Okay great. What I'd like to do this morning is give you an overview of some aspects of cancer in general and then more specifically brain cancer and show how we are able to manipulate energy metabolism in the body and in the brain to target cancers. As I said we can work on any kind of a tumor but I'll specifically be speaking about brain tumors today. First I put here a provocative question. For those of you who are in the cancer field you will know that the National Cancer Institute on their website has put 24 provocative questions. These questions are thought to direct cancer research for the remain for the throughout the century and stimulate various kinds of approaches and new insights into the disease. However you will not see this provocative question on the 24 question list mainly because most people in the cancer field have already determined that cancer is a genetic disease. The question is that true or not. Now what I have done is reviewed over 50 years of research from a variety of perspectives on the nature of the role of the nucleus and the mitochondria in the progression of an origin of this disease. Now these studies I put this very simple diagram to distill down quite a number of articles that go back to the 1940s all the way up to present day investigations and basically I don't know if you can see this this might I know we had oh maybe here's another one here let's see if this oh there it is okay so what I've done here is I've shown here's a normal cell in green a tumor cell in red what I've shown is a normal nucleus and Christi in the mitochondria and we know normal cells beget normal cells and when we look at the cancer cell in red we have a dysmorphic nucleus and we have mitochondria that have absent Christi to signal to indicate that we have defects in both the nucleus and and mitochondria in the cancer cell and cancer cells beget cancer cells there have been a number of studies where nuclei have been transferred these are an animal and human tumors nuclei can be transferred from one cell to another and when the nucleus of the cancer cell is transferred to the cytoplasm of either an oocyte or a very early stem cell what you get are our normal cells sometimes normal tissues and sometimes complete organisms from the nucleus of a cancer cell now what happens depending on the number of mutations will determine how foreign development that organism goes before it aborts so the mutations that are associated with cancer don't cause cancer they abort development now if you take the nucleus from the normal cell and put it into the cytoplasm of the cancer cell you either get dead cells or tumor cells you don't get normal cells what what these findings indicate is that is that it's the mitochondria can suppress tumor agenesis and that and that mutations whatever they happen to be or how they're related are not the drivers of this disease regardless of what you might read now if cancer is not a genetic disease what kind of a disease is it and out of Warburg many years ago he did the most of the work we've heard some preliminary speakers about this all cancer arises from damage to cellular respiration glucose fermentation gradually compensates compensates for inefficient respiration uh respiratory damage eventually becomes irreversible and cancer cells continue to ferment uh and he was primarily talking about glucose we have expanded this now to include glutamine fermentation tumor cells can ferment not only carbohydrates but they can also ferment some amino acids in particular glutamine so this is another i'm not going to have chance to talk about that but if we don't target glutamine we won't get a complete management of the disease although targeting glucose will certainly be very effective now we know that metabolism most of the energy coming from the cells will be coming through oxidative phosphorylation we get small amounts of energy through glucose fermentation and we can also get energy through the Krebs cycle cancer cells have damaged oxidative phosphorylation thereby having to need compensatory energy source through fermentation glucose fermentation goes way up in many cancers and also glutamine fermentation can go up so these two sources of energy can compensate for the loss of oxfoss so when we look at mitochondria of tumor cells this is a normal electron micrograph you can see the kristae loaded the kristae contain the proteins of the electron transport chain which are which generate most of the energy in our bodies but you can see here this is a mitochondria of a glioblastoma multiformia brain tumor you can see it's crystallizes there's many examples i've gone through in my book many many we never find completely normal mitochondria in any tumor cell and there's no way that these tumor cells are going to be able to produce energy through oxfoss if they don't have the structures needed to do this now what i've done here is just summarize the entire cancer field in this simple diagram that my students and i uh we we worked on this for about five years you can get the students will so they can help us build this whole thing uh cancer is a metabolic mitochondrial disease caused by multiple different things in the environment damaging respiration this then leads to a retrograde signaling system the mitochondria is signal to the nucleus we are we don't have enough energy the nucleus then turns on oncogenes the oncogenes are compensatory they're transcription factors that drive fermentations both glucose and glutamine fermentations but if the cells continue to ferment the nucleus becomes unstable so you get genomic instability as a secondary downstream epiphenomena of damage to respiration so oxfoss is gradually replaced by substrate level phosphorylation unfortunately i won't have a chance to talk about advanced cancers which are basically a macrophage disease macrophage is used tremendous amounts of glutamine and glucose so you really have to target to manage metastatic advanced cancer you have to target both metabolites anyway you can get the entire spectrum of the hand-to-hand Weinberg characteristics following this i like to talk now a little bit about brain cancer and specifically a highly these are highly invasive and vascularized tumors generally poor prognosis incidents may be increasing through cell phone use but this is only for those individuals that might be susceptible to this unfortunately most therapies for brain cancer are ineffective in managing the disease two major categories we have the primary and the secondary brain tumors glial blastoma is a primary brain tumor one of the worst very low very poor survival after five years this is a childhood cerebellar tumor medulla blastoma about 22 and a half percent 22.5 percent of all cancer deaths come from metastasis that is the movement of cancer cells from some other organ to the brain now we have used calorie restriction restricted ketogenic diets and these kinds of approaches as a metabolic approach to cancer management now calorie restriction involves a total dietary restriction it differs from starvation in that calorie restriction can maintain adequate levels of minerals and nutrients calorie restriction if it done the right way and in the and looking at the correct biomarkers will enhance mitochondrial biogenesis and increase efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation it's important to recognize the calorie restriction in the mouse mimics therapeutic water only fasting in humans so everything you see about all the stuff that i'll talk about calorie restriction how do humans do that you have to stop eating do therapeutic fast so this is because the basal metabolic rate of the mouse is seven times that of the human so the biomarkers for calorie restriction are reduced blood glucose and elevated ketone bodies let me get this one let's hit one so we know the brain uses glucose exclusively however do an evolutionary conserved adaptation to low glucose we mobilize fats this is again related to hormone changes insulin and glucagon and things like this and the three major ketone bodies are beta hydroxybutyrate acetoacetate acetone is a non-nesemitic degradation product of acetoacetate so the brain will then transition gradually over to ketone use as an alternative to glucose to subserve energy needs for that organ other organs will use ketones as well in fatty acids when we look at the energy problems in brain cancer in fact most cancers for that matter what we have well in the brain specifically glucose is the primary fuel it enters through transporters goes into the it's goes through the emden meyerhoff pathway to pyruvate pyruvate in normal cells will be fully oxidized in the tca cycle because all the mitochondrial problems and brain tumors and other tumors pyruvate then is fermented to lactate lactate goes back into the circulation goes to the liver be converted back to glucose through the core recycle it comes back this is this vicious cycle we just heard about and some other components of that calorie restriction will lower blood glucose levels naturally you can bring those blood sugars down carbohydrate ketone bodies will then enter into the brain and then the problem is is the cancer cells we and others have shown that the tumor cells cannot metabolize the ketone bodies for energy so what happens then is they be their main source of fuel glucose not only that the normal cells up regulate glucose transporters putting additional metabolic pressure on these cancer cells they can't use the fuel that the normal cells are using they become metabolically marginalized now to show you we've done a lot of work in mice on on calorie restriction this shows ad libitum ale is an unrestricted mouse fed ad libitum this is a 40% calorie restriction over about 12 days starting three days after tumor implantation you can clearly see we can get reductions anywhere from 65 to 90% reduction depending upon how we do this the important thing is what are the what are the what's going on inside the tumor cells what we've shown that this is powerfully anti angiogenic blood vessels are significantly reduced in these tumors you know you hear about all the antigenic therapies there's nothing more powerful than calorie restriction or reducing the vascularization of the tumor it's also pro apoptotic it kills the tumor cells through program cell death mechanisms and we've shown we've shown that so you can see the tunnel positive these are the dead cells in ad libitum fed cancer you don't see as many as you do in the calorie restricted tumors we've done linear regression analysis to ask you know what is the what are the drivers for this whole thing and glucose as glucose levels go down each one of these is it out as a mouse under a different dietary condition ketones go up this is an evolutionary conserved adaptation as glucose down to go goes down tumor weight goes down the size of the tumors shrink for the reasons that I've said we've also seen a correlation between glucose and igf one insulin like growth factor one which is a driver of tumor angiogenesis as glucose goes down igf one goes down and the corresponding signaling cascades associated with that hormone go down we've just recently shown how calorie restriction can target the most problematic aspect of cancer's inflammation which is nf kappa b calorie restriction knocks down phosphorylated nf kappa b through cox mechanisms it shuts down the entire inflammatory system that's going on that's driving and contributing to the progression of the disease so can calories and now the other thing is as well in cancer especially brain cancer these terribly invasive tumor cells they don't just grow as a lump in the brain they actually spread through the brain we've developed a natural mouse model for human glioblastoma multiforme and we're able to test a number of therapies on this new mouse model that we developed it's one of the only mice models mouse models that reflect the entire spectrum of what you see in the human disease and this shows you here this is the tumor growing in an ad libitum fed mouse here's the hippocampus these tumor cells will will invade right through the entire brain they'll move from one hemisphere to the other hemisphere and you can quantitate that using bio bioluminescent imaging as we've done but you can see in the calorie restricted guys that the borders of the tumor become much sharper they they don't invade as much and we've shown how you can they reduce invasion significantly the calorie restricted diet which is linked to low glucose and elevated ketones another question is does can we get therapeutic synergy when we combine a glycolysis inhibitor uh together with a restricted ketogenic diet we've heard already about ketogenic diets um the diets it doesn't in this case we're looking at a standard mouse chow diet which is actually like a standard american diet high in carbs low in fat and you've seen the whole thing here uh any kind of a ketogenic diet will work we've looked at various this is a keto count but we've looked at lard base we've looked at other base diets this is a low carbohydrate high fat moderate protein produces a fat to protein carb ratio of four to one as opposed to less than one for the high carb diet uh two deoxy glucose is a non-metabolizable analog of glucose so what what happens is a substitution here for a hydrogen for a hydroxyl group this molecule enters in the cells in fact it's like fluorideoxy glucose it can go into the cells but it can not be used for metabolism through glycogen to make glycogen or through glycolysis so it kind of uh inhibits the the energy metabolism so we've done a preliminary study in mice um showing now this is a standard diet high carb diet unrestricted a body weight control and then we gave the animals 2 deoxy glucose at a dosage that had no therapeutic benefit i wanted to use a dose that you could say well he's they've got 2 deoxy glucose but it's not having any effect and the body weights were the same now we we give the ketogenic diet in restricted amounts because we've shown if you don't restrict the ketogenic diet it has no therapeutic benefit so we calorie restrict the ketogenic diet to lower blood sugars and elevate ketones even further and then we added the 2 deoxy glucose and now we got powerful synergy between a diet and and and the drug and and basically what happens here is under the fed state you have a lot of glucose molecules going around glucose is the sole fuel for the for the tumor cells which will drive their progression also normal cells will use the glucose however when you go into the restricted diet glucose levels go down and ketones go up the normal cells now uh uh take in the ketones which the tumor cells can't use the ketones not only that receptors for glucose actually go up in the normal cells putting additional metabolic pressure on the tumor cells you throw in a little 2 deoxy glucose which now will more specifically target the tumor cells to give you a synergistic interaction between the ketogenic diet restricted and drugs this is an emerging field we've just started this there are many other metabolites out there that we can use together with these diets to kill off these tumor cells and and also hit targeting their glutamine metabolism which i want to have time to talk about so the clinical question can the ketogenic diet be used to manage brain cancer in humans you can do all i'm finished doing the mouse stuff forget it we just we you know there's a hundred studies out there on mice and cancer forget it we got to go to the patients now we have proved this is works in the mouse and it will work in humans and and we already heard from the first study linden ebbling study back case western reserve uh with a with a diet that lowered glucose and elevated ketone she was able to get um uh longer term management for two children with uh inoperable brain tumor we published the second paper uh on a patient uh from italy uh using uh therapeutic fasting ketogenic diets together unfortunately with the standard of care you can't get away from it it's a terrible thing it's responsible for the demise of most the can't brain cancer patients are dying from the standard of care now this patient had classic histological evidence for glioblastoma high cell density palisading cells um the radio this is the radiographic image before any treatment uh you can see multicentric this is an MRI image uh glioblastoma we confirm that histologically the patient did receive the standard of care following the standard of care the patient then uh was on a therapeutic fast for three days uh then on a calorie restricted ketogenic diet for several months now we had radiological resolution which very rarely happens when using just radiation and chemo temozolomide so we had a really quite remarkable response we had two more MRIs both look clean the patient then gets off the ketogenic diet about two months later uh tumor recurrence rather than going back on the diet the patient chose to go on a vaston uh which we now know enhances the invasive properties of the tumor cells terrible drug never never recommended anyway it selects for the most invasive cells and unfortunately the patient expired the the issue here of course is that will this therapy work and the answer is uh this proves the cons yes we can we can we can greatly improve this as long as we can get glucose elevations and ketones ketone elevation you can get uh put the tumor in a defensive state and then once it's in this defensive state we then go after the tumor with specific drugs to put additional pressure on the um on the cells so we have preclinical and case report studies indicate that this restricted ketogenic diet can be an effective metabolic therapy for managing malignant brain cancer in children and adults and the therapeutic effects of the diet against brain cancer can be enhanced when we combine it with specific non-toxic drugs that work together with the diet to target the surviving tumor cells now uh i put all this out in a recent book it just came out from Wiley Press discusses this and many other therapeutic non-toxic therapeutic options for managing cancer not just brain cancer and i thank my collaborators that have worked with me on this and many of my students in my cancer class have that have been very helpful on this thank you for your attention because uh uh because i'm running this i'm i'm gonna ask the only question uh are you currently taking patients so uh what i've done is i i collaborate with physicians and we're trying to get a pilot trial going at the university of pittsburgh our biggest problem is uh irb institutional review review board uh they they just put so many pressures i mean this is not a toxic therapy yet they they treated us oh my god all these patients are gonna get sick we're trying to get a pilot study there's another pilot study at michigan state university i wrote the protocols for both of these of the both of these uh approaches it's just very hard to get through irbs the institutional review board once that happens i think there'll be a lot more a lot more use for this well all right we'll take you um this is more of a clarification but um we talked about standard of care being the main cause for demands of cancer patients can you just say what that is that includes yes um standard of care for brain cancer involves radiation and tinnazolamide okay as soon as you irradiate the brain you you damage you release a lot of inflammatory cytokines you allow glutamate to go into the micro environment the glutamate is then taken up by glial cells and converted to glutamine because the neurons have been killed the glutamine now goes into the tumor cells and is fermented along with the tumor cells to reduce the inflammation they give steroids steroids make your blood sugar go up to the level of a diabetic so what you have now is you have powerful glucose and you have powerful glutamine and together they will fuel the tumor this is the demise of the cancer patient the reason why we have so few people surviving is because of the standard of care it has to be changed if it's not changed there will be no major problems thank you period


about myself. My name is Tan. I am currently an iOS developer at BeppuTan BT. So to find more information about me, you can visit my LinkedIn homepage. And if you have any questions, please don't hesitate to send a message to my Gmail. So for us here, we are engineering and our mission is to bring the best experience to customers. But because the resource we have is limited, hence whenever we want to implement anything, we always need to consider between the cost and the profit it can bring to us. So today in my presentation, I would like to share with you one solution which doesn't cost you too much, but can help your service reach out to a lot of more users. And you know, the more users, the more profitable. And the topic I want to bring to you today is about developing for Apple TV. For the agenda, I want to break my talk into three separate sections. First is about Apple TV and TVOS, and then we will give you some fundamental things when we work with Apple TV. And finally, I will show you how things work in reality with a real demo. So okay, let's restart with Apple TV and TVOS overview. Apple TV is a digital media player device. It can collect data from internet. Introduce it for viewing. You have to connect it with TV via HDMI cable. So on the screen I have the latest Apple TV, the Apple TV 4K. And then next to it is a Siri remote, which you need to use to control the Apple TV. Furthermore, you also can use your iPhone to communicate with Apple TV. I think it's something very awesome for Apple. Everything can be compatible together perfectly. So I have a little fun fact about Apple TV. You know, even though Apple TV only have five models, but it's actually older than the iPhone. The first Apple TV was launched in 2006 and interestingly at this time is still run on Mac OS. Until 2010, Apple redesigned the Apple TV and make the second generation run on TVOS 9, which they set up 95% based on iOS 9. You know, originally I thought that Apple TV is only applicable for video or gaming app. But in fact, there are many more kinds of apps on Apple TV further than that. For example, do you think that you can book a hotel for the TV? Yes, yes, because Airbnb gives you that option. So actually I think for me some situation Apple TV would be a better solution than the iPhone. Because for example, imagine that we are planning for a vacation with our family. It's better we can sit down and book the hotel together, right? In this case, Apple TV would be a better solution for the discussion because everyone can see the hotel picture on the shared TV and with the big picture, it also looks more attractive and make you more desire to book the hotel. So compared with their rival, it doesn't have an Apple TV app. They are losing this huge number of users. And this idea be a lot of other services also support for Apple TV. First of all, on the screen I have Amazon and e-commerce service. They also allow you shopping online through Apple TV. Or Tinder or social network application is another example. Such as Apple TV apps are very diverse, not only for video or gaming. Therefore, I think you can also find ways to implement your own one. In my perspective, I think creativity has no limit. As long as you intend to have one, you could find a way to do it. And here I have a charge for Apple TV turnover from 2012 to 2017. Apparently Apple TV is growing up very fast. Like in 2012, there are 4.2 million devices has been sold. And that number has increased by 6 times to 25 million after 3 years. And in 2017, it reached 75 million, which is 3 times better than in 2015. So actually, I can say that 75 million is a very huge number because Apple TV is not an individual device. Usually we only have one per family. And you know, right after 75 million, Apple TV is a second large tip of off-thrive in the world. This is very impressive, right? And you can keep in mind that people who willingly spend money to buy Apple TV for entertainment, they are very potential to buy for your service as well. So I think if you want to expand the market, it's obviously a good solution for you. Okay, we'll continue with some fundamental things when working with Apple TV. So Apple provides to you two types of Apple TV app, and in general, we will make them in different ways. So the first is a custom app, which you develop similarly when you do on iOS. It is in the same framework and the same concept. You may already know about UIT, AutoLayout, or Storyboard. And the second one is Glide and Server app, which you need to use, TVML, TVGS, and TVMLT to make it. So okay, we'll explain for you these three abbreviations. TVML stands for Television Markup Language. This is a kind of XML and the kind of Markup Language. In the first slide, I will show you some examples about TVML. TVGS stands for Television JavaScript. This is a set of JavaScripts API which provides to you the means to display any app created by TVML. And TVML is a framework which helps you be able to communicate between TVOS native code and TVML JavaScript code. So how does a TVML Kit app work? So different with the custom app, the TVML Kit app is based on client-server architecture. So here the client will be the UIT-based app that runs on the TVOS device. And the server will host JavaScript files and media contents. So when the app loads, it will download JavaScript files, also set up JavaScript environment, and hand over the control to JavaScript. So once the control is handed over, JavaScript will be responsible to download any additional content that it needs to present with users. So to make it easier to make a TVML app, Apple provides dozens of TVML premade templates which you can choose to display information in a specific way. So I will give you some examples and I will start with a simple one first. So here on the screen, I have an image of the other view on Apple TV and next to it is a premade template diorama. I think it's not too hard for you to map between each element from the diorama to the one on the view. And here is how the TVML code looks like. I think if you have used any markup language before, such as XML or HTML, you could be very familiar with this format. And each view on this template code it just mapping one on one to an element from the diorama. And finally, after you've filled in with the data, you will have the view as expectation. And let me assure you that this is not a web browser. It's completely native. And we just done with the very simple one of TVML example. Here I have another one for a more complex layout. You can see it's the very long page and the layout is also very complicated. But Apple also give you a template for this. And here is how the template looks like. Again, it's very clear and easy to translate between each item from the diorama to the one on the view. And after all, I have a template code. So again, just based on this template code to key in any data you want to display and TVML kit will take care of the rest for you. You don't need to worry about the layout anymore. But TVML will do it for you. So I make a simple comparison between working with the custom map versus with TVML app. So for custom map, it will develop similarly what we do on iOS and using Swift or HTC. Whereas for TVML app, you need to use TVML, TV3S, and TVML kit with JavaScript. So the custom map will take you more effort for creating, but it is scalable in long term. And this is very suitable if your app has customizing design. On the other hand, TVML app will take you less effort at the beginning, but it's not so scalable in long term. And it's also appropriate if your app has a similar design with Apple template layout. So depending on your purpose, I think you will find the most suitable way to implement your Apple TV app. But for us, we have implemented our Apple TV app in both ways. And with our experience, I would recommend you to use the custom map instead. Because first, we already have an iOS project which has a lot of similar features that we may have on Apple TV. And by using custom map, you can reuse a lot of code that make us can maintain and scale both apps together. And secondly, if you choose TVML app, it will take you more time to grab up with TVML because this is a new concept. And for those who hasn't worked with JavaScript before, I think it will be also more time consuming to get used to it. And in my opinion, honestly, I'm much more comfortable to work on Swift more than on JavaScript. Because I got used to Swift or Authenticity when I worked with iOS. And also for Swift and Authenticity, I can easily use the breakpoint in Xcode. It's very useful when I want to debug. But on JavaScript, you don't have it. If you want to use breakpoint, it would be very hard to set it up. And also, one line on JavaScript is very long and very hard for us to observe the breakpoint. So therefore, I will continue with developing the custom Apple TV app on an existing iOS project. So our object is to build an Apple TV app with the least costs and assuming that we already have an iOS native project. Let's see what we can take advantage for TVOS. So basically for any iOS project, we can split it into four different layers. At the bottom, I have core framework and third-party libraries, which we use as an ingredient to make our own app. And then I have the next layer for our business logic. Generally, this layer is for the UI code. And in this layer, it will offer you some services we will use in apps like API service, payment service, deep-link handler, etc. And the top layer is a UI layer, it's particularly for UI code. So let's see with this structure what we can reuse for TVOS. So as I said before, because TVOS is very close to iOS, that's why most of the core framework and third-party libraries on iOS, they are also available on TVOS. For instance, I have IX with React Native, Alamo Fires with Glitches on, and many other awesome libraries that we are using every day on iOS, they all support for TVOS. So for the next layer, business logic layer, ideally, under the logic for both platforms, I think we should share together, because these makers can maintain and scale the business. We don't need to fix or change anything two times if this is the same. And for the top layer, the UI layer, actually we will not reuse much code in this layer, because iOS devices are very different to Apple TV devices. So the layout on iOS is also very different to TVOS. Hence we only need to reuse some of the base glass extension for example, if you have UI label extension or UI button extension, it's really the choice to share on the UI layer. So I really encourage you to isolate the business logic and the UI layer, because it will make our project become more structured, more organized, and more testable. So I have talked about the theory too much. I think now it's a help for me to show you a demo to see how it works in reality. So here I have prepared an iOS project. Let me quickly run it first to show the demo on iOS device. Okay, here I have a simple sample on iOS. One thing you see on the screen? Okay, thanks. So on the screen I have an iOS simulator and it has a very simple app. It just has 10 WWDC videos and when I click on any of them, it will just open the video player page. It has a scroll bar or you also can change the subtitle. Okay, this is a very simple one on iOS app. Let's quickly look at the project side to get the structure of the app. So here I have a folder which includes all of the resources I will use in app. Inside I already roofed all of the business logic classes in this folder. It's basically some model declaration or API or view model or data source. And the rest is just for app delegate to controller, collection view self, some storyboards. I also have another folder for a few unit tests that I have written. So my target right now is to build an Apple TV app on top of this project. To do that first I need to add the new target. So I just need to click on this plus button here and I select TVOS and then select single view app. So red next. So I will name it wwwc underscore TVOS to distinguish with the iOS one. So after I click on the finished button Xcode will automatically generate for me two new target here and two new folder here specifically for Apple TV. And if I click on the screen here there's also another alternative for me to select. So now I will try to run on Apple TV 4K simulator. I think for some of you guys here maybe the first time you see Apple TV simulator, right? And... Yeah, makes sense, right? And here is how it looks like. This is the Apple TV simulator. It's running on TVOS 12. So it is still empty because I didn't add anything into the Apple TV target. So let's try to add some injuries. As I said before, these need logic layer, this layer we should share between iOS and TVOS. That's why we move them out of the supporter and put in the same directory with iOS and TVOS. So now I will try to add them to Apple TV target by select on the term. So you open the sidebar here to add it, you just need to check on this top box. If you add to www.dc.score.tvos.get Now we will try to recompile again. Okay, it showed me an error, no search module, two details on. Which means that first the file was added into Apple TV target successfully. But it won't compile because I didn't add the dependency to TVOS. So now to add it, I just need to change a little bit here. Like, basically I just copy and paste this and change this to TVOS. This one also need to change to TVOS. And don't forget to change the test folder of the test target, sorry. But actually I'm not a fan of riveting a code like that. It makes us hard to maintain in the future. So instead I write a function for the share port. And instead of listing onto the library like this I can just use this. So imagine that in the future we have 10 or 20 libraries. You don't need to update the version one on one featuring each framework. So now we try to run port install. So after it runs successfully I will try to recompile the project again. Now it still throw me an error but this is a different one already. So which means the dependency we just recently added is successful. So the new error is because I don't have this video collection view self on Apple TV. So let me open the iOS one for you again. So here I have a class for video collection view self. But as I said, we will not share the UI on iOS and TVOS. That's why I will create another one for this. So I will add a new file. I just reduce the same name with this. Yeah, remember we only need to select one target here. So instead I have to prepare the code for this already. So basically it just has some UI elements and it have layout constants and also it will update the information when we have the view model. And I also need to update view controller as well to make it have something to work at the beginning. So as we quick show to you is just have data source declaration and collection view. And in viewDidLoad I will add the collection view into the view here. Also we will try to fetch some data at the beginning. So now we try to run again. So right now it not only can compile but it show the data for you already. It's quite simple, right? I didn't do much thing. I only need to declare some code for the UI just for the connection view and for the view controller. And now I already have the similar F which I already have on iOS. So it also has 10 video here and when I click on any of them it will bring the video player page for me. So in this page you also can like test the scope for yourself or if you want to change the subtitle it's also support for you. So very easy. So I just recently introduced you how easy it is to have an Apple TV app if you can have an iOS project with a very organized structure. But the current app only has 10 video. I actually prepare more data than that. The current app only fetch the first page of the JSON I prepared here. So now I will implement another new feature for evaluation. So to do that I just simply add the field line put in the data source. So my idea is very simple. When the connection view displays the cell which near the end I will try to fetch more data as long as we still have data to load. So now I will try to recompile again on Apple TV. Okay, now I will try to scrolling more on the right and you see it's not only show 10 for me anymore but is that a lot more. Until it cannot load more data it will keep loading and showing to you on the screen. So as I said before this class is a shared class featuring iOS and TVOS and I recently updated for TVOS which means it will have that new feature on iOS as well. So to demonstrate for you I will try to run it again on the iOS. Okay, now I will try to scrolling more down. Yeah, it show me more than 10 videos which means the code we recently add just only in one place but it affect in both place which mean in the future if you want to implement any feature you can just want to do it once so the logic code will be shared and you don't need to reimplement this on TVOS. For example we recently have the new feature like 3D VR that you need to update for all of the products, right? So to do it on the same way like that you don't need to re-combine you don't need to reimplement this in spectacular platform. So the last thing I want to share with you is about CSD actually it's very important because we are doing both platform in a single project we need to make sure that all of the change we made for a single project it won't break anything on the other platform. So here I have prepared a simple fast forward which inside I have a simple LAN test which we just run on the unit test that I have written. So to set it up for TVOS I can again just simply copy and paste from iOS I need to change it here and also here but again, repeating the code will make us not easy to maintain in the future so instead of listing the test LAN brighter then I will make you another option to do. So my idea is very simple so instead of you listing this particular platform for iOS and TVOS I just make them as the variable and I will take it from the array here because I already support for two platform run now, iOS and TVOS so for you if you want to support more platform for example watch OS or Mac OS or even Android you can just use this same format that it will automatically generate the LAN for you. So finally how to fire a LAN on TVOS basically when you want to run the LAN test here on iOS you can just run fast LAN sorry test right but actually this is the abbreviation because a fully one will be fast LAN iOS test but we declare the default platform as iOS that's why if we don't give the context for fast LAN it will pick the default one here to run the test so you can use this command to run on TVOS by run fast LAN TVOS test and if you implement the CI and you want to run both LAN in just single command I have another option here I create the global LAN here which the idea is also very simple it should pick each platform I put here and we will ask fast LAN to fire the LAN which the name will be similar with the one I put here then fast LAN will understand and will fire you put here for each platform so the last thing is that if you check the readme.md this file is automatically generated by fast LAN whenever you run any LAN it show me that under the available action I already have first is the test on which will run the test on both platform here and to fire this just run fast LAN test I also have a particular LAN for iOS and TVOS and to fire you can just run fast LAN IOS test or fast LAN TVOS test this is everything I want to show you in my demo so let's go back to the slide so to summarize to you I have three points what to highlight first Apple TV is a very potential market it keeps increasing 100% or 150% year after year and secondly Apple TV is adaptable which any kind of business not only for video or gaming and finally building and maintaining Apple TV app doesn't cost you too much especially if you already have an iOS project in fact making the custom Apple TV app will have you a chance to clean up the iOS project make it more organized, more structured and more testable so that's all I want to share with you today I think it's now time for anyone want to ask a question come on what is the most challenging thing that you have to do when you build a TVOS app actually because I built the TVOS app on top of the iOS one so we want to reuse a lot of code we want to reuse as much as possible because its makers can scale and maintain right so actually the current the own iOS one we are missing this string UI and logic code and it's not easy for us to split them out and make them reuse the logic code only I think this is the most challenging one when I face with when I work with Apple TV but on the other hand is give us make the project more organized and after that I also be able to write a lot of unit tests for the app so it's make it more reliable is the answer okay for you great great Eric, what do you have sorry, some of the he told us that the UI code is not usable entirely different but if you think that some of it could be you could use protocols or something like that just to you know use the same kind of thing so that it's more usable and yeah it's kind of be coupled that way that makes sense or is that practically not variable yeah actually I think yeah actually I think it makes sense so we also have kind of the protocol but it's basically for the action already for like the UI itself like just write a lot of protocol to set the size of the label on the size of the image on the color as well but you can have a protocol like when you type on this button right you can have the protocol to both of them go to the same logical so it will be a part of logical it will not be on the UI anymore so the layout will be very plain very simple just declare the view inside and how to interact with the user and that's all any video? okay I haven't tried snapkit but they said that React Native is available on tvOS but snapkit I haven't tried so yeah I think I will try and then maybe reply to you later alright very nice very nice presentation thank you


Now, Professor Eschak Oloyedi, John Bridgestron, has vowed to expose candidates caught in fraudulent acts during the board's examination. Oloyedi said that more than 10 candidates had written to the board to complain about their UTME results. He said that the candidates complained that their results were compromised and demanded a review or restitution. Hello, hope you enjoyed the news. Please do subscribe to our YouTube channel and don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


It's now time therefore for Member Statements, the member for Prince Edward of the Histories. Thank you Mr. Speaker. Earlier this month the City of Belleville lost one of its greatest citizens, one of its most beloved businessmen, and I lost a good friend. David Mackie was described in the media as a man that people turned to when they needed help. Everything that we think about when we think about small business people from personal service to active community support and philanthropy was central to the David Mackie that I knew. David got into the insurance business in 1965 in Sawyerville, Quebec. He founded Mackie Insurance Brokers in 1977 out of his basement with just 25 clients. Today Mackie Insurance has more than 5,000 clients and 12 full-time staff, a true small business success story in Quinty. To this day you'll see Mackie Insurance sponsoring local minor sports teams, you'll see them participating in major community events, and the people who work for David Mackie proudly tell you about the impact that he had on their lives. In his personal profile, David Mackie listed his family, his southern gospel music, and the Belleville Bulls as the things he enjoyed most, and that's where I got to know him. Over the more than 15 years I helped call Bulls Games, I talked to David Mackie countless times about our beloved bullies. He was always free with a friendly opinion about Kevin Lalone's rebounds, PK Subban slap shot, or what side of the power play that Jonathan Cheechew should be on. Last year I had the great honor to present David with a scroll commemorating his 50th year in the insurance business. Belleville lost an outstanding businessman, a tremendous citizen, and a good friend when David Mackie died. To his kids, Bruce, Paul, and Carol, and his grandchildren, know that David left his community a far better place than he found it, and we're all grateful to him. Thank you very much. Thank you. We're the members Davis, the members from Windsor to Coonsie. Thank you speaker. And at the end of my statement I will be asking for unanimous consent for a moment of silence to honor a great Canadian. Stop the clock please. I appreciate that from the member, but with his indulgence I'll wait until all the statements are done and then come back to me. Thank you. Thank you speaker. Howard Pauley was born in Brampton, Ontario. He moved to Manitoba when he was 17. Howard joined the NDP and was elected in the writing of Selkirk in 1969. As I recall, he spent most of that campaign laid up in the hospital with a bad back after a rear-end car accident. Premier Reg Schreyer, who by the way, was the first cousin of Adele Pauley, named him to his cabinet. Howard was the minister who introduced the public auto insurance bill to Manitoba. He became leader of the party in 1979, was elected Premier in 1981, replacing Sterling Lyon and speaker by coincidence, Sterling Lyon was born in Windsor, Ontario. During his first term, Howard Pauley in French language writes into law and he had to defend it all the way to the Supreme Court. He continued as a political warrior in the second term amid the national battles over the Meach Lake Accord and the Free Trade Act with the United States. He always fought for social justice and made sure that workers were paid fairly regardless of gender and he enshrined protection for sexual orientation in a Manitoba's Human Rights Code. Howard Pauley stepped down as Premier in 1988 and moved back to Ontario to teach at the University of Windsor in 1991. He was a man of outstanding moral fiber, he was kind and compassionate and he made an outstanding contribution to our political science faculty. He retired in 2000 but he kept active teaching when called upon at the university and active in many areas of social justice in our region. Howard Pauley was truly a man of the people, full of endless optimism speaker. He had blue eyes that just sparkled and the warmest smile you'd ever see. He helped our city restore order and controversy erupted at our public library board and I was delighted as a city councilor to join Howard on that committee. I was out of town when Howard passed during our winter break but I want to say to Adele and the family, thank you for allowing Howard to spend so much of his time serving our community. Speaker, as a final note, when he was the Premier of Manitoba, he'd like to remind us all that Canada had two serving premiers from Brampton because Bill Davis was the Premier of Ontario at the same time. Thank you Speaker. Thank you. Further Member Statements to Member from Ottawa or Leone. Merci Monsieur le Président. Last Friday I had the pleasure to attend the Mass Dinner of the 632 Phoenix Royal Canadian Air Cadets Quadrant in celebration of their 25th anniversary. More than 160 cadets are part of this quadrant based in Orléans. These young Canadians aged 12 to 18 participate in a very fun, challenging and rewarding activities. They learn valuable life skill and work skills such as teamwork, leadership and citizenship. I would like to congratulate their commanding officer Major Jonathan McCauley for his commitment and dedication to these exceptional young men and young women. It was enlightening to speak to some individual who at such a young age already show leadership and speaking attributes. I was especially touched by a young woman by the name of Ashton Ribble. She is the cadet representative of her squadron in the effective speaking program. Her speech topic was about the 100 year anniversary of women's right to vote in our country. And I found out on Monday that she won regional and will be moving on to provincials in April. All this to say that we do have a bright future with our youth in Ontario. And I thought it was important to specify this today as we show our commitment to eliminating Berlin. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. For the Member's Statements, the Member from Wellington, Hullton Hills. Mr. Speaker, last Friday morning I joined the Member for Burlington and the Member for Hullton at Hullton Regional Headquarters in Oakville. We met at the invitation of regional Chair Gary Carr. Also in attendance were senior staff of the region and the mayors of Hullton, including Mayor Rick Bonette. I wish to inform the House of some of the ideas and suggestions that were raised at the meeting. Hullton's response to the patient's first discussion paper must be carefully reviewed and considered by the Minister of Health before decisions on accountability and funding relationships between public health and the Linn's are made. The province needs to fulfill its commitment to cost-shared and 100% funded programs. We need changes to address ambulance offload delays and the implementation of the transfer of governance for the CCAC to Hullton region. We need to see that provincial funding assistance is available for Hullton's public housing plans. We need support for Hullton's $3.7 billion capital infrastructure plan. We need the province to be a supportive partner in Hullton's climate change mitigation programs. We need provincial approval and investment in a new Wilfred Laurier University campus in Milton. And we need recognition and understanding of the significant impacts the proposed CN Logistics Hub may leave on Hullton. Let us work together to make progress on these issues to ensure that the region of Hullton continues to be a great place to live, work, raise a family, and retire. Thank you very much, Mr. Speaker. Thank you. Thank you, Mr. Speaker. Today I want to take the opportunity to raise awareness about the importance of organ and tissue donation. I also want to tell you about a friend and a colleague of mine who just lost his 22-year-old son, Adam Prashaw. Adam was a brave and courageous young man diagnosed with epilepsy at a young age. He, like many of our children, didn't let that slow him down. He was fierce, stubborn, and independent. Despite two courageous brain surgeries, the epilepsy took Adam in the end. Adam drowned in a hot tub on Friday, January 22. Adam's family, his parents, siblings, his community of friends are still grieving this enormous loss. However, on Family Day last week, they received a letter from the Gift of Life Trillium Network confirming that the organs of Adam had saved four people in terminal stages of heart, liver, and kidney failure. Everyone who knew Adam, of his generous and caring spirit, this was so typical of Adam that even in his death he was given to others. Nothing can diminish the loss of your loved ones, but many families are confronted knowing they have given this life to others. This is a gift that we all can give, and a gift that hopefully our loved ones can receive. Currently, there are over 1,500 people in this province waiting to receive life organs, transplants, thousands more are waiting for life-enhancing tissue transplants. I want to send my deepest condolences to Adam's loved ones.  I encourage everyone here in this room to visit the website www.beadowner.ca and fill out your donor registration and consent form.  Thank you. Mr. Speaker, I'm pleased to stand in this house today to recognize Pinkshire Day. As we all know, a safe, inclusive, accepting school environment is essential for students to succeed in the classroom and beyond. That is why today, thousands of students and educators across Ontario and throughout the country will be recognizing Pinkshire Day. I'm proud to say many schools in my writing of Trinity Spadina will be embracing Pinkshire Day and its message of bully prevention and awareness. I want to take this opportunity to say to my daughter Emma and my son Matthew, who are studying at Laurelandstown Public School, I'm proud of you for the irrespective show to your fellow students and your teachers. Mr. Speaker, this important cause further students' acceptance and demonstrates leadership in the community. We know that bullying and intimidation has immediate impact on the well-being of our children and our youth and their ability to succeed in school. That is why the Pinkshire Day is so important. Mr. Speaker, I want to thank every member of this house today for their recognition and participation of Pinkshire Day and continue to promote the success and the well-being of all our students. Thank you, Mr. Speaker. Thank you for the members' attendance, the members from Nipissing. Thank you, Mr. Speaker. Students in my writing are again gearing up to challenge the world in the field of robotics. Team 1305, the Near North Student Robotics Initiative, will be launching their robot this week in advance of the North Bay Regional Competition being held at Nipissing University later in March. Some 33 teams, including two from China and one from New York State, along with others from Ontario and Quebec, will be locking their mechanical horns to see whose creation is superior. This year's theme is First Stronghold. Last year, Team 1305 or Ice Cubed, as they're also known, qualified for the World Championship in St. Louis last year after capturing the Chairman's Award. This is the 16th year for the Near North Student Robotics Initiative, and it wouldn't be possible without the volunteering, mentoring efforts of people in our community, like Anthony Cosiol and Bev Carmichael, both of whom were recognized with awards at last year's regional event in North Bay. Speaker, I'm looking forward to attending 1305's launch on Friday and witnessing the ingenuity and innovative skills our students in Nipissing have to offer. Speaker, they've also been huge mentors to our First Nations community in my writing and have encouraged them as well to enter teams in the last couple of years. It's been very exciting. I hope members of this House will take the time to get out and support their local robotics team in the weeks ahead. Thank you. So, to remember, say this, the member was from Scarborough's Southwest. I'm surprised today in highlighting two programs in my writing of Scarborough Southwest that recently received funding through the Ontario Trillium Foundation Grant Program. The Warden Woods Community Centre and Mural Roots have helped residents of my writing stay healthy, active and engaged in their community for many years, and this new funding will help them to continue and expand on their significant contributions. To speak, Mural Roots is receiving a grant of $565,000 over 35 months to help fund the Mural Art Learning Institute, known as Murali, and to improve upon its continuum of mural-making teaching programs. Warden Woods Community Centre is receiving a grant of $214,200 over 35 months to grow active boost, a program that promotes physical activity and healthy eating. Together, these programs will positively impact the lives of thousands of residents in Scarborough Southwest and beyond Scarborough Southwest. In the coming weeks, Mr. Speaker, I'll be visiting both Mural Roots and Warden Woods to celebrate new funding and to get a firsthand look at the incredible work that they're doing in the Scarborough Southwest community. These are two very deserving programs, Mr. Speaker. I'm thrilled to see them receive this vital support, and I very much look forward to seeing them continue to improve the lives of people in the writing of Scarborough Southwest and beyond. Thank you, Mr. Speaker. Thank you, Mr. Member of State. It's the Member from Glen Gary, Prescott Russell. Thank you. Thank you very much, Speaker, and I'm pleased to rise this afternoon to acknowledge another successful Ontario Good Roads Association and rural Ontario Municipality Association. Combined confidence down at the Royal York Hotel. You know, over the past three days, Speaker, I was proud to welcome nine mayors and two wardens and many councillors from my great writing at Glen Gary, Prescott Russell, who made the trip to Toronto again in 2016 to this important annual event. And as a former Mayor myself, Speaker, I know that this yearly conference is an excellent occasion for representatives from rural Ontario to highlight the issues and discuss policies that strengthen their communities and also the province. And over the course of these days, Speaker, ministers, parliamentary assistants, like Mecca Frans de la Lone from Ottawa Orleans, and members, we're able to hear about local investment and growth opportunities and priorities throughout my great writing at Glen Gary, Prescott Russell, ministers met with delegations from the town of Hawkesbury, East Hawkesbury, Village of Castleman, Nation Municipality, Township of Russell, Township of North Glen Gary, the city of Clarence Rockland, the Township of Alfred Plantas, Champlain Township, the United Counties of Prescott Russell, the United Counties of Stormont Bendaz and Glen Gary, and Eastern Ontario Wardens Caucus and the Mayor's Committee. Also the Nation Municipality. Speaker, it's always an honour to have Ontario's Premier attend this important conference and Premier win reaffirmed our commitment to providing Ontario's small and rural municipalities with expanded access to predictable, stable funding and building and repairing our roads, our bridges, our water and wastewater infrastructure. I'm proud of this government with the dedication and commitment to our municipal... Thank you. Gentle reminder that when I stand, you sit. With the indulgence of the member from Windsor to Cumpsey, he's seeking unanimous consent to use a moment of silence for the passing of his constituent. Do we agree? Agree. Please stand for everybody to do a moment of silence. In tribute to... Howard Pauly. Pauly. Thank you. Pretty soon.


Just a second. Good afternoon. I'm Peter Sharoschi, and this is Stories from the Frontlines, a live video series at Drug Reporter. The aim of this series is to give voice to those activists, professionals, and peers who are working in the Frontlines of harm reduction and see how programs respond to this crisis. Today, I have three guests with me from Portugal. Adriana Curado from GATS, a harm reduction organization based in Lisbon, José Keros from ABDESH, an organization based in Porto, and Huí Corinda Moraí from CASO, the Portuguese group of people who use drugs, and he's joining us from Vizio. So we have three people from three organizations, three cities, and hope three different perspectives on things. Good afternoon. Bon dia. Bon dia. Hi, bon dia. So the media reported that Portugal has been performing better than most of its neighbors in this crisis or managing this epidemic, let's say. So the story was much better than, for example, in Spain. So and now you are starting what you call, sorry for my Portuguese pronunciation, this confinamento, right? So it's like easing the lockdown measures. So do you agree that in Portugal, in general, it was a better management of this epidemic than in neighboring countries? I don't know. Can I start in a general way? It's OK. Thank you. So it's only to say that from my perspective, I think that in general, the health of the Portuguese system has proven and shown that we have very capable professionals and that they are able and they were capable to sacrifice themselves and to work in the front line. And we can consider the front line, I think in these particular cases, the hospitals, the streets, the health unit, everywhere where medical doctors and nurses and psychologists and social workers and peers were facing the COVID and they were facing this pandemic. And this is quite interesting. And then I will shut up myself because we are seeing that a health system that was being attacked, I'm honestly, that was being under pressure in the last, I would say, 10 years by the neoliberal economical approach. And that was being withdrawing, withdrawing of money and resources and not being properly a campaign by the Portuguese government and by the politicians in general. I think that it has shown to all of us, to society in general, that this is one of the main pillars of a democratic society, to have a public health system that can reach everyone and that can be the last support that can still sustain people's lives. So for me, that was a very important thing that we could learn and can learn with this COVID crisis in general. OK. The others, do you have anything to add to this, the general picture? Well, I could say that on the more micro level on the streets, I feel that civil society moved pretty quickly and mobilized. And I saw this kind of energy beyond the limits because especially our reduction was under a lot of pressure and chronically disinvested. And so I saw kind of real people giving the best to keep services and OST programs running and people assessing at least a minimum care. And so globally, I think it was great to see this mobilizing and seeing all teams and all projects coming together. It was energizing. But at the same time, I think that the state is still very slow moving and is in fact asking some of their own things they should do. They are asking civil society that they have chronically not invested. And on top, they are asking civil society to continue to be like superheroes and we count with you on the front line. And this, I think, is not a good way to prepare for a second wave, for instance. So I'm a bit, globally, I think it was nice to see all the channels of communication appearing and people mobilizing. But I'm a bit afraid of a second wave. I want to say that it was never so clear that arm reduction services are essential services. And this was very clear during the pandemics. And of course, as Keroz said, the role of the national health services were reinforced, of course. And we all know that we should invest more in the health system. But nevertheless, we saw some difficulties in accessing conventional health and social services during the pandemics. And here, I think the arm reduction services were even more important in ensuring continuity of care and in linking people to the services. So this was very, very clear. And I agree that we rapidly reorganized the services. And we were able to keep the services open. And even in some cases, to expand the services and have new services coming, like naloxone in the community, for the first time in Portugal, became available in arm reduction teams. Here in Lisbon, for example, the city opened four emergency centers for homeless people. But of course, including a very inclusive approach, including people who use trucks and staff and volunteers from these emergency shelters were trained to overdose prevention with naloxone, with nasal naloxone. So this was new. And I think there are a lot of positive aspects in the integration of arm reduction services in other, for example, shelters that was done very, very quickly and I think with the very positive outcomes. And even, I think, outcomes in terms of stigma were positive in the sense that we reduced some stigma of people who use trucks during this crisis, because it was very, very, very easy to integrate these services and to recognize that some people are still using drugs or are using drugs. And we need to have very pragmatic responses in place. And this was amazing. So to stress that arm reduction played a very important role, not only providing arm reduction services, but in linking people to other services in a time that is even more difficult for people to use drugs to access the conventional health services or social services. So can I add something, Peter, sorry for this, because I want to, let's say, to underline that I see and I perceive arm reduction services as a part of the public health system. So I think there is no distinction for me between the traditional and classic health provider services and those one that were provided by us in the real context outside on the street. So for me, it belongs to the same system. But of course, arm reduction, as you were saying, was always and still is the poor relative of the family. And of course, people from arm reduction were capable to resist. And I agree with you and the other one that they were saying that we were capable to rebuild ourselves, to renovate ourselves. And why is that? From my perspective, because we are used to live in hard conditions, used to work in very stressed conditions. So let's say that pandemic, it was nothing completely new for professionals and for peers working on the street. And of course, because we are this extreme important pillar of health public services, I think that, and I want to underline that Adriana was now saying, that we were showing that we are the ones that still remain with the people using drugs, with the people suffering, with the people having HIV, with the homeless people. We are still remaining there side by side with them when it's possible. And the second thing, and I think that that's quite interesting and underlining once again the animal giving a different perspective that we are bringing inside the traditional system, the low threshold approach that we spend all the time defending. And that means, of course, fighting stigma. That means respecting the patterns of use of drugs that people have. That means to have a more humanistic approach. And I think that we can gain and this can be an opportunity to us to, let's say, to change a little bit the classic system to work with people using drugs. It's always interesting to speak about harm reduction in Portugal because that is an image shown in the international press about Portugal, which is like a model country. It's very successful drug policy. Drug use is decriminalized. So looking from other countries, it sometimes looks like an ideal country with ideal drug policies. But when you are speaking, you were saying that you are not very much satisfied with the situation before the crisis. So we could not say that that was a kind of normal situation that you would go back to, right? So it's like, can you just explain it? So what were the main problems with harm reduction in the first place? So even before this crisis happened. I don't know. Shall I start? Do you start? So you know, it's a huge fight. You know it quite better or quite well. But I would say a part of it and then I will pass to the world to other colleagues so they can have different perspectives. So but one of them, it was always, I think, one of them it was a structural problem. It was connected with funding. As you know, the Portuguese state and the other key actors that wanted to buy, let's say, harm reduction services to provide them to the vulnerable population, the population living in vulnerable situations, they were funding this only at 80%. So there was always a lack of 20% that could help us to sustain these services that could help us to pay a proper salary to the professionals. So and this is still there. We still have the problem with the funding and we want to use once again these, let's say so-called opportunity to reinforce the importance of sustainability of our services. That's one. And the second one, and I hope that Michaelis could complement this part, is about a structured dialogue with the state. So there was always a kind of opportunity to create channels, to debate and to establish a dialogue with the Portuguese state, especially with some health authorities, but was never in a very structured and continuous way. And I think that now we can have once again the opportunity to establish this continuous channel that could leave the opportunity to exchange back practices, to exchange different visions and to exchange different perception coming from civil society and community and the key actors of the state. But I'm pretty sure that maybe Adriana can tell us a little bit about the new development. Yeah. So I completely agree. So what we saw during these pandemics and it was that the National Army Reduction Network was moved into a more important role at national level. It was reinforced this role. And there is a new environment, let's say, and a new dialogue with the governmental agency. And this is very interesting because we were already there. And now there is a more, there is a more ongoing dialogue and conversation. And some of the old claims of our organizations in terms of the armed action response, some of the old claims and some of the new claims related to the crisis were finally taken into consideration. And we think these can speed up some changes. I already talked about Naloxone, but there are also crack pipe distribution that it was never funded by the state and other changes that we need to make, not only during the pandemics, but we think that some changes were already needed. So there is this conversation. It's that now it's more easy to propose and to be heard, to have a voice. Of course, we are a little bit worried with the post-pandemic, if we are going to keep this dialogue and if we will be able to sustain and to these type of changes. And I also give an example. I think it's not only important. We need to change the way opioid substitution treatment programs work because usually it's very punitive on a very restrictive approach. And we need to change the rules to make it more low threshold approach and more accessible. And during the pandemic, some of these rules were changed, but we need really to change a lot of things. It's not only during the pandemic. So we need to ensure that this dialogue and these negotiations and we need to be more recognized as a response, as professionals, of course. So we are a bit afraid to go back after the pandemic to the same place that we were before. So it's a concern of our mediation people, let's say. So I don't know if who wants to ask. Well, yeah. Well, I totally agree with both of you on the sustainability issue and on the this accomplishment of having a structured channel of communication. I think this is... But again, I think that for a country that had decriminalized, I think that there is a more profound structural way of working that doesn't mean meaningfully involve the actors on the field. Not only our reductionists, but also community. There's maybe because of having the longest leadership in Western Europe. But I think that civil society is gaining day by day much more influence. But still we have a lack of real participation and nevertheless, in this pandemic, revealed this fragilities, but at the same time, revealed the energy that our reductionists and the community can have when a thing like this happens. So I'm not only worried with the post pandemic, but I'm still a bit worried on the second wave, on the probable second wave, because I think that there are still a lot of differences from city to city. And Lisbon, I guess, found a very nice way of shelter, of different levels of security of shelters and of specific public centers, shelters for trans, for people using drugs, the different kinds of solutions, but this doesn't happen across the country. And I feel that other cities will still have a lot of difficulties if a second wave with the same or more intensity comes. Then I feel, I think that if we're planning for the decade for the sustainable development goals, so many things we're planning for the decade, I think that there would be now a really good chance because of what the pandemic revealed to really unite and build a public national system that really addresses these more pragmatic and humanistic fields. So I hope things will go that way. I'm also afraid that in some way the second wave and we'll bring another lockdown and the second lockdown for users on the streets will be total genocide or something like that. Can you also talk a bit about how this crisis affected people who use drugs, so what was the effect and maybe also what changes you see in the market on the streets, drug prices or availability? Okay, so there had been already a shortage on cannabis then it appeared before the pandemic and then now with the pandemic there's, it's very difficult to find cannabis. There's lots of laced products, but good cannabis, it's very expensive. You can find a grant for 20 euros or something, in some places, for instance, if you go to the interior where I live because of the risk of traveling with the drugs, dealers will put an extra money, so in the interior, drugs cost almost always the double but on the major cities, things kept accessible and the prices didn't go up and strangely in the first moment, there was a feeling among users that the quality even had gotten better. It's not the case anymore, the quality is not so good now and the prices are the same and it's accessible, but during the lockdown it was very hard because of people traveling, you had to have a friend in Uber, motorbike or something, lots of schemes had to be invented, people had to have a dog or a pet to go to the streets and so it was not so easy and the informal economy stopped, so people that lived parking cars, begging on the streets, they got completely isolated and alone, people saying, well, I hope Corona got me and I go to a shelter or I go to a hospital because my life like this, I don't want to live, so there were very desperate situations, also there was places where people kept gathering, places with no ventilation, but as we still don't have a dry consumption room, lots of places became overcrowded very quickly, so I guess that we need to put our mid-action answers in these places, on the places where people are really using on the backs of the cities and I guess that peers and frontline our mid-actions can be, are the only ones that are capable of doing this properly in the short term. Yeah, thanks. Yeah, go ahead there. Yeah, so that's why I was thinking that we really need to create this alliance between peers or the community of people using drugs and professionals of harm reduction. I think that once again, we have the opportunity to learn with the past experience that we had in some countries like France, Italy, the Netherlands, even Portugal and so on, where peers were working side by side with professionals delivering the services, learning with each other, exchanging practices and knowledge and that we have a project called peer to peer when we try to map this kind of experience and we try to translate this in new opportunities and new pilots to be developed, for example, in Eastern countries. But I think that even now in Portugal, we need to come back once again to these old stories, to these old lessons and try to implement new projects where the peers and the community could and should have a major role addressing their own community. And I think that, for example, what we have learned about pipes in the last months with people from cows and the community, it was amazing. Because, for example, it was once again, showing us how the Portuguese model, the so-called equalization model and even the harm reduction model in Portugal are totally based in this heroin model approach. So everyone is talking and it was writing and it was preparing the kids only for people that were shooting heroin, basically. And there was always a kind of demanding and a complaint from community and even from professionals from harm reduction say we need to improve and to enlarge our kids. We need to, for example, include pipes and include other kind of paraphernalia so that you can address and cover all kinds of using that we have seen here in Portugal. And now finally, with COVID, we start to talk about the introduction and the new definition, let's say, the rearrangement of the kids, the kids that we are delivering to the people. And of course, peers and community, they have a major role helping us to talking about and to choose and to define what are the best pipes to buy and to introduce in this case. But I don't know if Michael, if they want to add something to that, because it was, I think, a very interesting experience. Yeah, yeah, I agree totally. And peer-to-peer is a good example. I have to say on how this combination can be quicker, safer, and very pragmatic to reach to where our reduction is needed. And on the kids, I agree that injectors have decreased a lot. And in fact, we have lots of crack smokers. And we have no kids specific for other drugs. So this pandemic, I think revealed, for instance, we say to people, wash your hands. But people that are on the streets don't have where to wash their hands. So why not develop IGNIC and kids and for the place of use and for sex workers? So I guess this pandemic also revealed that this model of a unique kid for all that doesn't address, you know, we should have mouth pieces for cannabis users, different kinds of models. And because people still share the joints. So I think that the channel that has been opened can help us to put this grassroots questions, these questions that we feel on the streets and finally try to inform the ciders. So this was very, very interesting to see. I think it's very important that you mention peer-to-peer and peer involvement because it's coming up from each episode stories from the front lines that in countries where there is a strong peer involvement, there are like now breakthroughs in harm reduction and treatment during the epidemic. So some of the barriers are broken down and really in those countries where the peer community is strong, these changes are happening in a much better level and faster level. So you mentioned that there are regional differences in Portugal about access to treatment. And as far as I know, you only have one drug consumption facility right now in Lisbon, is that still the case? Yes, it's the case. It's the mobile unit. It started last year and it's planned in Lisbon, we will have two fixed location drug consumption rooms coming probably this year, but this was already planned before. So let me say something about the peers, of course. Here in our teams in GATT, of course, we have peer workers and we are always advocating for the participation of peers at all levels, not only at service provision, of course, but of course we need to, because of course we need to strength the ability of peers to organize, we need a stronger movement from the community, of course. But just to say that this is, our services are involved in peers and the drug consumption room is also have peer workers. And during the pandemics, we managed to expand the service, as I said, we are in new locations of the city, also because there are some new locations that need the drug consumption room, but also because these new shelters, so the mobile drug consumption room is also supporting the activity of these new shelters. And this is very important because this type of response is being more and more accepted by other professionals, but also by the community, by the neighborhoods. And this is very, very important. In Lisbon, it has been a very positive experience of implementing the drug consumption room. And we have been, but of course this was made in a participatory approach in negotiating with all types of partners, including neighbors and local associations. And we are having a very, very positive experience and a lot of support from all kinds of partners. And it's even more clear during the pandemics that we need to continue to operate and to expand to new locations. And that's it. Let me say a bit about the life of people who use drugs in the streets, what we have seen here in Lisbon. It's not clear yet the drug pattern, how these impact the drug use patterns. We have different people saying different things. For example, we saw some people managed to stop using drugs during the pandemic, but they had difficulty in accessing treatment services. So treatment services were at least in Lisbon not accepting new clients. And this is very problematic. And even for old clients, let's say, they were not having only online or telephonic appointments. And they reduced a lot their activity, the treatment centers. And we saw more people asking to enter methadone programs and this was mainly done in arm reduction services. So people entered low threshold methadone programs in arm reduction services. But treatment services were really hard to reach for people who use drugs. We saw also, and we already mentioned, the informal economy was shut down and a lot of support for people who use drugs in the streets disappeared. So people have less money. And in that sense, we think that we might have a reduction in drug use because people don't have less money to buy drugs, but it's not clear. If this also implies some riskier patterns, for example, injecting more changes in the route of administration, we don't know also if people are using other substances. We see some benzodiazepine injection, some increase in the benzodiazepine injection because it's easier to get the pill and the shipper. We also see that prices of crack cocaine and heroin remain more or less the same. Prices are more or less stable, but it's unclear if quality is the same. Some people refer and report less quality in crack cocaine, for example, but for heroin, people say that the quality is more or less the same, but we are not sure about this. There are a lot of studies going on, surveys and other studies. So I think we will know more in the coming month. One other aspect is that drug use is more, especially during the lockdown, it is more visible in the streets and for users and for dealers. People are reporting more police harassment, so more action from the police because these are the only people in the street in the middle of the night, for example, so it's easier to spot the selling and drug use in the street. We are also seeing more tension and more violence affecting people who use drugs in the streets because there is less money. Some people are also not accessing some other essential services, food, housing, et cetera, so there is more tension and more violence in the street. I think women again are among the most affected by these women who use drugs and women who are in the street are even more affected by all these environments. We know that during the lockdown, less sex work, but riskier sex work was happening and women were exposed to violence in this context also. But we still don't know all the impact of the pandemic, but we are seeing, and now with the easing of the lockdown measures, let's see what is going to happen. So, Peter, can I add something to this sex work issue? Because there was a movement of people having sex work or professionals of sex that are reclaiming, particularly in these periods, or reinforcing the need to have this work, this acknowledgement as professionals of sex, let's say. And because it remains as an informal, not acknowledged profession by society, so it gets impossible to them to achieve and to reach grants or grants in particular, public grants from the state. So they don't have any kind of support, any kind of money subsidy, so they can face this crisis in particular face the decrease of sex activity or the decrease of the clients that are not looking for them anymore because they want to protect because they have afraid and so on. So that once again, this show has our importance, this movement, this political fights that we have, that reclaim sex work as a profession, as a work, once again as a pillar and an importance that could save people lives in the future because they can be protected or not being protected by the state in crisis times. So I think it's very important, the second one and the kind of derivation is the fact that we are also seeing that teams that are delivering methadone for two, three, four days, so people can take this methadone in a self-regulated way at home, most of them they are capable to have this adjust and self-regulated behavior. So most of them are capable to be autonomous and to be competent in the way they administrate methadone to themselves. And this is quite interesting once again because it shows us that a great large, or yes, a great large of the people that are being providing of methadone by the teams that can do self-regulation at home and their own places. There is no need to force them, to oblige them to come to the ban or to come to the health structures to make this methadone use by medical observation. There is no need, there is no meaning on that, honestly. So once again, it shows that we can and we should rely on people that they are capable, most of them they are capable to cope with their own lives and to cope with their own medicines, even if that medicine is called methadone. So that's something that we are learning and I hope that this could be, let's say, be reinforced and could change the mind setting of some of our health professionals in Portugal. We got three quite interesting questions from those people who are watching us in the comments. So one is that whether you know if people from the drug user community get infected with COVID, so do you have any information about that? And then if CASO or other organizations that prepare any materials or informational leaflets for people who use drugs. And the third one is also interesting like because we were speaking about the peer opinions and peer views and does the policy makers hear the voice of peer? So are there any ways how you can make sure that they hear the voice of the people who use drugs? Thank you. Well, there's indirect evidence of the impact of COVID. We don't really know people, some people disappear. We don't know if this is, because population is very flexible, mobile. But we are sure, for instance, just to go back to this methadone issue that I think it's also very important because traditionally it has been used as a way of control, a punitive approach. And I guess that some professionals even with the changing of the law kept in their mindsets, this kind of approach. And indeed there are several, most people can be supported to manage their own self use. And at the same time, the services didn't provided enough risk management on, I have some friends that inject methadone and taking two weeks methadone to home, this can bring a high risk of being or a risk of using the methadone in two days and then not having methadone for the rest of the two weeks. So the services clearly weren't ready to give this accompaniment to the beneficiaries of the treatments. I guess that harm reductionists, teams and peers kind of did these parts that the services didn't and harm reductionists try to complement and do that part. We did the, in fact, the campaign, a European EuroInput campaign with leaflets on information reviewed by a university. And then we translated into all languages and we were giving, and also some drug reporter, the first ones I think it was drug reporter leaflets that we printed and went to the places of use and take some information. But for a small organization that is not invested by the government and that is not invested properly on a sustainable way to have a continuous voice of users, we also are very dependent on these allies, on our reduction teams that can go with us, they're where we can bring the leaflets, so lots of difficulties. And again, going a little back on what Adriana was saying on the, there was an expansion of where harm reduction is useful, so low-treasured thinking and harm reduction proved to be very useful on shelters in different contexts, but at the same time, I think that as it was an area under invested for so many years in the second wave, maybe Lisbon is already very ready, but I think that most of Portuguese cities are not ready for the second wave, we are better prepared in terms of information and we will not do some mistakes we did on the first wave even when we had already the good information, still some organizations were doing some not so good practice, but now we have the good information, but I'm not sure that all teams have the proper investment to get ready for the second wave, to have a mirror team, to have all the important things that can keep the teams on the front line because when the teams stopped working seven days and went to contingency plans and working two, three days a week, we could see in some parts of Porto, for instance, users being beaten by the local neighborhood people and events that wouldn't happen if there were more eyes on the streets and if arm reduction teams were there. Thank you. The others maybe want to add something also on this issue of how we can make sure that the peer voice is better heard. So I think of course some of the structural problems of arm reduction and arm reduction in the larger, not only service, but people who use drugs remain and one of the structural problems in Portugal is participation. I think we must keep advocating for more participation of the arm reduction movement, not only service providers, but people who use drugs as well and peer workers and we must continue this fight, let's say. Let me say that the National Arm Reduction Network also includes CASU, also includes CASU. So we are all together fighting for better services, better policies and also for the recognition of peer work, for example, or the recognition of the arm reduction professionals because they are not recognized as well. So I think we must continue. So let me say that we are also very much concerned, not only a second wave, but the huge social and the economic crisis that is coming. This is very relevant also because we have a fresh memory from the crisis, the economic crisis some years ago. It's still fresh. And we know that the way the national governments and European at European level as well, the way the last crisis was, it was not good for the most vulnerable people. So we see that unemployment, access to social benefits, access to health, this was all impacted by the social and economic crisis. So we are afraid of what is coming and what will be the response of national governments and also European commission and all this. So it can be worse than the pandemics, in terms of lives. So we are a bit concerned. Yeah, I think that Adriana, she said that this social and economic crisis is coming and I said she's already here. And so and we can see the way that the money is not the money that should come from social protection that the Portuguese state is saying that is delivering to the people is not reaching in fact the people, it's not reaching the enterprises, it's not reaching the people that are losing their work, it's not reaching families and so on. And of course, the last ones of the chain and I would say a little bit about them, I'm not a reduction professionals and I'm not being, I'm not victimizing myself. And then we have, of course, the most vulnerable ones or people living in the most vulnerable situations. So the people living in homeless situations, sex workers, people that are releasing from prisons, the people using drugs, the foster childs and so on. They will be always the last ones in the chain. And of course, they will be always the last one, you know, receiving any kind of social protection coming from society in general. And you can see, for example, that the way that the European Union was designing before the crisis, was designing the support to the social cohesion and in particular to people living in these deprived conditions was not even considered, for example, people suffering and living with HIV was not considered in drug users related problems, was not considered homeless people. And that was already a main concern for all of us. So I think that now, you know, with that, with this idea that, with this fact that Adriana was underlining that the social and economical crisis is coming, that it's already here, I would say that we have another one that came to my mind now. It's, you know, about nationalism. It's about, you know, the idea that we can lose our international connections, that we can lose our international movement, that it can lose, you know, our international community interconnect, interconnection. I think that one of the things that we have learned with the harm reduction movement and with peer movement, so on, it was that when we were capable to surpass and to across our frontiers, our borders, and we were, you know, open to learn with each other experience from other countries, we were reinforcing ourselves as a community and we will reinforce ourselves as an international community with a proper identity that was capable to defend themselves, you know, from the most, let's say, conservative and authoritarian governments, as for example, you are facing in Hungary. And I'm really afraid that, you know, we can forget that and we can, you know, stay day by day in our national concerns and, you know, not realizing that when we are together, you know, this kind of international movement, we are stronger. So one of the things that I really hope is that COVID and pandemic situation and economical crisis will not, you know, push us to the interior of our frontiers and to the fear and to the oppression that comes with nationalism. So I really hope that we can fight that and we will not forget to stay with each other and stay together. So that's one of the lessons, not a lesson, but kind of a warning that I would say, you know, that I would like to underline once again. That's actually a nice kind of closing remark also, but we are approaching the end of our one hour. You know, as a historian, I often wonder actually if we can speak about crises in history or maybe, you know, crisis is just the normal state of our society and it is just interrupted by short periods of peaceful times or stable periods. So yeah, do you have any other like closing remarks, recommendations which you would maybe don't want to miss the opportunity to tell to other harm reduction people in other countries or policymakers? If any of you have, just please go ahead. Well, I would recommend to read the letter open letter of Ariel from Norway. He was one of the first guys to claim attention and alerts to peers and to users. And in fact, the most vulnerable people are not very well connected to the systems. So I guess crisis can mean also this opportunity to build the channels of communication, to include the peers in these platforms of harm reduction teams and so that the step by step we keep together because what Keros was saying, I feel it's very important that this togetherness keeps driving our movement. Okay, thank you very much, Adriana Jose and Hui for being with us and thanks to those who were watching us from home on Facebook. And this was stories from the front lines of Drug Reporter and I hope next week we also have a video session and this time about French harm reduction. Please follow us on Facebook and Twitter to find out more about the next episodes of this show. Stay informed and stay safe. Goodbye. Bye. Bye. Thank you.


The study explores the potential use of natural fiber-reinforced composites, NFC, for various industrial applications and analyzes the mechanical and web behavior of three different NFCs, Prosopis Giuliflora, PJ, Buliton Indicum, AI, and Tapsi, T, fibers in straw form. Composites were fabricated using hand-layup method with 28% fiber content for each composite. Mechanical tests like tensile, flexural, and impact were performed along with tribological tests. Web tests were conducted on pin-on-disk test set up with varying process parameters like sliding speed and applied load up to a maximum distance of 3000 m, SEM analysis was also performed on the fractured and worn-out samples to understand the bonding behavior, failure, and material removal mechanism of the three NFCs. Prosopis Giuliflora fiber showed improved mechanical and web behaviors compared to the other two NFCs. This article was offered by P. Venkateshwar Reddy, Anvi Sikumar Reddy, P. Rajendra Prasad, and others. We are article.tv, links in the description below.


Alrighty, so I have the first giveaway winners to announce today. So I'm going to try and pronounce your guys' names. It is out of no disrespect that I'm gonna mispronounce them. A lot of these names, a lot more difficult to pronounce than I thought. So give away winner number one is Jason Vant Hulinar. Again, I will put the proper names on the screen as well in case I'm completely mispronouncing them. Number two is Lucas Kiran. Number three is Brad Crow. Number four is Matt Killian. And number five is Deacon Fraser. Again, the names will be on the screen as well.  And obviously I would prefer Facebook. Actually, let's make it Facebook's because the contest was taking place on Facebook. So on Facebook, reach out to me. My name is Brendan Cross. You know, I posted amusement insiders on Facebook. Reach out to me and then we'll organize shipping to your address and all that later on in the month when we ship out all the prizes for the giveaways. So the next giveaway will be tomorrow. In the video tomorrow, I will announce the giveaway and it'll be kind of the exact same thing. You'll see giveaway on Facebook and that's how you'll enter. Anyways, thanks so much for entering into our contest. This was me trying to like be all cool. I had a fog machine going for the giveaways when I was drawing them and it was a complete disaster. My entire apartment completely fogged up and I regret it. But anyways, I thought I'd show it just to show you guys that we did the draw. And as you can see down there, we have some of our Yukon Stryker metal carving pieces that we'll be giving away later on in the month once we hit 10K and we'll have a couple of those and we have some surprise ones as well. Anyways, thanks so much for participating in our giveaways. Again, we will be doing more of these. So tomorrow there'll be another one with another five winners. Thanks so much guys and thanks for watching our videos. Don't forget to give our videos a like, subscribe if you haven't and share them for others to enjoy. Have a good one guys, bye.


perovskite containing solar cells were fabricated using a two-step process involving the deposition of lead iodide, PBI2, followed by conversion into the CH3 and H3 PBI3 perovskite. The device performance was found to be optimized when the dipping time was kept under 15 minutes, with the best results achieved after 15 minutes. This was attributed to the presence of Rennet PBI2, which acted as a blocking layer between the titanium dioxide semiconductor and the perovskite, thereby reducing charge recombination. Additionally, the presence of larger perovskite crystals at the interface between the whole transporting material and the perovskite was observed, which was also attributed to the Rennet PBI2. This article was authored by D&H Chow, Konstantinos C. Stumpos, Christos D. Maliakas, and others.