Welcome to Mark's and my talk about secure execution and attestation and confidential dump So first I will start with secure execution a short Revisit to secure execution, then I will talk about attestation and mark will continue with confidential dumping So just for secure execution So Normally or without the hypervisors full control of our unsecure guest it can access the guest it can modify the guest state and memory and Sorry missing So and that's also includes any secrets in that guest and you probably don't want your hypervisor to Access those secrets and modify them so Or probably you don't allow to do that So we have the trusted entity we call it ultra visor. It's part of the firmware this ultra visor managed to Confidential state of that VM and the hypervisors to cooperate with the ultra visor to run the secure execution guest And the guest also can share pages with the hypervisor And no one but the guest owner and the ultra visor can access unencrypted confidential state How does it work? The guest owner prepares as a secure execution image and this image includes a public elliptic RFT-Fielman key and This key is used then for establishing a shared secret between the ultra visor and the guest owner From the ultra visor perspective it takes the public key of the guest owner its own private key and derives a shared secret and This means that only the ultra visor can decrypt and run the execution image And the guest owner can also store additional secrets and the secure execution header of the secure execution boot image for example a customer communication key that's later used for dumping and Also keys for the component decryption Such concomit components are the kernel the kernel command line and the init RD These are always encrypted Authenticated and integrity protected and again we can store secrets in those Components for example, we can store a looks key passphrase in the init RD in Kleatex and So now for our station and our goal is to prove that a Given guest runs the expected workload in secure mode in secure execution mode and With IBM secure execution we more or less get that for free and We do not require externalization because our components are encrypted and integrity protected if we inject a Secret a unique secret during the build of that image for example as H pop key. That's unique to this image We can attest that image by simply logging in because no one else has a pop pop the key so I just said We can do if attestation implicitly so why do it explicitly or externally There are some reasons and The first one is We want probably to prove a third party that we're running under secure execution without passing any image secrets Or giving it access to the our image or We want to verify not only that our guest is not only a specific image but also a specific instance of that image because we have it multiple times or In general we need trusted information about our Guest image instance or the execution environment we're running in So the use cases are First of all we go want to get compliant to attest with a third party or The other one is to customize and already prepare generic as secure execution in which we got from another person we more or less trust and We first would have to attest the image externally that it's running under secure execution and more or less the expected workload and Then deploy our own instance the dependent secrets and Then next time we can attest it implicitly while logging in So how does explicit at station work for secure execution? We start the secure execution image at some point via the KVM host It sends a call to the ultra visor and this ultra visor first verifies the hashes of the secure execution image and then starts the image and at this point the Guests will transition into secure execution mode and Then we have the attestor that's running on a trusted system. That's cut off. They're at the top It will generate a request and this request similar to the secure execution image contains a public ECDH key, but this time from the tester and an encrypted measurement key We send this request to the secure execution guest and this guest will do a ultra visor call to the ultra visor and the ultra visor will do an measurement with the measurement key and This measurement contains the hashes from the secure execution image and the configuration unique ID of the secure execution guest image and then we send back the response and At the very trusted system we again verify the measurement. So we check if the measurement are the same We have a new tool to do that it's called PV attest and It consists of three commands Create to create the request on the trusted system perform to do the ultra visor call on our guest and verify to again verify the measurement on our trusted system The current state is that you need an IBM set 16 and the guest has a kernel 5.19 And for a chemo liquid and generating of the secure scheme it just works in no changes required and The PV attest is include in a 390 tool starting version 222 and now we're going to confidential dumping Okay, so now let's talk about confidential dump This is a newly introduced mechanism to securely and reliably dump a secure execution guest by the untrusted hypervisor So let's first compare guest initiated and hypervisor initiated dump to see why it's so important to support hypervisor initiated dumping for secure secure execution guests at all so That's one guest perspective So the big pro for a guest initiated dump is and it needs no Hypervisor interaction at all. So if you are using K-Dump for example, you do not need the hypervisor to interact You do not have to trust them and and the guest knows its data best For example K-Dump allows you to use page filtering and so on But big con is it's not always possible. For example, if you have a buck memory management then the kernel will not boot and for example for early boot problems and so We had already a lot of feedback that many customers or many people Have tried to start and they forgot to use a bounce buffers So the guests just crashed and in that case it would be really useful if we would have a dump of that Then dumping modifies a guest state. That's a problem as well. Sometimes it's even destructive Then needs extra memory for the day for the dump off in case of K-Dump and it must be set up So pros for the hypervisor initiate dump. It's reliable as I've already mentioned. It doesn't modify the guest state and Guest initiated dumping is not always available. For example, if you think about small guests You cannot have the overhead of the memory required for K-Dump But the contra the hypervisor interaction is required and we have to transport the dump and The hypervisor needs the access to the whole guest state and in case of secure execution The hypervisor does not have access to the whole guest state. So how can you do hypervisor initiate the dump in case of secure execution guests? Obviously there was new hardware firmware support required. We have introduced something that Just requires an opt-in. So you have to set in the SE during the SE image preparation You have to allow Confidential dump and you have to see CK the custom communication key. That's as Stefan already mentioned to do so This case is used for the dump encryption and protection. So there were now four new Ultras across introduced. So first initiate configuration dump then second one dump CPU state Third one is dump configuration storage state storage means in S390 memory So just in case you just don't know and then the last Advisor call new address calls complete configuration dump So from a dumping perspective from Kemi KVM. So first we have to stop all these CPUs We do have to do sync to sync up and so on and then we read all the guest pages So read all guest pages is simplified here because of space and for simplicity What is actually happening here is Kemi reads the guest memory in case the page is secure We will get in storage program exception That leads to an export of this page The ultra is a will encrypt the page and then we can just read this encrypted page and this page can be written To dump if it's a shared page. We can just read the page Then the third step is initiate the configuration dump. We have to say hate or ultra is or we want to dump Then we will call for each vCPU the ultra is a call dump CPU state We will get back the encrypted CPU states then for every one megabyte of storage We have to call dump configuration storage state We will get the three components of each page because these pages are in Indempently encrypted by using AS XTS and for each page. We are using a different treat Then you have to call a complete configuration dump and you will get get encrypted AS GCM in this case The key derivation see the I read weak nonce and the storage encryption key So the XTS keys and in the end you have to write this dump data to a VM call file Obviously, we have to this new dump file is different to the normal SV90 dump file So here you can see how this new alpha looks like so it's Pretty much the same as before but now we have some additional information So we still have the node types for the information that the hypervisor knows so in this case for for the vCPU one we have the node type and TPR status and in all that Hypervisor does not have any confidential state or does not know anything confidential about the vCPU So that's just a case if you want to debug the hypervisor and it looks like a normal VM call Dump, but now we have introduced a new node type You can see it here for vCPU one NTS 390 PV CPU data That's just an encrypted blob and we will interpret it decrypted and there's all the confidential CPU data stored Then there's one PT load segment as before but in that case It's just ASXS encrypted and to store all the meter data. We have introduced new sections So we have one PV comp that's just a kind of of the ultra is a call Complete configuration dump and we have PV memory meter. There is the all the tweaks are stored and Because it's an alpha we have to introduce a section header string table as well So If you just someone interested, what's the value of this new node type it is Okay, now we will come to the life cycle So first we have to train away to the secure execution image We have to enable a dump feature and we have to set the cck Then we will copy the secure execution image to the host We will start the image. We will do the verification the high ultra visible Remember the cck for the later dumping then the se guest workload is running if at some moment We want to dump so came you will do all the ultra as a cause and KVM as I've already mentioned It will written to a file the core dump. There's a core dump will be transferred to the guest owner for example and the guest owner can use now a new tool with the name said get them to Decryptus dump and you will get a normal sv9 TV and call them that you can use and Analyze as you are used to by using for example crash so the command lines that are used here are the tool to generate the secure execution images chambered image and there are the new command line options enable dump and com key for specifying this Custom communication key As you can see here the command for creating the dump has this unchanged So you can just use lip word as usual rush dump dash dash memory only So there was no change in the QMU monitor protocol API so far I must say the QMU patches are still under review. So that might be changed okay Then the command for see get them because as I have already mentioned Each page is in them in them in the Indempen sorry for that Encrypted so you can use fuse for example to just create in virtual file system So we you will have on the fly decryption and if you're interested for example in debugging Kernel crash you do not want to decrypt the whole 200 gigabyte of memory for example But just all the two gigabytes in that case you can just use this option you can mount this Dump and then it will create by using fuse a virtual file system and you can use Contrastries crash as we are used as you are used to or you can decrypt the whole file So as you get them my dash dash key then you have to specify the custom communication key The decrypt encrypted file and then that's it and mount and the output file. It depends what you want Okay, so the count state is We need half the support of course so IBM set 16 The KVM changes they have already been upstreamed so it's included in the kernel version 6.0 release candidate one and Kim you as I have already already mentioned. It's still under review. So Look what right now. There are no changes required. So it just works gentle image changes has upstreamed with easy or since version 2.21 and For said get down where it's still working for across Love so let's summarize at station You can use it to verify the sec execution image instance It's useful to implicit as we on S390. We have implicit at the station and And now we have also explicit at the station After after transition into secure execution mode and it can be used to identify a specific image instance And you can attest without revealing any secrets Then let's summarize the confidential dump things first. You have to do an opt-in. So that's important to know here Then it's reliable and a secure way for hyper-wise initiated dumping because the actual guest data is encrypted No chem you monitor protocol API changes right now. So there are no changes in lip thought and See get down will handle the encryption on the flight. You can show us possible and Decrypted dump can be analyzed. For example using crash So thank you for your attention and any questions so far It would be great, but oh Okay, okay, the question was is it possible to you reuse the API for the live migration and Some parts of it sure but For the long run, I'm not sure Yeah Yes, maybe you can answer and it's not about the cck but about the whole ski documents So so the question was We rely on the cck for security of the of the secure execution image, right? We have multiple keys so But the secure execution image relies on the public ecdh key for the guest owner and The public private key bundle of the ultra visor. We only know the public key of the ultra visor, of course So But I think that's a question for Claudio You are you asking What how do you get? How do you get the private key in the hardware? Is that a question? It's already in Okay, so the question was how do we differentiate between different guest owners right each guest owner has his own public ecdh key and private key also but and You you use your own public ecdh key to encrypt the image and if you have a different guest owner you use your own key I'm not sure if that Yeah, okay Let me help here Each machine has a private key baked in and you as a customer just take The public key of the private key and you use it to make your image and then you give that to the hardware and the hardware We just unwrap it and the hardware is the only one that knows that Private key so it's secure all those keys are needed these other keys that I mentioned the customer communication key and what that were not those are keys that are baked into this encrypted blob first of all and Those are needed for these other dumping and Things but those are provided to To the hardware Through this encrypted blob and the blob is encrypted with the public key And the private of the machine the machine has a private key baked in at The root of the trust is the hardware and yes private pride. Yes So, how can you make sure that you're not faking the root of trust of course the public key is signed by IBM so there is a There's a route of certificates. So the private keys that so the Private key and the public key that for the specific machines are signed by IBM So if you look at a public key for an S390 Machine, you can just check if it's been signed by the actual IBM So we with the classic root of trust, you know, there's a private key per machine It's not an IBM white no it's an idea It's a it's a per machine and IBM does not know it anymore once it's baked in I Don't the question is if it's equivalent to a TPM. I'm not an expert on those things. So Me neither I think one more question, right Yeah, you had to question Oh That's true and now I repeat it the customer communication key is created during the image Creation and encrypted using the or a public key one and so AES GCM any more questions. Okay. Thank you. We are here. So more questions arise


Ddweud o'r ffordd, Nathan, a ddiddordeb am y dyfodol, rydyn ni'n gweithio i'r Manuscript sanscrete. A dyma'r ffordd, rydyn ni'n ddiddordeb am y ddysgol, rydyn ni'n ddiddordeb ar y cyfnodol ac mae gymryd yn hawddio'r twyddiadau ym mhwyaf mewn ddechrau'r pobl yn ymdraen. Felly rydyn ni'n teimlo'r ddau cyfwyllfa i'r ysgrif iawn i gafodd mwyaf. Rydyn ni'n ddau'r ddau'r cyfwyllfa i'n ddau'r hyn. Therefore, it will be data management in the critical edition of the time of thechodd Bysau Cymru of the Wajra Tundas-Maergyl-Khalparajah. This, I propose, will be a case study within this broader topic of editing the Sanskrit manuscripts. First, I am presenting my introductory findings about this particular text and then Then we can move to data management in this specific case. We do not know about this text too much. The only reference I am aware of is from about a hundred years ago, two publications by Lawrence Crossen Votel facility. 1912 ac 1914, yw dechrau'r hyn. A oedden nhw'n meddwl, yng Nghymru'r hyn o'r dechrau'n hyn o'r hyn. Yn amlwg na gawsain a'r hwnnw, ac Ydell, hwnna i'r ymdweithau, yna yma'r yma'r hyn o'r hyn o'r hyn o'r hyn o'r Tybeton. ac mae'n ddweud y tectfodd yma yn Tybeton. Ac mae'n ddweud yma'r rhaid o'r tectfodd. Mae'n ddweud y 100 yma, ac mae'n ddweud yma'r amser yn ddweud yma'r amser yn Ddweud Daniel Santo yn Oxford, yn ddweud yma'r ddweud yma'r ddweud yma'r ddweud yma'r ddweud. Mae'n ddweud yma'r ddweud yma'r amser yn ddweud yma. Ac mae'n ddweud yma'r amser yn ddweud yma, mae'n ddweud yma yma'r arfer y project, y project de-bion, ac mae'n ddweud yma yma'r ddweud. Before we move on to introduction this is what I have been doing. I have been doing the first critical edition and translation of this text in Sanskrit on the basis of the now found Sanskrit original text. Dyna'r tîm yw ymddiadau gan ymddiadau yn cael Calparagia, ymddiadau a'r cyfnodr rhifeddau. Mae'r ddweud o'r ddweud yw Wajra, yn yma yn Gwau, a'r bod yn Llyfrgell yn ymddiadau i ddweud yma yma yn Gwuru. Mae'r ddweud yw ddweud yw 6. ac rwyf amgylcheddodd y llyfr o'r llyfr yma yng nghymru, rwyf wedi cael ei ddaeth o'r prydd ymlaen o'r bydd yma yma yma, efallai y 5 o 6 yma, ym Llyfr E 5, ym Llyfr E 5, yma yma. Mae hynny'n hynny o'r 80 ym 1000 a 100 yma, Mae'n gweithio i'r catalogau â'r ysgol, a dros yn gwrs a'r eitiynau i'r gwaith yn gweithio. Rhywbeth, mae'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio, yn ei ddifwng, ac yn eitwch yr eitwch yn gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio. Yn ymwneud hynny, rydyn ni'n hynny'n gweithio'r sefydliadol, yw'r rhaglen o'r rhaglen o'r rhaglen o'r rhaglen, ac mae'n gwneud yn ymdweud yma'r rhaglen yn y rhaid yn y rhaid. Yn ymdweud yw'r rhaglen, wrth gwrs, yn ymdweud yn ymdweud, ac ymdweud ysgawr, ymdweud ymdweud, ac rydych chi'n gwneud ymdweud yma yng Ngog, mae'n byw ychwanegwyr i fod yn ei bodai. Yn ymdweud yma, Eau Milenniam, yw ymdweud yw'r rhaglen yn ymdweud yma, ac yw'r rhaglen yn ymdweud yma yma, ac ymdweud yw'r rhaglen yn ymdweud. Yn ymdweud yw'r rhaglen, yw'r rhaglen yn yn ymdweud. Mae'n hyd ymddai'r llyfr yn yr hynny, which are called Dharani or Vidya or Mantra, lots of benefits if one uses this tradition, and we have vows which the Nagas take that they shall provide good weather with sufficient rainfall in a certain region, and this refers to the title of the text, the Vajratunda Samaya, the vow of the Vajratunda. ac yma'r Gerddor i Gerddor i Gerddor i'r Cerddor, yn ddiwedd, ond allan o'r naigau os yma'r holl yn fawr, mae hi'n gweithio gyrdw i'r Gerddor. Felly mae'n gweithio'r adrodd i'r teimlo. Mae'n gweithio'n adrodd o rhaid i'r hyn o'r cyffredinol, ac rhaid i'n gwneud, yma'r adrodd o'r hyn o arddwyr, o'r holl gwaith? Felly, rydyn ni'n gweithio gweithio'r ffordd ychydig y ffordd yma, yma yw'r ysgolwyd yng Ngagos, rydyn ni'n gweithio'r ffordd yma. Rydyn ni'n gweithio'r ffordd yma, yma yw'r ysgolwyd. Yn ymgyrch yn ddod i'r cyfnod, wedi'n gweithio'r ysgolwyd, oherwydd mae'n gweithio'r ysgolwyd, yma, y ddechrau'r ysgolwyd, y gweithio'r ddod i'n gweithio'r ysgolwyd, a'r ddod i'n gweithio'r ysgolwyd. A'r ddod, y syniad mewn ysgolwyd, y fidiadr, yw'r gweithio'r rydyn ni'n gweithio'r ysgolwyd, a'u gwneud i'n ddod i'n ddod i'r ddod i'r ddod. Felly, mae'r ddod i'n gweithio'r ddod i'n gweithio. Mae'r parwennu mynd i'r teimlo'r y être hoi o'r tfonen, ond iawn gwylio'r gweithio'r gweithio. Felly, rwydd deillent ei bydd i'r graf hwn wedi'i fan ales. Nid oedd mae'r gwirionedd Here ac wir. Mae dd refreshed pan yw gwel yn polw i terrych o bwysig boatswyr. Aeth Re��, pen ddoedd, gyda'r cyfnod, gyda'r cyfnod, ac yn ymwneud yn cael ei gynhyrch ymddiol. A o'r llai ffynol, rydych yn ei wneud y ffynol sydd wedi'i gweithio'r ffordd o'r hyn yn ymwneud. Maen nhw'n ddweud o'r 5th century, yw'n iawn i diolch i'r wychauности rydyn nhw'n creusio cyfathiewol, gallu Handhala o Handhala. Mae'r newydd yn wych yn cael eu llunio'n yw sylfor. Mae'n rhaid i'w rhaid i'w lle meditation教u y mudra. I was quite interested to learn that there are pesticides used in a Buddhist context, and this text describes how to use these pesticides. This was an introduction to the text in general, and now we can turn to data management, how to manage the addition of a Sanskrit text. So, as Jim mentioned, it took them about two years to collect all manuscripts, copies of all manuscripts. For me it took about one and a half to collect four manuscripts. You can see reproductions of all here. This is what I call manuscript A, and this is part of that, and this is manuscript B, manuscript C. This is a palm leaf manuscript, the previous two were paper manuscripts, and this is manuscript D. So, we have four manuscripts, and these are listed here. Two of them, C and A, these were discovered by Peter Santo, and B and D, they were found by myself. So, you can see the dates. We have one palm leaf manuscript, undated, incomplete from the 12th, 13th centuries, and we have three complete paper manuscripts from the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries. So, one thing which I should refer to here, all these manuscripts are multiple text manuscripts, and possibly this is why this text was not really found in Sanskrit for a very long time. These were hiding, I mean this text was hiding in these multiple text manuscripts. So, what happens if we have all the manuscripts ready? What do we do with the data on all these manuscripts? We collate them, as Jim has mentioned, and I have been using a positive apparatus that is whenever there are variant readings, I list the reading or the readings in the main text, and then I read the variants. See the first example, which is Chakrar Karam, which is read in manuscripts C and D, whereas A reads Chakraram and B reads Chakrar Karam. In the fourth example, you can see with PC and AC if there was a correction in the manuscript. AC means before correction, PC after correction, so D here before correction reads Viputakaya, one syllable missing, whereas after correction it reads Viputakaya, a dond podi. In the last example, you can see that B is broken off or it is illegible, so I have indicated here four achsuras are missing in the case of Om Amrute, part of a mantra in AC and D. With such a positive apparatus, it is possible to provide all the information I believe without anything being lost or anything being mixed up. After this collection of data, we can say, of course comes something which is very difficult to define or explain how to prepare the addition, how to make editorial decisions, and this can be a very long process and one has to go back to the text very often, and I believe one has to spend as much time as possible with the text to come close to this very piece of writing. We have heard about various programmes which help with making additions, preparing critical additions. I'm trying to follow the old school and I think spending time with the text as much as possible is quite beneficial and that's my experience. Then, of course, when one reaches a kind of text which one thinks is more or less intelligible, then one can start preparing a translation, but this works vice versa, so sometimes you have to return to your addition and think more about a reading or more. After this is done, then our project plans to publish this as an open access publication which can be downloaded from the publishers website. So, I'll treat data presentation, it will be completely public and accessible for everyone for free, and after this is done, we also have plans to put the text itself, the Sanskrit text online, and Jim has talked about Sarit, and we are planning to put the Sanskrit edition on Sarit, and after this we can also put the text on another site which is called Gratil, and this is not a TEI, a marked up based website, but it's the largest repository of Sanskrit or Indic texts available. So, this is basically what I wanted to show you through this case study, and probably we can return to some of the questions or new questions related to the addition of Sanskrit manuscripts. Thank you. I have two suggestions which I would make strongly with emphasis. First, I understand your positive apparatus, it's nice, but I think you also have to document your choices. I'm not talking about data documentation or whatever, but you as an editor make a choice, this is a better reading. Why do you think that? And I think that is the editor's responsibility to explain that in each and every case. And sometimes it's really simple, like the text is ungrammatical this way, but you can explain that, an Akshara has dropped it, and sometimes it's much more complicated than that. The second thing is, and it's sometimes a feature of Sarit, that I think that we should all, all of us, should seek to establish regular numbering for texts in a kind of biblical fashion. Chapter, verse, line, sentence, whatever, such that when somebody finds a new manuscript, it plugs in, when you decide to, somebody decides to make an addition of the Tibetan translation, if somebody finds a Chinese, you'll be able to coordinate things like that and find references. I really think this is very important. And that's something that is part of that process that you talked about, sort of reciprocal process between addition and translation, because you might not be able to do it until you've actually carefully understood the text and its structure. But I think in the end it really is essential. Also it means that your apparatus can simply be, you can simply cite lemmas, which refer to your numbering in the same way it works in the Bible. And you can make a glossary, you can make a dictionary, people can refer exactly. And I'm very much in favour of this, even though it's a lot of work. Yeah, thank you very much. But the same way, I mean, if I say to you Mark 15.5, you can open up any Bible and you find it, right? We should be able to do that. Yeah, I'm starting with your second question. As I have mentioned, this text has six chapters. And these have subcolophones. So I have already numbered chapters from one to six. Of course then comes the question whether we should further subdivide these chapters into smaller chunks that can be decided. This I have done previously with another text. So I absolutely agree this would be an ideal word if all these texts were very clearly perhaps line by line marked up. As for your first suggestion, this will absolutely be done. But not in the apparatus, not in the critical apparatus at the bottom of the page with the Sanskrit. But with the annotated translation, where in the annotations one can explain a choice, whether it's grammatical or context-based. So it will be there. But I don't understand the annotations of the translation referred to the translation. But not necessarily to your looking and saying, for example, I don't think there was an example there, but sometimes you may have some version has a sentence with that. If you look at, for example, just pick the second one, very easy. There's no problem here. In fact, two manuscripts have one reading, one letter has dropped in the second one, and the other one, the other one has disappeared. It's easy to explain that, but I think it should be explained. It should be explained, yes, absolutely. I have not really seen an addition where these explanations are included below the Sanskrit, so that's why I would go... You usually don't explain anywhere. I have personal experience of asking people, why did you do it this way? I don't remember. Really? It's your addition. So my plan would be to put explanations at the relevant places with the translations, but if we have better solutions, I'm very much open to that. But it will be there. It will be there, absolutely. That explanation level of explanation doesn't have to be visible unless somebody wants to see it. Why did you pick this? Then click a button or something like that. For most people, they trust the editor, as they should. What the classicists would do in the old world, if you have commentary for it, that is aligned to the text rather than to the translation, I don't know why we don't. I believe I have seen some end-notes in some additions explaining choices, so I think that's another option to use end-notes with the Sanskrit. Yeah, it's certainly, it should be there. Thank you. Congratulations on finding this text. Well, congratulations to Peter. Do you consult sometimes? I do. I have asked for the help of Tibetologist colleagues, and we have read the text together, and I'll have to think, or we will have to think, how to incorporate Tibetan into the addition, whether we should indicate within the apparatus what the Tibetan reflects, or put the whole Tibetan text in an appendix, so it's available in the volume. So, it's an ongoing process, and we should absolutely include the evidence, which is reflected in the Tibetan translation. Yes. So you're applying on putting this in Saudi. Saudi is in TEI. TEI has conventions about how to mark up text-critical editions. It sounds to me like your intention is to write the thing basically in a word, get it ready to, this is the way, it seems like your present. You get it ready in word, you send it to the publisher, they typeset it, how are they going to typeset it. Once it's printed, then you say, OK, now how do we make it in Saudi? And it seems like maybe actually marking it up in the Saudi way as you work will make it be able to be saved in Saudi, and printed, for instance, through latech, as is supposed to be possible. Can you follow the summary? I second that. There are people who will do it for you. There's a place in the Montechary that will convert file into TEI. That's what we can do anyway. I was going to say this earlier, we're inputting all our files in latech, because people at the conference in Vienna in May, the experts always did tell me that it's a long way off from being able to go straight from XML to latech at the moment. I was feeling bad about the fact that we weren't inputting in XML, and these guys also keep doing what we're doing. Then I was told about the special order of auction, I'm from the cherry that will convert your files into XML. You could just save a dogfile as XML, but so what are they? Well, they would put it into the TEI encoding. Oh, okay. Thank you.


So next question is from Andrew Beth. Can you elaborate on the differing results between low and high rep sets? Oh yeah, this was a low rep and high rep sets. What's the difference between the results that they'll provide for you? So low repetitions, you're going to train kind of this low gear grinding, summoning of strength, higher rep. It's like more torque. More, yeah, the higher up stuff you're gonna get, better pumps. It's gonna be a little bit more exhausting, a little bit more cardio. Both extremely valuable for the body. Now, this is an observation, okay? So I think everybody should train and go in and out of both of them if they want the best results. But when I observe people who avoid one or the other, here's what I notice. So when I see people who only ever train in low reps, here's what I tend to observe in terms of how they look. And there's no science to support this. This is all pure observation. They tend to look very hard, solid, granite-like, but they lack the muscle volume. They lack the big round shape that you see. The high rep people tend to have that shape to their muscles, but they lack the density. It almost looks like it's just full of air. So which one gives you which? I think the low rep stuff gives you that hard dense look. The higher rep stuff gives you that more of that pump kind of bubbly look. I think you gotta do them both. Both gives you the best results. Well the beauty is that they both send a very unique and different signal to the body. So if it doesn't matter which side you're on, most people tend to gravitate towards one or the other. My guys that love to lift heavy and brag about the weights they lift, they tend to find themselves always gravitating to the singles, doubles, triples, or maybe five by five type of training, and they spend a majority of their weight training in that rep range. And even if their goal is to build strength and power and muscle, which that serves, that lifting in that rep range serves a lot of that. But because they do that all the time, one of the best things they can do is move to 15 to 20 reps and they'll get a ton of strength and muscle. And so because it's so different to the body, the body, it feels, five reps feels completely different than 15 to 20 reps. And because of that, the body, it's novel. And so the body then changes. And so, and if you're, same thing is true, if you're a person who's, oh, I want to lean down and I want to be toned and I just want to be firm, I don't want to get big bulky muscle, but so you gravitate towards 15 to 20 reps to super sets, to low rest periods. You train that weight all the time. You still, you switching over to the five by five type of training, five sets, heavy weight, five reps, you will get what you want because it's novel for you also. And so the body, and that's what you want is you want your training. You want to do it long enough to allow the body to adapt and get good at it. So it changes. But then after at a certain point, and typically what most of the research looks like is somewhere between that four to eight weeks. So if you've been four to eight weeks in a set rep range, the best thing that you could possibly do is to move to the other end of the spectrum and you'll continue to get the results you want. You know what was a cool thing to observe with this was your transformation, Adam, because when we first met, you had lived in the 12, 15 rep range for a long time as a pro competitor. Then we all got together, started Mind Pump, and then you're like, you know what, I'm gonna see how strong I can get in the low rep range. And the change in your physique was interesting. It was like, like I had observed in other people, you kind of got this more kind of granite look.  And it was, yeah, it was distinct. So after the first decade of training for me, I gravitated towards the more pumping exercises. I did, you know, 10 reps, 12 reps, 15 superset. I kind of lived in that rep range. And something that always kind of bothered me was when I was aired up in the gym, I felt really good. I liked the way I looked. I had blood all pumped in there and my body was all filled out and my muscle bellies and I liked the look that my physique had. The minute I'd walk out the door, a half hour, 30 minutes later, I would deflate and come down. And when I was not pumped up, I didn't really look like somebody that was really buff. You could kind of tell that I had definition, but it wasn't as defined or it wasn't as pronounced. When I started lifting really, really heavy, I noticed that even when I'm like falling off for like a week or I haven't been consistent, I mean, but in the gym, you can still see my triceps on me. You can still see my, that was total, that didn't happen until I started really lifting heavy. And that kind of speaks to the, what you speculated about about, cause there is no science right now to support that it makes the muscle look more granite. There's such an individual variance, I don't even know how you would study that. Yeah, but I can attest to my experience of not really lifting heavy that much. And I intermittently did it, but never like I did when we all got together. And it completely changed the way my physique looks. And now I tend to gravitate towards the lower rep range cause I noticed that it seems to keep more muscle on my body than doing like the high rep range. Yeah, I had like the completely opposite experience, just lifting the one to five rep range forever. And then anytime I brought it up to 15 reps or so, like even like 10 to 15 reps, like I would just, I would look in the mirror and I'm like, whoa, you just get that immediate sort of definition that you haven't had the entire time. Like I just have this sort of like, everything's just sort of the same, you know, like kind of a look forever. Like you just build a certain amount of muscle mass.  But the, you know, the hypertrophy training really shows it off and gives those lines. Well, maybe that's the, and maybe that's the real lesson from this conversation is less than, less about, oh, five rep range builds granite type looking muscle, low rep range builds like this airy. Do it all. Yeah, maybe what the real truth is, whatever you're doing that you tend, you only need both, only you know what you gravitate towards the most to, the most beneficial thing that you could do is the opposite. Tony, look, this is why all of our maps programs phase people in all of those different rep ranges, which by the way, they're all, and I want to mention this on the podcast, they're all 40% off right now, individual programs, if you use the code summer program.


Hello all. Thanks for joining us for our July 2022 All Hands for the PL-Endres Working Group, where we scale and unlock new opportunities for the IPFS, Falcoine, and LibP2P ecosystems. A lot of great progress to share with you this month. Let's jump right into it. This month we have two awesome deep dives. The first was Network Version 17, Falcoine's next major upgrade, introducing new improvements to the Falcoine-built-in-actors that unlock simple programming interfaces for new user-defined smart contracts. The second deep dive was on how the network operations team has scaled blockchain data handling using BigQuery, DBT, and more. We're also thrilled to share spotlights on the Compute Over Data Working Group with West Floyd, Saturn, Falcoine's distributed CDN with Ansgar, Falcoine Station, a new desktop app for earning Falcoine as an L2 CDN node with Julian, the NetOps July Summit, Iceland Edition with Jesse, CryptoEcon Lab Day with Ishaan, and the IPFS thing with Steve Leppke. Want to get involved? Come find us on our public notion, open Falcoine Slack channels, Twitter, and a number of our upcoming events, including Lisbon CryptoE, PL Lab Week, Phil Singapore, IPFS Camp, Phil Lisbon, and much more. And be sure to check out the full update on our YouTube channel. See you there.


I'd read the book, we'd have a book discussion, and everybody brought a brown bag lunch, and then I prepared. Hi, my name is Jen Covey, I'm the owner of the Campus Artfully Yours, and also JLC Studios. And we're here in Freeport. This is a teaching studio in which I teach classes, creative kits, artsy tweens and teens, and also I have girls' nights, which is awfully fun as well. So it's a little bit like the Peyton Sips, but we work on wood, kind of mixed media, that kind of stuff. One thing that I absolutely love about Freeport is the sense of community. Being up, it's always been this wonderful place of family, friends, you kind of know everybody. And being here as a business, there's a huge network of support. And there's great associations that we like as business people to pull together and support. So there's a lot of love that's around in this community. That's another reason why I love Freeport is how they support their community. I love how the Girl Scouts are out and active, and I wanted to incorporate that into it. So every summer we ended with a community service project. So it was either for the library, the food bank, the Renaissance Association. And our very last project, the girls wrote and illustrated short stories. And they worked, we sold bracelets that they made, and we were able to publish the book. So I put it all together, and the book was published, and we sold it for Make-A-Wish. So it was really a labor of love that is very dear to me. And that's what brought me to the canvas. But at that time we were over in the Carmela's supermarket building. And the owner at that time was Marcy Urbansky, and she was fabulous. She is like salt of the earth people. She has a great soul, very giving heart. And she welcomed our group in. They did a book signing and book readings during the Freeport Christmas celebration, which is really nostalgic in our community. And recently, that all came full circle. When one of my students was in sixth grade, she just got published. And she wrote a book about overcoming bullying. She is a sweetheart, Julia Weselowski, and I hosted her book signing just this past Christmas. So it was super sweet. The chute building, I mean, it's just very iconic here. And that would be an incredible restoration. My understanding is the floors upstairs where the arched windows are, you know, lofts would be incredible. Something like that. And I love the Carmela's building. I don't know if anything can happen with that, but gosh, when we were there, it was the perfect setting other than light, you know. I didn't teach there because the lighting isn't all that great because the ceilings are so high, but they're tin. And I mean, it just has such an eclectic feel to it. So I would love to see something done with that too. Yeah. And a very cool upstairs. The roots run so deep here. You know, it's a place that families stay, you know, and we have so many new families coming to the area. It's a place of potential. It's a place of growth. And I think, you know, with that being said and the community spirit here, it would be a good investment.


Hello, Lois, can you hear me? Yes, I can hear you. Sorry. Ah, now people are showing up. So Harry, I can hear you now. I couldn't hear and see anybody right before that one. So everybody, please add yourself again to the meeting notes. Let me just post them here after a minute chat momentarily. So let's maybe wait a couple more minutes and see what more people are joining for the meeting today. OK, since we have not a lot of people joining today, Harry, I thought that you typed some updates in there. So let's just briefly go over the updates here and this is then most likely going to be a quick meeting. And I'll try to have some more complete attendance the next time, especially from the working group checks to have more updates. OK, so on the left, oh, just as we say. We have Diane here with Chris here. I always appreciate your background, Lois. Thank you. I try my best. You get me every time. I'm like, really? No. OK, no, no. Yeah, we don't have a lot of people joining today. I still would go over the meeting and I take it as an action. I think for me to ensure that the working group leaders are showing up and presenting back. But I'll take this one offline, obviously. I'll just start with some quick ones. Last meeting, we discussed about questions on the landscape. So the outcome was that people had said, OK, before talking about the landscape and landscape definitions, let's define end user answers. And there was a lot of enthusiasm to say, yes, I know exactly which questions we are dealing with when we're deploying applications with quantities or delivering them. So far, I have not really gotten any input on that one. I also posted it again. Posted it on the mailing list. I'm happy to push it forward. Just for the people over here, please provide your input in there. Moving this forward, last time it was a lot of people who brought this up and wanted to share their input. But so far, we haven't received anything. The question was, how does it structure the landscape? So we run project and scopes of the project or a specific question that the end user is approaching us. And the idea was here around end users. We don't have anybody for air gap and operator joining us today. Let me just share my screen just to realize that I'm not sharing. I think that the biggest push here is for this operator working group was the operator. Definition document, and I'll work on this with the team. It seems like there's a massive number of comments on the doc that need to be worked into this and get into a stable form. There should be a stable form. Already, I'll push back to the team, but we really have something within the next two weeks that we can leave you and send all to a broader audience here. But it doesn't seem to be a lot of input here. I'll talk to the working group just to clean up the document here and moving it forward. This is for that one, air gap. But what is here, they had a presentation from CNAP. Again, for air gap, I can repeat what we discussed the last time. If you have best practices for air gap delivery, please share them with the air gap working group. They're looking, for example, as we have currently one from Cray, which is currently the only one. And if you have best practices, maybe Diane this would also be something for Red Hat. Human Red Hat has the best practice for air gap installation of Kubernetes. So if there's somebody within Red Hat who wanted to share the best practices, that would be awesome. When does the air gap working group meet? It's meeting every other Friday at a time that's brutal for me, but should be fine for you. It's under efficiency in the F calendar. It is Friday. For me, it's 7 p.m., which makes it. Awful. 11. Yeah. Friday, 7 p.m. is really awful for me. But the good thing is I think it makes it on the East Coast. I think it's 11. Yeah, I'm on West Coast time. I will look and see. Who is the chair for the air gap one? It's Jeremy Ricard. I was linked in the chat here. So it's Jeremy. And just throw the link to that into the chat. And that would be great. Yeah, sure. See if I can. Sean Hurley will always talk about that. So I'll just throw it here in the chat. I'm just soon confused right now. One should assume that now that we're spending so much time on Zoom, we know we're wrong just a little bit better. So you have to link. That's the charter. They also have obviously some. So what you're looking for is someone to talk about best practices for air gap. Yes, because they have a best practice document from Cray on how to deploy it. Right now, they are focusing on Kubernetes. And the next step will be applications running on Kubernetes. But how do I install Kubernetes in an air gap environment, like with all the problems that come from it? I can't access the public container registry and all the things that come with it. Let me see what I can do. Yeah, so I think reaching out to Jeremy would be a good starting point here. The next step would be to look. You're looking for information on installing Kubernetes itself in an air gap environment, not just applications? That's what they decided to do. They wanted to go for Kubernetes first and then for applications. Simply as it's the bootstrapping issue, if you can't get Kubernetes there, how do you get the applications on Kubernetes there? That's the working group decided. But eventually, the goal is obviously to look into both. Met's profile picture on Zoom is confusing.  And that's deliberate. See more people doing this right now. OK, so yeah, that's not a lot of updates. So, Harry, you were tapping a couple of little bell pegs. Do you want to talk about where we are on this one? Yeah, so I think the issue is quite tricky because we actually got feedback from TOC and the community that we do have a definition of any user for the adopters. Those definitions are very simple, just saying that any user should not sell cloning technology. Well, in this case, this actually means all the criteria for incubation project really needs some revisit because it says it must have three, at least, adopters. They have to be any users. But actually, there are projects, for example, Clonetic Build Pack. The adopters are mostly vendors, according to this definition. So basically, no any users in their adopters. Most of them are Google Cloud or WinVir or Microsoft Cloud. So that is an issue that we may want to discuss. Or we can just pass the Clonetic Build Pack due to the engine dock to TOC because the rest of the dock is just, I think it's already good. The only issue is that the criteria section is not, and now it's not fitting to the incubation label, honestly speaking. But I think the issue is, I think we also have internal speaking with TOC that maybe we want to change the criteria. But this is, again, not just in the scope of state gap delivery, I think. Right, that is it. Yes, I agree. I think this is definitely what you see to define how they see end users. And there are obviously projects where, obviously, let's put that way, an end user should be somebody who is, actually, not selling cloud-native technologies and using the product and using the open source project. In this case, it is mostly obviously cloud providers because that's what BuildPacks are massively used for. It's for a TOC to eventually decide, but they shouldn't usually have problems coming up with somebody who uses BuildPack as the primary way to build their containers. Yeah, that's true. So I think we will add these recommendation or comments in the due diligence doc and then we can pass Cloud-native BuildPack to TOC to do the final re-evaluation. So we cannot do further recommendation at the stage of the state. Yeah, and also the cloud vendors, in this case, are also the ones which are the main contributors. So it seems it looks right now like a very closed ecosystem, but eventually it's up to the TOC to decide on how to handle this. Yeah, I agree. Yeah, and the second question is about sandbox projects. And yeah, I think that's simply the situation we have to wait out right now. So maybe we can give the SIG here an update because not everybody might have joined the TOC calls. Sure, do we have timeline for the new sandbox process? May I ask? I'm not very sure about it. Not yet. We are currently in discussions, so. Okay, so I think it's just changing the temporary hold, the upcoming projects donation, right? No, it's actually not true. Things are still rolling as they are going. This was presented two weeks ago at the TOC meeting. We talked again about it yesterday and we're still kind of working through some of the details. But at the moment, no one is on hold as far as being able to take projects in. I mean, for the upcoming new project. So there are still other projects that they are pushing the SIG. So should we just let them present and then go with the normal process? Yes. Okay, I got it. And is there a plan from the TOC to update the projects on what they should expect? They're still working about what they're going to do around like the existing sandbox proposals and the existing sandbox projects. So I anticipate this is going to be at least another month or so. You think it will be ready by June? Well, given as June is in like two weeks, probably not. Our next TOC meeting is going to be June 2nd. So this is actually a great opportunity to be able to say, hey, SIGET delivery, you'll be presenting there. Would love to be able to take from you. I'll bring it up again because in this case on both sides here, but like for some projects, it has been going on for a while and most people who are obviously also part of this process. And Kima. Yeah. So this is the item I added. So I'm actually, I'm trying to approaching several other projects in this era. And I noticed that Kima is actually, I think it's fixed to SIG at the afternoon reveal, but it actually got to reject the proposal stage. But at that time, we do not have a SIG mechanism actually. So I'm not sure there's any valuation we can eat. We want them to do a presentation or it's done. So... Yeah, there is a proposal third along. I think I looked at it before. I think it's done mostly by SAP, right? Yeah, it's a project from SAP. I would, I think irrespective of whether we take them in as a project into SIG app delivery, I think it would be good for them to present like on some of their, the core concept of how they're doing things. SIG runtime is doing the same when they presented the last time. It would be, I think definitely good to have a presentation because this is, I think the audience that is interested in what they're doing. So I'm open to even have the presentation, even if think, well, we're not sure whether we want to be part of CNCF or not. But having app delivery related projects make sense. And technically, they're obviously part of the CNCF landscape because they are an open source project by one of the CNCF members. So I think even for the sake of discussion, I think it makes sense to present there. Do you know somebody from Kima? Not yet, but I'm trying to talk with them. I hope they can do some presentation in the SIG because I personally think they are actually in the scope of the SIG very well. So let's see. In case you need some pointers to SAP if they don't reply by the meeting list that we know at. Okay. Know some of the cloud people at SAP can help there. Okay, sure, sure. I don't have contact people for now. I will try to approach someone. So if I fail, I will talk with you. Yeah, just let me know. Okay. Yeah, and Amy, we have the logo, but we don't have a lot of people here. That's okay. I can basically get people to vote on the issue from here and then I can take a vote. I have it open. So yeah, we have, this one's the latest proposal doc. That's just the issue. This is the latest one, right? Yes, that is the latest one. So I'm hoping to let Jackson here because I don't really want to do a vote with like all million of these, but I will, you know. Yeah. Yeah, so let's give people some time to post on. I think we had some people weighing in. We know that Diane obviously likes bees or what are the ants? One after two. I like bugs. Bugs, okay, that's fine. So yeah, let's give people, try and we have some people weighing in and then restrict it to those like the top three and then take the votes on those. I will also pass my, so okay. I think that's pretty much everything we had on the agenda for today. I have another topic. Yeah. Have you ever think about, maybe we can change the SIGAP delivery questionnaire for landscape to a Google form so we can send out it to people to fill in instead of working when they start mutations? Do you think that will help? That would be easy. I can do that. Okay, yeah. I think the form will be either for people to fill in, we just send it to everyone. They send me God feedback. Yeah, I can easily do that. I can send it around. But hopefully we get a bit more and also to still share it with people. Yeah, of course. All right, then we don't have anything else on the agenda for today. Okay, I'll keep, I'll make the other group just to have a bit more to present for the next two weeks. I'll wait two weeks for now. Okay, then let's call it. I can, let's call it. Sir, I just jumped in at the end. So my name is Lukas. I'm just here actually not for a reason of Kima for totally different reason. Just wanted to show, to see how you work. But I heard Harry mentioned Kima. So I was actually working in Kima a few months back. So I know good contact points from Kima that I can give you. So we should probably think somehow offline. Okay. So I think I can approach you through the Slack, right? Yeah, I'm still on Kima Slack available. So. Okay, yeah, I will try to pin you today. So I'd like to get some detail about this project. Maybe you guys can do a presentation in the future. Cool. Okay. Yeah, thanks. Okay, then that's it for today, I assume. Thanks everyone. See you in two weeks. All right. Thanks always. Bye bye.


What's going on guys welcome back to the channel critical overload here, so this would be a quick video about saw X We got some updates a couple of new bits of marketing from the upcoming project the 10th entry in the long ongoing Saw franchise that began back in 2004 at the helm of James one or I should say with James one at the helm So saw X's official poster actually leaked yesterday for those of you who weren't aware Before the official release came from Lionsgate late yesterday evening the poster itself actually leaked and then it got officially released Late yesterday and then some of you might already be going. How do I know it was leaked? Well, again folks like saw space who know a lot more about this project than I do Let me in on the leak and they actually ended up reaching out to Lionsgate as they expressed over on reddit Who then decided to go ahead and get ahead of these leaks before horror sites began covering it and The poster itself was supposed to drop today But because it was leaked the account that did it was handled It got deleted and then Lionsgate and the official saw pages that you saw late yesterday evening They dropped it and this looks like a pretty gnarly poster and already has me wincing at what is on it Plus the obvious X pattern is a nice knot to this being the 10th entry it reminds me of my childhood in a lot of ways in that time in elementary school where Growing up with saw just being the main distraction me and a lot of friends had in elementary school every year when a new sequel would drop and just talking about it and talking about the poster well We thought what happened in the next film Today, we also did get a great new look at Billy the puppet Well, those who texted this number from the official saw Twitter page or social media outlets at that point Got a good look at this image of Billy and we proceeded to share it over on our social media pages But I do encourage you to follow the instructions over on the saw Twitter page so you can also gain access to some exclusives It's reminded me a lot of the screen 5 marketing which I did love and of course the screen 6 marketing due to the phone number that you can dial with Tobin Bale giving you instructions on how to play this game all Getting me very excited for the upcoming film the look at Billy the puppet I would say is nice and I cannot wait to see the trailer related is later this weekend Which hopefully gives an extended look at Billy the puppet Assuming that this trailer is going to end up being released online Because it's definitely going to be shown during this panel that saw has happening on Saturday at the midsummer scream event For anyone still uncertain about whether to watch this trailer or not Josh Stolberg had this to say to a fan over on Reddit yesterday about if they should avoid the trailer or not They said Josh Stolberg who we know is part of the project said if that's the way you feel Don't watch the trailer although if you've already read the synopsis the trailer won't give away too much Extra. It's a freaking good trailer though It's tough because you need a trailer to get an audience excited about the film And it's always a balancing act to make sure you don't give too much away whether you watch your trailer or not There are still a ton of things. It doesn't give away Me being someone who doesn't really give a flip about spoilers. I was gonna watch this trailer either way I was gonna check it out one way or another didn't care I do trust that the trailer will not obviously give away the biggest ingredient to a lot of these saw films Which is the film's final twist of it all the signature twist if you will Hell like I've stated according to saw space We're going to get a glimpse of the traps in this trailer John of course Billy the puppet and Cameos from people we know are back and maybe the folks we didn't expect to be back Also, of course, we'll get a glimpse of some of these corrupt doctors in the Mexico setting Maybe some other nostalgic locations that you can expect to see back in action during this upcoming film so The Midsummer Scream event is Gonna have a saw X panel or that's where saw X will begin its marketing this weekend this Saturday to be exact It's gonna kick off with a VIP walkthrough exhibit There's gonna be a panel afterwards and there's gonna be an after party of sorts So our trailer will likely be showing during that panel and if it's not online officially before then Descriptions about it are likely to pop up online before it drops sometime the following loop following week I would assume so to get ahead and avoid those descriptions coming up. I could see is getting the trailer tomorrow It's not coming today. I know it is not coming today We the only thing we're getting today is that glimpse of Billy the puppet and That phone number that was shared over on these official social media pages from the saw accounts But you guys let me know what you think about these new updates from saw X down the comment section below Does it get you any more intrigued for the upcoming film? What do you hope to see in the trailer? Are you going to watch the trailer? Are you not going to watch the trailer to avoid spoilers? Let me know why down in the comment section below if you haven't of course make sure you subscribe turn on post notification You never miss a video in the description. I will have links to all of my social media accounts I am on Facebook Twitter and Instagram you can message me there Of course, let me know if there are any movies news or reviews you'd like me to cover in the future And with all that in mind guys, I will see you in the next video


The Basal Ganglia, BG, are responsible for reinforcement learning, RL, decision-making, and risk-taking. They use complex circuitry and dynamic dopamine modulation to achieve these tasks, which differs from artificial RL agents. To assess the normative advantages of this circuitry, we developed the OPAL model. It uses opponent pathways to differentially emphasize the history of positive or negative outcomes for each action. Dynamic dopamine modulation then amplifies the pathway most tuned for the task environment. This efficient coding mechanism avoids a vexing Explore-Exploit trade-off that plagues traditional RL models in sparse reward environments. OPAL exhibits robust advantages over alternative models, particularly in environments with sparse reward and large action spaces. These advantages depend on opponent and non-linear heavy and plasticity mechanisms previously thought to be pathological. Furthermore, OPAL captures risky choice patterns arising from DA and environmental manipulations across species, suggesting that they result from a normative biological mechanism. This article was authored by Alana Jaskier and Michael J. Frank. We are article.tv, links in the description below.


Meet Yasuke, who was not only the first black samurai, but the world's first non-Japanese samurai. The history only accounts for his life from 1579 to 1582, but what of three years those were. Believed to have been a slave, he eventually became a valet to Italian Jesuit Alessandro Valliano on a mission to spread Christianity in Japan. They arrived in Kyoto and they met Lord Nobunaga, and it was believed that Lord Nobunaga ordered Yasuke to scrub the ink off his skin, having never before seen dark skin. The two men quickly became friends, and Yasuke was quickly employed as a samurai. They traveled together on the mission to unify Japan, however in 1582 they were ambushed by their own general and defeated. In an act to preserve his pride, the Lord committed Tsupuku, and it is believed that Yasuke took his head to prevent the enemy from displaying the trophy. Now Yasuke's fate afterward is unknown, did he survive, keep fighting, and return to mission work? Despite what historians think, Netflix tells us that he went on to fight robots of magic, which is probably historically accurate.


What's going on, everyone? Sam here with late in sports cards, ripping 23, Bowman Chrome Baseball hobby, 12 box full case break, number 18. Pick your team style. Read off the list of your names in our teams. Got Alan R with the twins. What up, Alvin? Alvin S, speaking of Dodgers Royals, Andrew L with the Astros, Anton H. Guardians, Brad R, Diamondbacks, Brian S. Metz, Charles A with the Rangers, CJ L raised, Don B, Athletics, Frank Y. Rockies, Gwongi W with the White Sox Tigers. Gwongi, thank you, buddy. Jeffrey H with the Padres, Yanks, and Giants, Jeremy C. Red, Jeremy S. Cardinals, Jim B. Nationals, Joe T. Mariners, John C. Angels, Jonathan D. Braves, Josh M. Bluejays, Kohay K with the Red Sox, Kyle I. Cubs, Rick E. Brewers, Roberto M. Pirates, Ryan B. Marlin, Sean P. Phillies, and Tim J with the Orioles. Good luck, everybody. Number 19's got just four to go. Here's your link. Four to go. Four to go. It's got them sold out. Keep it moving today, appreciate you. Roman Krohm-Hobby. I love Robin Hobbie of this stuff. Choice is fine. Don't get me wrong. I like Choice, but I like the, you know, we have more shots of different parallels and stuff in here, which is always good. So good luck, guys. Here we go. Yeah, see something big, man. That'd be cool. Shimmer is Jacob Melton. That's my nose, a John Sock shim. Nice. Javier Sanoja to 299. White speckle auto for the Marlins. Marlins doing well. Golan and Camillo Diaz. Melodiaz. That is a Logan O'Hoppy refractor to 499 for the Angels on the Rookie. Their Nietzsche Valdez. He's actually pretty good. He's a big, he was a big international guy for the Cubs. Soto Kodaisenga to 299 on the Magenta for the Mets. Jet the Met, and a James Wood. That is a prospect process of Spencer Jones for the Yanks. Arias Devisen de los Santos. Andy Pajes. Basin base. And mini box number two. What do you think Kodais for Analsion? Eh, probably not. If you should have been. Freeman to 50. I don't think so. No. Kenyar Delgado. I think what's his face? Snell or Galen or Steele? There's Abner Uribe for the Brew Crew to 499. Refractor auto. Two numbered autos in this first hobby box. Not bad. Not bad. Aiden Sanchez. Victor is Turis. I feel like what he's... Camdolig Drew. I feel like what he's had to deal with. Yeah, I mean, yeah. No, he's, I mean, he's essentially their ace at this point. Oswald Paraza, which is kind of rough, but should I work or watch one piece? I'm going to say watch one piece for sure. Brett Beatty. That's variation for the Mets. Nice one there. Congrats Mets. Variation rookie of Mr. Brett Beatty. I'm saying go one piece for sure, Rob. Hessen Kirstad. And base. Bogs Dos. Here we go. Let's see it. At Shimmer, Elyon Soto. First for the... What is it? It's Wynn. Base auto. One almost. Nice one there, Royals. Congrats KC. Very solid, very solid. John picked up the Mets in 20. Thank you, John. Christopher Toran, Luis Guanifa. Yeah, I saw Heston. Yes, Alvin. You got Dodger's Royals. We got an Orange. Edwin Solano. Nice one there too, 25. First for the Nationals. Brando Maia and a Drew Jones. So I always got to hold on to your first color, dude. Always. Always. Hold on to your first color. You just never know. Never know. Prospect process, Jackson Merrill, Josue Parada. Yeah, I agree with you, Rob. 100% agree with you. I think it snows to lose at this point. Steel finish second. And like Gallon will get third. Ales already get locked up on Garrett. Oh yeah, Cole. The one lone bright spot of the New York Yankees this year. And Jay Don. Yeah, true. Salvi. That is $4.99 for the Royals. So again, any of the guys who are not in the MLB on those World Baseball Classic cards, it'll just be a random two all at the end. Javier Sinoa again to $2.99. Congrats to the Marlins on that one. Juan Benjamin and Gutierrez. Came to lead Jackson Churio. Honey Nut Churio. Might see him next year. Victor Owen Murphy. That'd be kind of cool. I'd like to see Churio next year. That'd be sweet. That is a Justin Crawford on the Teal Pink Vapor Wave 2 at 125 for the Phillies. Carlson. There's Colt Keith. Nice one there for the Tigers. Yeah, Strider. I mean, in the beginning of the year, it was like Strider. It was like Strider and everybody else. And then it's kind of the issue. He can't beat bad teams. Geez, man. I guess that's as long as your team's good. I guess that doesn't really matter once you go into the playoffs, because then it's like, if you can beat the good teams, you're going to beat all the teams. All the playoff teams are good teams. Shema of Kevin Perotta. Right. Exactly. Exactly. Base Auto is Victor is Torres going to the Guardians. Congrats, Cleveland. Nice one there. Kyle with a couple of random teams. Thank you, buddy. Thank you. They're saying as well. Some more random spots. That is a Teal Ray Wave, Estuary Ruiz 2 at 199 for Oakland. Merrill and Elijah Green. Adley, Iconic Rookie. Luis Torres. Prospect process. Samuel Zavala for the Padres. Noelvy Marte upside down. Lamar King Jr. Base Auto. Is that two autos in that one mini box? I believe it was. Not bad. Congrats, Padres. He's got two autos there. Hell yeah. Hendry Chevilli and Javier Rips. Take that all day long. Take multiple autos. One you're only supposed to get one. The reverse troll. Alec Thomas. Diamondbacks to 499. Foran Guanipa. That four Seamer over and over. Right, right, right. Corbin Carroll Rookie. Green. Abner Uribe. Going to the Brukeru. True Green to 99. Nice one there. Maia first. Drew Jones. That is a Came to League Alvarez Rookie. Vecaro and Base. Iconic Juan Soto. Josue De Paula and Kevin Perrada. That is a purple of Kevin Perrada to 250 for the Mets. Munoz, Alex Ramirez. Zach Veen. Tamarez, Axial Plauz. Again, just four to go in our next break here. No, three to go now. Three to go. Three to go. I know somebody snagged a spot, so thank you whoever took that fourth team remaining. Got to snag that spot. Absolutely. You have noticed on some of the cards or actually some of the autos where they had their first bowman in pretty much 23 bowman. Yeah. And it still shows first bowman and 23 bowman crown. Yeah. So what happens with that is like it's weird. So guys who have their first base, like the guy I'm going to use, Padres, there he, let's do it Alvin.  The guys who had base in 23 bowman, the example I'm going to use, Purple Shimmer won Benjamin to 250 is Anthony Baguero because I had the Marlins in a break and I pulled his first. He has a base first in 23 bowman and he has a base and then he has autos in bowman chrome. So it'll still show first on the autos. Marco Vargas first auto, but he doesn't have any like, if he had base in this, it wouldn't say first. Like Drew Jones for instance, like Drew Jones doesn't have like a first in this obviously because he had his auto already, but they'll do that and with certain guys. So 199 is Jacob Reimer. Like in 22, like Brian Acunha had autos in bowman and then he had his base in first, which is weird. Same with James Triantos was the same way. Bregman, you want you Vargas first? My thing is that if you go back to like, uh, who was it? Brennan Davis. There's Jackson Holliday. Yeah, true, true. Where he kind of got to sort of as his autos. Merrill and Jacob Reimer first. Jason Dominguez There's a Mike Trout, a David Fletcher. We're seeing Angel to 499. I think so. See big autos. He's super dude. Come on. Base auto, Dario Laverde. Nice one there for the Angels. Grats, uh, Los Angeles. Los Angeles. The Helos on that. Kimberly, Spencer Jones for the Yanks. Invicta, one bin show for the Cardinals. Yes, sir, Mercedes and a felon in Celestin first. There you go. Meriner. That is a white speckle Camilo Diaz to 299 first for the Astro. Nice one Houston. Sarmiento, Sebastian Wolcott first. Nice one there. Rangers. Another decent name in this. No autos from Wolcott unfortunately, but does have base, which is good. I see a big true gold or something too. That'd be awesome. Big orange would be really cool. Love the oranges. That is a Xavier Isaac for the Rays to 199. He's a huge prospect for them now. Now. Yeah, because all of his stuff is getting signed. Base auto, Axl Sanchez. Nice one for the Mariners. Congrats Seattle. Yeah, Ethan's stuff is going insane dude. I pulled the true gold auto in the 10K. It was nuts. True blue is Raymond Mola to 150 first for the Pirates. Yes, sir. Mercedes, another felon. Celestin first. And the thing is though, I feel like he's got a good path to be great. Yeah, there's no catcher there. I know you were talking about that. We were talking about that the other day. There's no catcher there. There's Elijah Green. So really he has a straight path. Yeah, they're probably like, all right, it's yours when you're ready. Dick, you imagine Alvin if you hit the Salus Super Auto and break 20, that would be absolutely nuts. That would be insanity. Yeah, you'd have to fly over for that. Hendry Chavilly, refractor first for the Twins 2. 499. You'd have to fly over for that. Oh yeah. Atomic. Clark Elliott. Nice one there to 100. Gretes on the autograph. There you go. Upland, Blood Ring Espinosa, Jumsauk Shim, Camder League, Spencer Jones, Josie Galan, Camilo Diaz, Gabriel Hughes and Victor, Derniche Valdes. I may cry. Tears of joy though. Tears of joy. Of course. Jet Williams to 125 on the teal or aqua, whatever you want to call it. Jet Blue. Yeah, there we go. Hell yeah. Oh no. That's something Sam would say. I was like. Yes it is. Yes it is. That is definitely something I would say. Good Lord. Okay, keep moving. Again, just three to go in the next one everybody. You've got the Tigers. Ooh, that's a Michael Harris. Minidiamonds to 150. Camder League. Nice one for the Braves. We've got the Tigers who are marked down. We also have, no we don't have the Tigers. We have the Astros and Twins. That is it. Dustin picking up the Tigers. Astros and Twins everybody. That is all we've got left. Two pretty solid teams honestly. Astros and, I forgot, Astros and Twins. There you go. Yeah, honestly default probably is. Wicklman Gonzalez going to the Red Sox on the first base auto. Wicklman. Quite the name. Got this guy. That's a yellow card. That's a yellow card. That's Alex Ramirez and Victor, Holiday and Base. Yellow, Michael Garcia to 75. Shabili and Javier Rimas for the Royals, Michael Garcia. Kirstad. Oh yeah. Oh, we see that all the time. We still got a couple cases of random moments from random years that we'll just sit on. I think we still have a sealed case of 22 with like Ellie and stuff. We have a couple cases of draft from last year. Brando Maia. Nice one there on the shimmer first. Yeah, this product is, you cannot get your hands on this man. This stuff just going to keep going up. Ooh, orange shimmer is Brennan Malone. Nice one there to 25. Congrats Oakland. Oakland doing well, man. Oakland doing really well. There you go. Congrats on that ace. Gutierrez and Dion Jorge. Yeah, if there's like a big mixer or something, we'll throw like an older Bowman in there too. Luis Serna, first to 4.99 refractor. There's Hunter Brown to 2.99. Oh, I'm the same way. I'm the same way. Default. I would just end up ripping everything if I tried to hold onto the sealed stuff. Marj Johnson. You got to have somebody hide it. You really do, dude. You really do. Because if you don't, it's just going to all end up ripped. Guerrero Alfredo Duno.   It's going to end up getting ripped. Yep. It's going to be open to no doubt in the mind on that.  Yeah, right. Shimmers, Xavier Isaac for the race. Munoz, Alex Ramirez. That is Will Warren for the Inks to 2.99. Mini Diamond Dollar. It's true. It was made to be open. That's valid. It's valid, Alvin. Very valid. Got Astros and Twins. All that remain in the next one. Adley, Rookie. That's going to be a Grayson Rodriguez. Blue Wave to 100. Mitchell, what up, buddy? How you doing? How you doing? Doing well here, man. That's Aaron Judge, Iconic. Yeah, it's super valid that it's made to be open, yeah. That's Jackson Chirio, Luciano and Jonathan Mejia. Hey, Luis Angelacunha and Drew Gilbert. So no, no Salas first yet. See if we can snag one of those for the Padres. That is a Purple Kevin Pirata 2.250. Galiz, Anderson de los Santos. Will Warren base auto. I swung there for the Yankees, the Will Warren box. There you go, congrats in New York. Not too shabby. Vladimir Restatuyo. That's quite the name right there, Trisha Casas. There's some funny names in this one. I'm telling you, it's Rostuchio. Is it? I think it is.  There's O'Neill Cruz to 4.99, refractor. Oh man, it's got that Russian or Eastern European. I was gonna say, geez, man. Okay, on to the next. Nothing really, to be honest, just the Astros and Twins to go in the next one. Wow, did not spell Twins, right? There we go. Astros and Twins, everybody. Happy Friday here, guys. Appreciate you hanging out with us. Yes, sir. Weekend for most of y'all. I'll be here tomorrow night. Dripping group breaks, like a madman. Gold shimmer. Anderson de Los Santos on the first. Congrats Orioles to 50. Nice one there. Very cool. First is Vladimir Restatuyo. Speaking of, nice one there. Rostuchio. Grats on that, Rockies. Solana and Edwin Mola. Wave, Aaron Judge to 100. 60 of 100. Colorado, Luis Serna. Arizona fall league relic is Zac Geloff to 150. There you go. He's killing it, man. He's doing well in this case. Well, Zac Geloff action. Spencer Jones guy now in the MLB. Mr. Geloff. Christopher Caro, prospect progress. There's a Salas first. First Salas first of the break. First Salas on the first break. Yes, it is. Hans Montero. Hans the Mons. What are Hans the Mons? We got a blue Ronald Lacunia. Nice one there. A Blacunia. A Blunia. There we go. Now we're cooking. Hold on. Let him cook. Let him cook. Exactly. Exactly. I have to let you cook a little bit. Jeez, man. Refractor first, Ricardo Olavar. Nice one for the Twins. Congrats, Minnesota. Pretty sweet. Again, Twins available in the next one. This could be yours if you buy a Twins in the next one. Could be yours. I just say came to the league. Michael Harris for the Braves. Gutierrez and Dionne Jorge. Jordan Beck. Rockies. Edwin Rodriguez. Again, Forrest. We break in tonight as well. He's got random team style. If you prefer that, there is Spencer Steer to 499. I've got all pick your teams for you this morning. Random division sold out and a random division of plates and patches for football as well. So we're going to get that sold out. So that's sold out. Again, number 19, just the Astros and Twins. Astros and Twins, everybody. Breaks next. And we'll continue on. Again, Link is in chat. If you're just joining in now, you could always go to the website if need be. Underbreak schedule. And you can find a break. That's all you got to do. Easy enough. So yeah, I ain't going to make you do all color for these either. Thanks for telling me now. Sorry. Thanks for telling me now. Whoops. You could just do obviously autos and everything. Davidson Gutierrez for Shimmer. I would just do gold number four like base. But you can do any base gold or orange or red. Oh, orange. Speaking of orange, Brian Bencore to 25 for the Rockies. Congrats on that Colorado. Hell yeah, man. That'll work. That'll work just fine. There you go. Colorado. Going to Frank Y. Congrats, Frank. We'll get that into a mag for everybody. Jayce Young and Jayce Ancheria. Moffy Devers. Refractor to 499 for the Red Sox. Shunsauction. Tatis. Camilo Diaz. William Bergoya. Prospect. Progress. James Wood. Lion out here, dude. Lion. Luis on health. There's an atomic of Trish and Casas to 150 on the iconic rookie for the Red Sox. Arias Deveson de los Santos. Christian Serda, first base auto for the Diamondbacks. Congrats, Arizona. Go Blase and base. Blase base. There's a Camderley Jackson-Cherry. Blase Jordan. Conor Logado. Crosal Tv. Victoris Torres. That is a yellow D'Angelo Sarmiento to 75. Nice one there for the Mets. Jesus Taba. Oh, peace. Ox is flying. Stuff going all over the place. It's early, so be fair, it's early. Still early. It's only about 1030 here in sunny Apopca, Florida. Sunny Apopca, Florida. That is a Shimmer Jackson-Cherry for the Brew Crew. Roman Anthony and Luis Torres. That is a base auto. B.J. Cook. Nice one there for the Athletics. B.J. Cook. He's cooking. He is. Hold on, let him cook. And base. That is a Jose Berrios for the Blue Jays. World Baseball Classic to 499, refractor. Riley Green rookie. Torren and Guanipa. Justin Crawford, prospect of progress. Brandon Maia first for the Yanks. The Yanks are super deep in this checklist, dude. Mason Winner. I mean, they're like four or five guys deep that are good. They've been good in the last couple. They stunk and draft, but outside of that, they've been pretty good, even though Thorpe's been decent. That is James Wood to 125.  Then you had Arias in Bowman Chrome. That's a yellow Freddie Michelle to 75 for the Twins. Congrats, Minnesota. Twins another high volume team in this. Congrats on that one there, Minnesota. Very nice, very nice. Let this guy on the main channel. I know, right? That's what I'm saying, Cameron. Again, someone's better judgment, clearly. There's Anthony Volpe, came to the league. Tamara's Axial Plaz. Definitely again, someone's better judgment here. Bobby Witt, iconic. Oh, nice one there to 499 on the refractor first for the Rays. Bonilla and Jackson Churio. Churio is another guy that had his first in 22 Bowman and his first auto in Bowman Chrome. I remember everyone was like, when they heard, Oh my God, Jackson Churio's 22 Bowman Chrome. It's like, yeah, yes he is. Indeed he is. Indeed. Indeed. Never really pulled, I pulled an atomic Churio. I think that or a yellow maybe, or a green was the best I pulled last year for autos. But never hit like a gold or anything super gigantic. Jacob Melton, shimmer. A handful of purples, handful of, oh, whoops, the same guy who puts at question mark, Daniel Guillerte. Nice one there for the Brewers. Lays, Canter Delgado. Get your spots now at Leighton Sports Cards. Alfredo Duno, nice one there to 299. Edan Sanchez, Victor, it's Tules. Wait, where did I put the question mark? Rich also live over on Fanatics. I did not hit it super yet. Nanny Machado. I'm sorry. Not, not good, I know. I know, I'm probably gonna have to be off the scoreboard. I'd rather be off the scoreboard than. Scratch from your start man. Have a zero. Carter Young. Oh, it's an anchorman. I've never, I've never seen it. Sorry, sorry, Cameron. I watch movies, dude. Oh, you've never seen Anchorman? You can name like 10 movies, odds are I've seen maybe two. But I'm at that level too, but you've never seen Anchorman? No, Luis Arias to 499. And they're probably not gonna, don't have a plan on doing it. It's disgusting. Agent Pinto to 299. Nice. Nice one there for the Blue Jays. I don't care, but like Anchorman is one of those movies where it's like, come on. Now I want to know who really hired this dude. Fair. Fair. Came to League Jax and Cheerio. Fair. There's a Salis first. Oh, thanks. Wander Iconic and Hans Monterra. No. Name, name movies, dude. I guarantee I haven't seen most of them. Logan Ohope to 99 for the Angels. I'm not, I'm not a movie guy. I'm a TV. I love TV shows. I've seen most really good TV shows outside of like the, I don't like, I don't love fantasy stuff. So I haven't seen Game Thrones. I haven't seen Walking Dead. I'm not into that kind of stuff. Breaking Bad all that. Oh, love. Best show of all time, dude. Love. I've seen Breaking Bad three times. I've seen Better Call Saul. I've seen all the good, all the good stuff like that for the blacklist. The wire. I have watched a little bit of the wire. I've not seen the entire thing. The Sopranos. I've seen the Sopranos. Most of the Sopranos. Went on a binge for that. That was a while ago. I don't remember it very well. It was a while ago. James Wood to 199. Oh, what else? Of course, Seinfeld. Yep. Friends. Multiple times, multiple times. Vincent Peruzzo first base auto. Nice one there for the Mets. I'm going to send an empty boxing wrapper. I'm going to have Jay try to wipe this down, but there's a pretty, pretty noticeable roller line there. Also have a full case of plates and patches divisions at the end of the night, end of the day, everybody. O'Neill Cruz refracted 499. The greatest of my, in my eyes, is Breaking Bad of all time. I will, I'll fight for that, man. I will fight for that. I love Breaking Bad. Prospect progress is Alex Ramirez, Salas, and base. Let me grab that box really quick. It depends what you're into, Alvin. Like, Green, Teosca Hernandez to 99. I would Euntry Vargas. I have no, I like never got into Game of Thrones. Never did, because I'm not into that kind of thing. I, I, Geraldo Cantero, nice one there. Mini Diamond Auto, it's 299 for the Braves. Like, I could, I will sit here, I will appreciate Game of Thrones. I think it's one of the best TV shows ever written. I think it deserves all the credit it gets. Just not as good. Jackson Holiday, it's just not my thing. You know what I mean? It's just, like, I tried watching, I tried watching it twice, dude. I couldn't do it. There's Alex Ramirez. I could respect that. Yeah.   Like, it's a great show. It's just not, not my thing. Gold Owen Casey, nice one there, too. 50. Get rich in here. Watch the first season. It's good. No, that's fair. That's fair, Alvin. That's fair. Let's do a quick recap here, everybody. Thank you, sir. We've got Gold Owen Casey, Freddie Freeman, Anderson De Los Santos, Orange Edwin Solano, Zach Gela, excuse me, 250. Yeah, Vincent Peruzo, Daniel Guillarte, BJ Cook, Christian Serda, Vladimir Restatuyo, Will Warren, Wickelman Gonzalez, Axel Sanchez, Dario Laverde, Marco Vargas, Lamar King, Victor Istures, Juan Olmos, the 499, Abner Uribe, and Ricardo Olavar. To 299, Will Warren, Javier Sinoja, Gerardo Contaro, Adrian Pinto, and Javier Sinoja. To 100, Clark Elliott, to 299, Abner Uribe, to 75, Freddie Michele, and Oranges, Brendon Malone, and Brian Bettencourt. That will do it for the break, everybody. Thanks again for the film. Up next is number 19.