaddressed because it is all microfiber. It's in your body, it's in the food that we eat, it's in the water that we drink, it's everywhere. So shifting back to natural fiber as much as possible is an important thing and this is also this will also handle variety of other aspects for nations which grow natural fiber and have the capacity and the talent to produce yarn and then to weave it in many different ways which is a skill that human beings developed for over thousands of years. You know it took millennia to develop these skills but we're just killing it just in one or two generations simply because we got machine-made cloth and we got synthetic fiber. So overall well-being of the human being involves clothing also, so here I am. Right and it's New York Fashion Week. It might not be evident from where we are right now but what is your goal with the event that you're holding this week in New York with all of these designers? We have brought in about hundred and twenty distinct weaves from India. So we want to expose this material to the designers here and to the those who consume fashion products. The important thing is to move them towards natural fiber that is a basic element both for health and ecological purposes. These substantial studies which show that wearing synthetic fiber causes immense damage to the system and could be the source of various diseases that we are suffering, unexplained levels of cancer, many things. Some people say it is still not very well established but definitely it has impact. They're saying almost there is not a single American citizen who doesn't have a certain amount of plastic in their bodies. This may be so everywhere probably only Americans have been studied, they've been put under the microscope. They say on an average twenty-eight grams of plastic could be in American citizens body both from food consumption and textiles that they use, especially for children. The level of skin allergies and other things you're finding is mainly because of the type of clothing they're using and once you use synthetic clothing it is very flammable. So to make it not so flammable they're using other kinds of chemicals which are carcinogenic there's no question about that. So these things need to be reversed now because as it is it is estimated we are on an average every human being on the planet has five times more clothing than what our grandparents had. That number even sounds low to me. That's among your clients. I mean when I see people's closets. On an average I'm saying. But by 2025 they said that's going to double that means we'll have 10 times more. So when this kind of phenomenal increase in textile consumption is on the threshold I think it's very important we bring back natural fiber. So these four designers that you're working with this week you know they all come from different disciplines in fashion there's you know Sabya Sachi from India and then there's Norma Kamali and Mara Hoffman and others from here. How what is your expectation with how these textiles from India will be used here in a different context? So big names in America have to take up natural fiber as a cause and it is both ecologically and health-wise it's going to be a big step for American people especially those who can afford no matter what is the cost they're buying. So for those who can afford my intent is to push it in such a way that the designers themselves push it in such a way that right now the wills you know the wills lifestyle clothing in India went hundred percent natural. Yesterday or day before there was a full page ad in Times of India and I congratulated them and they responded so major companies are going Ramon's in India is going almost mostly natural these days so in America it needs to happen because what happens in America naturally cascades into the rest of the world for whatever reasons America has become or attained to a certain kind of leadership though fashion is supposed to be centered in Paris what happens in America everybody does everybody is tearing their pants these days because you know it happened in America so I feel American designers are very important in this process that we recommend at least 50 percent of the well-to-do should turn to natural fiber this will also create a market as I said there are 136 distinct weaves in India these must survive means there must be a market also this is not about whether it's Indian or not Indian that's not the point these are skills which evolved over millennia we just killing them just like that not understanding what is involved in making these things yeah I mean speaking of the Indian textile industry there's been a lot of threats to the survival of textile crafts and the tradition of creating these textiles which you know many of them have been passed down from generation to generation can you can you educate us a little bit on what's you know the history of textiles in India why they're so important why they're integral to the culture of of India and expression of the creative creative side of see if you look back a few thousand years ago nobody on the planet dressed like Indians with the finest possible cloth when clothing in rest of the world was very gross and coarse kind of clothing in India we produce the finest kind of clothing well I'm talking about looking at the because in India we don't record history by factual facts and accounts and numbers and things like that but if you look at the stories if you go back to a story like Mahabharat almost six thousand years ago they're talking about Pete Humber a silk cloth which is very fine and which has certain you know in terms of its color and its vibrance it's of a certain kind six thousand years ago they were wearing those kind of clothes so if you go back into the Indian folk history you will see enormous talk about what kind of clothing well we know 300 years ago we were the largest textile exporting country in the world 85 percent of the world's exports in textiles was India between 1800 and 1860 systematically her majesty's I'm sorry works systematically destroyed textile industry well this is not to create bitterness but this is a fact of its history that somebody took advantage of it and they developed their industry and they destroyed another nation's industry and because of this people went into farming to survive because it is believed that there's no records of how many Indians die usually between 1800 and 1860 it is believed about 1.5 to 1.7 million textile weavers died out of starvation and lack of because textile export dropped by 98 percent in 60 years wow and its value dropped by 6300 percent in 60 years time so people lost their livelihoods and that's when everybody moved into agriculture when the British left in 1947 over 90 percent of Indians were in agriculture not all of them are farmers most of them were weavers and related industry who all went into farming just to survive to scratch the earth and have something to eat subsistence farming became a big part of Indian survival it is only now there again moving out into other various other activities and even today in the last 10 years or 300,000 farmers have committed suicide because they're all growing only food from their old practice of growing food for their own survival our intent is at least 30 percent of the farmers or farmland should go into natural fiber back into textiles yes because they're only growing perishable items and there is no market system where perishable item perishable items will be preserved and he will get the right kind of price if he has a bad crop he has a bad crop and he dies out of that if he has a good crop the prices will crash in the market and he'll die out of that this is the way the economy is going all the time sure so shifting a percentage of land into natural fiber will be a big step in that direction even today over four million families are involved in textiles out of these 136 weaves that I'm talking about nearly 67 of them are almost extinct yes just one family one old man keeping it alive his children have already become software engineers they are somewhere else in the world and just this one more person died in the next 10 15 years time that form of weaving will just die how distinct it is means there is a place this is because you're a fashion person you must visit these places they're unique there's a place called gullet good that means in meaning it's a canada word it means that a hill that ran away a hill that ran away because way back we don't know when what dates a whole village lived on the hill for some reason maybe they ran out of water I don't know what happened they all moved to the plains so in that one village they have a distinct way of making only blouse pieces you know the Indian sari blouse of course they make only that particular thing it is made only in that particular village in the entire country wow it is that blouse piece only they make they can't make it any longer they are trained only to do that and that has a market in a certain sort of people but all these things are disappearing because no designer to tell them okay you can make some other kind of the same weave you can make it into a dress material or you can make it to something else because a number of people wearing saris has dropped dramatically in the last ten years it's almost disappearing except in southern India in the north you hardly see anybody in saris so the market is disappearing and naturally the talent will disappear these are things that we must be proud of because how many ways human beings learn to do things with their hands is incredible right so what will it take sub guru to get you know this 30 percent target that you've set to shift people back into the natural creation a live market a demanding live market okay tell me more about that so that's why we're in america because on an average an american person dumps about 28 kilograms of clothing every year in india the average is about 1 1.5 kilograms of clothing is dumped in america it's 28 kilograms per person is dumped into the dump so the highest consumption of clothing is happening here this is where the real market is and above all this is kind of a a showroom market what happens here will naturally happen in the rest of the world in that context creating a market in america is very important for natural fiber that message is one important thing that we could do yeah from people like you is we must promote this at least in school uniforms children must wear only natural fiber we can produce a whole lot of medical documents research to show what kind of impact it will have on the child's life mind development neurological system learning disabilities how just natural fiber will have impact on the child's growth so this we are looking at how to you know collate all the medical information that is there and present to the private schools to start with or go to the state schools and see if one one state can go right now kerala in india has gone for all government school uniforms are caught in now i am pitching with the central government to push for this now it's election time this time it may not happen but by next academic year we are looking at least three to four states in india must go that government schools where millions of children study their uniforms should become natural fiber whatever it is in that region i mean it's it's a very powerful point the challenge here in america is that not all of the you know kids in school wear uniforms and people have been talking about messages of sustainability and you know natural fibers for many years and there still seems to be some blockers getting in the way of getting that to register in the minds of the people when they make a purchasing decision schools can make this decision because every human being may not make the decision if a school makes a decision children must all come with natural fiber whatever they choose cotton silk linen whatever they want jute or whatever right so if they make the decision whether they're wearing a fixed uniform or whatever they're where where the most important thing is we must move away from this sense of clothing must be all starched like a knife and you know must be pointing this way we are not in some army or something it's all right to wear something little crumbly you know actually the most affluent people are wearing very crumbly and torn clothes again this is true um the other interesting connection to indian textiles happens to be a timely one because this this is the hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the birth of that is why we call this fashion for peace okay so i'm part of the twenty twenty member committee chaired by the prime minister for this so as a part of this we are doing three major focus of activity one thing is we are doing big movements with the farmers so we are setting up large scale uh farmer producers organizations bringing scale to indias farming indias farming the biggest problem is lack of scale because average land ownership is one hectare which is 2.5 2.25 acres with that scale the investment that goes into it is no way he's going to make it so the important thing is integration not of land but of input in terms of irrigation and marketing these two things we want to integrate through what is called as a farmer producer organizations for which work is going on we're setting up a few model villages and this work is going on because that was very dear to matma gandhi the village life that should be sustainable and economically dignified for the rural population the next thing is textile because when you think of matma gandhi you're always thinking of a spinning wheel charaka it's called so we are into textiles this called save the weave project and right now it is being in america it is named as fashion for peace but in india it goes by the same umbrella brand save the weave many things are being done we are identifying all those type of weaves which are dying which are sure to die in the next 10 to 20 years time because there's only one family usually keeping it up we are seeing how to put young people who are interested in learning and propagating that and taking taking it up as a business for all this market is important that's why one focus is here and in india we're doing various other things for the same the third thing is there is no culture of peace in the world in the sense whenever there is a war or conflict we have conflict resolutions but we have not focused on developing a culture of peace there are communities in the world who have developed a culture of peace among themselves that they have found ways see in every transaction there could be conflict this is the nature of trans human transactions but if you evolve a culture of peace within yourself in your community in your nation among nations then there is a way of resolving these problems and these potential conflicts in a peaceful manner so we are looking at conversations with you know like celebrities who will turn everybody's heads in the world those kind of celebrities one we will do either in nyork or uh washington another in london one in berlin and one in mosco and then we are closing with poor bandar we are establishing our that's where ghandi was born poor bandar we wanted to put this in poor bandar but now they asked us to move to amadabad so amadabad where sabramati ashram is where matma ghandi's ashram is if you overlooking that if you look from there down down below is the riverfront of sabramati river so at that place where from the ashram you can see it every day there are thousands of visitors to matma ghandi's ashram they can see a 12 foot tall bust put on a four four foot high platform designed in a certain way as you know we built this adiyogi statue in a unique way so this is being already made in our center so we will do that on 2nd of october which is matma ghandi's birth anniversary i wanted to conclude the conversation i would be remiss if i didn't ask you a bit of advice because you know there's millions of people around the world who seek your council on navigating life and um the vicissitudes of life as some people call them you know earlier we were i was talking to you about um you know what's one person called or told me or described to me as an epidemic of stress in the world you know and you know in our industry in the fashion industry but as you pointed out in every industry everywhere you know people are stressed you know where where do you think this epidemic of stress comes from and how can how can people eradicate stress the stress is uh not because of a situation in which we exist stress is because of a situation that we do not know how to manage our body our mind our emotions and our energies because uh essentially because you have a very complex machine here if you want to look at human mechanism it is the most sophisticated machine on the planet though everybody is too enamored with their iPads and iPhones and whatever other phones they're using they're calling them smartphones you call somebody smart only when you find them smarter than you isn't it hello isn't that the normal you you say oh this is a very smart guy why because you found in smarter than you okay so the phone has become smarter than you in some way because at least it seems to know what it is doing most human beings don't know what the hell to do with themselves because they're going at a very sophisticated machine without even reading the user's manual to put it simply they haven't paid attention to how this one works simply they want to conquer the world they are a mess but they want to conquer the world see when you yourself are an issue how will you handle any issue tell me if fashion is stressful well politics must be horrible running an automobile industry must be worse spirituality must be terrible because all the time you're meeting these people right the problem is only you don't know how to manage yourself isn't it so this inability to manage yourself has come because we want to manage everything except ourselves before you touch something you must be in a good condition isn't it if you're really interested before I touch you I must be clean isn't it yeah people if they're handling their little infants or something they wash their hands clean and everything and handle why because they understand what I love before I touch it this must be clean hehe so before you touch the world this must be clean now when you are in a stressful condition you're saying because of a certain industry or a job or whatever somebody comes to me he's heading a multinational company a global leader he's in a terrible condition he comes and says sattguru I can't take this anymore the kind of pressure they're putting on me you're just killing me I look at him and say may you be fired this is sattguru sattguru what are you doing I said hey you're suffering your job so much if you get fired at least you can walk the beach yeah and I'm sure somebody else is ready to take this damn job I'm sure a hundred people are waiting to take your job a lot of people would kill to have his job I know but you're suffering it so much why for you either you fix yourself or you get out of that place isn't it tell me what is it that is not stressful for human beings if they're poor they suffer their their stressed about their poverty if they become rich they're stressed about the taxes they're not educated they're stressed ask the children to go to school how much stress not married they're stressed get them married also stressed so if you're out of your business if you're out of your family if you're out of all activity will you live joyfully and fantastic no if you're alone you'll be stressed to the core isn't it so the problem is not with your activity the problem is the fundamental mechanism has not even been something so complex no attention has been paid so entire process of inner engineering is just this that you understand how this mechanism works once you know how it works you know how to deal with it your body your mind if you see people are fifty sixty years of age they've still not figured how to handle their thought and emotion when are they going to do it do they have a millennial lifespan i don't know by the time you're fifteen sixteen at least you should have figured it out but at sixty you still don't know how to handle your thought and emotion when will you figure it right you know you once you once said life around you will never happen the way you want it and it should not what did you mean by that because if everything everything happens your way where do i go i'm glad it's not happening your way little bit your way little bit my way little bit somebody else's way this is how the world should happen if it happens all your way or even if you want it all your way you're a tyrant it'll never happen though fortunately even for the worst tyrants it did not happen isn't it right fortunately fortunately well thank you very much for taking time to chat with me that was very illuminating there was a lot to learn about you know the textile industry and sustainability and also a bit of advice to help manage ourselves you must develop the market for natural fibers this is not just about fashion this is going to make millions of people's lives


So my name is Jonathan Bamber, I'm a professor of physical geography at University of Bristol and I'm director of the Bristol Glaciology Centre. I'm actually a physicist but also a glaciologist and I study the polar regions using satellite remote sensing techniques. The cryosphere is basically all frozen land and ice on the surface of the earth. So it's not just, so cryosphere means the cold environment or the cold component, the frozen component of the earth. So that includes seasonal snow cover, which it mainly covers quite a large part of northern hemisphere seasonally in winter. It includes sea ice, which I mentioned earlier, glaciers, ice caps, ice sheets and permafrost. Now permafrost is frozen soil where it's frozen throughout the year and there's a thin layer of soil at the surface called the active layer, which melts in summer but underneath it's permanently frozen. So those are all the components of the cryosphere, have I left anything out? Well there is river and lake ice as well, which is, so for example in parts of Arctic Canada, lake ice is very important for the hydrological cycle and the ecosystem as well because when you got frozen ground it suppresses the exchange of moisture, energy and gases like carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and the surface. So it controls all sorts of processes. So sea ice is a thin skim of ice that forms seasonally, so it's a maximum in winter in the Arctic and maximum in the southern ocean in the Arctic and it's only about one to five meters thick, something like that. And then in the summer it gets much smaller because you've got atmospheric warming and you've got changes in circulation. So it responds to both mechanical forcing and what's called thermodynamics, the warming of the surface and so that it waxes and wanes annually. It goes from a minimum of about four million square kilometers in the Arctic to something like 18 million square kilometers. So big variation and because it's floating on the surface of the ocean it doesn't really have any impact on sea level because it's in what's called hydrostatic equilibrium.  If you melt it, the volume in the glass doesn't change at all. Land ice is completely different. Land ice is sitting on land as the name suggests so that's glaciers and most of the ice sheets that cover Greenland and Antarctica and because they're on land they're not in hydrostatic equilibrium and they are much thicker so in Antarctica the ice is up to five kilometers thick. That's three and a half miles thick and if you melt that it goes into the ocean and it changes the mass of the ocean and therefore the ocean level goes up and if you melt both Antarctica and Greenland and I'm not suggesting this is going to happen tomorrow but if you did dump them both into the ocean global sea level will go up by something like 65 meters so that's about 200 feet so that's a plus a big effect. The principle that when you melt a piece of land ice and you melt it and it goes into the ocean is it's it's it's not even what I would really call physics it's a very basic mechanics it's it goes back to Archimedes principle which is you know he sat in a bath and the water level goes up that's it it's that simple. So I use satellite observations of primarily looking at Greenland and the Antarctic ice sheet to understand how they're behaving and how their volume and mass is changing with time particularly how it's responding to what we call external forcing that's changes in the oceans or changes in the atmosphere and I mean the technology is quite complex some of the principles are really simple but the satellites I mean it is literally rocket science you know this stuff is pretty pretty sophisticated technology. One of the main techniques we use is to measure the change in volume of the ice sheets using something called a satellite altimeter. Now altimeters measure elevate the elevation of the surface very accurately and these altimeters there are two two types that have been flown a laser and radar altimeter. They can measure changes in elevation to a few millimeters a year you know they and they're flying at altitudes of 600 miles a thousand kilometers above the surface and they're measuring you know one or two millimeters change years I mean it's pretty impressive technology and they do that over the whole continent and I mean the concept actually is quite straightforward they send a pulse of energy electromagnetic radiation down to the surface it bounces off the surface goes back to the satellite and you measure the time delay and how long it takes from the satellite back down if you know how fast the em radiation is traveling you've got an estimate or measurement of the range the distance from the satellite to the surface that's it but in between there's you know trying to measure a millimeter over a thousand kilometers it's it's quite quite difficult the other really incredible piece of technology or some approach that is used for measuring how how the ice masses are evolving is is by looking at changes in the gravity field of the earth as mass goes from the land into the ocean the gravity field locally on the surface of the earth changes and with incredibly sensitive satellite technology you can actually measure those very small changes in the gravity field and that tells you what's where the mass is going they're measuring two quite different things the altimeter is measuring the volume of an ice mass and that is not exactly the same thing as the change in mass or because because the volume to go from volume to mass you need to know the density of your snow or your ice now we know the density of ice but in Antarctica there's a layer of snow which is called fern which is up to 120 meters thick which is compressing very slowly under its own weight and that rate of compression changes with time so sometimes it's fast sometimes slow and that's got nothing to do with the mass of the ice sheet it's just snow compacting and so you have to deal with that now now the gravity measurements they they they don't measure volume they measure a change in mass but convolved or combined with the change in land ice and ocean are lots of other processes related to change in mass which if you like are contaminating the signal we're interested one of the key ones is to do with changes in the what's called the mantle of the earth this is the solid component of the earth there are there are changes in how much mantle there are in different parts of of the earth and that affects the gravity field that is nothing to do with ice but it's a signal that's superimposed on what we're interested in and so each each technique has different advantages and disadvantages different kind of corrections that you have to apply or different issues that you have to deal with and so they're actually very complementary and we learn a lot in fact what we're working on here is we're using all the techniques available combining them so that we get a complete picture about what's going on and we can sort of separate out all the other signals that aren't isolated using a combination of all the different observations and yeah and in that way actually you can learn more than just what's happening to the ice you can find out about what's happening to the solid earth and the ice ocean interactions and also what's happening at the surface in terms of variability and snowfall as well so the the lithosphere which is like the crust of the earth is elastic and what that means is that if i put something very heavy on it it actually goes down it depresses if i take the thing off it bounces back up now an elastic response is instantaneous but there is also what's called a viscous component so if i if i load the earth with a lot of ice and with Antarctica has got you know it's five kilometers thick it's a lot of ice and i take some of that off the solid earth does rebound back but part of that response is a very slow one that can take many thousands of years to fully relax one of the great things about these satellite observations is that they're telling us far more than we ever knew about how the ice sheets respond to forcing from the oceans and the atmosphere so that's that's a great bonus that the the negative is that we only really have about a 20 year record of of really high quality satellite observations that that are particularly useful for this but over the last two decades one thing that we've seen which is is sort of incontrovertible you know which nobody really argues with because all the observations show the same thing is that that mass loss from parts of Antarctica a part called west Antarctica which we believe is particularly vulnerable to um forcing from the ocean and most of the margins of the Greenland ice sheet have been losing mass at an accelerating rate so the rate of loss has increased pretty much pretty every year that we've made the observations in the 1990s um the mass loss from western Antarctica green seemed to be quite quite small close to the detection limit in the early 90s and it has increased continuously up until the present day and it's currently so 2013 you know it's a maximum in terms of mass loss there are some recent papers that have come out that showing that in just the last uh I think three or four years the volume change of Antarctica and Greenland has has doubled in other words the rate of loss has roughly doubled in that time one of the one of the great things about these both satellite technologies I've talked about that's the altimetry and the gravity mission is that they can make observations over the whole ice sheet over the whole of Greenland and and almost all of Antarctica now there's a little hole at the pole in Antarctica but you know all of Greenland for sure and um we what we see in Greenland is that there's there's big um elevation changes lowering of the elevation around the margins and a very very small increase in the interior which is what you would expect in a warming climate so this is what all the numerical models suggest that if you warm the the climate in the Arctic and and warming in the Arctic has been about double the global average over the last few decades um precipitation that and therefore snowfall does increase but all the numerical models suggest that that is outweighed by increased losses around the edges and that's pretty much exactly what what the observations are showing us a situation with the east and arctic areas um a bit more complex than for Greenland because for two reasons it's it's 10 times the size of Greenland and the signals the change in elevation and the change in mass that we're measuring with grace are much smaller than Greenland Greenland has a big signal it's well above the noise threshold east Antarctica um the signals we're looking for are quite close to sort of threshold of what we can detect and so I think it's fair to say the the jury is still out on whether east and how out of balance how much mass is being lost or gained um is happening in east Antarctica um and the best estimates that we have suggest that it's it's pretty close to balance doesn't look like it's gaining a lot or losing a lot but the error the errors on those estimates are quite large so um the the the interesting or perhaps concerning thing about west Antarctica is that um a large part of the west Antarctic ice sheet rests on bedrock that's below sea level I mean part parts of it are two and a half kilometers below sea level that's a mile and a half below sea level and that means that that part of western Antarctica is particularly vulnerable to um oceanic erosion to changes in ocean temperature and things like that and the geometry of west Antarctica suggests that it's in what we believe is a potentially unstable configuration and what that means is that if you just change change the the forcing a little bit war motion temperatures a little bit that that that instability could trigger a rapid um mass loss from the ice sheet um you know a very rapid response and a large response so large amplitude and quite fast uh that's what we mean by an instability and there are some fairly recent um very recent results that both both from observations and from a numerical modeling study that suggests that we've actually passed this this threshold of stability and that part of west Antarctic is going into a unstable regime where it's going to lose you know an increasing amount of mass and that that cannot be easily reversed what do I mean by forcing as well that the most the two key for things that act on ice sheet come from the atmosphere um so that is changes in snowfall and changes in surface air temperature or s at so in Greenland around the margins of well quite a large area around the edges of Greenland there is melting at the surface in summer and if you turn the thermometer up a bit that melting is going to increase that's pretty much an instantaneous reaction and you dump more snow on the surface and you know it's going to build up so that's that's what the atmosphere can do and another important particularly important interaction um more for Antarctic than Greenland is um around the margins of Antarctica there are um that the the the ice sheet is directly in contact with the ocean and what that means is that um you can if you if you change the temperature of the ocean or you get more warm water to these contact points the the ice can melt from beneath rather than from above at a faster rate and that can induce some of these instabilities that I talked about earlier on. Antarctic and Greenland um are you you have to think about slightly differently in terms of what might what might um make them change their mass loss or mass gain because in Antarctica the the mean annual air temperatures are pretty much everywhere except for the real northern tip are way below freezing so there's really very little surface melt in Antarctica and the big changes in Antarctica are likely to come from ocean forcing changes in ocean temperature okay in Greenland it's a somewhat different situation parts of Greenland are in contact with the ocean but but um a significant um almost almost half a little bit less than half of the mass lost by the ice sheet is lost through surface melting and that responds directly to changes in air temperature so in Greenland um there's some work that's been done and this is a bit complicated to explain that suggests that if the temperature in Greenland goes above it increases by about two degrees above pre-industrial that the ice sheet is no longer really um sustainable that it it will go into a permanent decline and the reason for that is that that um melting will at the surface will increase and go further inland to higher elevations and um gradually the top of the ice sheet will get lower and lower and in fact the elevations will go down everywhere where there's melting and as the elevation goes down the temperatures go up because of something called the lapse rate feedback you know the higher are you in the atmosphere the colder it is and so the lower you are the warmer it is so there's a positive feedback if you melt the surface and it goes down the surface gets warmer because it's at lower elevation now that positive feedback according to the neural model will will mean that for a temperature rise of two degrees above pre-industrial ruffling um Greenland may not be a sustainable ice mass so that means what does that mean it means that over possibly over thousands of years it it it will reduce in size to something very very small um the theory or the the concept it's called the small ice gap instability and so Greenland um has a I think about seat 7.3 meters of sea level equivalent in it um and I I don't know you might that's that's about what 25 feet or something you might you might think that that doesn't sound so bad but um you know the sea level rise over the last century was 15 to 18 centimeters okay and the sea level rise around about a meter um it's suggested would um displace potentially up to 200 million people so even we are very very vulnerable as a species to relatively small changes in sea level there are countries like Bangladesh the Netherlands and all the atolls in the South Pacific which would be absolutely devastated um from a sea level rise of more than a meter most of the work that I'm involved in um is about what impact the atmosphere notion might have on the cryosphere you know and and it's it's a fairly simple relationship if you warm the planet you know ice tends to melt so um but it's you know the in complex ways in Antarctica there'll be a a lag between you know warming and a response and all this sort of thing um so some of those things I'm I'm looking at but there are also other there are potential feedbacks from melting of the cryosphere on the rest of the planet on the rest of the earth system one of the one of the ones which um I mean number of scientists particularly oceanographers have been looking at for some years is the potential for um significant melting from Greenland to interfere with the large-scale ocean circulation that makes this part of Europe northwest you about three degrees warmer than it would be without the warm water coming from the Gulf Stream near the Gulf of Mexico all the way up past the coast of Scotland um and warming and then sinking in the North Atlantic in two areas called the Labrador Sea and Irminga Sea just south of Greenland where they release a lot of heat and those two areas just south of Greenland happen to be areas where the ice sheet does um dump quite a lot of fresh water and so if that amount increased the question is raised you know could that affect somehow ocean circulation it's still a very active area of research and so um I think that the the general consensus is at the minute is that the rates of input of fresh water from Greenland are not sufficient to have a a really dramatic effect on what's called the thermohaline circulation or this ocean conveyor belt but um it's you know a lot of papers being published on this and um there there is some recent work that suggests that it may have some effect it won't shut it down it won't stop there won't be some sudden kind of collapse of the the circulation but it could weaken it a little bit so some of the workers looked at the kind of they're called hosing experiments because what you're doing is you're getting a load of fresh water and you're pouring it into the ocean around the coast of Greenland and they call that a hosing experiment and so some people have studied looked at these hosing experiments where um they really dump a lot of fresh water into North Atlantic does the the circulation shut down altogether well if you put enough in it does but it doesn't look like Greenland is ever going to pump that much in but they have looked at you know sensitivity studies they're called to see yeah to see whether um it would have an effect and there are effects but they seem to be relatively subtle rather than major perturbations to the climate system if you look at uh map and I should say that I'm in a geography department so I quite like maps and I do a lot of work with maps um if you look at the southern hemisphere or the south pole and north pole they are completely different they're almost the opposite of each other the Arctic is actually the smallest ocean in the world and it's virtually landlocked so it's an ocean almost completely surrounded by land there are a few areas where water the ocean can go in and out but they're quite small they're called straits um and in the Arctic in winter that ocean is covered by this thin film of sea ice that I mentioned earlier the Antarctic it's the opposite you've got a very large continent a continent that is bigger than the contaminous USA it's one and a half times the area of Australia dumped on the south pole large continent surrounded by um the biggest ocean circulation in the world which is called the Antarctic Socomperla Socomperla current so the setting of Antarctic and Greenland is very different the changes in sea ice that we have seen during the satellite area which have made observations which is a bit longer than the ice sheets it goes back to about the mid 1970s so it's almost a 40-year record show um a pretty continuous decline in what's called multi-year ice in the Arctic and it's this this this trend very dramatic trend in reduced sea ice area in the Arctic as some people have pointed is the post-child of kind of climate change research because it's a big signal it's unequivocal the sea ice is getting smaller it's a very important component of the global energy balance because sea ice is is one of the brightest when it's covered in snow it's one of the brightest natural surfaces on the planet it is you know snow is the brightest natural surface so it reflects a lot of solar radiation remove it and you've got ocean there and so so people have been very concerned about changes in sea ice extent in the Arctic because it looks like it's on the way out but something slightly different seems to be happening um in the the southern ocean in the Antarctic because the the sea ice there doesn't seem to have got smaller if anything although it's a very small signal it's about two percent per decade it's you know it's it's it's and it's sort of moving around a bit but if anything it looks like it's getting slightly larger extending and um i mean some some people have um kind of questioned whether or asked well does that does that mean that there's an issue with some of their theories about um you know global warming and climate change but i i don't think that's the case because the warming and southern ocean is not nearly as pronounced as in the Arctic so you wouldn't expect it and the controls on sea ice extent in the Arctic and the southern ocean are completely different as i explained earlier the geography of the areas are totally different so the sea ice in um the Arctic um there's a much stronger thermodynamic in other words temperature control on on what happens to that whereas the in the southern ocean its extent is almost entirely controlled about by the location of the the Antarctic circumpolar current sea ice just can't go beyond that so there are kind of different different things driving sea ice extent in the southern hemisphere and north Antarctica as i mentioned is a huge continent um and um the the the most dramatic signals that we're seeing from the satellite data are coming from the edges um we're seeing big reductions in elevation and big mass loss around and margins of Antarctica but something else that these satellite observations that are indicating is that this this loss over time propagates inland and that's you would expect that it's it's it's uh it's not a kinematic wave um it's it's a diffusive process but over time as as the ice is drawn down at the edges and the slopes get steeper and the elevation goes down it pulls the ice from the interior um at a faster rate to the margins and so um just because we're we're the biggest signals are close to the coast doesn't mean that um ice in land is not being affected or is not potentially vulnerable to some of these changes i i've always loved playing in snow yeah um so um i did pick i did a degree in physics in fact interestingly i i did it uh in in this university so i'm in geography department now but i did and the physics department there has one of the most um i don't know famous is the right word but one of the best known theoreticians in glaciology in the world um there are some laws and principles of glaciology named after this guy called john nigh and he was actually one of my lecturers and there were other people in that department who worked in glaciology as well although it's never been that big in physics departments and um so i did physics but i was always fascinated by natural environment and how it worked and uh opportunities to work in geophysics related to glaciers and ice sheets came up for a phd and the rest is history really life on mars definitely i think that would be you know if i if i wrote a paper which said i've discovered life on mars that would certainly sell um interesting topics in so i think one of the holy grails there there were quite a few in my field one of the one of the big things we want to know is what are the ice sheets going to do in the future um but related to that and in in the department i'm in we do what's called a lot of paleo climate research that's looking at the past to help us understand what might happen in the future in when when let's say co2 levels reach levels they were a few million years ago or something like that um and one of the big challenges for our community is actually to push the satellite record which is only 20 you know do quality satellite records only 20 years push that further back in times so that we know something about what the ice sheets particularly the ice sheets because they have a long response time what they were doing um say over the last century that is a real big challenge for the community so i think the real thing um that scientists have to have to be sure they do they have to be honest when they're communicating their science and um i've had quite a lot of arguments with non-scientists about you know well we say this we say that and and the truth is that actually most scientists are skeptical about most things it's what we're trained to do you know we're trained to question everything and um in general the the science we do and the results we get aren't it's this or it's that but it's evidence and so i think we have to be honest that i can never 100 guarantee x y or z necessarily but i can say the evidence strongly suggests this or indicates something or you know if you look at all these different measures it's telling me this signal and you know the balance of evidence suggests something and so it's quite important to to be honest about the uncertainties and the things you're not sure about as well as the things you are i mean i think if i say i can't 100 guarantee that if you step out of a four-story building you're gonna die and i couldn't 100 guarantee that you know you could walk away um there is a very slim chop that that doesn't mean that you know i don't know anything about falling out of buildings um and that's that's the problem we face i think um and and there's a another issue it's also how you frame these uncertainties because if i if i say to you look you're 95 likely to be absolutely fine when you cross the road you think no that sounds fantastic come on cross the road if i said there's a one in twenty chance that you're gonna die when you cross the road you would go nowhere near one ever you know because that sounds pretty terrible and so it's it's how you frame some of these problems as well and how you frame the uncertainty and i think the language use is really important when i started my phd which was quite a few years ago back in the early 80s um um you know global warming climate change and what we're doing to the planet really wasn't wasn't on most people's horizons and i i i was studying i was doing glaciology as a phd um and you were doing it really out of interest it was curiosity driven but over time um the evidence has become more and more overwhelming that we're having a very damaging effect on the climate system um because primarily because of our love affair with um oil and fossil fuels um and i think not just in in my field i i'm very familiar with my field and and you look at any component in the cross sphere and it's they're all showing the same sort of signal that you know they're they're responding to recent change or at least they are um responding to what you would expect they're doing what you would expect them to do in a warming world put it like that and and they're pretty much all doing it but you look to any other part of the climate system you look to what's happening in the oceans and ocean certification you look what's happening to the biosphere and ecosystems and biodiversity it's the same story everywhere and so i think the evidence now is pretty incontrovert pretty compelling and uh very forceful that we're we're um making an uncontrolled experiment on the planet and we really don't know what the outcome is but i think one thing we can be sure about is that it's not going to be nice and we're not going to like it and i think the other thing that i find fascinating since i've got into this field is that if you look at the climate of when modern civilization has sort of evolved the last few thousand years you can say take the last five thousand years it's been remarkably stable it's one of the most stable periods over the last few hundred thousand years and we're starting to tinker with that and all the systems we have in place agriculture urban environment everything we've set up has all been predicated on this very very stable climate which we're now starting to tinker with you know fiddle with the dials in an uncontrolled way so i think that um yeah it's it's it's you know we're creating an extremely uncertain future in terms of what what the climate is going to do and how we're going to have to respond to it