From around the globe, it's theCUBE with digital coverage of AWS Public Sector Online. Brought to you by Amazon Web Services. Everyone, welcome back to theCUBE's virtual coverage of AWS Public Sector Online Summit, which is also virtual. I'm John Furrier, host of theCUBE. Got a great interview here remotely. Jennifer Cronus is the general manager with the DOD account for Amazon Web Services. Jennifer, welcome to theCUBE and great to have you over the phone. I know we couldn't get the remote video because location, but I'm glad to have you via your voice. Thanks for joining us. Well, thank you very much, John. Thanks for the opportunity. It's great to be here. Obviously the Department of Defense, big part of the conversation over the past couple of years. One of many examples of the agency's modernizing. And here at the Public Sector Summit virtual online, one of your customers, the Navy, with their ERP is featured. Yes. This really kind of encapsulates kind of this modernization of the public sector. Tell us about what they're doing and their journey. Sure, absolutely. So Navy ERP, which is Navy Enterprise Resource Planning is the department of the Navy's financial system of record. It's built on SAP and it provides financial acquisition and supply management information to Navy commands and Navy leadership, essentially to keep the Navy running and to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of the Navy support to the warfighter. It handles about $70 billion in financial transactions each year and has over 72,000 users across six Navy commands and they expect the number of users to double over the next five years. So essentially, this program was in a situation where their on-premises infrastructure was end of life. They were facing an expensive tech upgrade in 2019. They had infrastructure that was hard to scale and prone to system outages. Data analytics were too slow to enable decision-making and users actually referred to it as a fragile system. And so the Navy made the decision last year to migrate the ERP system to AWS Cloud along with SAP NS2, SAP National Security Services. So it's a great use case for a government organization modernizing in the cloud and we're really happy to have them speaking at Summit this year. Now, was this a new move for the Navy? To move to the cloud, a lot of people are end-lifing their data centers, certainly seeing a public sector from education trying to modernize. So was this a new move for them and what kind of information does this affect? I mean, SAP is kind of like, is it like just financial data, is it operational data? What's the move about? Was it new and what kind of data is impacted? Sure, yeah. Well, the Navy actually issued a cloud-first policy in November of 2017. So they've been at it for a while, moving lots of different systems of different sizes and shapes to the cloud. But this migration really marked the first significant enterprise business system for the Navy to move to the cloud. It's actually the largest business system to migrate to the cloud across DOD to date. And so essentially what Navy ERP does is it modernizes and standardizes Navy business operations. So everything think about from timekeeping to ordering missile and radar components for a Navy weapon system. So it's a really comprehensive system. And as I said, the migration to AWS of cloud marks the Navy's largest cloud migration to date. And so this essentially puts the movement and documentation of some $70 billion worth of parts and goods into one accessible space. So the information can be shared, analyzed and protected more uniformly. And what's really exciting about this, and you'll hear from the Navy at Summit, is that they were actually able to complete this migration in just under 10 months, which was nearly half the time it was originally expected to take given its size and complexity. So it's a really, really great story. That's huge numbers. I mean, it used to be years. The old, that's a big day. Yeah, but the old mini computer. I'm old enough to remember like, oh, it's going to be a two year process. 10 months, pretty spectacular. I got to ask, what are some of the benefits that they're seeing in the cloud? Is it, has it changed any roles and responsibilities? What's some of the impact that they're seeing and expecting to see quickly? Yeah, I'd say, you know, there's been a really big impact to the Navy across probably four different areas. One is in decision making, also better customer experience, improved security, and then disaster recovery. So we'll just kind of dive into each of those a little bit. So, you know, moving the system to the cloud has really allowed the Navy to make more timely and informed decisions, as well as to conduct advanced analytics that they weren't able to do as efficiently in the past. So as an example, pulling financial reports and using advanced analytics on their on-prem system used to take them around 20 hours. And now Navy ERP is able to pull these reports in less than four hours, obviously allowing them to run the reports more frequently and more efficiently. And so this has obviously led to an overall better customer experience, enhanced decision making. And they've also been able to deploy their first self-service business intelligence capability. So to put the capability of actually using these advanced analytics in the hands of the actual users. They've also experienced improved security. You know, we talk a lot about the security benefits of migrating to the cloud, but it's given them the opportunity to increase their data protection because now there's only one cloud-based repository of data to protect instead of multiple across a whole host of traditional computing hardware. And then finally they've implemented a real true disaster recovery system by implementing a dual gov cloud strategy by putting data in both our AWS gov cloud East and gov cloud West. They were the first in the Navy to do this to provide them with true disaster recovery. So full gov cloud edge piece. So that brings up the question around, and I love all this tactical edge military kind of DoD thinking. The agility makes total sense. I've been following that for a couple of years now. Is this business side of it, the business operations or is there a tactical edge military component here both or is that next ahead for the Navy? Yeah, you know, I think there will ultimately both. You know, that the Navy's big challenge right now is audit readiness. So what they're focusing on next is migrating all of these financial systems into one general ledger for audit readiness, which has never been done before. I think audit readiness across the DoD has really been problematic. So the next thing that they're focusing on in their journey is not only consolidating to one financial ledger, but also to bring on new users from working capital fund commands across the Navy into this one platform that is secure and stable versus the more fragile system that was previously in place. So we expect over time, once all of the systems migrate that Navy ERP is going to double in size, have more users and the infrastructure is already going to be in place. We are seeing use of all of the tactical edge capabilities in other parts of the Navy, really exciting programs where the Navy is making use of our snowball and snowball edge capabilities. And the Navy ERP did that as well as part of their migration. I saw snow cones out there, a little snow theme there. So the news, Jassy tweeted, you know, it's interesting to see the progression and you mentioned audit readiness. The pattern of cloud is implementing the business model, infrastructure as a service, platform as a service and SaaS. And on the business side, you got to get that foundational infrastructure, audit readiness, monitoring, and then the platform and then ultimately the application. So a real indicator that this is happening much faster. So congratulations. But I want to bring that back to now the DOD generally because this is the big surge, infrastructure, platform, SaaS. Other sessions at the public sector summit here on the DOD is the cybersecurity maturity model, which gets into this notion of, okay, baselining it foundation and build on top. What is this all about? The CMMC? And what does it mean? Well, I'll tell you, I think most people know that our US defense industrial base or what we call the Dib has experienced and continues to experience an increasing number of cyber attacks. So every year, the loss of sensitive information and then the election property cost the United States billions each year and really impacts our national security. And there's many examples for weapon systems and sensitive information have been compromised. The F35 Joint Strike Fighter, C17, the MQ9 Reaper, all of these programs have unfortunately experienced some loss of sensitive information. So to address this, the DOD has put in place what they call CMMC, which is the cybersecurity maturity model certification framework. It's a mouthful, which is really designed to ensure that the Dib, the defense industrial base and all of the contractors that are part of the defense supply chain network are protecting federal contract information and controlled unclassified information and that they have the appropriate levels of cybersecurity in place to protect against advanced persistence threats. So in CMMC, there are essentially five levels with various processes and practices in each level. And this is important not only to us as a company, but also to all of our partners and customers because to win new programs, the defense industrial base and supply chain companies will be required to achieve a certain CMMC certification level based on the sensitivity of the program's data. So it's a really important initiative for the DOD and it's really a great way for us to help our partners and customers. Jennifer, thanks so much for taking the time to come on the phone. I really appreciate it. I know there's so much going on the DOD Space Force. Final question real quick for a minute. Take a minute to just share what trends within the DOD you're watching around this modernization. Yeah, well, it has been a really exciting time to be serving our customers in DOD. And I'd say there's a couple of things that we're really excited about. One is the move to tactical edge, which you've talked about and using cloud at the tactical edge. We're really excited about capabilities like the AWS Snowball Edge, which helped Navy ERP migrate to the cloud more quickly. But also, as you mentioned, our AWS Snowcone, which is an even smaller military grade, secure edge computing and data transfer device that weighs just under five pounds and can fit in a standard mailbox or even a small backpack. So it's a really cool capability for our DOD warfighters. Another thing that we're really watching closely is DOD's adoption of artificial intelligence and machine learning. So, DOD has really shown that it's pursuing deeper integration of AI and ML into mission-critical and business systems through organizations like the Joint Artificial Intelligence Center, the J, and the Army AI Task Force to help accelerate the use of cloud-based AI to really improve warfighting capabilities. And then finally, what I'd say we're really excited about is the fact that DOD is starting to build new mission-critical systems in the cloud, born in the cloud, so to speak, systems and capabilities like ABMS in the Air Force, which is the Air Force Advanced Battle Management System, is being constructed and created as a born in the cloud system. So we're really, really excited about those things and think that continued adoption at scale of cloud computing by DOD is going to ensure that our military and our nation maintain our technological advantage and really deliver on mission-critical systems. Jennifer, thanks so much for sharing that insight. Jennifer Crohn, general manager at Amazon Web Services, handling the Department of Defense. Super important transformation efforts going on across the government modernization, certainly the DOD leading the effort. Thank you for your time. This is theCUBE's coverage here. I'm John Furrier, your host for AWS Public Sector Summit Online. It's theCUBE Virtual. We're doing the remote interviews and getting all the content and share that with you. Thank you for watching.


if you do gig work then these are the top five apps you're gonna need. It's DK and I'm back today with another video. Put me on your big screen video. I appreciate you for tuning into the channel. If you are not subscribed do me a favor and smash that subscribe button. Also do not forget to give me a thumbs up. In today's video again I'm going to tell you guys the top five apps you're gonna need to do this gig work. Now I'm not going to play no games I'm gonna go ahead and get app number one app number one is called upside with the upside app is going to save you money on groceries restaurants and the main thing that we all need to save money on is gas we use a lot of gas so we can go out and get that cash now what you're going to do is you're going to click the link in the description and sign up for the app and you're going to use the promo code X U T W R C again the link is in the description and the promo code is X U T W R C now I'm gonna put that picture right there as you guys can see it has gas station galore right here on this picture right here right the one that's highlighted it says you are going to save 42 cent per gallon and that you're going to end up paying $2.92 per gallon now let me tell you right now because I want you to be confused what you're going to do is you're going to highlight the gas that you're going to go to you're going to go there you're going to put your gas in after you put your gas in you're going to put on the app that you've paid as you can see with the one that's highlighted you are going to get a rebate of 42 cents per gallon so if you fill up your gas tank just say you use 10 gallon you get 10 gallons you are going to receive $4.20 every time you do that now I know it doesn't seem like much money right now but over time that stuff is going to add up add up add up think about how much gas you you put in your car and this is free money not to mention not to mention you still get your cash rewards and you still get your rebation everything from your credit card so it's the win win win you have to get them different ends you want to go out there and win that is app number one app number two app number two is very very very important how are you going to make this money if you have no clue where you are going so app number two is a navigation app they have multiples of navigation apps they have google maps they have ways they have apple if you have an iphone you can get apple maps so they have a variety of different apps you can use but with those apps they do have one kind of problem and that is that you only can put a certain amount of addresses in the app so for google maps i know it's between like eight and ten addresses you can put in there anything over that you you can't add anymore so you have to do eight to nine addresses then you have to stop put eight to nine in again and then go from there but i do have something very important for you guys and very special that is something that we use something that we use is called a optimization app now this is going to put addresses in order exactly how they need to be so you can get the most money as fast as possible so you ain't got keep going going in circles and circles and circles it's going to optimize everything so i can go boop boop boop boop boop boop boop boop boop boop boop it's going to make you do just like that so the one that we use is called circuit with circuit you can put as many addresses as you want as you want so when we do our drop off route we put 30 maybe 25 to 30 35 addresses in the app and optimize everything and then we put the last location to home so it's going to put it right in order for it so it can do do do do do do do do and then you go right towards home so if you're going to be doing stuff like that i do recommend you get circuit or any afterdust optimization and just so you know right now i'm gonna tell you right now i don't want to problems circuit does cost 20 dollars a month if you don't want to pay 20 dollars a month i understand they may have some free ones just go ahead and go and go and look into it but and until but do it app number three app number three is an app that we did we actually did that today we did this app today and it is roti roti roti with a devil wrench what did i say roti i know everybody trash look let's be honest about roti roti has the most consistent orders out of any app that you're going to see and that is what i mean by that is a variation from cars suv's pickup trucks cargo van i think they maybe even have some box truck orders i don't know but they have all the vehicles right on there and they do have orders every single day Monday through Sunday now i will say this they're not always in my area but they do got orders on there so if you really want to go out there and get busy your mind driving to go pick up the orders you can go out there and get an order i know a lot of people do have issues with roti when you first start when you first start you're not going to get every single order you put in for you you're not it's not going to happen it happens to happen to everybody you're going to be putting it in putting it submit submit submit submit and there's a lot of orders you're not going to get in the first beginning i think you got to build like a rapport and build some trust with roti before you can go out there and get basic that's what i think but app number three is roti hey and if you want to see us do some roti orders guess what you can stay tuned through the rest of the video and check that out because we do got some home deeper orders we're going to get an order app number four is going to help you go out there let's go get a pop like risco now app number four is very important and it is a mileage tracker app you want to track your mouths while you're here getting busy why do you want to check your mouths you want to check your mouths because it's almost time for us to pay uncle sam no bands and if you don't know how much mileage you drove how are you going to do your the tax write offs you need these apps they have multiple different apps they have some that cost money and some that don't cost money but you need to go ahead and do some research go to google and type in these different apps to figure out which one you want to use here are some examples grid wise is number one number two is called stride number three is mild iq and last but not least number four is everland's is going to help you go out there and get them bands i hope you guys understand so make sure you guys get your mileage tracker app so you can get your write offs so you can not take socks off and last but not least app number five look you need this app this is a very very very very important well all of them important but this is very important app number five is a weather app i know it sounds crazy what i need a weather app for look hey you know if you're in the Midwest to be snowing we can snow storms blizzards and all that stuff what are you gonna do if you sleep you sleep you knocked out you wake up you're getting ready you're about to go get some orders and you already uh accepted the order you accepted the order already to go 20 miles and you're going to see $50 or something like that guess what you get your stuff on you get the shower you didn't look outside enough you just get busy oh yeah i'm gonna get this money and then next to you know you walk outside it's a full blizzard now you gotta cancel the order mess up your acceptance rate and they might cut kick you off the app you need to get you a weather app also what if it's raining i'm talking about pouring down rain outside but you don't know you ain't you ain't read the weather you ain't look at the weather you in there you got on a white tea that's it you have to get busy getting this money and it just all everywhere right everywhere what's she gonna what's she gonna do you're in the white till you get nasty disgust all that rain you ain't got no rain coat no nothing no boots you got some people bring them thongtoes sandals you might get them all ain't you even though you should be wearing them while you deliver that you got a pocket but you know some people might get the thongtoes sandal on you never know it might start pouring rain so you need to get your weather app now i want to give you guys some very important information my business partner actually just told me this and i didn't notice the most accurate weather app is called acu weather it's the most most accurate one i have an app on my phone the weather app on my phone but guess what apple sometimes be having the weather messed up they say in the sunny outside it ain't sunny outside so you want to check that acu weather they also have the weather channel and they also have weather underground we don't want you to be underground uh because you went you underground you step it all in the ground and you get stuck in the snow because you ain't look at the weather map so make sure you guys check out and get your weather map that is all the apps i have for you guys today but if you are only staying here to get the apps you can go ahead and click off the video but don't make sure you smash the subscribe and also give me a like button before you leave out but if you're here to stay and get so watch me get this cake and be great we are about to do some roti roti roti would it never end we got two roti orders about to go out here and get in order now the pickup location is home depot and again we are picking up both orders from the same stove about to go out there let's go and get this dough now first order is four miles two items one item is a vanity roti roti pocket and the second item is a mirror for only 2247 and the only reason why i took this order is because i had to go to home depot anyway so i might as well get a little bit more money and uh for four more miles to go wow now order number two is three doors four miles for 45 48 we pulled up it's time to be great let's go just like that we are here at home depot it's been a minute but it's time for us to get in it it's been a while since we've been in this joint they ain't making us no orders we about to get into order baby hopefully you got these joints right up front how you doing this for the long time how you doing the girls are like no i haven't seen them they even give me no orders man it's been critical yeah i appreciate it i like you guys too you always you give me in and out but no problems so today i have two orders um the first one is h 1941 22 64 01 and the second one is wg 54 41 96 61 vanity yeah okay i'll take this and i'll be right back let's get joined up slot that right there and then i want to put this mirror i'm just laid down on the floor right here we'll get down on the floor on the floor like a pig y'all see what's going on we got the vanity in the mirror in this zone it's time for us to go back in so we can get it on what's going on with you boss appreciate i know i see you drinking a monster you try to what is that energy drink oh you trying to get scared i see what's going on i know it's all right salt that on here you just lay down lay down black this for the 45 and that's for the 22 out of pocket and these doors way lighter oh you're with your weasels more than that you help boss and just like that we go on it's time for us to pull up and get in our zone let's go just like that we are here at the first drop ball we're going to squeeze between these cars baby it's super tight let's see oh get through these jones wow that way got through that i'm dropping off the vanity first and then i'm going to drop off the uh mirror after that right here you're about up front though we're gonna drop this joint off right here got that right there and then you already know what time it is comment below and let me know comment below and let me know step back into the photo you're another smack we're going and we are here at the second drop off i have to talk a lot because we are on the main street guys so i'm going to take two trips i'm gonna take these for drop this first two doors off and then come get the other the other another set this right here lean back drop like it's hot lean back lean back like fat joan snap your wrist back step back with the photo you're another smack we're going just like that is the end of the video i hope you guys enjoyed the content i appreciate you guys for staying tuned through the full video and and if you put me on a big screen video i appreciate that but if you're my if you want a big screen video make sure you also smash subscribe and give me a thumbs up i know it's kind of hard when it's on the tv and all that go on your phone hit the subscribe button if you're not subscribed and then hit that thumbs up and also hit the notification bell hit the notification bell so you guys know when i drop the videos because we no longer drop them monday through friday we switching it up we doing it three two to three times a week now so make sure you hit that notification bell but those are the five apps i think that everyone that does gig work should have is no particular order you don't have to get this one then get through this one in this one you can get them in any order you want to get them but i do recommend that you get all of them because it's going to help you out on the long run you want to especially very important about uh keeping track of your mouth is because it is tech time it is text time so make sure you stay out there and stay on the ground i hope you guys enjoyed this video again if you're not subscribed make sure you subscribe on also give me a thumbs up and if you're a part of your crew you already know what to do let them see the let them see us up in the comment section baby i hope you guys enjoyed this video make sure you stay tuned in because we're gonna keep on going out here and getting it in i'll see you guys on next one be going be going be fooling you already know in the dk and i'm on my way


Frank will be introducing our next speaker, giving testimony today. Hey, and I'll say hi to Michael Feinstein. I know my too. Our next speaker is Jeremy Kuzmerov. He's the managing editor of Covert Acts Magazine. He's written four books on US foreign policy, including the Russians are coming. Again, the first Cold War as tragedy, the second as far as with John Marciano. And I do wanna say also say hi to John, who was having some health issues, but John is a great guy, a friend of mine. And Jeremy, are you on? Yes, can you hear me? Yes. Oh, great. And yeah, this book may interest people. And yeah, unfortunately, John is in ill health as he was supposed to be here as well. But yeah, our book, the Russians are coming again. He has definitely written in the revisionist tradition that was being discussed before, and I think makes a very strong case and links the horrors of the first Cold War with the new Cold War. And I think we're living through the same paranoia. Actually, we start the book with the Academy Award when Phil 1966, which somebody may be aware of, the Russians are coming, the Russians are coming, directed by Norman Jewison. Parodies this Cold War paranoia, then pervading the United States, depicting the chaos that seizes a small coastal New England town after a Soviet submarine runs aground. Half a century later, Americans are again, we thought were past that era, but for the last five years at least, we've been again, worn daily of the Russian menace with persistent accusations of Russian aggression, laws, violations of international law and cyber attacks on US elections as reported in leading supposedly liberal outlets like New York Times and Washington Post and CNN, among others. The charges are many relentless and include alleged poisoning assassinations, downties on US soldiers. Like all propaganda, there may be some grain of truth to some of the charges, but most of the allegations are unfounded and appear to be untrue. The consequences though have been severe. A new Gallup poll finds that just 22% of US citizens view Russia favorably, while 72% hold unfavorable views towards it, which is a huge difference from about 15 years ago when most Americans had a positive view of Russia at the end of the Cold War. Democrats troublingly hold particular hostility towards Russia with fewer than one in six telling Gallup they maintain positive opinions about the country as opposed to 25% of Republicans and 24% of independents. These totals indicate the high level of social conditioning whose end result could be war. And there's a parallel I think with World War I in the Woodrow Wilson orchestrated propaganda campaign against Germany, as well as in the first Cold War where social conditioning led to the fear about the Soviet Union that was greatly unfounded after World War II, especially in considering that the Soviet Russia had been devastated leading the charge against Nazi Germany and suffered 27 million casualties. Yet many Americans believe that Russia was gonna start a new war, which was totally fanciful given the context. But to understand I think the danger what we're facing, we are living through a very dangerous period in history right now with very reckless leadership and both parties, Evan and these recent statements of Joe Biden to understand the danger of the new Cold War is necessary to reexamine the original conflict between the United States and the USSR. The present Russia panic falls an entire century of fear mongering and threat inflation gained to the Russian Revolution that has long served the interests of the US military industrial complex and security state. It has little to do with either Russian or American realities which have been consistently distorted. Mikhail Gorbachev said that the Cold War, this was perhaps the best synopsis of the Cold War was given by Gorbachev, the Soviet Premier who said the Cold War made losers of us all. The losers included the people in Korea and Vietnam who died in the millions, third world countries which were destabilized. The losers included Americans with the militarization of the US political economy, the threat of nuclear war, environmental catastrophes bred by nuclear weapon development and abuses of civil liberties. As Carl Marzani in office of strategic services and state deployment employee described in his book, We Could Be Friend, it was a victim of McCarthyism. He said the Cold War threw the United States into semi hysteria and a manufactured war psychosis with dog tags on children, airplane spotters on 24-hour duty roads marked for quick evacuations, buildings designated as air raid shelters, air raid drills everywhere in street stores and schools. The Cold War also devasted, as we know, the whole communities of leftist organizers and union members from the McCarthyite witch hunts through the mass persecution of political radicals by US client states in Latin America and Southeast Asia. Few Americans today realized that it was the United States that first ignited these hostilities by invading Russia after the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917. The Woodrow Wilson administration sent 10,000 US troops from the European theater of the First World War alongside the British, French, Canadians and Japanese to aid the white general, counter-revolutionary generals, tied with the morally bankrupt Zara system who were implicated in wide-scale atrocities in this war, including perpetuating pogroms against Jews, which the Zara regime had perpetuated for decades before. Many Americans who fought were horrified by what they were doing just like in the Vietnam War. One Lieutenant Colonel Robert Eichlberger said, the atrocities of US allies would have been shameful in the Middle Ages. The memoirs you have US soldiers in this ill-fated mission were similar to memoirs of US soldiers in the Vietnam War. And yeah, I have one poem I could read in Russia's field modeled after the famous First World War poem, Flanders Field. In Russia's field, no poppies grow. There are no crosses row on row to mark the places where we lie. No larks so grayly singing fly as in the fields of Flanders. We are the dead. Not long ago, we fought beside you in the snow. And they were fighting in Siberia and gave our lives. And here we lie, though scarcely knowing reason why, like those who died in Flanders. And this war was carried out illegally without the consent of Congress and was opposed by the US Army commander of the troops in Siberia, General William S. Graves of Texan, who expressed doubt if history will record in the past century a more flagrant case of flouting the well-known and approved practice in states and their international relations and using instead of the accepted principles of international law, the principle of might makes right. Unfortunately, these events are hardly recorded in our history textbook. There was a book lie my teachers told me found that was rarely mentioned in any history textbook given to high school students. And if it was mentioned, it was mentioned in distorted way. The story D.F. Fleming, who wrote a good history of the Cold War, wrote that for the American people, the cosmic tragedy of the intervention in Russia does not exist or was an unimportant incident long forgotten. But for the Soviet people and their leaders, the period was a time of endless killing, looting and raping, a plague and famine, a measureless suffering for scores of millions and experience burns the very soul of the nation, not to be forgotten for many generations, if ever. Also for many years, the harsh Soviet regimentation could all be justified by fear that the capitalist power would be back to finish the job. It is not strange that an address in New York, September 17th, 1959, Premier Khrushchev should remind us of the intervention, the time you sent the troops to quell the revolution, as he put it. The Bolshevik drive, the main basis for this intervention was economic. The Bolshevik drive to nationalize industry and seize foreign assets was ideological and economic anathema to the US capitalist ruling elite. The US in 1917 held investments of over $658 million in Russia or at stake with the Russian revolution. The economic basis for opposing communism gets lost in much commentary about the history of the Cold War and most academic scholarship ignores it. But it's really central and I appreciate what Dan Ellsberg was discussing, the central role of lobbyists and special economic interests in driving forward these war scares and wars. After World War II, one of the key architects of the Cold War was W. Avril Harriman, who happened to be the mentor of Joe Biden when Joe Biden was first elected to the US Senate. Harriman was the son of E. H. Harriman when he had the original Robert Barons who made his fortune in the railroads and was a founder of the legendary Wall Street investment firm Brown Brothers Harriman, which had German Nazi financiers as some of its clients. Also, most significantly for our purpose, Brown Brothers Harriman had considerable investments in zinc mines in Poland and other parts of Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, which were nationalized when the communists took over. This was the basis for Harriman's vendetta. He took the Bolshevik government to court. He got some settlement, but he lost millions of dollars when his mines were taken over by the Russian government and this fueled a lifelong hatred for communism by him and others in his class. Harriman served as US ambassador to Moscow at the end of World War II. According to FDR's son James Roosevelt, FDR was a strong leader as Peter's talk underscored. FDR was very smart visionary leader who stood up to anti-Russia hawks like Harriman in the State Department and promoted a peaceful policy towards Russia, evidence of the Alta Conference, which Henry Wallace was intent on continuing. However, due to those shenanigans, Peter described Wallace was removed from office and Harry Truman took over. Truman, as we know, was a provincial who was easily malleable and allowed Harriman and his associates and the aerospace industry to have free reign and the result was the Cold War. Harriman came to direct the Marshall Plan, one of whose main intentions was to isolate Russia and undermine communism in Europe. And Harriman later supported the Vietnam War as undersecretary of state under the Lyndon Johnson administration. The Cold War, as we know, orchestrated by Harriman and others in the big business in Wall Street were the primary drivers of this policy. This policy bred horrible human costs for humanity. Equivalent as pointed out to the genocide of the native Indians and African slave trade. The Korean war alone led to the deaths of one tenth of the North Korean population and biblical devastation in North Korea resulting from the U.S. bombing campaign. There was a Truth Commission in South Korea revealed that U.S. allies committed six times more atrocities than the North Koreans. It's pointed to horrible atrocities from torture to the strafing of refugees. Copious amounts of napalm were deployed. It was truly a horrific war. A germ warfare may have also been deployed and this foreshadowed the horrors of the Vietnam War. In fact, there's a new article in the New York Times magazine today about Laos and the residue of aging orange and the deformities of children. So, the human costs are just unconscionable in these wars and are felt generations later. And the Covert Action magazine was founded by Phil Agee who was CIA whistleblower who was aghast at the torture being promoted by U.S. clients and neo-Nazis in Latin America. And it exposed the crimes of the CIA from assassinations to sponsoring torture and death squad regimes around the world as well as things like drug testing on unwitting suspects as well as appears the murder of U.S. whistleblowers such as Dr. Frank Olson, a CIA biochemist who threatened to expose germ warfare program to the Korean War was thrown from the 10th floor of a hotel in Midtown Manhattan after being beaten to death by two CIA thugs. This story only came to light a few years ago. So, these crimes were all justified in the name of anti-communism and the Cold War and containing Russia. And we have to be wary about these kinds of excesses that will emerge today from the new Cold War. And let me end with two indicative quotes. One is by Linus Pauling. I was a brilliant scientist and Nobel Laureate who says in this underscores the tragedy of Henry Wallace and his removal from office. Paul said, who can say that this, that what the world would have been like if Henry Wallace had remained vice president in 1944. There's a possibility that he could have been successful in averting the Cold War. There might have been no American involvement in the war in Korea, Vietnam, Cambodia or Laos. The military dictatorship sponsored by the U.S. in many countries might have not come into existence. Tens of thousands of people are now political prisoners. Israel in 1970 might have remained free. International treaties might have been made that would have saved the United States and Soviet Union hundreds of billions of dollars. We might have a better world today. And let me also read a quote from Bernard Gordon who was a reader for Paramount Pictures underscores the point of Gorbachev that the Cold War made loses of us all. Bernard Gordon, a reader for Paramount Pictures fired for his left-leaning views and author of Living Interesting Times or How I Learned to Love the Black List, told an interview in 1997 that, quote, most people think about the terrible personal effects of McCarthyism, the ruined careers and lifetimes, even the deaths of people who were affected, all true enough and not to be slighted. Others think of the fear, not only in gender and the entertainment industry in schools and universities and the press and the media, all true too. But my own sense goes beyond even that. I feel that the black period laid the groundwork much that followed the Nixon and Reagan regimes, which glorified the Cold War as a holy enterprise, which used the slogans of anti-communism to construct monstrous military machines that virtually bankrupted the country and placed the industrial military complex in such a powerful position that even today with the evil empire gone, there seems to be no way to stop the expenditures for arms and the export of arms. Eisenhower warned of this in his farewell address. But even beyond that, there's a sense that the convenient anti-communism has become anti-government with respect to all social programs that came out of the FDR era. The rich and powerful who grow more rich and powerful each day is blacklisting and McCarthyism to dismantle everything liberal to make liberalism a dirty word so that today both parties vie to be more reactionary. And these comments were made in 1997, but they're certainly prescient having lived through the Trump years and perhaps the tide is starting to turn a bit given disasters we've experienced. But I think those two comments should be heeded today as we're very clearly repeating the follies of the past and embarking on a new Cold War. And events like the webinar we're part of today are extremely important as we need to remember the first Cold War and its horrors and commemorate that history. Then we need to mobilize together inspired by the legacy of Henry Wallace and other Cold War dissenters to resist this new Cold War so that we might as Pauling suggested have a better world in the future. Thank you. Thank you, Jeremy.


in mass shooting in Canada. At least five people have been killed as a gunman opened fire in a residential building in Toronto, the authorities have reported. These officers were summoned to walk on Ontario in Toronto's suburb at 7.20pm on Sunday, where the incident took place. Police found a horrendous scene where numerous victims were deceased. York Regional Police Chief Jim McSween said in a news conference, one of the survivors of the mass shooting has been hospitalized and is in a severe condition. The male gunman was killed during the confrontation with police. His identity has not been revealed.


and we can start. All right, then same saying, welcome, we're welcome to everyone. I'm Lymunas Ragauskas, together with my colleague, Nerius Grotunas. We are facilitators of the massive open online course on Erasmus Plus funding opportunities for youth. And within that course, we launched a series of webinars, linked to youth exchanges mainly. So this June already had one webinar about youth involvement and youth role in youth exchanges. We had a second webinar about different tools and good practices in youth exchanges. And in this third webinar, we are looking at specifics of youth exchanges and youth worker mobility and what are the similarities, but also mainly what are the key differences and key aspects of these two formats. Both formats are under the same key action one. And it's about learning mobilities, but we're gonna be exploring what's the difference between youth exchange and youth worker mobility. So we are broadcasting now also on Facebook. If anyone is watching us, feel free to use comment section there to ask questions. My colleague Nerius will be checking the comments and forwarding your questions back to us. The same for those who joined here, feel free to actually ask questions at any time and we'll try to go through them and answer those and discuss specific issue. So it's totally okay if you also go with microphone, with the video here. And I'd like to then welcome our two guest speakers, both of them experienced youth workers and trainers from Serbia. And the first one will be Vladimir Budalic, better known as Budja in Serbia and also beyond. He will be more focusing on youth exchanges. And then my colleague, Snesna, but actually a Knoch also from Serbia, but actually now sitting in a beautiful library in Portugal. So Snesna will be more exploring the aspects of youth worker mobility. What is special about that action? How different it is from youth exchanges and what are the kind of specific aspects of this format? And thanks a lot for both of you for dedicating some time here in the middle of the summer and sharing your knowledge and expertise. Thanks for having us. All right. So probably, Budja, we'll start from you and from looking at the specifics of youth exchanges and a bit also differences from the youth worker mobility. Thanks for the warming welcome and hello from Serbia. And congratulations on managing to pronounce my full name and surname. But yeah, for all the others, you can call me Budja, it's the nickname that is somehow being used by all. I work at Voidjina Mental Movement as a youth program coordinator and youth worker. And we're going to go through some key aspects of youth exchanges and see how they compare to mobility of youth workers. So I'm going to go for the share screen option and we can start with the presentation. So I hope you can all see. Yeah. So let's see. We start with almost like an introduction to a big event. So it's youth exchanges versus youth worker mobility, but they're not really competing each other. They're quite complimentary, but still there are some key differences that people should be aware of because something that we have been discussing before is that sometimes people are confusing the two terms and that some mixtures are happening that maybe you're not supposed to. So the key elements that we are going to speak about today about youth exchanges is that they're quite youth-oriented, that they're also in a stepping stone for some people. It's often their first international mobility, that they are still learning-oriented. So the land learning should happen. And then we're going to discuss youth exchange leaders and the difference between the leaders and the traders. So let's start off with the key thing. So the youth exchanges are youth-oriented and if you look up what is written in the guide, you'll find out that it's meant for young people from 13 to 30. So there's a big age span that can be used, whereas in the mobilities, it doesn't have to. What is sometimes recommended that if you're working with teenagers or the younger people, then you would try to focus maybe ages from 13 to 14 or maybe 15 to 18 and then not to have everybody mixed together. And then one of the really, really, really important things is that it's based on these of young people. And then the young people should plan and implement the program. So basically, in ideal youth exchanges, let's put it like this, because not all the time this is happening in real life, but you would have to already work with a group. You would have to know what the group wants to do and then you would create a program together with the group. You would see, you would know who knows how to do what. You would know who wants to learn what. And then you would, together with the young people, plan out and implement the program. And I'm saying, implementing the program, I'm saying that they are actually having an active role during the program and they're doing their workshops. Now, whether it's a youth worker or not all the youth exchange leaders are youth workers, but we'll see later on, they should have some experience or understand some key basis of youth work. Another really, really important thing that it's a stepping stone and then sometimes this is the first international activity for young people. It's the first time they're maybe going outside of their country and it's quite, let's say, welcoming environment for them to go because of this preparation time because this prep time is quite also important and you have the opportunity to do the advanced plan and resist, the APV, which is basically up to two days activity where the leaders of the youth exchange can meet where the activity is taking place. But they can also bring one of the participants and they share what they want to do and they together plan what they want to do during the youth exchange. Another important thing is that usually you would have some preparation sessions before the youth exchange happens so that the group actually knows what to expect but also they are preparing the workshops that they will implement during the youth exchange. Now, because of all this prep time that is available and somehow expected, this is a great opportunity also to include young people through possibilities and this is one of the key things that the Erasmus Plus is promoting. People could choose to go on a youth exchange or not because of various reasons and then these kind of activities can really, really help them if they wouldn't or if they are not able to go and so basically the leaders of the organizations would help them out to do it. We're still saying that it's oriented towards learning but here it's more focused on personal and social competencies. So it's quite focused on the young person that is participating in a youth exchange. They would focus on discovering new cultures, new lifestyles, the habits of people and it's basically creating space for non-formal learning of course but informal learning here is quite important as well because you would have a bit more relaxed program than on let's say training course or some other mobility youth workers where you would make space to people to speak to each other to share their ideas, to understand each other so you would try out a lot of different things. Still they would have to be planned and you would have to have some kind of learning outcome but you're giving a lot of space to explore either the host country, to explore how the people are, what the people are doing and you would give a lot of space to this kind of informal learning part. Also I like to mention here this kind of process is the result thing where you want to have some kind of end result as well but the process is quite important here that you would have a space for people to try out things maybe for the first time in their life and to meet people that otherwise they wouldn't really need. If you talk about the youth leaders they don't have an age restriction but they should be 18 plus. Leaders should have some previous experience in youth exchanges and proper training. This sometimes happens, sometimes not really and we should really not expect them to be trainers but to know how to design a program, to know how to implement some of the nonformal education sessions to understand what youth exchange how youth exchange actually looks like. I had this experience where when I finished one of the well it was basically my first training course on leading youth exchanges and then I did a couple months later I did the youth exchange and I think we overstressed people with just copying what we were doing in the training course and the young people were really stressed about it but thankfully we listened to them and then we kind of loosened up the program and it was fine in the end. Also the youth leaders are preparing an implementing program with other youth exchange leaders but also with young people so they're not supposed to be disconnected from the group but they should help out the group. So together with their group which is coming usually from the same country they would then prepare and implement those sessions and then usually the youth leaders are again meeting on their own and discussing how to continue on with the program during the youth exchange. They're also focused on the group because they're leading a group where a group can be at least minimum four people in the group and the youth exchanges can be from just two groups to groups up to 60 people and then basically they would be focused on the group and their learning process during the youth exchange and they will also meet with them and they would understand what they need and how they would continue on with the program based on what their feedback is. Another difference is that this is usually a volunteer position because the funding is a bit different for youth exchanges there's not a lot of funds. Some organizations maybe have some different rules for this but in general this is a volunteer position and it's also quite interesting or it can be quite beneficial to people that lead this because this could take them into maybe some different activities where they could organize programs for maybe mobility of youth workers and so on. So it's also a process for the youth exchange leaders because sometimes this is the activity where they're first time in charge of some people when we talk about international activities. This is one of those things that is also in the program right just to have in mind that the youth exchange is not a holiday or tourism. Somehow when we speak about the mobility youth workers this is not something that's quite applicable but here you can sometimes this happens that people just think yeah let's just find some people open a call and they promote the country and add to the program which is quite important. It's not just a party and of course it's another training course. So it's still a planned activity with learning outcomes which focuses on young people and gives them space to explore different cultures and different ideas. So I see some of the examples that we had and this was one of my actually first youth exchanges that I've done. You can see me here I didn't have beard back then three long time ago but this was quite interesting actually because it was a bilateral youth exchange between teenagers from Serbia and Portugal and so they were all miners and it was about environmental protection and youth cooperation and for the Portuguese group it was the first time they're going outside of their country the Serbian group most of them first activity of this format ever. So we focused heavily on preparation time. Advanced planning visit is not something that you need to have but it's something that you can and it's often a smart thing to do especially in these cases. So we did it and we had five meetings in each country to prepare workshops with the groups that they will do during the youth exchange and we would communicate with the partners throughout all this time. So have in mind that you need some time before the actual youth exchange even more time than the actual youth exchange to prepare all of these things and to prepare the young people for first of all culture shock and then for them to understand that some of the non-formal learning is what to expect but also to give them enough space to express themselves and to plan out the things that they want to do because sometimes during the youth exchanges you don't really have enough time and this is the trap that is happening that then the leaders are taking over everything and they're just doing all the workshops for young people but not with them. Another interesting thing that we did was this youth exchange called RiseU and it was a multilateral youth exchange between young people from five different countries on social inclusion of refugees and what is interesting here that it was part of a larger project where we combine the mobility of youth workers and youth exchange where we actually had the training for youth exchange leaders on the topic of social inclusion of refugees and then from this group of people each partner chose who will lead the youth exchange this happening six months afterwards and so they would get these competences to lead the exchange and to understand what they should do and what are the differences and then basically even though it can be a quite heavy topic what is also important that on youth exchanges you don't get stuck in one place all the time you don't get stuck only on just the program you would explore the space you would go outside you would do a lot of outdoor activities you would, through different topics you would explore the main topic of the youth exchange and you would try to find a setting that is really inspiring for people and that would make them relax and open to learning also here it was quite important because we are talking about the social inclusion of refugees that we made sure that we are actually including some of the refugees and that we are doing all the necessary preparations both logistical and the program-wise so we had opportunity for them to come and then we would here also, for instance, meet the participants of the youth exchange would meet some of the refugees that were here in Serbia and for some of them it was the first time they were actually thinking about the topic and so basically that's where you would make space where they have these kind of epiphanies and moments during the exchange I'm not following the chat, I'll open it now It's okay, I'm following it actually I already answered one question there was a question about the number of people and there was one question to you so you mentioned already that youth exchange should be planned and implemented by young people and Magdalena is asking, in case of the program and timeline of activities, if it's being prepared by facilitators and train all trainers, is it still considered as a youth exchange project? Well, technically, so if I'm getting this correctly, if only the youth exchange leaders are preparing the program and just giving the program to young people, you shouldn't really do this because then you're excluding young people from implementing parts of the program and it's why it's called youth exchange so it's the young people that are kind of working on the peer level and exchanging their lifestyles, their view on many different things but then sometimes they can't, maybe they don't have the proper methodology or they don't have the tools and this is where the youth exchange leaders are coming into place to help them out actually to do this but also it's not expected from young people to do it all by themselves, it's a cooperation between somebody who is a bit more experienced and then the young people who are coming to the youth exchange. Of course, in the project, now ideally you would even include the needs of the young people and yes, during the project writing phase, sometimes this doesn't really happen and you get this written timetable that is just being sent and then you wait for the approval but you can always kind of, let's say be flexible about it and then you can still do what you planned for the youth exchange but involve young people but involving young people is the key aspect of it so it should be done. And maybe I would add that usually a youth exchange doesn't have trainers or facilitators, it's young people running the program and the youth leaders or youth workers helping them as much as needed but usually you wouldn't have trainer in a youth exchange because it's not about training someone, it's about young people spending time together and exploring the topic of their common interests. Exactly. And this is something like I said but we've been discussing before that just because people see some methodology they like to just replicate it but you don't have to do it, still you can use those tools but it's quite important that you do it in young people. Yeah, and there's one more question coming from one Belena as well. Is there any rule, how many sessions per day should be implemented and how long one session should last? Well, this is also quite flexible. If you would go on something that's usual for a day you would have maybe like four, one and a half hour sessions. So this is two sessions in the morning and two sessions in the afternoon but like I said on a youth exchange especially you can be a bit more flexible and if you're going somewhere, if you're using the outdoors then you can somehow do one session let's say in the afternoon where you would explore a certain topic it can be a longer session where people can learn about the place where they are in but also touch some of the topics that they want to do for the day. But usually, so it's maybe five, six hours of space for workshops. Yes, and I would add that there is actually no rule in terms of amount of sessions on the length of the sessions and it's I would say a lot also about actually talking to young people how for how long they want to have activities when should they start? I saw projects where adults impose their usual working time and they say we need to start working at nine because it's already an hour later than in a school. And I remember having youth exchanges where we would understand that young people wanna spend nights together and they don't sleep until 2, 3, 4 a.m. So then we would consciously start program from 11 so people would have a certain amount of sleep and would be ready to continue but we know that they already that the another evening they're gonna enjoy each other and want to spend time together and that's the big part of the youth exchange having an informal time in the intercultural group. Exactly. Once and this was long time ago we thought it would be really cool if we do an evening session with the young people without really consulting them about intercultural learning and of course they hated it because they didn't even plan to do it but then later on we asked them and they gave us feedback like no, don't ever do that again and then we understood that we should really get more feedback from them. This was basically my first youth exchange and then we made a flexible timetable and you can actually see the young people were more comfortable and more open to learning once they're actually asked and one day they can contribute but also yeah, it's really good that you mentioned it is not just a program wise but also logistical things that can be asked. Yes and we can, there is one more question you're doing great job, the audience, I mean that you're asking questions not waiting for the very last moment when we actually need to close the webinar. So there is one more question from Rosanna and she's asking if a teacher, if it's enough to be a teacher to be a good youth leader? Well, I would say that it doesn't have the teacher and the youth leader, they don't have to be connected at all. Basically, you can be a teacher and understand what the youth exchange leader role is but just because you're a teacher doesn't mean that it gives you some kind of benefits towards it. Usually like what I said before you would have to, ideally you would already know how youth exchange looks like by participating in one and you would go through some kind of training ideal for youth exchange leaders that is a number of them and as John will talk about this as well later on. And for you to understand how the youth processes are happening and what uniform education is and then usually what you're just getting in school is not something that is connected to this but I mean I'm not gonna go into those examples what you're getting in school or not but yeah, I mean, as long as you have those things that I mentioned then you can be whatever and then you can be the youth exchange or be a good youth exchange leader but also what I said before and I will underline it again is that sometimes it's for some leaders the first activity where they're in charge of group or organizing such international activities so it's also for them a process and then some people return back to do it more to do it again so they can actually get more competencies out of it and understand it better. Actually it seems to be a usual path that people participate three, four times in youth exchange young people and they become a group leader because they perfectly understand what does it mean to be participant and what support is necessary and people who previously were participants in a youth exchange I think do the youth leader role pretty well because they know what it means and they know also how much space to give for young people to participate and to run activities themselves. And it's usually the next challenge then when you participate. If for times maybe you get a bit bored and then you want to do something else. Okay, thank you very much, Buja and we are going from youth exchanges more to explore the key aspects of youth worker mobility. So youth exchanges for young people, youth worker mobility, mobility for youth workers. So inviting Snezhna to share some key aspects and also a bit contrast with the youth exchanges. Thanks a lot.  So apologies in advance for the noise. But anyways, hello, hello from this library in Portugal. My name is Snezhna. I work as a trainer, facilitator, but I like to say that it was youth exchanges who shaped me in this field. So I'm a big fan still. And besides being colleague to live in the scenarios, I'm also Buja's colleague. We did some trainings together as well. And actually I did quite a lot of activities in that exact room where Buja is connecting now in their wonderful environmental center. So there are some links here happening. So indeed I have a task to somehow contrast the youth worker mobility to the youth exchanges. And you will see that in the presentation that I have, I also actually mentioned youth exchanges quite a lot because I think often it's helpful when you put them together and see what are the differences directly in certain aspects that maybe the clarity comes more there. So I will also share the screen. And here we go. Just have that present. Very good, yeah. So what is the difference from youth exchanges when we look at youth worker mobility? And so this is actually a gift that I use very often because a lot of things are complicated and this is one of those that doesn't mean that Buja already and I will not try to highlight some of the differences. But of course, the lines are not so clear. But still there are certain rules that can help when distinguishing one between the other. So hopefully our webinar today helps in that direction. And so when thinking about these five main differences, so this is based on my experience, I'm not quoting any reference or a publication. One thing, and then I will go more in detail for each of them is that youth worker mobility, I would use mostly trainings as an example, focus on professional competencies. Yeah, so not personal, Buja mentioned personal competencies but more professional, more on that later. That they have more fixed learning intentions. And we saw with young people, you actually try to get to their needs and what they would like to learn and explore and the youth worker mobility comes more with already planned kind of intentions of the courses. That is less focus on informal learning opportunities. That's another thing Buja was mentioning that they're very important for youth exchange is still important for trainings for the youth worker mobility, but less focus on that. They have more, I put hardcore inputs, that's something that we are quite afraid of in non-formal education. I personally like them a lot. And anyways, there is more of them in the youth worker mobility. And they actually have a role to support youth exchanges. So training courses in a way or in this field at least exist to support the implementation of the youth exchange. Now we go a little bit more into detail for each of them. So the difference one, focus on the professional competencies. What does it mean by professional competencies? This is competencies that a person can use in their work, either in youth work or in training or being a youth leader of a youth exchange. So it's not about their life. Of course, a lot of competencies can be translated to life, but it's more really about their profession. There are knowledge skills and attitudes that are very important for them to conduct their practice. Also youth worker mobility is going in line with this. Very often have a certain practice during the mobility happening. So if you have a training on how to design programs for youth exchanges, you would have a little bit of space for participants to practice that and maybe even showcase it to the others and get their feedback. I'm not implying in a lot of these cases that these kind of things cannot happen in youth exchanges, but they are somehow maybe more featured here. And there is also a stronger emphasis on transfer. So there is, or it should be to recommend the rule of thumb that you should have a certain part of the program that is dedicated to participants already thinking, how will they use these competencies in professional practice, in their work with young people and so on. Once again, this might happen in youth exchanges as well, but to a different extent, this is really about action planning. So that's the first one. It's difficult not to see the audience. I just see my colleagues, but hopefully you're still alive and following. What I want to share with you, it's that because I said it's about professional competencies, if you're struggling to think of, okay, what would my youth worker mobility tackle in terms of competence? There is a thing that exists, that is the ETS competence model for youth workers and youth workers are the main target group of the mobilities, which offers you attitude, knowledge, skills, and behaviors. So you can go read and say, okay, this is going to be about people being able to deal with ambiguity and change, for example. This is just to drop there. I mean, when you're free time during the summer holidays, you might take up on the reading of this competence model. Different too. It says more fixed learning intentions. Now, because it's part of non-formal education and maybe this is where the difficulty comes, of course it is flexible. Of course it does respond to the needs of the target group, even if it's youth workers. But still mobilities often come with already set intentions without consulting the participants first, unless it's a group of partners that are joining the application. And then they can of course see what is beneficial for the people that work in their organization. But they're also based on the key policy intentions, profile group, and so on. There is less flexibility, but that doesn't mean that there is no flexibility. Of course, also the youth worker mobility should follow the participants, adjust the program, adjust the contents, adjust the methods. But there is something that is preset. And then that the learning intentions often influence the target group. Whereas in youth exchanges, you should have young people. I agree with Buja. Sometimes it doesn't happen, but it's the young people who should say, this is what we would like to explore. And then you build a youth exchange on that. With the youth worker mobility, you often have intentions in mind and then you look for exact participants that would fit that, yeah. So it's something like this. I'm not sure if this metaphor will work for you, for me. Yes, we have rooted flowers, but they still move. So the things are not so fixed, but there are some grounds that are there already existing. Very good. Difference three. Let's focus on informal learning opportunities. As a trainer, I've often heard people saying, this is the best youth exchange that I've ever been to. And I'm not focusing here on the best, yeah. But if I run a training, it's not a youth exchange, but it's difficult for people to get this difference. And often they come to a training, you see, expecting that they will get other people, that they will discover different cultures and so on. And while this is still a process of intercultural learning, it's not just about that, yeah. Even in youth exchanges, you have a topic that is being explored, and then it's about young people discovering diversity and so on. But here in the training courses, that's just one aspect there. So it's not just intercultural learning. There are less informal opportunities. In youth exchanges that I was participating in and also organizing, you often, although informal mean that they're happening on their own, but still as a youth leader, you can set up spaces, yeah. So you can choose a venue that has a basketball court that has a fishing, that has a forest where people can go and so on. Whereas in trainings, this is not so essential, yeah. And neither is that you stack up on 50 board games so people have something to do. So informal moments are not so essential, although they are quite important. And then, oops, I moved, sorry. Then there is also the thing that, sorry, that there is less discovering of the local community. All the activities, arguably, of Erasmus Plus should be connected to the local community, but it's about engaging them and not discovering the museum's statues, parks, and so on, yeah. I see the chat beeping with the question. So do I continue or do we pick up on some of them? No, there was a question where I already replied to Claudia and then all scenarios posted some links to the ATS competence model for youth workers. Okay, so you just let me know if... Yeah, okay, great. All right, difference for more hardcore inputs. I think Lyman has already said that in one of the answers, Buja as well, in youth exchanges, you have youth leaders. They might be facilitators of learning so they might have the role, but in the training, you have trainers, yeah? So they're not just steering the process, facilitating the learning, but actually the expertise also comes from them. So that's one of the key differences. You will have expert inputs, they will be done either by the trainers or by external inputs or both. Still, you can have visiting experts. We had a youth exchange that I will show later where we had an expert coming to talk to us, but it's a different kind of input in that sense, yeah? It's more engaging, Sammy and Son. I purposefully put here hardcore in the brackets in a way it's a joke that doesn't mean that it's not part of non-formal education, that it's not interactive, yeah? So it's just frontal input, but it just means that somehow the expertise coming from the team is more present, yeah? And it says more theories and concepts. I say here in a good way because they are the ones that support the practice. Again, so it's not three-auntal presentation, but for the learning of participants through certain theories, concepts that already exist in the field, yeah? So this is a photo of our colleague. So this is how those hardcore inputs look like. It's kind of a joke, but just to know, so again, that it's not ex-cathedra, but it's something that can be definitely more fun and engaging. And the last difference in this presentation as well, as I was saying, youth worker abilities are there also to support youth exchanges, among other things. So not just, but maybe just also to see this difference. They are treated as support measures. So they enable youth workers to support young people and actions that they take part in, yeah? So develop the competences of youth workers to be able to run youth exchanges, facilitate them, engage young people into them, and so on, yeah? They're based on identifying needs in the field, either it's the organizations or it's the European Commission, intentions and so on, but they are the needs that something is needed for youth exchanges to for a better quality, yeah? And often they happen as a result of youth exchanges, which I will show in my examples. And these are some of the examples that you might have heard of. The Appetizer B3 multi-tools for youth exchanges cherry on the cake, the star of Europe and so on are some that are offered on the European level by the national agencies and SALTOS, but there are of course many, many more that are offered by the organizations, yeah? So these are the five differences. No, not everyone, everything was a lie, but in practice things maybe get a bit clearer. So what I want to show you first is a youth exchange, as I said, that shaped me and maybe it's called coexistence and the standard was. It was about young people coming together discovering diversity, developing understanding of father. It had four additions, yeah? So it was a youth exchange that did repeat it. And participants themselves on one of those exchanges created an idea of the program. And I think this is where we also see a difference. Their idea was in the form of bullet points, some ideas scattered around, and indeed, this is how we build the program for the next one, but it wasn't a detailed practice program like often people do on the training courses, yeah? And you see here on these photos a little bit how the activities look like, yeah? There is quite a lot of gathering, quite a lot of exploring and kart racing, going on the cruise from Turku to Stockholm, which is not something that you would often find, I think, in training courses as well. Now, based on this exchange, we developed training courses which again had several additions called stop improvising, start leading, because what we realized during the youth exchanges that there is quite a lot of quality lacking in actually developing and facilitating youth exchanges, yeah? And that was basically done to develop the competencies of youth workers to lead. Another training was also developed based on quite some instances of understanding and that was for facilitation of youth exchanges. Now, when I was choosing the photos, I realized that they don't differ so much. Yeah, when you picture a youth exchange and a training, if you apply a non-formal educational methodology, you will have a lot of blindfolds, bowls, balloons, and so on, but the idea here, there is an input, there is also people who are actually practicing their youth exchanges, they were showcasing it to others and so on, yeah? And then another example was in Latvia, Nature and Hands of Youth, which was about environmental protection and different ecosystems, and it was all about mushroom picking and planting trees and kayaking and bird watching and so on, and also developing board games, yeah? But based on that, and just on these board games, there's actually people that spend hours and hours into the night working on them, but this was the choice of the young people. So it was not the planned program that we set until 5 a.m., you will work on your game, but participants themselves actually invested in doing that. And based on this, we developed a project called Nature in the Hands of Youth, no, that was the youth exchange, was the Edu Gaming, which was actually a training that Wuji and I did together as well, one of the additions, it's to support youth workers to actually develop, to develop competencies in game design and also to develop the games, yeah? So what you see here, what you see on one of the photos is an expert input, and this input was actually a two-day input from an expert in game-based design, Gulussin, and this was really one of the key elements of the program, yeah, whereas in the youth exchange, we basically just gave materials to the participants, gave them the games, and they started playing, yeah? So the approach was also quite different in that sense, yeah? So I think here is where I will wrap up, not before I say thank you, of course, and I'm open to see if there are any questions, of course, let me just stop sharing. Thanks a lot, Snesh, I think there were quite some examples, so people could see both a youth exchange and a youth worker mobility in both cases, the learning is happening, and I think what you were telling some part of the learning, even when you see photos, it looks kind of similar, it's experiential, it's active, it's fun, and both formats can have that. It's, I think probably then, it's something that you mentioned at the very beginning, it's about the aim of the activity, so that a youth worker mobility is for youth workers, help them do their job better, yeah? While the youth exchange, it's not necessarily job related, usually it is not job related, it is about social personal competencies. We had some exchanges in the chat, but I was not asking you, because there were some formal questions about the formats, Claudia was asking, they are doing some alumni network linked to universities, and they do some summer activities, so we were chatting and clarifying whether it's part of the university education still, even if it's summer school, or it's part of the youth field, and I think also here to clarify that, we are here looking at youth field and formal education field of Erasmus Plus, so Erasmus Plus is huge program, and it covers secondary schools, vocational education and training, higher education, adult education, and then the youth field is just one part of Erasmus Plus, and indeed some of the opportunities that we are exploring may not be relevant or fitting some of the fields. Yes, and I see the question about the requirements to get funding for Erasmus Mundus, I think we will not be touching on this, I invite you to really look for program guides focusing on Erasmus Mundus, again a different program from the youth field. So would there be any other questions on youth exchange versus slash youth worker mobility? I think Thomas has a question. Is there any focus on the youth worker training on developing child protection policies and the fields connected to something like rights and needs of the children? I think that's a very specific question for me to answer with certainty, I think in that sense. I do know that they are quite, what I was giving was examples that are related to supporting youth exchanges just to kind of highlight this link, but there are many other activities that are focused on other fields. I know for a fact that there are many of them that are focusing on human rights and human rights education. There are also some that are dealing with basically strengthening the capacities of youth workers for policy development. So I would say that they could definitely be this working on the child protection policy could be one of the aspects that could be worked on. In the training or other, maybe mobility is when there is more exchange of practice. So maybe the people from the countries that already have developed or in the process of development or are curious can come together and actually exchange them. So for sure, this is one of the topics that could be tackled with youth worker mobility. Yeah, I also added a link to the Salto training calendar, which is a great tool if some of you are looking for opportunity to participate yourself. Sometimes also participating is the first step before you start organizing your own training or other kind of format. So you can see also how such formats look like and then you see if it's something that you yourself want to organize.  I think maybe just to add Lyman as I think that they are because we're talking about topics but they're really also many different formats. And I think this is a very positive thing about both youth exchanges and youth worker mobility. I think in the past years we moved a bit from the format of five, seven, 10, 14 days, three or four sessions and that's it. So there are also really a lot to explore and maybe we didn't really capture in our example so much but also blended mobility is in that sense and also like spread through time and at the gaming was for example, long-term youth worker mobility. So it has a few mobility and practice phases. So there is really a lot there to be discovered in that sense. Yes, thank you very much, Nesh. Now just before we finish the webinar, I'd like still to show what are the resources that people can explore and learn on our online course. So I will share the screen. And there is already posted the link to the enrollment if some of you are still not in that course. And there you can see that we have, we cover all Erasmus Plus key actions for the youth field. So we have the general one, the youth exchanges, mobility of youth workers. Then we also have a big module on strategic partnerships, structured dialogue and a bit more on the application form of funding. So you can go to whichever you wanna learn more, either youth exchanges or mobility of youth workers. And then there each module consists of number of video sessions, video animated videos, discussion forums.  You're gonna have some quizzes where you can check whether you understood it right. And that's how you can learn throughout the course. So inviting you to join. If you think you have colleagues maybe who are just starting some youth activities or never did Erasmus Plus project, feel free to join. And then in the autumn, we're gonna have more webinars linked to strategic partnerships, to youth dialogue. And also in autumn, we are expecting some news concerning the new program. And once we will have some definite news, you will be able to learn more about what to expect for the next year. So then I'd like to finish this webinar and I'd like to ask then people who are attending it, you can write in the chat how was this webinar for you, whether it was useful and what you're taking from it. And still, if there is a question, something to ask, you can still do it.


The chairman of the Nigeria Governors Forum and Eqiti State Governor, Kayo de Faimi, and his Tokutio counterpart, Aminu Tambuwal, have visited Governor Atiku Bogudo over the recent built mishap that claimed over 100 lives in Kirby State. The visitor to the northwestern state alongside Plata State Governor, Simon Lalong, who also serves as the chairman of the Northern Governors Forum. The three governors commiserated with the people and government of Kirby State over the unfortunate incident in Wara Town. While emphasising on the need to ensure compliance to all safety rules regarding all forms of transportation in the country, Faimi said the search and rescue capacity of the national emergency agencies needs to be upgraded to meet the daily occurrence of emergency in the country. He also added that safety rules such as manifestos of passengers in all means of transportation should be adhered to. Hello, hope you enjoyed the news, please do subscribe to our YouTube channel and don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.