Welcome to Toffey TV, it is the Everton News Daily. Sheffield United Leeds and Southampton have all reportedly shown an interest in taking Mason Hallgate from Everton on loan for the season, enquiries have been made by those three clubs. The sticking point is the reported £72,000 a week that Mason Hallgate earns at Everton. This was a problem last season as well, there was some clubs that came into him or inquired for him around January as well, but that price or certainly the wage demands put the clubs off. This is one of the problems Everton faced and have been facing for the last few years of players being on such high contracts and the length of their contracts and this is what I've seen so many players leave for nothing at the end of their contracts and certainly now it's putting off teams. Mason Hallgate has been playing with the under-21 side so far, it looks like he is safe with the requirements at Everton, but Everton are going to have to come to some kind of deal with these clubs if they want to see Mason Hallgate leave. I'm sure they'd want rather he left on a permanent deal if that was possible, but if it was a loan deal then maybe they'd have to pay an amount of his wages to get him out the door. We'll have to wait and see as I said, I'm sure Everton would rather he left on a permanent deal as well and it's also the case of making sure that if they do sell them they are not or even loan that they are not helping a rival for the coming season so we'll have to wait and see on that one. Stanley Mills has joined league one side Oxford United on loan for the season. This is obviously a day after Lewis Warrington went to Plymouth. Stanley Mills scored 10 goals last season in Premier League 2 for the under-21 side and really probably should have gone on loan in January but with everything going on in the club at the time he missed out on that opportunity but a great chance for him now has done really well in the under-21s. Probably not quite ready, well definitely isn't quite ready for the first team squad yet so a little bit of them on Tuesday night at Bolton still got a little bit ways to go to get up to that level of being able to play against Premier League players so loan to Oxford will do well I think for the coming season. Elbelle Torre looks to be completing his move to Atalanta and it looks like it's going to go through in the next 24 hours that deal looks done and dusted sadly from an evident point of view and we'll have to wait and see who Everton tain to if they have missed out on the player. Obviously reports of Ian Atchill at Leicester Stanley there as a player who might have been back up Nonto at Leeds although the source was coming out of Leeds saying that Leeds have shut the door on that deal so we'll have to wait and see where Everton tain next. Everton definitely need forward players, obviously they've got Dan Jumor through the door but with Dominic Harvelyn yet to attain to pre-season action you know there's a desperation growing amongst the fan base once again seeing the same from the fans point of seeing the same mistakes being made that were made last season with a lack of firepower in the team because that's what really held the team back last season and we'll hold the team back this season. They've just earned the goals in the squad as we speak not enough players can score those goals so fans desperate for Everton to get a striker in. On the outs according to sources coming out of West Ham they have been looking at the Marey Grey who so far has had interest from Crystal Palace and from Saudi Arabia. He looks a player destined to leave this summer with West Ham now looking at him. I think West Ham and West Ham fans are almost as frustrated as Everton and Everton fans except the difference is West Ham have got £100 million in their back pocket ready to spend but they're still struggling to get the deals done because probably because they have got that so much money and it is so public. So there you go did all the stories doing the rounds today let us know your thoughts in the comments make sure to give this video a like subscribe if you haven't already and if you want more great videos join us over on Toffy TV premier the link is in the description and the QR code that's coming up on the screen now see you later.


So let's talk about the inactivated virus vaccine as the simplest technology, the oldest technology, the simplest technology. The obvious limitation is you're growing a disease causing virus. You're growing it at industrial scale. A great deal of safety protocols need to be put in place for containment. That becomes a major industrial limitation on making these vaccines. Now, keep in mind that SARS-CoV-2, the COVID-19 virus, is not actually hugely dangerous at the individual level in the same way that say Ebola virus is dangerous. Out of 100 people catching SARS-CoV-2 infection, maybe a, well, out of 400 people catching it, maybe one will die. Out of 100 people catching Ebola infection, more than 30 are likely to die. Now, and welcome to Talking Science and Tech. In today's episode, we are joined by Dr. Satyajit Rath. And what we want to discuss today is this life-saving technology, which has been pretty much the only thing on our mind since the pandemic broke out, that is vaccinations. So, Satyajit, before we get into specifically the COVID-19 vaccinations, can you tell us about the science behind vaccines in general? How do they work? All right. So, let's think about vaccines as a way of tricking the immune system of the body. Why do we want to trick the immune system of the body? So, ordinarily, the idea is that when we are exposed to an infection, to a microbe, the body responds with an immune response to the microbe that specifically recognizes and works against the microbe. So, if we want to make ourselves immune, one argument would be simply take the infection and take the risk. This is an argument that world leaders of Little Brain had made about COVID-19 in another era, if you remember. But the risk that all the rest of us pointed out was that you would become seriously ill as a result of this infection. So, the question for the technology is how does one expose the body to the microbe without risking disease? And the core of all vaccine technologies is this. How do we fool the immune system into thinking that it has met the microbe so that it makes a response to the microbe when it in reality has not met the microbe? So, clearly, there are two components that we need. One is some bits of the microbe that are specifically recognizable as belonging to that microbe. And the second is the kind of damage the microbe causes in the body, some mild version of that damage. And these two together will get the immune system worked up saying, hey, something's causing damage and hey, I see what the target is, I'm going to respond to that. Every vaccine technology is a variant on this tricking of the immune system. How exactly we design different vaccine technologies for this trickery, I'm assuming we will come to when we talk about COVID-19 vaccines. But this is the core of all vaccine technologies starting from Edward Jenner onwards. Right. So now, coming to the different types of technologies centered on the principle that he just talked about, of course, we see that there are well over 200 vaccines in development against COVID-19. Most of these are in preclinical trial stage, but I think around 60 of these are in clinical development phase. And we see, I think there are four different types of vaccines overall, which we have seen so far. This includes the inactivated virus-based vaccine, the RNA-based vaccine, then the viral vector and protein subunit. So let's talk about these technologies maybe starting with the ones we're more familiar with, which is the inactivated virus and the viral vector type vaccine. So can you first tell us about them? So forgive me, but before we talk about those technologies specifically, let's get a broader view of what the categories are that the technologies belong to. So remember what I said about we should be putting microbial bits into the body along with a little bit of damage. Remember, every time we take vaccine shots, there's swelling and pain locally, so just a little bit of damage enough to persuade the immune system to make a response to the bits that we've introduced. So now all the 200 vaccine making efforts that you referred to that are being undertaken globally, all of them fall into two separate technical categories of how to introduce microbial bits into the body. So microbial bits by and large are proteins. So proteins of SARS-CoV-2, the COVID-19 virus. What is the method to introduce the protein into the body? And the two major categories are either you make the protein in a test tube and then inject it or you take the genetic code of the protein, inject the genetic code into the body so that you get the body to make the protein and to make a response to it. Those are the two major technological separations because you can imagine that making a protein in a manufacturing process will be quite different from making a genetic code in a manufacturing process. So those are the categories that we should think about. In the first category, the make the protein outside and then inject it, we have the inactivated virus. That's the simplest way of making the protein outside. You just make the whole damn virus, which of course includes the protein that you're interested in and the protein that we are interested in will come to in a minute.  So you inactivate the virus so that it is no longer infectious. You do it by chemical inactivation, by enlarge, by a variety of chemical interventions and you can inject that. And there's three, four different COVID-19 vaccines with inactivated virus as the approach in advanced phase three clinical trials, including the ICMR-Bharat biotech co-vaccine that there is so much of conversation about. But there are already, I think two or maybe three vaccines from China that are in phase three clinical trials. One of the odd vaccines maybe from Kazakhstan or somewhere is also in clinical trials. And certainly one of the Chinese vaccines has already shown fairly good evidence for protection, early evidence for protection. So you can inject the whole virus or you can actually take the genetic code of the particular protein that you are interested in. And since we are interested in stopping the virus from getting in, the target of the immune response that we want is that particular protein of the virus that allows the virus to bind, to stick to cells. So that's the spike protein and therefore the spike protein is what all 200 vaccine making efforts are using as the target. So you can take the genetic code for the spike protein, but instead of injecting the genetic code, you can use so-called genetic engineering industrial technology and get bacteria or yeast to make the protein in industrial scale fermentation methods, purify the protein and inject that. Those are what are called protein subunit vaccines or virus-like particle vaccines and so on and so forth. In the inject the genetic code technologies, either you can put the genetic code in the backbone of a virus because what you need to inject along with the genetic code is an instruction for the body cells to make a lot of the protein. So the simplest way of doing that is to use the instruction, the genetic instruction from some other virus. So that's why adenoviral vector-based vaccines such as the Oxford AstraZeneca serum Institute vaccine or the Gamalai Institute vaccine or a whole bunch of other vaccines that are in development use a whole adenoviral backbone, but the adenovirus is defective, so it's not really a virus infection, it's just that the backbone is being used to give the instruction to make a lot of proof. Or you can use a very pure instruction hooked to the genetic code and that's what's being referred to as the DNA vaccine, which is what Zidus Cadillai in Amdabad is in phase 3 clinical trials for. Or keeping in mind the old classical high school biology that DNA is made into RNA and RNA is made into protein, so far we've been talking about injecting DNA-based genetic code, but we can also make the RNA of the genetic code and directly inject the RNA and that's what the BioNTech Pfizer vaccine or the NIH Moderna vaccine which are called RNA vaccines is doing injecting the RNA. But the end result of all of this is introducing viral protein into the body for the immune response to target and to be activated. In all of these remember the second part we need to cause a little bit of damage so that the immune response wakes up and begins to act efficiently and with high magnitude of response and all sorts of so-called adjuvants, additives that cause just a little bit of inflammation will be added and that's been one of the controversies regarding the bioNTech vaccine about what adjuvant has been added and so on and so forth. But that's the gamut of vaccine technologies. In technological terms there are very interesting pros and cons but maybe we can take another question and then talk about that. Yes that is what I was going to come to. We have all these different types but really so for instance we have this mRNA-based vaccine which is for the first time that this type of technology has been approved against any disease. So really what makes this technology better? What were the challenges of using it? Why was it not approved before and what disadvantages it has and can you tell us about that and also a general comparison of all of these different types of vaccines. Okay so let's talk about the inactivated virus vaccine as the simplest technology, the oldest technology, the simplest technology. The obvious limitation is you're growing a disease causing virus. You're growing it at industrial scale. A great deal of safety protocols need to be put in place for containment. That becomes a major industrial limitation on making these vaccines. Now keep in mind that SARS-CoV-2 the COVID-19 virus is not actually hugely dangerous at the individual level in the same way that say Ebola virus is dangerous. Out of 100 people catching SARS-CoV-2 infection maybe a well out of 400 people catching it maybe one will die. Out of a hundred people catching Ebola infection more than 30 are likely to die. So we're talking about dramatic differences but even so a disease causing vaccine virus being grown at the industrial scale needs a lot of containment. So that's a limitation if you like of the technology. Secondly viruses, live viruses are grown in tissue culture of human cells that again is a technology that's not easy to scale up to massive amounts. So there is a scale limitation with an activated virus vaccine and we will see this playing out in the Indian market today based on the straightforward calculation about comparing the number of doses that the serum institute of India can provide of the adenovirus based vaccine called Covishield versus how much Bharat biotech can provide of the inactivated virus vaccine called Covaxin. So that's one limitation. The second way is to make proteins in a test tube and then inject them. Now the trouble with making proteins in a test tube is it doesn't have any of these limitations of the inactivated virus but it acquires a different limitation and that is proteins are huge molecules in terms of in a chemist type perspective proteins are enormous molecules and proteins need to fold in appropriate shapes in order to look like themselves. So the immune system needs to see a properly folded protein if it's going to make an immune response that will also recognize the same protein on the virus and this folding of the protein is industrially a little tricky. So optimizing protein folding as an industrial step of the technology is not as simple and straightforward as it sounds and that becomes a limitation and in fact that and its variations have been the limitations for for example Novavax which is making this kind of a protein vaccine having gotten a little bit delayed in its clinical trials. They needed to figure out the technology the scale of technology at the laboratory it's not difficult but the scale of technologies tend to be a little tricky. So those are the kinds of problems that those technologies have on the other hand the genetic code doesn't actually because it's being read as a sequence it doesn't need to be folded into anything we can synthesize huge quantities of the genetic code and it's therefore easy and simple and this is why the mRNA based the adenoviral vector based and the DNA based vaccine technologies have come into play much more rapidly because they don't need to worry about the folding problem as as protein chemists call it at the industrial scale. So then the obvious question is then why haven't we seen RNA and DNA and adenovirus vector based technologies deployed? Why are they the first time they're being deployed? And the short answer is that we really came to them being industrially viable only over the past 15 or 20 years and over the past 15 or 20 years we haven't really made and deployed a lot of vaccines the world over. So let me give you therefore a an example that connects science and technology to industrial manufacture in politics. So over the past 15 or 20 years let's remind ourselves of the viral infections that have caused major concern and all of us will remember this even you in your youth will remember some of this. We've had Zika virus, we've had the original SARS virus, we have yet we have had yet another cousin coronavirus that is the MERS virus, we've had Ebola and interestingly over the past 20 years against all of these incipient dangers we've had RNA vaccines developed, we've had DNA vaccines developed, we've had adenovirus vaccines developed. So the obvious question is then why didn't we see them deployed for all those diseases and the answer to that is that vaccine development is a quintessentially capitalist process and as a consequence the question was not for deployment of these vaccines against those diseases the question was not is there a need out there? The question was is there a sufficiently large need out there to provide a sufficiently large profit to justify the investment in deployment and the answer so far has been no for the first time in COVID-19 the answer is yes and that's why in a science tech political landscape we are seeing the first time deployment. Right thank you Dr. Satyajit for joining us today for this very enlightening and interesting discussion that's all the time we have for today keep watching this clip.


Aloha mai kākou, and welcome to another episode of Ukulele Songs of Hawaii. I'm your host, Walter Kauai-Ai'a. Today's episode will take us to the backside of Halea Kalao on the island of Maui, where we will share memories and talk story about my latest 2019 Huokai for my adult Hawaiian music and Ukulele students and classes, joining me to share in this amazing journey is my wife, Luwana Kauai-Ai'a. Aloha, Halewana. Thank you for joining me, my favorite person. Thank you for inviting me. Okay, so we're going to get right to it. We've got a lot of things to cover. But before I ask to show my first picture, I just want to give a general background. So I've been playing Hawaiian music and teaching for 50-some years traditional Hawaiian music. And as part of the method to really instill and to bring home the message behind the teaching of the different songs, et cetera, I usually do once a year, take all of my adult students, we do a Huokai, it's well planned out by the students, a lot of people involved. And we go to places, we meet with families of either the composers or for whom the song was written about. And that way it makes a real human connection. We talk a lot about making those human connections on my other show, Roots Hawaii. Anyway, so I'd like to, there was a picture that was, if I can, yeah, there we go. So that shot is back in Maui, in Hana. This is the Kahana Botanical Gardens. But what you're looking at off in the distance is one of the largest hails in all of Polynesia. This is the Pi'ilani Halehau. It's an agricultural hail. It's equivalent to a six-story building. And we were there in 1997, my wife and I, along with several of my students, to participate in the dedication. It was a 23-year process. What you saw there in that picture 23 years ago was just covered in shrub. And so I took a non-profit organization and a lot of volunteers 23 years to scale all of that shrubbery back so that we could enjoy what we see today. And the garden maintains that.  This is kind of just a portion. And I'll show you our next picture there. Yeah, that's kind of special. You can hold that there for a second. So you're looking at this is where when Halao or people come to offer Ho'okupu to the Halehau. This is where they come. You can't see it here, but closer to the base there's a special rock that where gift offerings, Makana, is given to the gods and to the Halehau. So we participated there, gathered all my students. We had a number of Oli or chants that were performed and a dance and we sang and it was really special. I think we have another picture. Oh, there we are. Okay. So these are the two old fogies that you're seeing live on the show. But there we were taking a shot of the Halehau General Store. So yes, it's still there. And we shopped in there. You can buy some odds and ends. But I'm not too sure the history behind the Hasegawa General Store that wasn't on our tour. We just went there to pick up some last minute odds and end. Okay. I think our next picture there. Oh, yeah. I mean, we just, I think this is a selfie. So you can see the grading right behind us is a shot. And just as you get closer to the Halehau, you realize it, like I said earlier, it's equivalent to a six-story building, which is pretty amazing. I remember back in 1997, do you remember that experience we had? Yes, I do. So the lady that she's no longer with us, but she was, she ran the Botanical Gardens. It sits on the Kahandu family, Ahupoa. And on my Kawaii side, through my grandfather, Henry, were related to the Kahandu. And so she took a liking to my wife and I. And she, the ceremony was all through, and we got through playing music. And she took the two of us onto the backside, and we walked up the steps to the platform. And I think our next, there's another picture of an aerial view of that shot. If I could ask Eric, there it is. Yeah. That is the aerial shot of the P'ilani Halehau. You really can't appreciate its length, but it's equivalent to the length of two football fields. So that's 200 yards. That's enormous. Again, this is an agricultural Halehau dedicated to the gods for those purposes. And so if you ever have a chance to visit Hana if you've never been there before, it's a wonderful tour. They have a lot of historical things on the grounds itself. They have one of the largest collections of Ulu. They have the Ulu Grove, I believe. There's 300 plus Ulu trees taking up some 11 acres on the property. It's incredible. But they have every variety in the Ulu family there in the gardens. And so it's pretty amazing stuff. But one of the, you know, going back to my students, I've been teaching now traditional Hawaiian music to about 90 adults, comprising of people living on Oahu and on the island of Maui itself. And we've been doing Huakai since 2009. I've been in my 16th year. I'll be starting next year, my 17th year of teaching traditional Hawaiian music to these folks. And we're all getting older. So it's becoming a lot harder. Our first Huakai was on the big island. We actually did three separate Huakai to Mokokiawe. We divided it up into three separate quadrants. It was an amazing experience. And, you know, sometime in the future I might share some of that with you. And then we went to Molokai the following year. And then we did two separate Huakai to the island of Kaua'i. This year, this past September, we did our first of two to the island of Maui, this again being the backside of Haleakala. They are in covering the districts or the towns of Hana, and then on to Kipahulu and then on to Kaupo. And so that covered a period of Thursday, Friday, I think two full days of Huakai. And it was very exciting. But, you know, before I get into the next set of pictures, this really brings home and throughout the course of the year, as I'm having classes and teaching my students, I constantly remind them about how important it's going to be when you get to these places and meet the families for whom these songs are written for or about. It'll never be the same again, because you'll have that source of reference, that imagery in your mind when you sing the song going forward into the future. They've been with me long enough. They've experienced all of these different types of Huakai. So they know. Our next picture there, Eric. Okay, so we're still in Hana. And I think this is Thursday evening. We're leaving the next morning to go to Kipahulu. But that's my wife and myself, and I hired the space player, a local brother from Hana there, to join us that evening. We were asked to play in the main dining room. And it was great. The dining room was packed. Half of it was my students, because I required it of them. And the rest were made up of hotel guests and people from the Hana community. We had a great time that evening. It was wonderful.  Can you remember? I remember the one that we did in your Oni Hana of Kohala. Was there anything special that you remember, perhaps about that or anything else? Well, that is the land of my birth in Kohala. So it was very special because we did the Kohala Kumu Otur. Kohala Kumu Otur. And each of the locations, as I was growing up, was of great importance to me. But especially nearing the end when we were at Polulu Valley, overlooking Polulu, we sang this song that the students were not aware that we were going to do this for them. And it was called Lovely Is Kohala. We danced, as my husband sang. And here we were sitting on the edge of a precipice that went down into Polulu. But we were on the Sprout Family property. That was my uncle Dale's family. And it was so beautiful. And when we performed, you couldn't see a dry eye there. It was so beautiful because they were looking at the surrounding area, which is absolutely gorgeous in Polulu Valley and the whole area of Kohala. And as we danced and we sang, they internalized that. Like in all of these, that we go on. And when we teach the songs, well, actually my husband, when he teaches the songs, they internalize it. And so it's extremely important for the individual who is learning because then it becomes a part of who they are when they sing the song again. And that was one of the songs they learned is Lovely Is Kohala. From that point on, they learned that song. I didn't mean to put you on the spot, but thanks for sharing that. And as she was describing that, so any of you that have been to Hawaii Island on North Kohala, you know that when you travel the Okonepuli Highway, it ends there at the lookout at Polulu Valley.  And then between Polulu, all the way going down the Hamakua Coast through Waipio, I believe it consists between Polulu and including Polulu and Waipio Valley. There are a total of 12 or 13 valleys. And in ancient times, these valleys were occupied with Hawaiians who lived there. You might say, you know, when you look at the pictures of that coast and you look at these valleys, we think today, why would anyone want to live there? Well, it's a different time. None of us would want to live there because we're so used to the nature of the environment that we live in. You know, we're city folk. And our country folk, this is a different kind of country from back in those days. But why would the Hawaiians want to live there? For a couple of reasons. They had the ocean. Hawaiians depended on the ocean for food, source, and they were close enough to the water supply that those Kohala Mountains brought to them. So it was really the perfect setting. So I'm going to ask my wife, we're almost up to our break time. She's going to share a story. So we go down to Kippahulu. Actually, I'm going to ask my Eric if he could put up the next video. I think this, I'm not video, but a picture. Okay. So before we left Hana, we sang a song, Waikaloa, composed by John P. Lenny Watkins. And this is what you're looking at is the area known as Waikaloa. And that lady sitting there with a beautiful red outfit on, her name is Mahno Smith. And she is family to the composer of that song, John P. Lenny Watkins. And she lives there and grew up there. Generations of her family. And our next picture there, Eric. Okay. So before we go a break, I wanted to show this. We're in Kippahulu now. And we're standing outside of a church. The name of the church is called Palo Palo Omao. And the people that are joining, my wife and I, off to my right, you're looking at it, your left, is a gal by the name of Faun Helakahi. And she's part of the family and she knows the story behind this particular song. And so we're going to take a 60-second break when we come back from the break. My wife is going to share a portion of the story that defines Kamakani Kaili Aloha, which in Hawaiian translated means love snatching wind. It's a beautiful story that Luana will share with us and we'll come back from the break. She'll do that. And then following her sharing of the story we'll talk a little bit more and then she and I will sing a song live. And so this year on Ukulele Songs of Hawaii, your host, Walter Kawaiaya, and joining me, my lovely wife, Luana, will be back after this short break. Aloha, my name is Becky Samson and I'm the host of It's About Time. On the Think Tech Hawaii, a digital nonprofit organization that's raising public awareness. Join us on Wednesday at 2 p.m. where we talk about real issues. Some of the topics will include entrepreneurship, health, life skills and growing your business. So once again, this is Becky Samson on It's About Time. On Wednesday at 2 p.m. on Think Tech Hawaii. Mahalo. Aloha, I'm Jane Sawyer with the Small Business Administration and one of your hosts for Adventures in Small Business. A partnership with Think Tech and with the Hawaii Small Business Development Center, the MINK Center for Business and Leadership and the Veteran Business Outreach Center. All serving small businesses in Hawaii and telling you the story about their strategies, their ideas, their drive and the way they help Hawaii succeed and be a bright light in small business. You'll find it here every Thursday at Think Tech. Thanks for joining us and we hope to see you soon. Aloha mai and we're back talking sorry with Luwana and recounting this year's Huokai 2019 here at Ukulele Songs of Hawaii. I'm your host, Walter Kawaiaya. So before the break we're just kind of you showed you a picture there of the frontage of this little Hawaiian church called Palo Palo Omao and just for reference the church sits on the Lindbergh, Charles Lindbergh property and his Charles Lindbergh's granddaughter, Erin Lindbergh, lives there and she manages and takes care of the property and she allowed us to come that day at Friday morning and to pack, we literally pack the inside of the church. We sang a couple of spiritual songs and brought everyone to tears and so then I introduced Erin she shared a little bit about the place in the background and then I introduced this wonderful Hawaiian lady Juan Helakahi who gave us a tremendous insight into the composition of this particular song Kamakani Ka'ili Aloha that we're going to sing for you in a little bit but I'm going to ask Luwana if she would share the story of the love Thank you. This is a story it's told of a young girl and boy who grew up caring for each other and eventually marrying they lived happily for many years and the woman grew restless and desired to end their relationship the man was torn because of his love for his wife so he sought a kahuna who counseled him on what to do he was to take an ubeke a gourd which was cut in half and to place in it all the important mementos of his love for his wife and to take it to the beach and let the umeke go along with his sweet memories of his beloved as fate would have it the woman was walking along the same beach and saw the umeke in the ocean she picked it up and opened the cover and suddenly a brisk wind Kamakani Ka'ili Aloha a matching wind enveloped her and as she looked in the umeke she recognized the mementos of her husband her beloved husband and suddenly that familiar feeling of love overwhelmed her and as she saw her husband their love was rekindle so we share with you the song Kamakani Ka'ili Aloha not bad one oh my goodness you know while I was singing or we were singing that song together I couldn't help but reflect back on the message behind the song and you know I think there's a message for all of us today I think we all know people if not ourselves we know people couples that have perhaps the love has fallen out of the marriage because for anybody we've been married for 47 years and it takes work you raise three children we have five grandchildren and one great grandson it takes work and sometimes in the process of raising those children as this couple did back in Kippahulu very easy to forget about those early days you know when you fell in love and so that's part of the process we all have to work to always rekindle and do those things necessary to do that so there you have it Kamakani Ka'ili Aloha the love snatching win I guess that would mean that from the result of the story the way the story ends there's always hope there is hope and so make sure brother man you don't have to go get one Umeki and put all of the memories inside and hope she's on the other end of the beach you know high risk on that one alright Eric our next our next picture there okay so there it is this is a sign and this is pretty cool this is recent they have these signs that indicate in this case you're entering into Kippahulu it says Ka'ina o Makani Ka'ili Aloha land of the love snatching wind of Kippahulu so perfect and now you know we journeyed after that time at the church there we all left and we were heading out about a 45 minute drive to our next destination which was the Hu'i Aloha church out in Kippahulu and so let me just give you a little background my family the Kawaii'ia family comes from that area so my great great grandmother who she was a direct descendant of Kekalike and his son Ka'ikeeli and the area in in Kaupo known as Mokulao there's about a 27 acre property right there on the ocean side that is the Kawaii'ia family property it's maintained by my cousin Sam Aina Sam's mother was anti-jenny Kawaii'ia and I believe Sam is cousin Sam is the only human being that lives in Kaupo today and you can see his home because it's very distinct of Moka because there's no other homes on that back side of Haleakala well he has two other there are two other homes but they're his homes you know and he has children but none of them live there some live in Hana and some live in the Wailuku area and so we journeyed because we left the church and off to Kaupo I could ask Eric I think there it is that's Mokulao and there's Hu'ila'ua church and that whole property that 27 acres is the Kawaii'ia property now the historical significance of that place that is the closest point from the island of Maui to the island of Hawaii so if you if we were standing there looking across you would see Hawaii Island and that during the 1700s that was in all the and battling what was going on between the Kohala chiefs and the Maui chiefs that was the route that was taken on both sides our next frame there okay so we're going to pause there for a second because I know our time is getting close so we we gathered there we got into the church and my cousin Sam shared the history that I just shared with you about the place and how he he's committed his life his retire he was in the military traveled all over the world again he's the only human being that lives in Kaupo and trust me when I say this if you've not been to Kaupo there's literally nothing there there's no store there's no gas station so he's very well taken care of he knows he knows how to survive and he knows how to live out there and we had a nice time and so we shared and I invited we're going to close out our show very shortly with a video it's about three minutes long but it's I taught my students a song that my mentor Kahawana Lake wrote so in that last shot you saw we were looking up at the back side of Haleakala that area is known as Poo Lani about 47 acres and that 47 acres belong still does belong to the Lake family and so I taught them this song and the idea we were going to perform it there just outside of the the Huyaloha church because you can't physically get up to Poo Lani so you're just looking at it and so I asked excuse me I asked a very dear friend Akumahula who lives in Maui she's a Lake biologically her father was John Keola Lake who I knew very well grew up with that family know them know all of them well and I asked Sissy and her halal some of the dances from her halal if they were willing to come out and she was more than willing and so were the dances and I know how this works because when they learn a new song like she did three years ago or at least to choreograph the hula they always look for a place to take their students to the actual location so they can connect as they learn the hula and so this was the occasion for them and so I'm going to ask I think we're close to our time so I'm going to ask Eric if he would you're going to be watching it's a 3 minute and 41 going to hear music and my students myself playing and the halal dancing the title of the song is Kaupo That was lovely thanks for allowing us to share that I know we've run over time folks and so once again we're out of time we hope you've enjoyed our talk story time about Dishio's Huokai to the backside of Holiakala and the historic Wahi Panna of Hana Ki Puhulu and Kaupo join me next time on another episode of Bukalali Songs Over Way until then everyone take care Allah knows


When you hear the name exhibit, you may just think about MTV's Pimp My Ride and wonder what happened to this famous dude cause I know I did. Lucky for us, we're gonna check out the rapper's homes both in the Woodland Hills and Porter Ranch areas of California. In these videos, we don't reveal any addresses and even though I've done a house tour of my own, please please do not show up at any private residences because it's not safe for anyone. Exhibit is an American rapper, actor and television host who blew up in the music scene after dropping his debut album at the speed of light. He followed that success app with other albums like Restless and Weapons of Mass Destruction. Working with high profile artists like Eminem, Cypress Hill, Dr. Dre, 50 Cent and a whole bunch more. Exhibit's ability to speak from his heart quickly enamored him with a large fan base and by the time 2004 rolled around, he was hosting the wildly popular television series Pimp My Ride. The show would bring him further international and mainstream fame but in a stunning bit of irony it also ended up costing Exhibit a whole bunch of money. This is because he was working so much on the show that he was unable to put together new music and tour which is primarily how recording artists rake in the big bucks. His production schedule kept him busy and he bought multiple homes in the Los Angeles area so that he could always be available for a shoot including homes in the Woodland Hills area as well as in Porter Ranch where he's actually lived in multiple homes on the exact same street. Eventually his living expenses and lack of income caught up with him and Exhibit had to fall for bankruptcy not once but twice in 2009 and 2010 respectively. At that point in time he had close to 1 million dollars in unpaid federal taxes. After being denied in his attempts to fall for bankruptcy Exhibit would go on to sell his Woodland Hills home at a pretty substantial loss. How's it going guys and gals it's Kara and today I've got a brand new house tour for you guys. This one ticking look at the homes of the Pimp Daddy of Cars Exhibit. A whole bunch of you younger folk might know Exhibit more from his personality and TV appearances but he was a rapper once upon a time as well. And while I'm sure he's still got it musically speaking these days Exhibit is much more laid back than chill offering his legions of fans everyday entertainment across his social media feed. Today I'm going to take you guys inside a few of his homes to give you a sense of how he lives or at the very least how he used to live back when he was making millions a year. Don't forget to follow me on Instagram to chat and as usual let me know who's house tour is next in those comments down below. Alright let's get into this video. We'll start off with a look at the home Exhibit had to sacrifice to the gods of liquidation his 5 bedroom 4 bathroom 3,160 square foot former house located in Woodland Hills California. The home was first built way back when in 1976 an Exhibit purchased it a few decades later in 2003 reported 670k. The home is surrounded by an electronic gate and has some pretty spectacular landscaping out front and in the back of the house where there's also a large patio for entertaining and an in-ground pool for relaxation purposes. The home features wood flooring throughout and the tile has been laid down in the kitchen alongside a brand new dishwasher and a double oven. Two of the large bedrooms are located on the main floor of the house and feature direct access to the backyard through French doors. Meanwhile the garage is big enough to house two cars and if that's not enough space the driveway leaves enough room for a further two width. Before selling the home Exhibit had the roof replaced and perhaps the biggest selling point of all it's only a 20 minute walk to the beach. In the late 2000s when Exhibit was beginning to hit some financial streets he tried to offload this home place to get on the market for 1.2 million dollars or about double what he paid for it.  No one bit on the home at that price point. It would take two years and multiple price cuts to sell it but eventually in December of 2010 he sold the home for 610k at a loss of about 60k which considering the financials that she was in had to hurt. Moving on the next home we're going to take a look at is the one I believe Exhibit still lives into this day with his wife Krista Joyner. Technically this home actually belongs to his wife who first came to own the house after purchasing it with her prior husband in September of 2005 for just over 1 million dollars. She would later acquire it from her ex in their divorce. Krista and Exhibit then got married in 2014 after dating for several years. You might not remember their wedding but I guarantee you Krista still does. No not because it was her dream come true though it might have been. But more likely because Exhibit got arrested for a DUI on the day of yikes. The home is located in a gated community and was built in 2005. Features four bedrooms along with three bathrooms and about 3195 square feet of space. Inside there's a formal dining room, family room, media room and even a salt water pebble tech pool as well as a spa. The floor offers a marble pattern alongside custom woodshedders that are placed throughout the home. A gorgeous office space features walnut floors and custom made cabinets. While the kitchen has been totally redesigned with Caesar stone countertops, Viking appliances, an Italian backsplash, an island with a wine bar and a large walk-in pantry. The downstairs bedroom has custom wood floors as well as a remodeled bathroom with porcelain tile flooring and an Italian glass shower with rain shower head. Upstairs the master bedroom has surround sound built into it with floors and jacuzzi tub with a view. In August of 2015 Exhibit and Krista put this home on the market as well, listing it at $1.1 million but to the best of my knowledge, the home never sold and if this post on the gram from last year is anything to go by, Exhibit and his wife still live in the area and they're dealing with those treacherous California wildfires. But here's the thing, I can for sure confirm that that's the house Exhibit and Krista are still living in because apparently Exhibit loves this neighborhood so much that he's lived in multiple homes there over the years. Right after blowing up the music game Exhibit rented himself a 4,000 square foot home in this same quarter inch neighborhood. In fact, his old home was located right across the street from the house I just showed you. This home featured four bedrooms and four bathrooms but most importantly, it was also featured on the hit MTV show Cribs. And look, I'm just gonna apologize in advance for the video quality of these next couple clips but it took some digging to find these. The home features multiple living rooms, the first of which Exhibit decked out to remind him of his grandma's house. His second living room was transformed into a games room with a pool table and full service home theater or at least the early 2000s equivalent to such a thing. His master bedroom was decidedly spacious and looks mighty comfortable to say the least.  Meanwhile, his son Tremaine had a room not too far away that features all the trimmings, a desk, computer, a bed and most importantly, an original stony PlayStation featuring the classic game Crash Team Racing. And just because video games aren't the only way to keep kids entertained Exhibit also had a whole bunch of space out in his backyard where he could play football with his son as well. Alright guys, I think that's gonna bring us to the end of our X to the Z house tour and I don't know about you guys, but I'm thinking that if Exhibit ever wants to make another run out hosting a television series he should seriously consider running it back with a series titled Pimp My Home. There's no denying that the man is a talented musician but I'm pretty sure Exhibit was born to host these types of shows. Don't forget to check out other house tours we've made on celebs like Donald Glover, Naomi Campbell and many more. Give me a follow on Instagram and tell me whose house tours you guys want to see next. I'll see you all in the next video. Bye.


I was the first, I know nothing about technology. I know nothing about management. I know nothing about, but the only thing is that you don't have to know a lot of things. You have to find the people who are smart than you are. My first way is always find people who knowledge on computer, smart than I am. Accounting, smart than. For so many years, I always tried to find the people who are smart than I am. And when you find so many smart people, my job is to making sure the smart people can work it together. And then, if smart people can work it together, it's easier. The vision, they will believe.


Hi and welcome to the session. I am Shashi and I am going to help you to solve the following question. Question is, consider the binary operation and on the set 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, defined by a and b is equal to minimum of set a, b. Write the operation table of the operation and first of all let us understand the key idea to solve the given question. The operation star which is defined from a cross a to a if a is equal to set of a 1, a 2, a 3 till a n elements, then the operation table will be having n rows and n columns with ij's entry being a i star a j which is equal to the entry in ix row and jth column of operation table. Let us start with the solution now. We know we are given in the question a and b is equal to minimum of a, b. So we can say 1 and 1 is equal to 1 since 1 and 1 are both same numbers so minimum of them is 1 only. Now 1 and 2 is equal to 1 since minimum of 1 and 2 is 1 so 1 and 2 is equal to 1. Now 1 and 3 is equal to 1 since minimum of 1 and 3 is equal to 1. Now similarly we can write 1 and 4 is equal to 1, 1 and 5 is equal to 1 then 2 and 3 is equal to 2 since the minimum of 2 and 3 is 2. 2 and 4 is equal to 2, 5 is equal to 2. Similarly we can write 3 and 4 is equal to 3, minimum of 3 and 4 is 3 so 3 and 4 is equal to 3. 3 and 5 is equal to 3 and 4 and 5 is equal to 4. Minimum of 2 and 2 is equal to 2 similarly we can write 4 and 4 is equal to 4 and 5 and 5 is equal to 5. Now we have to write the operation table of the operation and on the set 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Now we can see Duskett has 5 elements in it so our number of rows and columns would be equal to 5. Let us now write the operation table. We have made 5 columns and 5 rows. We know 1 and 1 is equal to 1, 1 and 2 is equal to 1, 1 and 3 is equal to 1, 1 and 4 is equal to 1, 1 and 5 is equal to 1. Now 2 and 1 is equal to 1 that is we have to fill the minimum of the i-th and j-th elements of the given set. So minimum of 2 and 1 is 1 so we have written 1 here. Now 2 and 2 is equal to 2, 2 and 3 is equal to 2, 2 and 4 is equal to 2, 2 and 5 is equal to 2. Similarly we can write 3 and 1 is equal to 1, 3 and 2 is equal to 2, 3 and 3 is equal to 3, 3 and 4 is equal to 3, 3 and 5 is equal to 3. Now 4 and 1 is equal to 1, 4 and 2 is equal to 2, 4 and 3 is equal to 3, 4 and 4 is equal to 4, 4 and 5 is equal to 4. Now 5 and 1 is equal to 1, 5 and 2 is equal to 2, 5 and 3 is equal to 3, 5 and 4 is equal to 4, 5 and 5 is equal to 5. So this is our required operation table. Please complete the session. Hope you understood the session well. Take care and goodbye.


Yeah, for the 11 o'clock Tiger Financial News Network Market Update on the 16th of May, Monday we're looking at the Dow down 173 points at 32,022. It really needs to get above the high off Friday, that was at 32,276, it needs to get to the 32,300s, needs to do that pretty soon, I would say by Tuesday afternoon Wednesday without breaking under, say, 31,800 this point, so we're looking at the S&P also down, did try to rally some, S&P's down 34 at 3989, without taking out the 3982, 3978 level support now. We're looking at 4,039, is really an upside target in the next two days. It's going to take a lot of work to do that, looking at the QQQ. I think the Qs need to be participating with the Dow to move to the upside. The S&P and the IWM can follow, I think this is the way I'm looking at it right now, but the Qs are down 4.30 at 297.52, this is an investor QQQ trust use. These are the NBX stocks that need to rally right now as I'm talking, hey are you listening? So we're looking at IWM the Russell 2000, down 93 at 177, yeah this also needs to move higher, it needs to get to the 181 area by Wednesday or Thursday. You're looking at gold, it was unchanged a little earlier, now it is up 4, this is a good opportunity for gold maybe to move. We'll see if the Dow is going to pull back from this peak F potential, 105.01, the high that was made on Friday, watching it closely. It doesn't have to pull back much, but it could maybe digest some of those gains. Crude oil, crude oil is acting quite nicely here, it's up 79 cents, depends on which side you're on, 111.26 nobody really wants to see oil screaming much higher, but there's a very quick weekly PK, PK and leg C within the rectangle. So all I can say is if crude oil this week closes over 116, something else is happening in that whole oil sector, that's going to be serious stuff. Looking at the TLT bonds, I didn't even talk about it much in my show, the target, this is our few minutes ago, at 116.63, let's see, will crude oil break 116 on the upside or will TLT break 116 and go to 120 so that yields can come down, big question here. Meantime back to the ranch, the VIX index, the volatility index, trading at down again, oh it's unchanged at 28.87, if for any reason it starts to break underneath 28 today, as the down, there has to be, try to get stronger, that'll give a nice close to the day. That's kind of what you want if you bullish in the short term. Have a wonderful day, stay tuned for Larry Presidential, Larry has his workshop coming up tomorrow, check out that front page of the event, most opportune time to have it to be fantastic.


What's wrong these days? Okay. Before I start in, is it just this one camera or are there other? So it's just the one. So there's a time of change going on here in Longmont. It's an important change. It's a necessary change. But I really understand that a lot of people are worried about change and are disturbed by it. The change that I'm talking about, there are many, but the change that I'm talking about is Longmont is converting from kind of a suburban model of life to a more urban, dense, public transit-oriented mode of existence, and it is necessary. There's a letter that I get over and over again, not a form letter that, you know, somebody's passing around on social media and saying, send this to your council person, but just a letter that people keep writing, different people, different words, always in their own words, but the same points keep coming up. It says, why does council permit all of these dense apartments, condominiums, townhouses? It benefits nobody but the developers. It's going to change the character of my neighborhood. There's not going to be room for all the cars. I think you council members are corrupt to be doing this. Well, it hurts my feelings to be called corrupt, because I'll tell you, if I were, I'd probably have a lot more money. But the first thing I want everybody to understand is that we're doing this for the benefit, maybe not just of you. We're doing it for the benefit of the people who live and work in Longmont, and for the local economy, and for people's well-being. For the developers, absolutely not. You know, the developers would make more money building great, huge single-family homes with triple garages. We let that happen too long, and now we're trying to reverse that process while we still have land available to make the adjustments. So these new high-density developments are designed to reduce vehicle ownership and vehicle miles traveled. In cities that have already done this, we know that a few characteristics of a city, which are dense development along corridors where a bus can run, the ability for people who have ordinary jobs, frontline workers like retail, grocery clerks, but also nurses and teachers and public service workers, when they can afford to live in their own city, they're happier. It's like giving them a raise. They spend less on their cars, they spend more time with their families, and you become happier because you get better service from people who are happy in their work and are not stressed by what they're doing. So we're doing it for them, and we're doing it for you. Population density enables public transit, and public transit enables people to get out of their cars. Longmont already has a pretty good multimodal network that is ways for people to ride their bicycles to work, ride their bicycles for recreation, walk, all of those things, and as we move closer together, we're all going to do more of that. We're going to be happier, we're going to spend more time in nature, and we're going to be healthier because we have better exercise. So all of this stuff is for you. It's not for the developers, and when you see your city government working with developers, it's to make sure that we're not putting them out of business. I want to thank the ones that are still working with us and building what the city wants instead of what makes them the most money. And the other thing I really hope is that you will make an effort to get with the program, get out of your car, and enjoy our beautiful city. That's just what I think.


Yeah, it's been a while. Yeah Thank you. I don't know. I don't know. I have no idea. No idea. It's weird that it's a That it's been that long. It's been two years already. It's true thinking about That uh, that night when we walk and when we launched the channel um It doesn't it doesn't feel like it was two years ago. It feels like longer, honestly I don't know if it feels like it's been a short amount of time, but Eunice honest for me feels like it was like a decade ago It feels so far away So far away Do you think that with that fading that the That the way that the channel impacted you has changed like it has gone from This big thing in your mind to Something that you just did a few years ago. You know what I mean? Yeah, it doesn't The the way that it affected me hasn't changed I Think that it it hasn't faded at all. I still I Think about Eunice honest a lot not Not necessarily in like a oh, I miss it and like I do miss it, but I Think about the way that it affected me a Lot in the way that it changed me in the way that it changed The way that I operate like not only as like a person making videos or whatever, but like just day to day I feel I Feel like I I learned how to appreciate stuff a little bit more with Eunice honest, and I feel like With different things that I've worked on and different things where I'm like I want to try and appreciate this more Eunice honest taught me I Feel like how to do that because I feel like I've I've never like lived in the moment more than Then I did with Eunice honest. I'm I miss some I Miss that grind a lot like I it's different. I don't even necessarily know if I miss that grind I miss the the feeling of togetherness that that we had all three of us like I miss That feeling of being able to work With people like that, you know, because I I don't get that every day And I know that you don't get that every day and like I miss I miss that routine a lot and I think that It's very easy to feel kind of lonely And I think that despite a Lot of hard stuff that happened in that year both like Personally and obviously the world like I Think that Eunice honest In doing that was One of the times where I felt the least alone ever and I missed that a lot Mm-hmm. So it's funny because this year You know, I think there was a lot of people in the first year of it ending That there was still a lot of talk about About Eunice honest and what the channel was overall and what the channel was to people individually But now and this will continue to happen is that and I say this like almost selfishly in a way that like The channel getting further away from it being alive It's like turning it more into this legend, which is really cool Because I I've talked to so many people And seen so many people in this last year that I've that have said like oh, you know, I wasn't there for Eunice honest or I was there right at the end or like even some people like I just found out that Eunice honest was a thing and I wish that I could have been there for it But it's crazy just seeing it morph into more of this like little YouTube legend where it's like yeah not everybody got to experience it and that number of people will only Grow as time passes of more and more people being like yeah, I wasn't there like I wish that I was but I I wasn't and I'll never be able to See that and I wish that I could have been a part of that. I think there was something so So beautiful about About the willingness to let it go and that's something that made it so much more special And I know that that that's something that we've talked about a lot Which was the whole meaning behind the channel was it was special because it had to die and stuff like that but Like going day to day I don't feel as Excited as I did with stuff with Eunice honest. I still feel excited and And I still feel passion behind things But there was the certain feeling that I got with Eunice honest where every videos felt Felt special in a way and every video felt Exciting and like it had a purpose and I think a lot of that was because We knew that it was going to end and every day that we put out something no matter what it was It was okay. That's another tally mark on the wall getting closer and closer to everything going away and it just I Don't know. I I still haven't found a feeling quite like that and I can think back on times and Eunice honest and I can Feel like how I felt During that time like if you get like a weird smell and it like triggers a memory I get that a lot with thinking about Eunice honest Here's a an interesting question Just because I know you pretty well and I know the way that your brain works with certain stuff And I think that Eunice honest was also like a testament to that with the way that we were willing to let things go and How we knew the purpose of the channel and stuff like that And I know that Everything isn't hot black and white. Oh but do you Do you ever feel? sad About Eunice honest like I know that overall I think everything is kind of bittersweet and a lot of it is is pride We feel proud of the things that we made but like do you ever? Feel sad about it. That is It's it's kind of a weird thing because like the stuff that we've made since then I've I've Felt like it's always been fun and enjoyable and stuff like that but Sometimes it's like sometimes it's very hard Because Of Eunice honest, it's almost like stay with me here.  They're not melted. They're still very much alive and intact. Do you remember? the The video that this was from or the it was probably multiple I think it was brick soccer Cut to five seconds ago you being like you want to find true meaning Brick I think it's it's nice that You know as a whole the people who were there They all have this kind of thing in in common And I think it's nice that the community sort of lives on And that people are able to still get meaning from it Like a friend of mine who wasn't like a fan of the channel He's a good friend. He had an Eunice honest shirt on and he was walking down the street And somebody just looked at him and like gave him a knowing nod and it was like my shirt And I just think it's cool that People can have that kind of relationship with each other through the memory of the channel and people can still Like get the meaning of it, you know and still take that with them. I don't know It's nice Yeah, just pretend like it didn't exist. It's nice to It's nice to be able to come back every year and just think about it You know and to just talk about it and to remember What it was and to remember all of those times because I I think about Eunice honest a lot but not on this kind of level where I just kind of sit and think about it a little bit and Sort of allow myself to remember I guess um I don't know. It's it is really like Not as severe obviously But it is really like grieving A friend who passed away in a way, you know, because we'll never We'll never be able to get that back ever, you know, no matter What we do in the future even if we were and we won't do a too dishonest it would not be the same You know, it's not the same thing. People won't be able to relive that, you know Eunice honest will never be able to happen again because It won't ever be able to happen for the first time again and that's kind of what made it special And so it's nice to kind of Be able to remember and grieve in a way um And just be like, yeah I hope we're not doing this today. Yeah, what color do you want? Green Do you need scissors? No, no, I won't come on Mamie. How about a pop? Oh I hope it's me Yeah, I'll see you next year


Welcome back. In this clip I will talk about the first part of chapter 2 and specifically about human capital. After this clip you will understand a couple of things. I will have explained to you the basics of human capital theories and important to remember there are two versions of them and although they claim kind of the same thing their origins are quite different. So as a reminder in the previous clip I talked about human capital as an important resource for organizations competitive advantage and the definition that was presented there is that all the knowledge skills ideas abilities and health available in people working in an organization are an essential resource for organizational performance. If we zoom into this human capital we want to understand more deeply so how do people become an excellent resource for organizations and interestingly enough there are two distinct theories that explain the value of human capital for organizations. Only they come from quite a different background. I will talk about each of them. I'll start with Becker's perspective on human capital from an economic perspective meaning that if you invest in your knowledge as an individual and if organizations invest in the training of their employees this will lead to better performing organizations. So from the economic perspective it's all about investing in your knowledge and skills. The individual difference perspective by Spearman is a very old or to say from the psychological theory perspective old theories already developed in the 1920s and it starts from the idea that people by who they are are different and because they are different they will perform in a different way. So in order to understand the value of people for organizations we should understand what makes people different from one another and which of the of their characteristics contributes to their performance. So two essentially different theories leading to the same conclusion that in the end individuals in organizations with higher human capital will contribute to better performing organizations. So let's start with the economic view by Becker. So if you go back to the 1960s and you read Becker's theory you read that human capital can be perceived as a resource for individuals as well as for organizations. For individuals imagine that you have a university diploma that is an investment in your education and we know from data and from reasoning that it makes sense that employees with a better education they end up in better jobs they will have a better career and they will have higher incomes. So investing in your own training is a good idea if you want to progress your career. The same is true for organizations. Organizations who invest in their employees general knowledge and specific knowledge they will have more knowledgeable employees and that will help them to have a better organizational performance. So how does it work? It's important to understand that Becker distinguishes between generic human capital and firm specific human capital. Generic human capital these are all the diplomas that you can just go to school for. You can go to higher education, you can go to have some kind of skills training that will help you achieve a job in a company. So these are broad diplomas but also working in an industry to knowing for example education system that will help you to also function in another education institute. Firm specific human capital on the other hand was already introduced also in the previous clip. So this is knowledge that is tied to a single organization. By definition it loses its value if you take it away from that organization and try to use it in another organization. However for the unique competitive advantage of an organization it is important that an organization has a lot of non-transferable firm specific knowledge. So both types of knowledge are important for organizations. There's however one tricky thing with investing in knowledge and in education. If you don't invest in your knowledge that after a while it loses its value. For example imagine a doctor if you go to med school you have all these trainings and you know everything. But imagine that your training was in the 1980s and now we are way ahead decades. A lot of things have changed. We know of diseases that didn't exist by then. We know of techniques to counter these diseases that they were unaware of by then. So for a doctor to rely on their knowledge they really need to keep investing in their knowledge. And it's for a good reason that for certain professions there are systems that require professionals to update to continuously update their knowledge. So this is not only true for the medical staff but for example also in the financial professions. It's very common that professionals need to keep updating their knowledge. This is all to be traced back to the idea that if you don't do this this resource loses its value. For organizations it's a similar logic. So if you never invest in the training of your employees you might get stuck with a workforce that is unable to adapt to technological changes. It's a common problem in organizations where for example they're low skilled workers all of a sudden are faced with new technology and then there's a group of employees that doesn't fit the new organization anymore. So investing in training and development of employees is equally important for organizations as well as for individual employees. If we look at if we want to understand what human capital in organizations or how well organizations invest in this specific resource then you may want to have a look for example at the training budgets of organizations. So a common research is to look at how much money organizations invest in training and then relate that for example to important organizational outcomes like financial or productivity. So how do we know how much human capital matters for a business performance? By now you know that if you want to understand the effect of some investment in human resource management to some kind of outcome you preferably look at a meta analysis. An overview study summarizes a load of previous research into this question. The example I show here is based on a meta analysis performed by Kroek and colleagues of 2011. So what did they do? They collected 66 different studies indicating a relationship between some kind of investment in human capital and some outcome or indicator of organizational performance. In these 66 studies they had like over 12,000 of measurement points so individual observations of if your level of human capital is this then the outcome is such and so. So combining these they found an overall correlational strength of 0.21 between human capital and organizational performance. So what does it mean? So this means that a one standard deviation increase in human capital so for example a one standard deviation increase in the training budget of an organization as compared to the mean of the sample that leads to a 0.21 improvement in the performance outcome. So that could be for example the performance of the financial performance of the organization. Another example is for example the total experience of the board of managers. So imagine you have a team of managers that is responsible for the for guiding the entire organization so five people maybe and imagine that this board has been working together for a long time. They have grown up in the company and then their average is if you add them all up together each one has at least 10 years of experience and together they have like 60 years of experience in that company. Also there are boards where the team of managers is relatively new because for many reasons the average tenure of board members can be much lower. So they found for example a difference in the total experience of the board of managers from the 35 years on average to 59 years of average is translated to an increase in return on investment from 0.5 to 0.9. This increase translates in an 80 percent improvement of the return on investment. So it pays off to have an experience board. It's one of the conclusions that you could draw from this from this mid analysis and similar positive effects were also found for educational level, training budgets, tenure of staff and many other indicators of human capital. So summarized there's a load of evidence that investing in human capital like predicted by Gary Becker is really important. So what does it mean for human resource management? Nice talk. Well obviously if you are to work in human resource management investing in employee training is one of the core things that you should be concerned about. Another implication is maybe not as obvious but nowadays there's a big trend to have a huge flexible staff in the organization and we know that by changing staff in the organization a lot of knowledge also gets lost. So the composition of the workforce is another element that you could think about if you think about Gary Becker's view on human capital and its implications for human resource management. All right. So in the start of this clip I mentioned that there's also another theory of human capital and that is the one that we call the human capital as individual differences theory that was originated by Spearman in 1927 which was what elaborated and researched over decades until today so we also know quite a lot about this one. What's the idea here? So the key idea of individual differences is that if you compare people you'll notice that they have different abilities. Some people are good at math others are not others are good at language some people are really social so people differ from each other and they do so in a kind of stable way somebody is really talkative will be that as a child and probably also be more talkative when they retire. Another key assumption of the individual differences theory is that these differences between individuals they matter for their performance and it makes it makes sense. A talkative person is more likely to perform well in a job where a lot of talking is part of the job and other people will not like that and maybe perform less there. A question is so which abilities do really matter for creating a sustainable performance difference over time? Well I could like feel a couple of days talking about that but let me bring this back to the essence. The well researched differences within individuals that matter for performance are basically two things. First intelligence and second personality. Intelligence relates to the speed with which people process, retrieve and combine information. So some people are just good at saving solving puzzles and others can come to the same conclusion but they need a bit more time. So the intelligence part is about the speed of processing, retrieving and combining information. Why is this useful to know? A good thing about intelligence is that over the years resources have developed valid and reliable tests with which we can measure intelligence and we can more or less rely on their outcomes and then we can use that to predict which employee is more smart than the other one. Another important individual difference is personality. So personality is defined as the relatively consistent style in which people think, act and feel. So I mentioned that being talkative is an expression of extroversion. Extroverted people like to be with others, like to be in a group and they tend to talk a lot. As with intelligence it's also possible to measure personality using reliable tests or an interview. A side note should however be that the tests for intelligence are on average more reliable than personality tests. Personality tests suffer a little bit from faking. If you are very smart and you know what a job is about then you can kind of know what kind of personality a organization is looking for. Whilst with intelligence if you don't know the answer to a question it's just wrong. So looking at intelligence you're probably familiar with the notion of the normal curve. There's a lot of debate about what intelligence actually is. Is it possible that people have multiple intelligence? Is it possible that that you can develop your intelligence? So there are a lot of research questions that you could contribute to the concept of intelligence. The most important thing to remember is that there is something underlying all the difference intelligence performance. So if you compare a whole big group of people then on average there are people who score on average better on all the different intelligence tests than others. We call this concept G. So G is the underlying intelligence. Tricky with the G concept is that there's no test that directly taps into this underlying intelligence. So usually if you want to understand your intelligence you go to a psychologist or you go to the internet and then you take a test and it exists of many different sub-tests. So for example memory test or speed of retrieval, logical reasoning. If you compare the performance of many people on this these kind of tests you'll see that there are positive correlations between those tests meaning that there's people who are on average have a higher intelligence, they tend to perform better on all these tests. Mind you this is statistics, this is not true for every individual, this is true for people on average. So like with statistics these scores are normally distributed over the population with the majority of people circling around the average and there's a small group that are really smart and a small group that is not so smart. Why is this important? Well first scores on intelligence are relatively stable over a lifetime. So for example if an organization is looking for talented people to fill the ranks of their trainee programs for example it makes sense to include an intelligence test. You don't need any work experience, there's nothing that you need to show yet. However you kind of predict that somebody with a higher intelligence can, is a quick learner and they will find their way around in the organization so it makes sense to select on intelligence. Also if you look at meta-analysis you'll see that scores on intelligence test correlate high with performance and high is 0.5. So of course in other sciences they will laugh about the correlation of 0.5 because there's still a lot of error and we know this. Not every smart kid in your class is going to be a professor one day. However it is to the best we know about differences between people this is the strongest prediction that we can make using intelligence to predict future performance of employees. Now to personality. Personality like said is a bit more tricky there is not something like an underlying personality and you cannot have more personality or less personality so the concept in itself is already more difficult. There is a pattern in personality dimensions and nowadays the big five model is the most known and the acronym stands for ocean so it's an easy way to remember. Openness to experience C, contentiousness, E, extraversion, A, agreeableness and neuroticism or contrast of course is the more preferred one emotional stability. What do these mean? Openness to experience or you can read all the definitions also in the book. Openness is to be curious, interested in arts and science. Consentious, the persons who like to work hard to meet their agreements to be goal oriented so this is the industrious preference. Extraversion already mentioned like to be talkative the social aspect, agreeableness to what extent you like to be like, you like to have harmony in teams and finally neuroticism how quickly are stressed about things or how unquickly you are completely cool about everything. Which of these dimensions matters for performance because that was the question of this chapter so there's human capital, everybody has characteristics, everybody has some score on one of these on each of these dimensions so you have different profiles they may look like this so somebody scores a bit lower on openness and they score a little bit higher on conscientiousness but what does a profile file like this mean for an individual's performance? Well, actually not all the, excuse me, not all the dimensions are equally important for performance. If you look at overall performance then actually only conscientiousness and to some extent neuroticism and then again the opposite of that so the stableness they are for any job important and it makes sense so people who work hard where in their preference to work neatly to keep their work organized and to keep their appointments those are the ones who are realizing a better performance. For all the other dimensions there is no stable relationship between a preference or a non-preference and the overall performance. If you zoom in on the job level and you compare for example for a management position with a financial expert of course it's possible to frame hypothesis about the importance of the other dimensions as well and there of course there is also some evidence so you need to go back to to your knowledge or your research about this and then you can also for example use extraversion to hire managers as an example but overall important thing to remember for overall job performance across any job conscientiousness and low score on neuroticism are positively related to performance however to a lesser extent than intelligence although you can increase the correlation between intelligence test score and performance if you combine that with conscientiousness because there's no relationship between for example conscientiousness and intelligence so personality and intelligence are different distinct things. A lot of technical talk so back to you what Pehrman's implications are for his definition of human capital well think about it for a moment if these differences between people are stable and they were there to exist over a lifetime then it's not so much training that you want to invest in but selection. So Becker and Pehrman's theories together they emphasize an investment in human capital by means of on the one hand training and on the other hand selection and there are excellent selection methods that can help you make a good decision. So summarizing these two theories how do these individual difference of human capital contribute to performance well in the upper row here you see the individual differences that matter for overall performance so these are intelligence, conscientiousness and emotional stability. Intelligence has a double effect it not only directly contributes to job performance but it also contributes to learning and then the two theories come together because if you are able to learn more quickly they are also able to achieve a higher level of education. So this brings me to the end of this knowledge clip we discussed two human capital theories Becker's economic perspective on human capital and Pehrman's individual difference perspective in the next clip I will zoom deeper into the concept of knowledge because there's a load more to say about that.