So my name is Bartosz Golaszewski, I'm a consultant. I mostly work in the field of embedded Linux. I've been doing this for the last eight years and I also contribute to a range of projects related to embedded Linux. And my talk today is going to be about GPIOs in user space. So I'm going to start out by giving a brief overview of what GPIOs are, even though I suspect most of the people to know it already. Then I'm gonna describe how the kernel interfaces look like and then I'll move over to the legacy CISFS interface. And finally I will talk about the new character device-based interface and a user space library and tools that will help you use it. So GPIO stands for General Purpose Input Output. This is a generic pin with a no predefined function and this can be configured at runtime. So what can you do with a GPIO? So we can enable it in disable it obviously. Then we can set the so-called direction which is a mode in which the GPIO works. So it can be output where we actively drive the line and input where we read the values where somebody else is driving the line. And an extension of the input mode is the fact that we can of course if the hardware allows it we can make a GPIO to be a source of interrupts so we can be notified about about the changing state. So where do we use GPIOs? So mostly these are used wherever a simple very simple kind of communication is required. So basically the values we can read are low that the line is driven low or high. So for input mode this would be buttons where the user presses a button we get uninterrupted and can read the value if it's pressed or released. It's various level detectors, thermostats, so whenever we want to be informed by some level change about level change. And then when we are the ones who actively drive the line so when we do the output this can be various LEDs, buzzers, power switches, relays, stepper motors for robotics. We can implement things like GPIO bitbanging with software serial port with the help of GPIOs. And we have this notion of providers and consumers of GPIOs. So GPIOs are usually provided by SOCs, dedicated devices that expand the number of GPIOs available. So we will call them expanders. And various multifunction devices also provide, usually also provide some GPIOs for things like reset lines, etc. So this notion of a provider and consumer is modeled in the kernel. We have a two-part framework for the GPIOs providers which lives in the driver's GPIO directory. And then we have an API for consumers. So in general all the providers live in this directory whereas all the consumers can be, since the consumers can be any pretty much any driver they are all over the place. And for the consumers we have two coexisting frameworks. So one of them is a legacy framework. It's based on a continuous global number space where each GPIO pin has a unique number assigned in the kernel. This is a wrong approach in that GPIOs are a two-level hierarchy where we have GPIO pins associated with GPIO chips whereas this number space doesn't know this hierarchy. So in order to have a better model of GPIOs we have a second most more recent framework for consumers where GPIOs are associated with devices that may want to use them. So the example is in the old framework you would have to call a function called GPIO request I think and pass it a global number. But this number can change because we can have dynamic expanders that are instantiated later in the boot process so this number may change and this isn't really very reliable. So the new framework, the modern approach is to, I'll use an example of device tree, is to take like the providers will tell, like we will have a special node in the DT which will determine, like which will define all the pins exported by a provider. We can even give them names so that it's going to be easier to retrieve them. And then the consumers in the device like in the DT nodes of the consumer devices we associate these GPIOs, the ones that are relevant for our device with the consumer. And later in the driver code the driver can retrieve this GPIO by its index or by a name. So this gives you a lot more fine grained control over how we use the GPIOs and how we make them available to drivers. So, yeah, and both frameworks for the consumers support device resource so there's no need to free them when the device is being turned down. So the general idea is to always write drivers in the kernel that use GPIOs but sometimes it's not possible and we may want to interact with GPIOs from the user space. So this usually, the example use cases for that is, for example, power switches and relays. So I had that problem some time ago when I was working on a project that in the kernel there is no framework currently for power switches and relays. It doesn't exist so you're kind of stuck with the GPIO with the user space approach. And then there are certain devices that communicate or, for example, some GPSs and Bluetooth devices they communicate over a serial port and then they export GPIO lines for things like reset or other simple functions. And also it came to my attention that after speaking with a couple of people involved with intelligent home systems it turned out that they like to implement everything in user space and then, for example, toggle the GPIOs to close window blinds, et cetera. And another area in which we use GPIOs from user space are robotics. So the legacy user space interface lives in SysClass GPIO and actually I was not aware of that. Someone during the conference told me that this interface was merged during the time when the GPIO subsystem did not have an active maintainer. So this might explain why it's not very well thought. So this is the comet in which the system was merged. And another interesting thing is that it's quite young. I remember first using this interface in 2009 and it turned out today when I looked up the Git history that it's been only merged in 2008. So back then I had thought that it must have existed forever but apparently it's pretty recent. So with this interface there are quite a number of problems. So first of all, this is a global interface. It lives in SysFS. So although we can affect things like permissions, we can change the permissions of these files, but we can't really take ownership of GPIO chips and GPIO lines because another privileged user can always come and change our GPIOs unless we really tweak the files and permissions. Then the state is not tied to any process using it. So that means that if we have a program that will come and start tweaking the GPIOs, export them and it crashes and I don't know, doesn't get restarted or doesn't really, isn't really prepared for that, then the state remains exported because in the kernel, if you will look at the code in the kernel, the SysFS interface is just another user of the legacy API in the kernel. So when you write, how many of you have used this SysFS interface? Yeah, so almost everybody.  So when you look in the kernel, when you write a number to the export file, it just calls GPIO request with the given number. So this already makes this interface bad in the sense that it uses the legacy interface. So the API, the API is not very convenient because you need to pay attention to a number of files. You can do things like, for example, you can pull GPIOs for events, but this is completely unreliable with SysFS because what you do in order to wait for events, you set a file that's called edge to whatever edge of events you're waiting for and then you pull, you call the pull function on the value for this specific line. But when an incoming, like the read event occurs, you have to either else seek to the beginning of the value file or close and reopen it. During that time, another event can appear and it's not being queued, so you're going to lose events. Another thing is, if a GPIO line has a name in the kernel and you export a line that is named, the file, after you write to export, a file that will appear in the directory will have the name of this line. By default, it will be called GPIO and the absolute number of the GPIO. This makes, for example, looking up lines by name very complicated because you have to export or try to export every single line, check the name of the directory that appeared and unexport it. So, yeah, a lot of problems with this interface. This has led to starting some work on introducing a new user space interface for GPIOs. This was finally merged in Linux v4.8. This is a bit similar, I'd say, to how the iSquad C user space interface works. Now we have a character device, a single character device for every GPIO chip. This lives now in depth, obviously. And now, to interact with GPIOs, you only need a set of system calls. So, basically, all you need is open, IRCTL, pull, read, and close. So, this interface brings in a lot of new features. So, you can now request multiple lines at once with a single IRCTL. You can set and get read values of lines with a single IRCTL as well, with a single context switch. Now, it's very easy to look up GPIOs by names, also chips, by names or labels, or however they are identified in the kernel. The support has been added for new features. For example, we can now specify from the user space if a GPIO line that we want to drive in an output mode is connected as open source or open drain line, which affects the way we will drive it. Then, we have a way now to identify the current consumer of a line. Because if someone else has ownership of a line, it can set the consumer string when requesting it. And we can pull it out from the kernel so that we know who is using a line, be it in the kernel or in user space. And now, the character device will now work with UDef. So it appears through the UU event interface. We can specify UDef rule so that permissions will be set accordingly. And, yeah, since we now use open, we have a file descriptor associated directly with the line so that pulling is much more straightforward. And the events are queued so that we can read them one by one. So the character device ABI lives in, I don't know why I use the API, it should have been ABI, lives in linuxgpio.h in the Linux UAPI section. So the driver is logically, sorry, the driver, the header is logically split into several parts. So we have the chip info operations, line info operations, we can request lines for values for reading them or setting them. And then we can request lines for reading events and read the events themselves. So for each of the operation, there is usually a data structure or more data structures and a couple IOCTLs. So I'm going to go through these operations. So first of all, the first thing that you usually want to do is to get information about a chip. So you open a device using the open system call. The device lives in, for example, in this example, it's def GPIO chip zero. And you have a structure defined in the header I showed before, so the structure is defined in the header. And then you open the file, you store the file descriptor, and you just run the IOCTL, the chip info IOCTL, while passing the infrastructure as argument. This will fill the structure with name, the label, and the number of the lines. So this is quite simple. And now the second operation that you usually want to do is to get info about the line. Yeah? I'm sorry. Yes, yes, because, oh, no, no, the direction we're going to set after that. This only opens the device in read write mode. The open itself doesn't do anything. This just opens the chip. So on the chip, there are several lines. The lines are associated with a chip. So now we just open the device, the device file, and you run an IOCTL that retrieves the information for us. So it fills this structure with information about the chip. So now, so far, we haven't touched the lines. So this is just the info about the chip. So, for example, in this case, the chip's name will be GPIO chip zero, and the label will be whatever we call it. And the number of the lines will contain the number of the lines associated with this chip. So this is the hierarchy I was talking about. So you have, after you call the IOCTL, the number of lines appears in this structure, and you know it, like the kernel knows it either from DTE or from board files or from ACPI. There are multiple ways to tell the kernel how many lines are there on the chip. So now this one is about the line. So if you want to get the information about each GPIO line associated with a chip, you have to call for each of it the GPIO get line for IOCTL. So you have the GPIO line info struct, and what you do is you just set, you memset it. It's not mandatory, but well, let's initialize it. And then let's just set the offset of the line we want to know something more about. So here we want the third line, like the fourth line, so the index three counted from zero of the line associated with this chip. So this FD here is the file descriptor we got previously from the previous IOCTL. So is this clear in general? So now it gets interesting. Yeah, so this structure gets filled again by this IOCTL. So the only thing we set is the line offset, and then the kernel tells us what the flags of this line are, and its name and consumer. So a line may have a name, it's not mandatory, and it may have a consumer. If it's already in use, it's going to have a consumer defined. So now it gets interesting. This is where we set the direct, yeah, you were going to get a question mark. So, sorry. So the question was if there's no consumer, what are we going to get? It's going to be a question mark. Oh, yeah, I'm going to define, am I? Oh, yeah, sorry. I forgot about the flags. Thank you. So the question is what are the flags? So yeah, the flags are defined here. This is the variable. So flag kernel means it's being used. It's not very obvious, but this flag means that it's being used, not necessarily by the kernel. It might be used by the user space, but the flag is going to be, I'm going to say kernel. Then this is the direction. So if this flag is set, the direction is output. If this flag is not set, the direction is input. This is the active state, so the potential inversion of the values. And then open drain and open source, this tells us if the kernel knows how the line is connected, if it's open source or open drain, it's going to be reflected in this flag. So yeah, so now the request. What we do, if we want to request the lines, if we want to take ownership of the lines, we have to fill this structure here with a number of line offsets. So we can specify up to GPIO handles max, which is 64 lines. We fill this array with offsets of the lines we're interested in. Then we set the flags. So now the flags. This is how we set the direction. So the flags, we have to set the flag, the input or output flag. Then we can specify if we want to invert the logic. Potentially we can also specify the open drain and open source flags from the user space if, for example, the kernel doesn't have this knowledge. Yeah, and if, so what do we do? In this example, we want to request the lines in the output mode. So we want to drive the lines. So we set, we take the structure. We set the flags to GPIO handler request output. Then we say that we want two lines. So number of lines is going to be two. And then we set the offsets. It's going to be three and five. And then we set the default values for these lines. In this case, it's going to be one and zero. This is the consumer label. So we set it to foobar. We call the IOS with the previously retrieved FD. And what happens now? This FD is being filled by the kernel. Kernel creates a new file descriptor for an anonymous I node. And this FD is being set to the value. So if we now want to set or get the values I'm going to talk about in the next slide, we use this FD. No longer this FD retrieved by the first IOS et al. Yeah. So this is how we set or get values. So in the previous example, we set it to output. So we're going to set it. This is a very simple structure. Again, we have just the values. And these values correspond with the lines that we previously requested. So we set the values to some new values. In this case, we invert the values. And again, this time, we use this FD. So the FD that we got here. And again, we call the IOS et al. Either the set line or get line. The difference is that for get line, this structure is going to be filled for us by the kernel. Whereas here, we need to fill it ourselves and pass the data to the kernel. So is that clear? How do we do it? So yeah. So I'm going to accelerate. Yeah. So now the events. This is something interesting. So if we may want to, instead of setting and reading values, we may want to set it to input mode and passively wait to be notified about events using the poll operation. So again, this time, we also have to retrieve the FD from the file descriptor from the kernel. But this time, it's one file descriptor per line, which is obvious because we need to know which line raises an event. So again, we take the GPIO event request structure. We set the line offset. We set, in this case, we set the direction explicitly to input, but the output direction will not be accepted by the kernel because obviously this couldn't work. We wait for both edges events. We can specify if we only want to be notified about rising edge or falling edge events. Again, consumer label and IOS et al. This IOS et al is again called on the descriptor, on the chip descriptor, so on the first one from the operation which I showed on the first page. What's happening now? What's happening now? This FD gets set by the kernel and we can now poll it for poll in and poll pry events, which is showcased here. So we poll it and when an event occurs, we read an event, we read the data to a buffer that is this structure. What kind of information do we get from the kernel? We get the time stamp of the event and an ID, so we know if this is a rising edge event, if the value changed to high or the falling edge event, when the value changed to low. Yeah, so I want to talk because I understand that this API is super complicated. It's not super complicated but it's not very convenient. So the first question, when I first heard about this interface, the first question I asked myself was how do we get people to use it because this is like the CISFS interface has an obvious advantage over this one that it's just convenient to use because you don't have to write a C program to toggle the GPIOs. So yeah, so for this, there is a project called lead GPIOD and my involvement with this project has a history of around one year. So last time during the ELCE in Berlin, I was there was a talk by Linus Valet, who is the maintainer of the GPIO sub system in the kernel and while the talk was about the new things in the kernel API, Linus briefly mentioned the GPIO device, the character device as a new recommended API and the API for the user space and that the CISFS is being deprecated and the end goal is to remove the CISFS completely because this is the only way to remove this global number space from the kernel, which is the goal for the far future. And that time, about a year ago, I was working on the bailibre ACME CAPE, on the power measurement CAPE and we were switching to the industrial IO sub system in the kernel to using the industrial IO for the measurements and these ACME probes, I don't know if you saw them, they have power switches, like external power switches which are connected to GPIOs in an expander and we wanted to manipulate these power switches, so turn them on and off and we tried, like my first idea was to integrate it with the industrial IO system, sub system, but this was shut down because this has nothing to do really with industrial IO. So I was told back then that I should try with the regulators, so I submitted a patch to the regulators but I wasn't aware that apparently this is a no-go, so any kind of user space involvement with the regulator is no-go, so this was nacked as well and I think I was told by someone to just stick to GPIOs and then I saw the talk from Linus and learned about the GPIO character device and I decided to write a, because obviously this was super complicated, I decided to write a set of tools inspired I'd say a bit by iSquad C tools. Do you know iSquad C tools? For interacting with the iSquad C device, so I was kind of inspired by this. I decided to write a small project for that and also to include a user space library with a simplified C API that will be easier to use and that will better keep track of what's happening behind the scenes, keep track of all the fighter scripters and whatnot. So I released the first version in January. This was written very fast, so I tried to stick to I don't know if it's GNU standards or whatever, but for example, the major release should be stable, so I released it, but I was not very happy with the API since it was very rushed, I wrote it in a week or so and released it. So the latest stable version is 0.3.1, but I'm working on a 1.0 release and the API has been completely reworked, so it's quite different from what you're going to see in 0.3.1. Also, this API would need to review, so I would really appreciate it if you could look at it and send me an email about what you think because I don't want to release something that's going to turn out to be not very good again. And what's inside? So we have a C API, fully documented in Doxygen. I'm going to show some examples. I'm not going to go into much detail though because I think the documentation is quite detailed. And with the library, come a set of command line tools because this is something that's going to force you the most, so it's a way to script your GPIO operations. So there's a set of tools and we have a custom test suit that works together with the GPIO, it's actually GPIO mockup kernel module. We have this testing module in the kernel which exposes like dummy GPIO chips. Recently it's been extended, now it has things like an interrupt simulator, so you can actually simulate interrupts and see if your polling operations still work. And this test suit is custom because I needed to work with a kernel module, so no I thought initially about using some Google test or something but in the end I ended up writing my own thing. So with this test suit we can also test the kernel API. So as soon as some regression happens in the kernel we should figure it out by just running the test suit. So the C API is logically split into some parts. So the first one is the simple API. This is a set of functions that will allow you to set get values, wait for events without dealing with any kind of resources. So this will do everything for you. And then there is the low level API where you have chip operations, line operations for event requests and then iterators that allow you to easily iterate over a set of lines. So these are some examples. So how does it look like in the low level API? This is not the simple API. This is the low level API where all the kernel structures, kernel UAPI structures are hidden behind opaque pointers. And I believe that it's much more straightforward to just open the chip, then get a line by index or by name. This is not shown here. Then specify if you want GPO line input. Actually this function has changed, but now it's a request line input. Request a line and then set and get value. So I encourage you to look because as I said this is the low level library API. If you look into the simple API you're going to see how exactly it is used. Unfortunately since I don't have my laptop I can't show you where to go. But yeah this is explained quite well in the simple API. So the tools. So the project is called Leap GPIO but I should have probably named it GPIO tools because this is probably the most used part of the project. So you have a couple of user space programs that allow you to detect the chips that are in the system. So when you run it it iterates over all the chips that it finds and displays their name, their label and the number of lines associated with it. Then there's a second program called GPIO info. You pass it the number of the name of the chip that you want to inspect and it runs through all the lines. So it basically calls the info on all the lines and displays you the info, so the offset, the name of the line, if it's unknown it's unknown and then the user here it's not used so it would be filled with the consumer. Its direction and active state. So you pass it the name of the GPIO find which allows you to easily find the GPIO by name. So you pass it the name of the GPIO line and it tells you which chip and which offset this line is on. Next tool is GPIO get. This is how you can get values so if you only know the GPIO by name you can run GPIO find and this output pass to get the current value of this line. And so yeah but usually you would use it like this so you can pass several offsets after the chip argument to get several values at once. So this is an example of how you use GPIO set but about GPIO set this requires more details. A GPIO line in the kernel can be by default driven high or low. Doesn't have to the pin can be floating but if it's actively driven you can't just exit from GPIO set so you can't just close the file descriptor because all the state after closing the GPIO chip file descriptor all the state returns to default. So what you want to do here is sometimes you want the program to still run while you wait for a user input because if the line is actively driven high or low it's going to return to the default after you exit from GPIO set. So if the pins are floating you can just exit if they are not you have to specify either mode wait or there are more modes you can wait for a signal you can wait a specified amount of time or you can wait for user input. Then an interesting program is GPIO MON which allows you to monitor lines for events. So by default it monitors all events you can specify additional parameters that allow you to only watch rising edge or falling edge events. This is the default output so it's human readable but you can specify a custom format if you want your events to be parsable by another script or another program you can specify a specific non-human readable format and the output will be like this or whatever you specify it to. These all programs are quite extensively documented so I believe that there's no time to get into much detail. So the state is like this I want to release the 1.0 version soon. This for the future so not for this version I want to introduce a GPIO demon which will allow you to take control more detailed control of the GPIOs in your system with better permission handling etc. C++ bindings are in progress it's going to be quite simple it's just for people using other languages and Python bindings since I notice that quite a lot of GPIO software space is done in Python for robotics for intelligent home system so this is going to be added as well and potential bindings for other systems yeah I don't know Node.js but if you know it and you would like to write bindings I would gladly accept them I'm not really a Node.js programmer but if you want to try it it's hosted at kernel.org in Libs LibGPIOD releases are also on kernel.org I made it available for build root but it's also I know that someone packaged it for meta open embedded also some other people packaged it for Fedora and Arch Linux in fact Fedora in their bleeding edge release or however it's called already deprecates C++ yeah so it's packaged for Fedora and Arch Linux and yeah, contributions are welcome please use the mailing list and oh it's remix, okay so we have time for questions so yeah sorry what? it works just as regular user space poll you can break it with a signal no problem so does the microphone work? no can you repeat your question? could you move back to the slide where is event registration for line? in the kernel API? yeah it's here I think it's not clear that you actually create an interrupt right? GPIO as interrupt oh this is done in the kernel so it's not really relevant for user space right? yeah, but I mean there's no connection at IRQ simulation it means this actually creates an interrupt right and goes through IRQ cheaper sorry if I wasn't clear that this interrupt simulation is done in the kernel module for the GPIO testing but this is just something that happens behind the scenes to be able to simulate interrupt yeah, but what I mean this one when you register this event it becomes an interrupt and if you cat proc interrupt you'll see that that is not clear from the slide I didn't think that it's relevant for user space for cat proc interrupt relevant for debugging at least but the question, the main question about this flags for line one slide back maybe where you put slides flags, yeah, when you retrieve flags why the list of flags only limited for those like open source, open drain why ways pull bias, like pull up pull down and everything because it's not implemented in the kernel it's not exposed for the user space yet but I guess this is something that in the future can be added these flags I guess are quite extensible okay and really a slight comment the CTO API has no version so it's not scalable to improve, to the update extent actually Linus Valet was mentioning that we can add additional flags, no problem with that anyway the pull up pull down is part of the pin control system not GPIO, that's totally different somehow GPIOs still are using GPIOs and it's property of GPIOs not pin control before pitch control it's a legacy so hi thanks for the talk first one question with the old legacy CISIFS approach there were a whole lot of context switches which made it very slow and you couldn't really do bit banging in user space, I suppose this is one big advantage of this app if you have this crucial use case of bit banging from user space then you can do it with this framework with the eventing you can see at least in the API of the kernel they used U64 for timestamp where was that so that is not a struck time spec which is usually used for such interfaces how does it relate to struck time spec and do you have any idea why they didn't choose that for the interface I wasn't involved in this API so when I started being involved with this this was already carved in stone frankly I don't know what the reason was for this but in the library I use struck time spec so the question is how does it relate to struck time spec you can convert it to time spec by dividing it by what is it 1 billion and then modulowing it for the nanoseconds this is what I do in the library maybe some other questions maybe some other questions sorry again timestamp to which timer does it relate this is a very good question I will look it up definitely I can't tell you right now okay so I think we don't have any more time I'm gonna be here around for a couple more minutes and I have a plane to catch afterwards so I won't be here anymore during the conference so thank you very much for coming


Good morning and welcome to this exciting workshop on news of Akash in education. We have with us the chief guest of this brief inaugural function, Professor Devan Khakkar, director of IIT Bombay. I would like to welcome him. Thank you very much for dressing the occasion. Let me also welcome Professor Uday Gayatonde, the main coordinator of this course. Thank you so much. As you all know, it is a very short program of two days, packed with a lot of information. So without further ado, I would very briefly tell you about the contours of this workshop. More than 17,000 teachers have registered for this workshop and I think 12,000 teachers have confirmed. I have already advised all the central coordinators if finally a student wish to attend or other teachers who have not registered wish to attend, they would be most welcome to attend as audit participants, although obviously no ISD certificates would be given to them. This is the first-ever workshop on training people on how to use Akash tablets for educational purposes. Many more will follow. We are very fortunate that IIT Bombay got this opportunity to serve the nation by spearheading the efforts to integrate tablet computers and such other technologies in the educational stream. And we are also fortunate that there are 250 colleges which have become partner institutions of IIT Bombay in order to jointly carry out project activities, development activities on Akash through their BE and ME students. With this brief, I would like to request Prasadevan Khakkar, director IIT Bombay and a great supporter of both our 10,000 teacher program as well as the Akash tablets to give his brief inaugural address. Prasadevan Khakkar. Thank you, Prof. Fattak. First of all, it is really a pleasure for me to welcome all of you virtually of course to IIT Bombay and to this workshop on Akash for education. It is really a sort of marvel of technology that 12,000 plus teachers are connected to us in more than 230 centers and what we owe this to is a major new national asset which is the national knowledge network. So I am very glad that we can connect in this way and that we can actually do useful things over the national knowledge network. Akash, the Akash tablet project is a major national project and it is a very important project for education starting of course with engineering education but for education in general. There are many obvious uses of Akash, we can see so many things like there can be material that you can read on Akash, you can view lectures on Akash, you can do programming on Akash and many of these have already been demonstrated and you will see this during the course of the workshop that there are many interesting applications that are very useful for engineering education that are already have been developed. But I think this is not enough and really the object of this workshop is to involve all of you in developing new applications for Akash in education. I think the workshop will enable you to see how this can be done and for Akash to be a success all of you need to participate. I would also like to mention, Fartak mentioned this, there is a piece of very good news. This particular workshop is really part of a major program called Teach 1000 Teachers which has morphed now into Teach 10000 Teachers. This program has been supported by the MHRD and I am very glad to announce that the next phase of this project again led by Professor Fartak and this time in partnership with IIT Kharagpur has been sanctioned and in fact you can expect many more such workshops. The project amount that has been sanctioned is 192 crores in the next 5 years and the aim is to reach at least 1.5 lakh teachers in this time period. So, this is a very ambitious project and again I am sure that many of you will be participating in this project. All of these initiatives are part of the national mission on education using ICT which you may have heard of. Again this has been a great success over the last planned period where many important projects like talk to a teacher, national program on technology enhanced learning, NPTEL which has recorded so many lectures in engineering and so forth, virtual labs project, the open source project. There have been a large number of projects which have emerged and of course IIT Bombay strongly committed to working in this arena of using ICT for education. In fact we have a new educational technology program in which we plan to do research in how technology can be used to enhance education. So, really I feel this workshop is an invitation to all of you to become part of a larger community in which we are all trying to think and see how technology can be used as part of our normal educational practices. To make a difference I think we need to collaborate this is a very nice way these workshops are very nice way for an initial introduction. Let us work together and see that we can do a lot more and make a big difference to the overall education scenario in the country. So, welcome once again and I wish you all for a very enjoyable course in the next two days. Thank you. All of you can see how excited we at IIT Bombay to partner with all of you. I would like you all to remember some key words which Prasad Khakkar mentioned. One that this workshop is only an initial introduction. Two he and all of us look forward to all you teachers and your students working closely with us over the next few years to unleash the creative talent of your students and to work with our students here and our researchers and with you to create very innovative solutions which will far outgrow the confines of educational applications alone. Of course that is our primary target. We need to develop educational applications. We need to develop educational contents not only limited to engineering education but to cover the entire gamut of education starting from primary school to high school to higher education. And please remember that we also have to contribute to content and applications in Indian languages for which I will mention some more details later. But I would like to commit to our director on behalf of all of you and all of us here. Sir will fulfill this wish and within the next you will see Akash and the Akash related projects making a significant difference first to the educational framework of the country and subsequently for contributing to solutions of many problems which faces. I would like to acknowledge the presence of amongst the many guests here two special people who have helped us with their great advice and contribution during the procurement phase of Akash project. Professor H.B. Swas there are two more names I would like to mention Professor Dinesh Sharma of electrical engineering department and Professor Jyotar Wasi who has been helping us. Of course our colleagues Professor Kannan Moudgalyan who is a co-PI on this project and Professor Sridharayya have not been able to come here. Let me just mention that a lot of people have worked for last six months to develop applications contents and to guide us through the procurement process that we see a successful beginning of this project. Thank you so much.


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Tarzan and the Diamond of Arshere. While in camp near Tuenbaca, the mountain of sunrise, Tarzan and his friends are captured by a band of Hesseharians and proceed toward the forbidden city of Arshere under their escort. Arriving at the foot of Tuenbaca, Hakeiru, the leader of the Hesseharians, is rescued from the coils of a huge prehistoric python by Tarzan. In the Senut, or car, which is to convey the party over the volcano's fin and down into Arshere, the Hesseharians remove their skeleton masks. As the captives enter the city and approach the great pyramidal temple of Maachu, they hear voices raised in weird chant. As he listens, the blood drains from Hakeiru's face. He turns to meet the cool, questioning gaze of Tarzan. What is it, Hakeiru? A chant of devil, Tarzan. It is sung for thee and thy companions. He will be offered to Maachu at the beginning of the moon. But because my life is thine, I shall intercede for thee and thy friends with the Artef Suten. Come, follow me into the temple of Maachu. What is the matter with Wolf, Tarzan? He stares into space as though watching something. Wolf? Huh? Oh, oh, yeah, yeah, Tarzan. I, I am coming. Look, Tarzan, how those great doors open before us. It must be done by machinery, I don't know.  No ten men could move those massive doors. It's been spooky in here. Those little blue lamps don't give much light, even if there've been plenty of them. We are approaching another great door, Tarzan. I am... Hold ye here, strangers. Ye stand before the portal of the chamber of the temple and the throne of the Artef Suten. She knew that I shema tabu te senetem. Ah, Artef. Strangers from the outer world await thy pleasure. Oh, Artef. You hear, Tom. He repeats in English what he says in his own tongue. He'd been talking to someone behind that door. Steady, all of you. This is no worse than Opaardana. Enter the chamber of the Council of Thirteen. No Tarzan, any other. As the ponderous bronze barrier slowly opens, the little party left by Hakeru crosses the threshold. Before them spreads a vast chamber, illuminated by countless small golden lamps giving out a blue, eerie light. A forest of mighty stone columns support a high, deeply shadowed ceiling. In the center of this immense chamber, at the edge of a deep pit, a large casket of white marble rests upon the stone floor. Beyond the great pit is a great black marble altar supporting upon its top a glittering copper knife. On a raised platform against the far wall, and declining upon a hide-backed stone seat, a man, tall, black-haired, handsome, watches the approach of Tarzan and his friends with sinister, unwinking eyes. Beside him sits a woman, cold, hearty, cruelly beautiful. At a sign from Hakeru, the young man and his companions halt at the foot of the dais. Waki ka-are-katan-hakeru. Ka-are-k-shem-et-waki-ah-ate. Because this man who calls himself Tarzan of the Apes, and these others speak only the language of Anglo-Land, I address thee, Osuten, and I, Queen Tirah, daughter of the son, in their tongue. As well, Hakeru, whence come these strangers? What seek they here? Let him who is their leader speak. Speak, O Tarzan, we come from the jungles in search of friends whom we believe were held captive in our share. We come here for the same purpose that others have come. He covet my shoe, the father of diamonds. Keep your father of diamonds? You're not interested in it? No. You think he shall be permitted to go hence from our share as he came? Of course. Why not? May have the Council of Thirteen have other plans for you. If Brian Gregory and his sister Alan are not here, then we'll go back to our own country. Outen, a-tep of the Hesseher alone commands in our share. If it be decreed that you return to the outer world, so ye shall take them away. They ought to be treated as prisoners, Outen. Say, rather, as our guests, go away with them. Thy word, Outen, is law. Come, O Tarzan. Lead on, Hakeru. We'll follow. Well, Lieutenant, we've been in the bad fix this time. Things don't look so good, eh? But we are still alive and together. Yes, sir. But for how long? I think even we are almost out of this terrible place. Did you see the eyes of that woman at town? They made my blood run cold. In that chamber across the corridor, ye shall await the decree of Outen and his council. I shall intercede for thee and thy friends, O Tarzan. I am not worrying about that. I'm thinking of our lost friends. I cannot help thee with them. But here is thy chamber. Enter. Come in soon and bring ye word from the council. Peace to thee, O Tarzan. Appear. At least we have not been separated. Nor have our weapons been taken from us. For a present, this ain't so bad. Those stone benches around the walls have been covered with soft-looking skins at first. And I suggest that we all lie down and rest while we can. Are you not worried, Tarzan? Worried? What about? About what will happen to us. There's no time to worry, Margaret. They'll have to take us out of here some time. When they do, we'll make a run for it. Wolf, you are still willing to share with me in the father of diamonds? That's what I'm here for. But there is it. You saw the white casket beside the pit in there? Yeah, yeah. What else could be in such a casket? It is their ceremonial chamber, that great hall. It must be in there. The casket is the logical place for it. And how do you propose to get out of here? And into that big hall? Leave that to me. I shall open the doors. Now lie down. But do not go to sleep. Don't know better. How do you know? Never mind how I know. I'm opening this door. We're probably waking the others. We must be outside with the door closed before they can follow. What are we waiting for? Look. Margaret, Tarzan, and Larsen are dead to the world already. I not get it over with. Tarzan? Hmm. He may be asleep, but not soundly enough. What about those apes that Kelo told us about? You know, the guardian apes. Do we mix with them? It is the chance we must take if we expect to get the diamond. They are probably kept in the pit beside the casket. We must stay clear of it. Well, let's get started then. If you know how to open the doors, we are wasting time. I think we could die now. No weapons other than our pistols. Rifles will be in the way. Come. Cautiously the two men leave their couches. They advance quickly, silently to the bronze door. Tom examines the granite blocks of the wall. Presses lightly against one. The low clicking sound which accompanies the movement of these strange barriers is heard throughout the silent chamber. Larsen grumbles in his slumber. Tom and Wolf stand tense, watching the apparently soundly sleeping ape man. As the heavy portal swings slowly open, they step quickly out into the dimly lit corridor. Tom presses another stone, and as the heavy barrier closes behind them with a soft metallic clang, Tarzan sits up, reaches over and lays a hand lightly on Darnold's shoulder. Shhh. Quiet. Come with me. Don't do, but I... No questions. No time now. Hurry. I am ready, but I do not see Tom or Wolf. You will in a moment. Stand away from the door. Shhh. Come move something. Not sound. Come on. They're ahead of us. Wait. There must be a stone out here to close. Ah. Here it is. But we are leaving Margren. They're all right. We'll be back before they wake up. Now hurry. We're following Tom and Wolf. Tom and Wolf? Tom must have known all the time how to open these doors. When they thought we were asleep, they went out. I watched Tom open the door. Now there's somewhere in the council room behind this big door. And what are you looking for? A wall stone, lighter in color than... Here it is. There they are. Yes. Making for the white gasket. Yes. Leave the door open. Now come here. Behind this pillar it's close enough. Oh. We have an understanding. We split 50-50. Come here, sir. No more. Magra, you and I. That's better. Now, lift up the lid on that box. The diamond is there. I get it. Help me. It is heavy. Together then. Now. Human. A disc of gold. But there is the diamond. Get the disc. The diamond is in the center under that lid. Lay it on the floor and pry it open with your gun barrel. With the golden disc on the floor between his knees, Wolf pries impatiently at the slot like opening in its center. Tom, contemplating the excited German's half-closed eyes, stands thoughtfully fingering the butt of the gun that is here. With a low, insane laugh, Wolf franchises savagely at the disc. abruptly it flies open. Instantly the vast chamber is flooded with an intense, blinding glare. The eyes of the four men are glued to the great glittering gem which lies embedded in the golden eye. Helpless beneath the sway of some superhuman power that holds them nerveless within its grip, they stand like graven images without power to speak or move. A huge, shaggy head appears above the rim of the pit behind the German. Small red, wicked eyes glitter evilly in the white glare of the diamond. A torso, huge, long-armed, short-legged and covered with thick red hair, clambers go testily over the rim of the pit. Jabbering gutterly through thick, slavering lips, the monstrous ape reaches out a hairy arm and paw and grasps Wolf for the back of the neck.


이 기술은 음식의 Mendication을 통해 음식의 글씨와 함께 인델리스트는 이 지역에서 많은 CEO의 기업을 마치게 되었습니다. 기업의 기업을 마치게 되었습니다. 그런데 음식을 생각하는 것에 대해서는 여러 가지 dimension이 있습니다. 첫 번째는 음식을 적용할 수 있을 것입니다. 또한 국가들은 음식을 적용할 수 있을 것입니다. 그리고는 자유성의 기능을 제거합니다. 이 자유성의 기능이 많이 나왔습니다. 코로나19에 대한 불안을 많이 했죠. 트레이트에 대한 불안을 제거했을 때 그리고 국가의 전통적인 사회에서 이 기능을 제거한다고 합니다. 다른 나라와 다른 나라의 경험을 생각하시면 각 지역의 구체적인 나라에서 경제적인 여론을 제공하는 것입니다. 한 장면은 안타티카의 가장 추운 상황입니다. 안타티카는 없다며 현재 한국의 기술자들은 세종의 기술센터에 있는 안타티카가 물, 깨끗, 깻잎, 토마토 등 여러 가지 식물과 식물을 제공하는 것입니다. 이 식물이 아니지만 식물과 식물을 제공하는 것입니다. 그런데 모든 시스템은 한국에서 센터로롤을 제공하는 것입니다. 그리고 모니터링 룸을 제공하는 기술을 제공하는 것입니다. 이 기술은 생물과 채소와 식물을 즐길 수 있습니다. 그리고 수준을 제공하는 것입니다. 그리고 안타티카의 식물을 제공하는 것입니다. 그리고 멘탈헬스의 식물을 제공하는 것입니다. 그리고 몽골리아의 식물입니다. 농구공업을 통해 많은 국가들의 공간을 제공하고 있습니다. 물건이 정말 강해지고 있습니다. 그런데 몽글리아는 40%의 식물을 제공하고 있습니다. 그리고 거의 95%의 식물을 제공하고 있습니다. 몽글리아에서 제공한 식물의 퀄리티가 정말 정말 나쁘지 않습니다. 매우 프리미엄 슈퍼마켓을 보였지만 리프리그링 퀄리티는 제가 거의 못 사요. 몽골리안 consumer가 채소를 사용하는 건가요? 채소를 사용하는 건가요? 채소를 사용하는 건가요? 닭가슴살, 달콤한 닭가슴살들이 다 루티브린스예요. 그들은 루티브린스를 먹지 않았어요. 몽골리아에서 제작한 프로젝트는 온라인 바퀴드 시리에서 인도와 버티칼 파음에 비해 70톤의 리플리그린을 제거하고 있습니다. 이 기준은 몽계리안의 환경을 제거할 수 있습니다. Another example is Northern Canada. One city in Northern Canada, they have very high obesity and then diabetes rates among young kids. The reason is, again, they don't have chance to eat leafy greens and fresh vegetables. local city actually called help for support to the Korean Institute of Science and Technology. What they have done is they actually developed the vegetable called bakchoy in indoor vertical farm. We call that bakchoy as super bakchoy. That's because bakchoy has some special ingredients which help reducing fat from the body and then also reducing the obesity. And the kids was able to develop bakchoy with 2.4 times higher ingredient in the bakchoy. And then they also able to produce bakchoy 2 times as fast as traditional farming. Those are some examples in the cold country, right? And in hot country like in Dubai, as the minister of UAE said, they are already using controlled environment agriculture in here, right? For producing tomatoes, blackberries and leafy greens. But another project currently being undertaken in UAE is actually producing the animal feed in indoor vertical farm. I found a statistic saying the Abu Dhabi is second country in terms of importing alfalfa. And they are importing alfalfa from like US and also in China. And their import of alfalfa has grown I think 35% for the past 10 years. But think about producing alfalfa in the US and then you have to dry the alfalfa so that you can actually transport to UAE. And then once you get alfalfa in UAE, now you have to add water into the alfalfa and then mixing animal feed and then feed to the cow, right? So I hope I can produce alfalfa from indoor vertical farm but we cannot. But we can actually produce barley sprout very easily in the indoor vertical farm. And barley sprout has very good nutrient for the cattle and then also is much cheaper than alfalfa. And then also there are many research done on mixing barley sprout to TMR, the animal feed, can improve the productivity. One research says the weight growth of the beef can be quicker more than two times. And then the quality of meat can improve. For the milk cows, the milk production can improve by 20%. And then the protein content in the milk can also improve. So we are actually working with one of the local company in Abu Dhabi to develop the barley sprout indoor vertical farm. And then we want to conduct research with the cattle company as well. And then, you know, today the UAE Minister actually mentioned about the agriculture consumes the most resources. I think that's really true. I heard 70% of freshwater are wasted or used in agriculture. It's very simple. If you give water to the plants, 95% of water just disappears. It's only less than 5% of water is actually consumed by a plant. But controlled environment agriculture, we use less than 5% of water used by traditional agriculture. And then, you know, we can also recycle the water. So the water consumption is very low. And another statistic says 30% of the agricultural land disappeared in the past, I think 30 years. But in controlled environment agriculture, we don't make land bad. And then we can actually increase the productivity of agriculture by six times, eight times, 10 times. Basically, we can actually stack up the layers. Then we can produce much more product. And another good side of controlled environment agriculture is no pesticides used. Typically, I believe 6 billion tons of pesticides are used in agriculture. But we don't use any pesticides. And in terms of the waste of food, only 67% of the crops harvested in traditional agriculture can be edible. So almost like one-third, you cannot eat. But the crops from indoor vertical farms, the rate goes up to 97%. So we don't waste anything. And 45% of fresh vegetables are wasted during the transportation. And then about 50% of also the fresh vegetables are wasted because it doesn't supply chain issue as well. But by producing the crops locally and then reducing food miles, you're not going to have this kind of waste. And in addition to saving the waste, we can produce the vegetables throughout the year. 365 days a year. And then the productivity rate is at least two times faster than traditional agriculture. And then if you look at countries like Singapore, they also want to do self-sufficient food supply within Singapore. But they have very limited land. One of the benefits of indoor vertical farms is we can actually do agriculture anywhere, any place in the city. So one example is the metro farm in Seoul. So we actually converted unused space in Korean Seoul metro station into a smart farm. So I actually wanted to show the picture. But when we think about changing that place, that place was completely empty. It's dead space. But we revived the space into indoor vertical farm with salad cafe. And then also we developed the agricultural academy for kindergarten kids. And with the Singapore Food Agency, we have been discussing about using the land below the underpass. Because below the underpass, there is no sunlight. So that land is completely wasted. But we are actually utilizing that land for indoor vertical farm. And another project currently being discussed is developing indoor vertical farm in Manhattan. The vegetable price in New Jersey versus Manhattan. The Manhattan is typically 2.5 to 3 times higher than the price of vegetables in New Jersey. That's because the transportation costs from New Jersey to New York. There is only one route you can transport vegetable to Manhattan, which is the George Washington Bridge. And then after the pandemic, there are lots of empty spaces in the buildings of Manhattan. Excuse me, Mr. Park. Could I kindly ask you to conclude this series of very exciting projects? Thank you. Please go ahead. The Manhattan is another one. So we want to make self-sustainable farm with the restaurant connecting to the farm as well. But the CEA also has many issues because we are being criticized with using lots of energy. But I believe we can solve that problem. Because one of the things we are currently focusing on is the consumption of energy in our LED lights. And for example, we were able to reduce the power consumption by 10% every year. Mr. Park, could I kindly ask you to... Thank you very much. I think the list of examples that you have been giving is incredibly stunning. And it highlights how much productivity can be increased and also all the extreme conditions or frontier conditions in which food can be produced efficiently with economic models that are viable.


Hi everyone, Joe for jaspyscasebrakes.com coming at you with what are we coming at you with 2022 tops chrome black 12 box pick your team number 19 You can tell the next one is already in the store jaspyscasebrakes.com and teams are moving pretty swiftly So get your team before someone else does Big thanks to this group for making it happen here on a Thursday Ed P with double last-ball mojo Orioles and Cubs 70% of the time hits 100% of the time If you have a little rooftop next to name that means you won that team in the filler Thanks everyone for making this happen. Appreciate it Thanks for spending a bit of your Thursday night with me Let's pop this case open Let's see what we got last break. I forgot two boxes Not this time here's five on the right side five on the left six on the right side six on the left side to make 12 Good luck. All right. We've got Padres Juan Soto and Miguel Cabrera 110 out of 199 That is for the Tigers. That's gonna be for John We've got 99 out of 150 It's a Ryan Vallad rookie autograph for the Rockies Jacob of the Rocks All right, we got a Spencer Torkelson rookie say Suzuki you out here Molina To 199 that will be for the Cardinals. That'll be for Steven Torkelson for Detroit. That'll be for John and your encased Auto is 82 out of 150 Dylan Carlson for the Cardinals. There you go Steven got a Jaren Duran Duran 74 out of 99 dy with the Red Sox Love that aqua parallel really pops and We got a rookie rookie Otto Jake Berger burgers Steven with the Chicago White Sox Kyle Lewis O'Neill Cruz and Wander Franco 11 out of 199 raise Nester with the raise won that in the filler and O'Neill Cruz, I believe the the cards with the the larger RC badge right here might fall one per case Pirates that's gonna be for Ed P. You're encased auto is Juan Yepes super futures rookie Otto six out of 99 That's another cardinal little scratch on the case, but Cardinals that'll be for Steven Has who owe the Lions and only the Lions have ever won a Super Bowl It's Josh Donaldson 143 out of 150 although Maybe they won one before the before in the pre Super Bowl era. It's a possibility. All right next auto Alec Manoa That's pretty strong. That's gonna go to David David T and Toronto Park Reveals a Nick Madrigal blue little color match eight out of 75 for Ed and the Cubs and we got Philly's random March to 150 That is for Jason K and the fight and fills You're encased. Oh Looks like we got gold little mini diamonds rookie symbol O'Neill Cruz 21 out of 50 That's real sharp. That's gonna go to Ed P and the Pirates Nice congrats. All right second half Again, we've got more in the store. Check it out. Jasky's case breaks calm How many teams are left in that wheel? And we're down. We're almost halfway through that very was that we're down to 17 teams on that Another O'Neill Cruz another O'Neill Cruz 21 out of 50 again. All right. Yeah That gold really pops on that background. We got Bill Mazurowski another pirate. He's heating up. He's on fire Ed with the Pirates Next box Joey Bart Boz and Burns Bart Boz and Burns 67 out of 150 brew crew Christopher See another rookie symbol right there top right and it's Ronzie Contreras Another pirate three encased Pirates in a row Ed P Picking them picking them correctly this time nice Got Boba Shet Bobby Whit jr. And Ryan Mountcastle 15 out of 75 Ed P with the Orioles Royals Jacob with Kansas City Next encased card is Andrew Vaughn a white sock.  Well, I see a little orange peeking here Orange Jared Kalanick 23 out of 25 for the Mariners Patrick with the M's max Crosby's already out. Come on max I see a rookie. I see some gold. It's CJ Abrams nice 16 out of 50 Padres edition of CJ Abrams John LeFar John winning that team in the filler All right final box. Good luck everybody. We did not talk about that Did they announce that yeah, I knew that that that that was uh, I was being talked about Nice Spencer Torkelson and a Brian Della Cruz 42 out of 50 That's good. They got it. They have a they have a huge platform They can get more people Interested in the hobby. It'll be good Be good for a lot of us.  We got another case of this in the store Let's run it back. I'll see you next time for the next one. Bye. Bye


And welcome to another exciting edition of the Power Trading Hour as we always come to you here at this time. So we've got one for the record books out here and of course we started off very tame on the downside this morning, you know, mostly around 75, 70 points lower on the S&P cash. We did end up going to a much different regime about 10, 10, 15, and I think a lot of people started looking at some of these stocks that were up instead of down, especially Taiwan Semiconductor, let's see if we can't get a chart up on that one, TSM. I think that was the big one that kind of confused a lot of folks because they were very positive on the call that I listened to that actually came out about two o'clock in the morning. I just happened to be up and listen to their earnings call. I thought, wow, this is pretty good to see it was down three or four bucks. Interesting. And I thought, well, maybe there was something I missed, but we got a big move. In fact, the high of the day ran a lot of short positions out of the market. And that was too high of the day, $70.20. So when the biggest and probably most important company in all of the semiconductor market decides that it wants to turn tail and go higher, I think you probably need to look at it. But they kind of had this thing where some of the people are canceling orders, that kind of stuff, but I think the people missed the next sentence in the earnings call where they said, we have four people, we have four chips that we could make for everyone we can't actually make. So if someone drops out of the line, it doesn't hurt us at all. In fact, a lot of those inertial initial positions were on contracts at lower prices. We can actually make more money if these people drop out and we get to actually go to the higher contract for making chips for folks. So certainly a lot of volume, you had about two days going sideways. So I'm going to say today is a lot more about earnings than I think that very hot number in the morning. I think we got some help out from somebody. I'm going to say that more than likely it was the Treasury and they were pushing the dollar down. I may find out something else, but at the moment that's it. As we said in the S&P cash at 36.36 is where I'm looking. Any close above that is actually extremely bullish, and of course options really hadn't, we talked about how they'd been fairly bullish looking at something like 378 or 380 on these spies and they really hadn't changed much even yesterday or today. So maybe they think that earnings, we're going to have Bank of America, I think it's coming up, but JP Morgan and Goldman Sachs tomorrow. So maybe they think there's a lot more in the tank for those guys, but again, this is just the real beginning of earnings season and what if we've sold a little bit too far down and we're going to have a lot of squeezing as the short sellers may have been just a little too bearish. As I've always thought, we're probably going to get some kind of rally. The charts actually show something like 4,040-100 as a high end of the possibility and then maybe after the first of the year we'll see something else. But who could say? Let's take a quick look at the SMHs and what do you have there? If you're talking about bullish and gold things, you certainly have the last two candles on this, again, and a lot of volume. It really smacks of washing people out at the lows and you do tend to get a lot of volume and then the volume kind of dries up. I'm going to say about a 35-point bounce off the lows around 3,500 on the S&P cash. You had a lot of volume, then you kind of bounced on no volume, then you kind of drifted a little higher and then we actually started getting a lot of volume back in as we went through. I'm going to call it about 3,580. I thought that 3,636 would be kind of a brick wall. He got to that and chewed through it fairly quickly. So maybe there were more people shorting and then covering later. As we said over the last few days, it's been very hard for me to get very bearish with looking at the charts and looking at options. But at the same time you get that deal where Otis the drunk can wander all over town. You know where he's going to be at midnight and that's in bed in the jail in Mayberry. But I think we got one of those times where he just kind of wandered off to the edge of town and came back this morning. Can I actually put a pin in this yet? And that would be no. We do need a very good close. That would be anything above 3,636. Now I would suspect that we go back and test that before the end of the day. And at that point you're going to have a much better indication of whether or not this is going to be sticky to sticky or if it's going to be better. So what else do we do in here? I think that's it. Give me a call at<PHONE_NUMBER>. You can email me at path at tfnn.com and of course you can always put a message in the den. Test the lows, test 3,636. That's what I'm thinking we retest today. Yeah, if I didn't say that more eloquently that would be it. First question is what do I think of the IWM? And is this on the Santa Claus or the election? Markets have traditionally absolutely loved divided executives and the Congress and there's a 99% chance that the Republicans take over the House. Right now the best estimates that I follow from the people that have actually been correct for the last 20 years, the Trafalgar Group, is saying 5248. So the Republicans would have both House and Senate. But at least, I think you have to say that at least the House is going to go that way and that would be enough to slow the roll and not a lot of things change before we go. But markets like that, they don't like a lot of movement. Called the Territory of Australia, this is Australia's largest undeveloped gold project. We are talking a world-class gold project in a T1 mining district. This is a large-scale, low-cost project with significant existing infrastructure in a politically safe and friendly mining jurisdiction. This the goal just completed the Mount Todd feasibility study, which resulted in a 7 million ounce gold reserve in a 16-year mine life. All of this combined with the approvals of all major operational as well as environmental permits. This distinguishes Mount Todd as an attractive, devious party, ready development stage gold project. This the goal trades on the New York Stock Exchange and the symbol VGZ. Are you grinding in the market, but seeing little to no return?  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A frequent contributor to TD Ameritrade Network and CNBC, Tom O'Brien founded TFNN over 20 years ago to help educate investors just like you. Tom's Daily Market Newsletter, Market Insights, is published every morning when the markets open to give you the competitive informational edge you need to succeed. These newsletters are packed full of Tom's advanced technical analysis and are geared to deliver comprehensive strategies for a successful portfolio. Get Tom O'Brien's newsletter, Market Insights, today and try all of our products and newsletters 30 days risk-free with our money-back guarantee at TFNN.com, TFNN Educating Investors. He has won<PHONE_NUMBER> internationally at<PHONE_NUMBER>. And as we come back to check in, as I said, 3636 is the number that I've been looking at for a while. We're at 3662 on the S&P cash. And we'll keep an eye on that. Let's go through some of the earnings out here that were rather surprising. We did talk about Taiwan's semiconductor already. Oh, we talked about IWM. What was the question on that? Did I handle it all? Okay. On the IWM, I don't have as good a look. I would say, could you get a bounce and still be in a downtrend of 186 on the IWM? I think that could be it. I don't think that you'd want to bet anything over 187 on the IWM as just a bounce in the downtrend. I do like that you have a 20% lighter volume off the October 6th high at 176-17, down to this low here today, which so far is this 28 million shares against a 42 million share low. So that's the first one. Anyway, Delta Airlines, they, of course, sold off right after the open push down into this gap lower. And the more that they talked and were out there this morning, the more that it sounds like a lot of people coming out of COVID lockdown are more than willing to brave the unfriendly skies. Is that them? Who was the unfriendly skies? Is that American? Anyway, the friendly skies and just go back up to where last resistance is. That was this big candle of the 4th on, what is that, October? That had 16 million shares. He had 20 million shares. So you want to watch this, but any hangover, a close of $30.75 would be bullish. And I can't imagine being bearish the airlines into this Christmas of any hang. People are going to be hanging on the wings like they were leaving Afghanistan trying to get a ride anywhere for Christmas from what I can under and or here. The big winner winner chicken dinner is certainly a Domino's up 10% on a lot of people coming back to the Domino's death this. That's what I always call them. But when I do feel like a big, greasy pizza, that is where I go. You got decent volume. The last big volume day was on the 4th of October on 1 million shares. You got 2 million already. It doesn't look like you're holding the highs quite yet. Anything over $336.75 tells you that we're ready for some football and a lot of pizza come this winter. In Fastenall, which opened up lower, I'm not mistaken, these guys sell nuts and bolts. Probably not a huge reason to play this stock. But I do like it as something that's very akin to international paper. And that is the canary in the coal mine. It did break through the previous low, did get down to the previous gap. But it blew through the July 14th low that had 5.6 million shares. It's going to close back up in there and maybe above it. So generally, you'd like to have lighter volume. I don't think this is a rousing endorsement. But again, I think a lot of these stocks are set up for at least a small Christmas rally. In this case, up to maybe $50.50 for it. But a nice candle out there compared to the open if you were having to be long. Walgreens Boots Alliance up 6%. A lot of these charts look almost the same. And that is they've been beating out a low so far. And they're back up and trying to get through resistance. In this case, the last big day out here was about 6.7 million shares back on September 28th. You are above that. Again, what I need to know is a close where these stocks hold above some of these key levels. But I wouldn't be short them. I think you probably have about three days for we could see any of these do any significant reversals in the market. Revlon, of course, kind of approached meme status. Slowly ground through this huge update that was a short squeeze back on August 1st, you had 56 million shares to the upside. So far today, you got about 13.7 million shares. You did go below it. You're going to close back above it. You're probably going to close back above it with very light volume. But get ready for the war paint, I guess is what that's telling us. Now, let's go ahead and start looking at what's coming at us tomorrow. It's Thursday. As we said in the open, maybe it was in the update. We've got JP Morgan with a nice reversal candle. They're out, I think, at 7 a.m. in the morning, although I don't have an exact time around 7 a.m. So we'll look at that. But we're going to have some fairly decent volume. You're going to run all the shorts out. This probably looks like it could get to 112. I wouldn't be surprised to see that pre-market or aftermarket really scare the shorts out of their short positions. This has really got two things that are diametrically opposed in that the higher interest rates should make them a lot of money. But also the downside in the market may cost them some. They still lend a great deal. Being able to lend that at much higher prices may offset the losses that they have in the market. But I don't think anybody knows until we get into earnings tomorrow morning and they tell us, at least try to tell us, U-N-H, what's going on. United Health Group has a beautiful engulfing candle across the last three days. The downside I think on this one is that there's just not that much upside, maybe 5.18 unless they blow everything away. A lot of these health care companies had a very good time and where a lot of the people that were more than likely to take a lot of their cash in services either expired or put off any of the alternative dates for operations. Those are coming back I hear in a big way. This one probably just fundamentally looks to be probably the weakest. 450 is the next support level. We'll be back in a minute. If you want to take advantage of this sector now is the time to subscribe to my Gold Report. The Gold Report is a comprehensive look at the metal sector as well as the markets that move gold which is the currency and bond markets. New subscribers get a 30-day money back guarantee so you have nothing to lose. Every Monday morning I publish the Gold Report with coverage of gold, silver, bonds, the XAU, HUI, GDX as well as more than 30 different mining equities. 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We are so confident that you're going to love this new charting software that will even give you a 30-day unconditional money-back guarantee. Don't miss out on this incredible new piece of software. Get your copy of the Art of Timing the Trade Shards today by visiting TFNN.com. This segment is brought to you by Think or Swim. For more information, just click the Think or Swim banner on the front page of TFNN.com. Not exactly sure how to pronounce the name, maybe you can tell me, but he's from Puerto Rico. How you doing today? How's it going, Dave? Pretty good. Oh, they had O-Hill. It doesn't sound like Bill. Bill, I usually call in, the guy usually calls me Bill and I just run with it. I'm not too... Hello? Yep, you're there. Oh. Sorry, lost. I'm sorry. Wise key data to be so kind. W-P-E-Y. Are you familiar with this company? Yeah, a little bit. I jump in, jump out. I've been with it before. I trade it multiple times. I take your advice. When it spikes up, I sell it. And then when it's down in the gold rooms like now and the volume comes in, I take a swing. Well, certainly this is a cyber security company, which is probably semi-recession proof. The problem is that the big companies just keep pounding on these smaller companies and making it harder and harder for them to exist. You know how much money this company has left? I think they're down to $20 million. Give or take a couple million. See the $17 million or $23 million a little few weeks ago. Okay. Cash. Unusual items. Tax rate for Calcs. Inference expense. Total expenses. Another income. Total revenue. Okay. I guess the biggest problem I see here is that they really haven't done much for the last four years. They've just kind of gone sideways. We're a total revenue numbers. I got 34 and then 22 and then 15 and then 22 and probably 25 this year. So I have a feeling that this is, I kind of put these in the group of also runs. And in a fair market, the last thing anybody wants is a company that doesn't have a lot of cash. Because the thought is that they can get wiped out fairly quickly, especially if cash becomes a problem. This anytime you get into a bear market, they don't like anybody spending any cash whatsoever. Because the thought is that what happens if you actually need that cash. So I think I talked about it yesterday or the day before with Kimiko buying Westinghouse and getting a $5 haircut or about 20% lower. And it's probably a great thing for them to do. But it's absolutely horrible for a market where they don't want anybody spending any money whatsoever. And that's probably the problem I see in this. They're worried that they're going to be not be in the position to be able to get more cash. I'm just looking at the sheet. So I would say bigger problems for this one are the broader economic issues right now. And that probably not a lot of people want to be around this. Do you know if they have any new products coming out or anything? You know what it is? They have the same products. But it's like you said, they'll find a contract and they kind of go sideways. So they've had the same products rather for about four to five years. Basically semiconductors, IOT, and they make contracts with governments and defense departments and things of that nature. So they answer your question, no. Everything is saying is correct, Dave. I agree with it. You know, they're just not catching themes like you've noticed because they're just basically going sideways for four years as far as revenue growth goes. I mean, the products really interested me why SAT. I mean, you can hire them for about $3,200 and you can do co-location on a satellite. And of course, there's different applications for that.  So maybe it's better just to stay away. I'm going to say that unless we start seeing interest rates dip, it is probably one that you don't want to.  They certainly could. Do I see anything that rapidly changes their fortune in the near future? We'll say in the next few months, nothing. As I said, maybe the best thing that could happen in the next few months is that it does have some kind of bounce and let you out. But I would be probably fairly amazed if this thing ever got back above probably $280. I mean, that would be nice, nice money here. But certainly, you know, this thing, how high was it? I mean, I see this thing. I think there was a panic check a couple years ago. I think $17 or $19 for a day back in the day. Yeah, $1784 on September 9th of 2021. But the one I'm looking back is this March 24th, 2021 at $4480. And since then, this thing's done nothing. Yeah, this one has done nothing but go straight lower. Looking at the chart, I don't see a lot. Looking at the area that these guys are in. If they really had some kind of great product, I think their stock price would be better than it is now. But everybody is in this sector. IBM, Microsoft, Oracle. Everybody's getting in quantum encryption and all that. You've got to have a fairly good product. There are some companies I think are much better in this space in this kind of small cap area. But this one would just, just looking at, I don't have any inside knowledge on them. But they don't look, just looking at the balance sheet real quick. They don't look good to me. Right. I'm glad I called, David. I appreciate your time. You're not in it right now, right? No, I was going to buy some today. I trade the futures mainly. And I just, I like these low micro cap stocks. I like to just buy them. I usually focus on the biotechs and I just set my orders. In a full. When they spike. In a full. I think, was it two or three times? I caught two or three spikes in this, I forget. She's looking at a few stocks that have been hammered. And it just came across my list. And you know, very, very low. I said, let me call David and David and see what he has to say. I don't like. I don't like. I don't like. I don't like. If they really had something that can compete with the big boys. I don't. Yeah. I don't like companies that don't have a lot of cash in small cap. I think it's a kind of a no fly zone for me until we see interest rates hit their high. And then at that point, maybe turn around, but I need to play small caps and small dollar stocks. I need a bull market. It's rare to get a lot of money out of one of these in a fair month. Thanks for the call. We'll be back in a minute. Thank you, David. Sharpening your skills as an investor is like getting better at playing a musical instrument. You have to practice. Sure. You need excellent instruction from experts. At TFNN, you'll get advice and guidance from the authority and technical market analysis. And it's not just dry tedious text either. TFNN airs live financial content streamed live on TFNN.com and TFNN's YouTube channel with Tiger TV, live every market day from 8.30 a.m. to 4.00 p.m. Eastern for free. Each host is an experienced trader and gives their take on the market while taking calls and questions live from around the world. From the moment the market opens until the closing bell sounds, Tiger TV has eight different shows with expert hosts to help you make the right moves with your money. Watch online at TFNN.com or on TFNN's YouTube channel and become the investor you were born to be, TFNN, educating investors. The technology around us is changing every day. With so much happening, it can seem impossible to keep up with all the information. David White's investment newsletter, the Technology Insider, is designed to give you all the information you need to understand the technology that shapes today's markets and tomorrow's future. David White has made his living staying on the cutting edge of technology. His weekly newsletter will give you specific recommendations for value tech stocks, as well as entry prices, target prices, and stops to set for each trade. Dave delivers his weekly newsletters every Friday with updates throughout the week. You can get the Technology Insider at TFNN.com for only $37.50. Sign up for Dave's newsletter, the Technology Insider, and get an inside look at everything the technology sector has to offer. Try it risk-free today with our 30-day money-back guarantee. TFNN, educating investors. Are China A shares hot or not? If you trade China A shares, now may be time to take a closer look. Trade CHAU or CHAD. Directions daily, CSI 300, China A share bull and bear ETFs. China A shares in either direction. Visit directioninvestments.com today. An investor should consider the investment objectives, risks, charges, and expenses of the direction shares carefully before investing. 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Again, in a bounce like this, you want somebody with a big business. You don't want generally medium cap, probably the smallest thing you want to look at. You want people that have cash, have a cash flow and have a lot of short positions on it. So far, for what I can see, crude. That's probably the number one. As soon as we get cold weather, natural gas, these may be the same sectors to you, but I think they're a little different. But anyway, natural gas. And then I think you can look at maybe something like cybersecurity. Certain parts of the semiconductor business are probably going to do well after they crater here. I just don't see a buy in a lot of the other ones. But man, when you look at the charts of like Micron, this thing just kind of defined not being able to go down any lower. Today's close back into the trading range is fairly good. You broke the low with lighter volume. Now you've got some stuff out here. Now it's just going to take you back to the moon now. But I think as we get into next year, the probably the big blight from both AMD and NVIDIA will be over. And then they'll start moving higher. Micron could just slowly continue to go higher before those two come back or others in that same vein. But my guess is that we're going to probably see Micron back up in the 74s. I'm not saying to go out and buy it today. I'd like to see the close. As we said earlier, 3636 is kind of the line in the sand in the S&P. Probably the best thing to look at of what's going on. And I'm hoping that we get a test of that before today's out, if not tomorrow. If we can go down and retest 3636, make that a low that holds and that we have a little bit more evidence. Then I think probably we're on the way back up to a week from tomorrow. Probably 3850, maybe something like that on the S&P cash. So we could have a nice move. The problem is right now it's kind of a coin flip. I need that retest of the low, especially the way things are going. And because we have so much in the way of earnings coming. We didn't have any earnings coming. We didn't have any economic news tomorrow morning. I probably would say just go ahead and let it rip. But there's enough things to flip on either side of this argument. And two, if we are just getting a lot of cash in from the Treasury and artificially pushing the dollar down. Are they going to continue to do that tomorrow? I'd like to see a little bit more of a trend. And maybe I give up a little bit of money in the short term. But I'd much rather have those kind of trades setting up. Now tomorrow, of course, is Friday. So I'll be looking for options, expiration plays after we get those earnings in the morning. But I don't think I want to be in a lot of things until I get some kind of at least secondary confirmation of this move.<PHONE_NUMBER>. Got that? Okay. Christian, look at those secondary stocks today like NVIDIA and AMD. You've got some nice bullish engulfing candles. As we said yesterday, we had so many of these stocks that had dojis. And the question was, were these dojis halfway down on the way down or were they signs of reversal? Now, we did get slammed down earlier today, but my guess is that these are signs of a reversal. In this case, I think you could get up to one, there's a double gap right about 130 on NVIDIA. And that's not much, especially as many people are short. If they continue to short, maybe you could get back up to 140. But I think the bounces in this are going to be on those folks that stay too late to the short party. On these AMD, you've got the same kind of thing. As we talked of yesterday, you have three doji candles.  If that holds through the close today, you could get a bounce into 66, maybe 67. Probably 66.50, which is about halfway in this big gap down on volume. That was 163 million shares, doing 108 today already. So probably not beyond the scope of reason that you could get up to that $65 level, especially with a massive amount of folks that continue to short these at every turn. Do you look at these candles? Let's go ahead and I got a couple of notes to see. JPM, okay. Got the reverse of candle on that one. These are all earnings for tomorrow morning. Yeah, just overnight or even pre-market. You could see this go to 112 and wash out a lot of people if they tend to be short. UNH, which we looked at earlier, too. Same thing. Upside is probably 523, something like that. That's the biggest problem. Again, health groups may be out for a while as people come back and use a lot of their health care. Morgan Stanley, look here. You've got to really like the light volume today going back into a 17 million share low. It did quite get to that low of July 14. Energy is about the same on the way up, on the way down. USB. Now this one, US Bank, probably has the best chart. You're coming off of five different gaps right at the level that we hit this morning. And you had a bearish engulfing in the last seven candles. You may get a little bit of a retrace. But when I look at this one, this is probably the best risk reward in that. Maybe more that there are regional or tend to be more of a regional bank than the others might be interesting. Okay, let's go ahead. I don't have time. Just when we come back. That's kind of it for tomorrow. Let's go ahead and start thinking about next week. When we see Bank of America on Monday, Bank of Bellen also on Monday, Charles Schwab. We'll go through some of these in the last couple of minutes. Vista Gold owns and operates the largest undeveloped gold project in Australia, the Mount Todd Gold Project. Vista Gold just completed their feasibility study, resulting in a seven million ounce gold reserve. 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But maybe that gets us down there and retests on lighter volume. That would be in a bear market. I'm kind of doubly cautious on waiting for even stronger signals in the market that normally I would move on in a bull market if you're talking about being wrong. But that's it. As we said, we get into next week Bank of America on Monday. Netflix on Tuesday along with Johnson & Johnson. Lockheed, Martin, Intuitive and Surgical. United Airlines, State Street. JB Hunt, Interactive Brokers. Wednesday, we look forward to Tesla, IBM, Procter & Gamble, LAM Research, Kinder Morgan, Abbott Labs, Alcoa, Las Vegas Sands. So they're picking up now next Thursday. We've got AT&T, Snap, Erickson, Blackstone Group, American Airlines, CSX, Nokia, Crocs, Union Pacific, Freeport, Matt Moran. So if any of those are on your sector right now or on your radar or you're in something in that same sector, just know that you want to make sure that you keep a close eye on earnings and how they're going to affect your stock if your stock doesn't have earnings at all. But I think everybody's going to look at this as a very nervous market and they're always going to be looking to shoot first and ask questions later. So when you can, not when you have to, we will return again tomorrow.