Okay, thanks everybody for coming, actually I'm planning to turn not the whole conference but at least the conference theme a little bit from head to feet. So I'm also focusing like on development policy and climate change rather than on climate change and development policy. And that obviously is inspired by the Arab awakening, which really brings a lot of change to the whole region. But still I'm trying to point to the linkages between Arab awakening, development policy, more specifically I'm going to focus on food security and then also bring the climate change into the picture. Let me give you a brief overview and instead of bullet points I decided why not put a couple of pictures there. So there's still a big question of why the Arab awakening happened, what are the consequences and so on and there are a lot of theories out there. And I'm just going to focus on two of our recent studies at IFPRI. One is looking at data issues, whether or not you know the whole rather optimistic picture that has been shown in terms of rapid economic growth and so on is actually also reflected in the data and if so how is that possible. Then we're going to look at the broader kind of picture in terms of conflict. There's a lot of uprisings ranging from protests to war. So we're going to look to the history with cross-country regressions and to see how the Arab awakening food security and potentially high food prices then related also to climate change may have impacted that. Then we're going to look at climate change. We have done three country case studies in Tunisia, Syria and Yemen just reporting a few of those results using CGE models and then I would also like to present you some of our future plans. To most people the Arab awakening came as a big surprise. Nobody really expected what was going on. Official numbers looked good so there was not a real indication of an uprising coming. The thing that we did first is let's take a look, revisit a lot of the numbers that are out there and if you look at official poverty rates for example you will see a rather optimistic picture poverty in the region is relatively low. Even more so if you look at Gini coefficients from the World Development Indicators or from any government website you will also see well everything is fine. I mean Egypt if you trust the numbers is a more equal society than Switzerland with a Gini coefficient of 0.2 or something. So you know even from that you start to kind of question some of the numbers. But more specifically we compare two things to get a grasp of how pro-poor was growth in the past. To your left you see a graph that shows on the x-axis the number of poor people on the y-axis you see per capita income. The upper line shows you the world trend and obviously you see the higher per capita income the more poverty goes down that's to be expected. However if you look at the Arab world which is the black line down there you will see that actually growth has been more pro-poor in the Arab world than in the rest of the world. If you go to anybody familiar with the region would say there must be something wrong here and we also did some cross-country regressions to show that this cannot possibly be the case. Now to show perhaps a more realistic picture we also look at alternative development indicators and in that case we focus on child malnutrition in terms of stunting why it captures multiple dimension plus it's available for all the countries from demographic and health surveys. Now if you believe child stunting is a good proxy for poverty then you will also come to the conclusion well maybe growth was not all that pro-poor after all because you see on that right hand graph there the relationship is exactly the other way around. So growth in the rest of the world was better for improving nutrition than in the Arab world. So there's a lot of doubt on the data front. In addition you know we all like researchers look at different data sources so there's another great data source especially when it comes to coverage and recent data which is the Gallup world poll. So what we did now starting from 2005 ranging until 2011 we use the question from the Gallup world poll and as you know that's a perception based survey it's conducted twice every year in all the countries in the world representative on the national level. So one of the questions they are asking is how satisfied are you with your standard of living another question is did you at any point in time over the last year have enough food to eat. So you could think of the first question as a welfare indication the second one as a food security kind of indication. Now if you plot both of them and this is just the standard of living question you will see on the x-axis again it's the percentage of dissatisfied people then on the y-axis again per capita income then the size of the bubble tells you something about the number of dissatisfied people and the color tells you something about the change over time. Now first of all you see that as expected with growing income the percentage of dissatisfied people goes kind of down but still if you look at the colors you see a lot of orange and red even on the right hand side and so in many of those countries with with riots and revolution Egypt, Yemen and so on you could have actually told by the data that there is something going on in terms of the people being unhappy. Now we are not saying that economics is all that played a role of course if we look at the Tahir Square pictures there's a lot about dignity justice and so on but I think we are safe to say that economics also played a role. Now coming to food security intuitively it's clear that food security high food prices play a role but what we did again to bring some empirical evidence to the to the table we looked at data from 1960 to 2010 and we run a cross-country regression in terms of conflict event in the whole region and then the major determining factors. Now Collier and Hoofler and others find that in the global sample economic growth and income play a big role in terms of determining conflict and we just wanted to see if the same holds true for the Arab world and coming back to our previous argument that economic growth didn't trickle down to the poor and the people and we were just curious to see how that plays out. Now without going into much detail about this paper of my colleague Maistat and you see the link for all the details there it emerges that food security really played a major role in causing conflict over the last 50 years in the Arab world. Now again this data doesn't include data set from the Arab Awakening itself but it's just another indication looking forward for a successful transition avoiding conflict it seems to be critical for policymakers to address the food security issue and by the way we tested an indicator of food security more at the national macro level and more as on the household level and they both are highly significant but talking about food security and you know slowly but surely I'm getting to the climate change but really I think all of these three things are interrelated and it's important to capture them all. So this is our food security framework not only for Arab countries but in general and I don't want you to like look at the whole thing or I don't run you through the whole graph but it's just important to notice that we put a lot of emphasis on the macro level or national level of food security and the micro level. In terms of macro level and if we think indicators and quantitative analysis we're using an indicator that is a ratio of the total food imports to total exports plus remittances because as you may know in the region still especially older people think food security in terms of self-sufficiency and here we make a strong statement that food security and self-sufficiency have very little to do with each other as expressed in that indicator as well. In fact all the Arab countries are net food importers and agriculture potential in most countries is rather limited. So some of our major messages in terms of food security is rather than only looking at agriculture and trying to increase productivity we need to look at that in a much more broader sense and that has to include trade that has to obviously include economic growth that has to include especially on the micro level also things like health education and nutrition at the same time. Now what we have done is we mapped out those indicators on the macro and micro level and so here you obviously see that most of the oil exporting countries like Libya and the Gulf countries but also others like Iran since they have high revenues from exports there shouldn't be any big issue in terms of being able to import food. However there's also a micro dimension to food insecurity and here again we use that indicator that I was talking about child malnutrition and you can see the colors are pretty different between countries that have a macro issue that means being able to import food slash produce food at the same time and the nutritional situation of households and specifically children which obviously has a lot of policy implications. So broadly speaking if the country has a macro issue then obviously you need very different policies and investment than countries with a micro issue of things and just brief a comment on the methodology. We use a global sample of countries and then we divide all the countries in quintiles both for the macro and micro indicator and we rank them from low to extremely alarming on a global sample that's important to note. Okay so now coming to climate change and we had this in the previous session just very briefly I mean there are you could think of biofiscal impact and you could think of economic effects. So biofiscal is more frequent droughts and floods sea level rise and then yields that come from changes in temperature and yields and so on and then economic impacts could be on the budget could be changing prices etc. So now what we have done and we have discussed this before in the session rather than only looking at the local let me run you through this rather than only looking using a CGE model to assess the impacts within the country we also say okay food security plays a very important role in Arab countries there most of them are net food importing countries so surely what happens in the rest of the world should to some extent impact those countries as well through higher food prices and so not only do we use like national level CGE models for those three countries that I mentioned before but we also use price changes global food price changes as projected by IFPRI's impact model to shock the country CGE models in terms of changes in prices and so let me just give you a brief overview so this is kind of the underlying data for the impact model as well as for the crop modeling just a few examples so we use generally speaking due to GCMs one is MIROC and the other CSI and this is just an example of pretty consistently in most cases in most crops not all of them but most of them yields go down and this is kind of the story that that we are expecting that that's on the local level now if you look at the global level these are the projected price changes for maize, rice and wheat what you see here is the blue is basically the expected price increase for maize, rice and wheat respectively even without climate change that's due to you know population growth changing dietary patterns and so on and then depending on which GCM you're using your price effects on the global level goes up and reaches up to 100% 55-54 respectively for for those crops between 2010 and 2050 so now and you can see all the details in the paper but the general story is okay so both the local effect and the global effect have a have a strong impact and depending on the net food importing position of the country and the net food producing position of households or consuming position of households the impact varies but the general story is there is a strong impact on households over time but they vary between countries both in terms of size and also in terms of which group you are looking at and here we are disaggregating between farm non-farm and urban households and so interestingly enough and in the case of Turkey I guess we'll see that specifically so in some circumstances if global food prices go up and the local impacts will be rather small a farmer may actually gain even though his yields may go down a bit but from the global food prices going up that there may actually be much less impact than there would be if we only look at the local effects so sorry just the key messages so there's an urgent need to improve the data and that's not new but this is the message that we are carrying then economics played a role in the Arab awakening that's pretty clear and also food security will have to play an important role for successful and peaceful transition and finally the key point if we think climate change taking global development into account really matters thank you very much


Hi, everybody. I'm Jen with opensource.com. I have a brand new top five articles of the week for you today, January 27th. At number five, Shell Scripting, an introduction to the SHIFT method and custom functions. In his first post on the subject, Getting Started with Shell Scripting, Seth Kinlon covered the basics. In this next article, he expands on the SHIFT method of parsing options and creating custom functions. At number four, Using R-Sync to back up your Linux system. Author David Booth says, without good backups and a well-planned backup policy in process, it is a near certainty that sooner or later some critical data will be irretrievably lost. At number three, Python and Successive Approximation. Greg Pittman shows us how to do Successive Approximation in Python with this example script. At number two, Brotli, a new compression algorithm for faster internet. Former OpenStack community manager Stefano Mifuli brings us this article. He says, while the Brotli algorithm was announced by Google in September 2015, only recently have the majority of web browsers adopted it. And finally, at number one, Solid State Drives in Linux, enabling trim for SSDs. In this article, learn how Solid State Drives differ from traditional hard drives and what it means for configuring your Linux system. And don't forget to enter our giveaway for a Lulzbot Mini 3D printer by January 29th.


It would have been nice if they would have used black ink instead of white ink a little bit hard to read it, but silver play button Only took 11 years or 10 years and we're 3,000 videos, but that's the award for Achieving 100,000 subscribers on YouTube. The next one is that 1 million subscribers It's a gold one and then a 10 million. It's a diamond one I think diamond not real diamond and then I think at a hundred million. It's platinum We'll get there one step at a time one step at a time. So That was exciting. I came in.   We cleared out that shed I Got the lawnmowed So here's the vlog a little bit a little bit of everything from from throw it the week a little bit here a little bit there I'm that guy at Tim Horton's in his pajamas Better believe it. I don't care Saturday pajama day I'm pretty sure it's written into the law somewhere It's in the fine print of one of those bills that get pushed through that nobody reads All must wear pajamas on Saturdays, but every other day of the week Professional when you get out of your truck you better look professional. You better look good.  I would expect that.  I mean maybe other people don't care. I think a lot of people do care I think more people care than we know. I think everybody cares 99.9% of people care a lot.  My mom owns an accounting business and she's been an accountant for over 40 years So that helps out a great deal So my main job is to keep records of absolutely everything and that's what I got all these books for red book is for fuel mileage What I've been filling up spending on fuel the blue book is for old blue obviously a Summary of everything in here I keep track of all of my loads every single load that I do what I'm getting paid for it What my rate is how much I'm making per mile on that load? How many empty miles I drove to get to that load Keep track of all of that then at the end of the month. I Just finished doing this for June and July. I'm not gonna show you the numbers here just right now Because that's kind of personal but what I do here is I keep track of my gross revenue the money that my truck brought in all together and Then I keep track of the net what I get to keep off that gross income because I'm contracted to Keystone They get a cut or maybe I get a cut of whichever way you look at it the majority of it is mine, but they take a small piece off that I guess for You know, they got to keep their roof over their head and their lights on too Obviously, and it is their accounts that I'm hauling for so I'm contracted to them I can only haul loads for them, but it's my truck my business So that's the way it works. I get a certain percentage, which is the pretty much the majority of the Rate goes to me because I have the majority of the expenses So I keep track of the net what I get to keep after that Keep track of my loaded miles my empty miles and then my total miles and then I calculate how much I'm kept per mile and Then I calculate my fuel expenses my licensing fees all my permits all the other fees that I have insurance and everything So in total I can tell you this My fuel cost in June was twelve thousand one hundred and fifty dollars and forty cents Canadian My licensing fees were one and other fees like Insurances and everything else added in their tarp rentals one thousand eight hundred ninety seven dollars thirty seven cents So in total my expenses For June was fourteen thousand forty seven dollars and seventy seven cents So what I'm doing then is I'm taking my expenses Putting them up against my net income and how many miles I drove and then I can figure out exactly What my fuel cost me per mile and what my total cost was per mile to operate my truck It's very important to know that you want to know exactly how much money you're spending to move this truck a mile down the road On average like that's over the whole month whether you're loaded or empty all the miles throughout the month on average How much did it cost you to move your truck one mile per mile? And you can sort of get an idea of what to expect in the following months, right? And you can keep track of it month by month this way that way if it suddenly starts to spike and go up You gonna you know you got to start asking questions. Hey, whoa, whoa, what's going on? Why are my expenses shooting up so high right? This isn't taking into effect my services or Putting the tire patches on there that all comes out of the revenue that I keep I didn't add that in here I guess I could that wanted to I Didn't for this for this exercise this purpose my records here But yeah, there's a way I know how much I went down and then I keep track of how much I kept per mile So every mile that my truck moved down the road. How much went into my pocket after expenses after fuel after everything else But before you know maintenance, maybe I could add that in there in the future. I think maybe I should then I Get a better idea, but services only happen every two months or so every six to eight weeks depending on how much you drive So I had a pretty good month in June, but I had a better month in July It's funny because in in June I drove a total. I didn't get that many miles drove a total of 9,000 942 miles my goal for the month is 10,000 so I was just under In July we had a lot of fertility appointments. I had to be home for a lot of appointments So I didn't get quite as many miles. I got I Drove 8,710 That's why I keep track of this because I look over that last month. I'm like, okay. I need to step it up this month I really need to hammer down and I need to get my my goal 10,000 But the thing is I made more money per mile in July than I did in June. So it goes up and down As an owner operator, I like to I keep track of everything all my records And when I get my pay stubs at the end of the month I go through every little detail and I know it probably bugs Bugs are are very nice payroll lady. She's a very nice very nice lady and Always on the phone as soon as I see something like hey, what's going on? What's this? This doesn't match my records Usually it's nothing or it's something that can easily be fixed. She's super nice. I like her but she probably sends out the The pay stub sends it out to me and then just waits for the phone to ring She knows I keep track of every little detail And I encourage all of you to do that too. I mean it's up to you if you want to or not But if you don't know where your money is going, it's all gonna be gone You have to keep track. Where is it going? And if too much is gone, you got to figure out cake Where did it all go? Did I need all of this? Maybe I should cut back here because we need to bump this number up a little bit that I'm taking home Like how what can I do to make it better? Maybe I need to lay off the throttle a little bit or I Mean I can't do that. I joke around saying that I love the sounds of my engine But I am very fuel fuel efficient fuel Economy-minded. I don't idle my truck when I don't have to I drive Between 62 to 65 miles an hour depending on the day usually Just to get the best fuel economy. I can with the best time It's all a money game. It's a numbers game. You got to keep track of your numbers And that's what I like to do. I have my booklet down here for my maintenance. I'm just keeping track of all my maintenance How much I spent on maintenance like I said the blue book is the overall cost and revenue of the business and The red one is for keeping track of my fuel economy every time I fuel some people ask Why do you do that? Why do you write it down? I know there's apps for that I use an app as well, but I also write it down because I like to have it on paper Your phone can crash and then your app and all that data could be gone You know, maybe it stays in the cloud. I don't want to risk that I keep it on paper I like it old-school that way and then I can look back over the months since I bought the truck to see if my fuel economy Is going up or if it's going down and if it's consistently going down down down down down, but I'm not changing my driving behavior Well, then I I know then that maybe there's something up with my engine and I might need to get that looked at Why is my fuel economy going down down down, but I'm not doing anything to make it go down, right? That's why I keep track of records for everything It's you can get long-term Benefits off of that or maybe you can see that your fuel economy is going up up up. Hey, maybe it can be good It's not always bad keeping records. Maybe you can give yourself a pat on the back saying hey I've been doing a lot better than I did in the past few months. Where is that cricket? Good day, everybody here in the shop with old blue. We just Took it to get three actual alignment everything is straight after that bear ran into my Steer axle here. I was a little concerned that my steering was a little out and that my alignment was a little out That's a good idea to do that every now and then anyways to make sure everything's lining up So that's your tire wear wears evenly, but as I've been trying to film this first clip here We have the peanut gallery back there that just won't shut up. I didn't invite them here It's right around here.  Okay. Now.  Mm-hmm. Oh, you got away got away.  I can't say on YouTube. Come here Okay, you will be evicted and Cast into a spider web spider will have a delicious meal now. Thank you very much. How do they get in here?  This is my space Mine Anyways, yeah, got all blue in alignment today On Friday day after tomorrow. She's going in to get full service Also getting a shock or two replaced on the rear end It's time to do that and I've got to get those mirrors replaced yet And I've got to get the horns installed yet There's so much to do all the time. It is so hot in here though. My face must just be beet red I'm gonna have to invest in some kind of massive shop fan or something that I can hang on the walls up here or something to just blow Air around here because it's just it's humid. It's muggy and there's crickets uninvited crickets. I hope that that spider leaves that cricket just to You know just to hang out there to warn off all the other All the other crickets that might think they want to sneak in through the door sort of like those old signs pirates beware Crickets beware. This is what's gonna happen to you if you try to get in this shop And then I love when I get those arguments You're in there No, you're wrong there in my habitat last I checked we belong here on this planet, too You ever heard of survival of the fittest? Well the strongest species always wins I'm stronger than the crickets there in my habitat. They can go find another habitat I'm not taking up the whole earth. They can go find a different habitat. This is my habitat All right, I belong in this planet, too just as much as them, but when it comes to space Whoever can claim a space and defend it. That's who gets to keep it That's just the laws of the jungle. Welcome to the jungle Right, oh, I saw one running you better run for the hills boy See his legs sticking out there. He thinks he's hiding. Oh He escaped. He escaped. Let me show you my karate One close. Oh boy Watch out. We haven't had any vlogs from throughout the week Had some time off and getting some stuff done. It's almost time to get ready to go back to work Today is Friday when I'm filming this. I think it's September Beginning of September second third I'm still in my pajamas. My brain hasn't turned on yet. I have a project for today though I want you to come along and give me a hand We have this shed in our backyard, and I don't know if I've ever shown you inside This is where we keep all the goods You can see it's pretty full in here and My project for today is to clean this out bring a lot of this over to the shop and Organize the stuff here that's gonna stay here Diesel Are you gonna help me today? Absolutely man as soon as I grow my slums All right, you need to get your slums. I'll be here to help. It's time to get some glasses. I think It was a busy week like I said at the beginning of the video Didn't film much this week. I took took time for myself and my wife our little family here and just relaxed didn't film much, but Putting together a little mishmash from the week a little bit of clips from every day We ended off with that shed. We got it all cleared out Got it all arranged in the shop Reorganized the shop still not done organizing in there. There's so much to do in there It'll take a little while. I got organized all my tools. I had a whole bunch of tools I forgot I even had in there, which is awesome. That's always nice to figure out I have a lot more tools than I thought gotta find homes for all of them in the shop and make it all look nice and Everything like that. But sorry that there wasn't too many videos from this week guys But sorry not sorry because it was nice just having some time to just Relax and get stuff done There's one little clip there from us going to the eye doctor yesterday. I am getting glasses I've got a prescription coming in. It should be here in a couple of weeks Yeah, so I guess a new look for trucker Josh is coming Ordered a pair of regular glasses and then also a pair of prescription shades too My eyes aren't actually really that bad My left eye is a little bit worse than my right eye So, uh, as soon as those prescriptions come in I guess we'll be seeing things in hd 4k vision I can see everything just fine now, but now when they put the the glasses over me I was like, oh wow high definition. You don't even really realize it, right? I notice it mostly at night when I get tired But uh first time in my life. Yeah, I had to order some glasses for myself. So There's some news for you Hopefully they don't get worse throughout my life, but you know as you age That's that's what happened as I was reminded in my comment section over and over. Thanks guys reminding me. I'm getting old I don't feel like it. I'm only 34 Got a long way to go yet. So these things are gonna last me a long time yet, but holy our glasses expensive Glasses are expensive. It's like 900 800 dollars plus the 100 dollars for the uh for the eye exam itself So it was a thousand dollars It was buy one pair get one pair free So they obviously jacked up the pair the price of one so I can get the other one for free But I got one pair pair of prescription glasses and one pair of prescription sunglasses It was 900 dollars. That's canadian, but still I never knew it was so expensive Better take good care of them. I guess Anyways, thanks for watching today everybody Uh, I'll be headed out on a trip soon When I'm filming this ending clip it's sunday already.  I'm not a controversial channel YouTube doesn't like the boomsticks. I don't have to show too much of the boomsticks Maybe I'll see what I can see what I can do see how I can get around get around it here a little bit and share share a little bit of what we're Doing just shooting at plinkers.  Oh, no, he's got boomsticks I can't even say the word on youtube because the the algorithms, right? They derank your videos then and stuff and All right, I like the audience here and I like making my videos. They're not supposed to be controversial And I don't want them to become controversial even though that's not a controversial topic But it is to the overlords there. So I shall obey Because I want to keep making videos for you without disruption Let's see what we can do After that going to my parents for supper and then I got to get old blue ready We're headed out. We got to go pick up a load first thing tomorrow morning. So I'll probably head out tonight yet So thanks for watching everybody and take care I have a great day Be legendary


what's next strawberry cough strawberry cough I like the cough quite a bit the strawberry cough I think grown what grown especially organically it's a really nice tasting up energetic buzz yeah I don't know how much I believe about the story I don't believe it you know I think the story is pretty suspect I think the person that tells it is pretty suspect hi Kyle but you know but it is but it's a great cut yeah I don't believe much about the story but I like the weed quite a bit I've worked a lot with the urbeer line which is a Swiss strawberry sativa and I've worked a lot with strawberry cough expressions in the strawberry cream that was from a strawberry cough s1 I was positive absolutely positive that that expression is just an urbeer


Turn eyes upon Jesus in His wonderful face And the things of earth will grow strangely dim In the light of His glory Look forth in His wonderful face And the things of earth will grow straight In the light of His glory In the light of His glory


Thank you, everyone. Hola a todos. Hello, my name is Helen, and good day. So I'm from Catalyst IT, Australian team, obviously based in Australia. And if you haven't already noticed, based on the title of the abstract, there's quite a lot of words here. So it's probably good that I'm starting here early and I'll try and get through it quick. I might need to do a bit of a cracking pace and there may not be that much in it, so you have been warned. I'll try and keep it at a reasonable pace. Lots of celebrations in the hall. So who am I? I'm James Williams. I'm a senior technical manager at Catalyst IT. I have a background in hydrocation, mainly tertiary institutions and universities. So that will be seen in some of my basic assumptions around what the integrations I'll be talking about. Although as education landscapes are changing, a lot of the ideas around use and rollments, use of vacation rollments and integrations is moving more to sort of smaller short course and micro-gradential teachings, which means that I'm sort of also trying to make this applicable to smaller organisations and people who are maybe even just starting to use Moodle for some of this. So that's the direction I'll be taking. It might start from a large university focus, but it will come back hopefully down to a small level and then I'll expand again for some ideas. So I'm going to aim with a simple beginning, provide a bit of a high level breakdown about students, teachers and admins do. I'll take a quick drive past some of the complexity, hopefully that getting sucked in to the complexity, and then I will bring the focus back to basics around smaller cohorts. I'll try and get some dots between some of the Moodle components and how they fit together and walk through some of the integration options, plugins and challenges, pros and cons, and then hopefully just show you a couple of a list of options, a list of plugins, resources you can use for getting yourself up to speed and where you can look for more help on that journey. So I suppose to start with what we already know, and know is dubious here. Learn enrolment processing is or was painful for some of us? Maybe it is, maybe it isn't. Third party systems integration is difficult, it's a time between to build, often both, maybe it is, maybe it isn't. Certainly getting better as tools evolve. But the applications or the implementations to give a different meaning can differ due to different types of users, such as authentication types, different types of courses, such as whether you plan to have one Moodle course with content that you reuse with different student cohorts coming in and out of the same course, or whether you roll over that Moodle course to multiple copies of that course with the same content and different cohorts coming in and out of those cohorts. And of course there are different ways of getting students into those courses, different enrollment plugins and methods to enroll them and obviously the integrations to automate that moving forward. Excuse me. So a simple beginning. The student journey, sorry, not again, no very, very high level, I'm not going to talk about student journey, but obviously you've got enrollment and payment. You get access to the course. They learn and study through the course to build their skills. They demonstrate their intended learning outcomes through assessment, usually. And then they obtain confirmation or credit to progress the next course or complete their short course with some kind of credit to the institution and or certificate of some kind to demonstrate that. The teacher's story, we can't forget about them. Very important. And their journey starts before the student usually with course design and course approval processes. Content creation, sometimes these are all mixed in together. Then teaching, more teaching and then marking and more marking and marking and yet more marking depending on whether you're leveraging some of the fantastic quiz and question functionality in middle 4.0. Thank you so far. And Nathan and all the other contributors from those projects. And then obviously admin, admin, admin, admin and more admin which unfortunately tends to be increasing for some of the educators. That's rather an unfortunate trend that I've certainly seen and heard about. Then the life of an admin as we slip into very loose terminology here. Could be a user, could be an admin staff, could be an integration admin system. But just generally you've got the course list, a website or contact information, might be a handbook system or you have staff that receive calls, emails or web contacts or form submissions and payment. If it's not through an automated system, you've got the creation of the courses themselves, the enrollment of students in the courses, publishing student grades, ratifying student progression, completion and graduation through the system. Adding a dash of complexity, maybe stirring it a bit of a sprinkle, maybe a bit too much. Manual user enrollment management for these things in small organizations or large organizations tends to be, well, we'll just upload a CSV. We'll just stock that solution in the short term, then we'll improve it. It's not scalable. If you're doing a good job, if you've got content that enrolls people that you're trying to scale up or you've got a new offering, if that's good, that success comes with growth. And growth comes with edge cases and probability that there are going to be manual issues you have to work around and it very, very quickly outstrips your staffing. Change of user details, late enrollments, early enrollments, ID updates, even if you put deadlines around census dates, for example, and many universities cannot enroll after census date, it still happens. Can't enroll, it still happens because they're always even fixes in the system where system integration went wrong or something went wrong, just has to fix. It's not correct, it's correct, the record. So you think about automatic user enrollment management and user creation. It's still tricky. Larger organizations with more infrastructure might manage user accounts with just a single database, multiple databases, integrations of the LDAP or SAML single sign-on or OpenID Connect, which is growing in popularity more and more in recent years. But they bring in other questions around creating the accounts on the fly when they log in or pre-creating the accounts. Do you want to synchronize them in batch or have them come in being pushed in, being pulled in? And the reality is they may actually exist in batch jobs and coexist with just-in-time user provisioning and creation or instant web service and API account creation. And timing can be a bit of a thing there. So sometimes making sure that the account exists, the bulk synchronization has happened, the user can log in. It can be tricky because batch jobs take time to drop, take time to run, and just-in-time provisioning or APIs are instantaneous in real-time. Can the user log in and be created on the fly or not? Can they log in before their accounts are created? It doesn't matter. It depends on your scenario and your individual requirements in many cases. But it can have impacts if you've got downstream integration of a system such as OpenID Connect or you've got other systems using Moodle as your source of truth or your next hop if you haven't got middleware, buses, and so on to manage those things at an institutional level. Coming right back to some components and options that are in Moodle just to get people thinking about this because as soon as you talk about integration at a larger scale or you're talking about the possibilities with newer clients and newer people, it's very hard to think, oh, I've got authentication, can I log in, but do I have an account and am I rolled? So I just break it down very, very basic level. You've got authentication, you've got enrollment. User accounts can exist with an authentication type, being a core Moodle plug-in or a third-party plug-in. And having account might let you log into Moodle, but not necessarily a course. And enrollment is obviously enrolling that user account into the course where the content, other participants, and commissions for those roles and capabilities. I'm not sure if that is very visible there, but that's just a quick list of the core authentication methods and plug-ins in Moodle. Manual authentication, having users pass inside the database through to LDAP integration with LDAP servers or LTI authentication allowing Moodle to act as a tool provider and have accounts created. And then so many more settings there can very quickly come out of hand. And we've got enrollment plug-ins, again, mainly core. You'll see some crossover here in terms of enrolling students into courses, self-enrollment, similar to self-registration, and create the account and then self-enroll into the course itself, or synchronization. PayPal is an interesting one there, but I'm just going to move on. Then obviously single sign-on and SAML, OpenID Connect, it's become ubiquitous now. It's not very new to many people. Some people might be getting it going, but these are the two main players that we talk about. I do a shameless plug with the All For SAML 2 plug-in and Catalyst's name on there that everyone knows about, but it's a contribution to the community and it's great to see people always putting bug fixes and things in. It's great to really build on everyone else's work and keep those things going. And then there are web service APIs. This is a screenshot actually from inside Moodle, just in the web service API documentation. You may even have custom web services already installed in your Moodle. And there's just some relevant ones for core user APIs that you have access to or enrollment web service APIs for managing enrollments or getting enrollment user information and classification. And as I said before, being able to authenticate doesn't guarantee you can log in. So you may want to prevent, just in time, provisioning a user for various reasons and rely on batch synchronization for the accounts to be created, such as Moodle integrated with LDAP or single sign-on even might allow user to authenticate, but then knock them back because they actually don't have an account in Moodle. It's usually not a problem because due to timing in your favor, there's distance in the student journey between a user's payment enrollment, the account getting created, them getting enrolled into a course and all them trying to access Moodle, they've usually got an account in there, so it doesn't matter. But it depends on various reasons, sometimes good reasons, sometimes bad reasons, but they're all reasons and they all applicable to you and your institution. But they can have implications further downstream with, as I mentioned before, other integrations with Moodle or server-party services with the account exists, when does it exist and so on. It doesn't need to be thought through there. But don't be intimidated. You got this, okay? These are big questions, they're big topics and they seem very nebulous and I hate to think that I've added to that just now, but the reality is that coming to Moodle green fields or existing installations, whether it's a migration to Moodle, rebuilding platforms or building for existing infrastructure, it's all achievable. The Moodle docs are fantastic due to the contributions from the community, all of the building work on the plugins and the way we can get these things happening. There's some really great advice around here for managing a Moodle site, how to make these things fit together. I strongly recommend you go look in the Moodle plugin directory, particularly around authentication and enrollment as they work hand in hand, particularly in the LTI space. And even your own Moodle site, as I mentioned earlier, you may have your own custom APIs built in, maybe built by the previous administrator, maybe the knowledge is lost in your institution going back years and years, go and have a look. And this is even just a subset. But don't panic. The strategy for success is to read the docs, not to panic, to think carefully about your environment, break down your requirements, explore your configurations, and remember your tool sets. There's plenty of options for configuring and tailoring your Moodle instance to your unique requirements or keeping it simple if you've got those opportunities. Community engagement is key, ask in the forums, build it yourself or find a partner. Thank you.