Hi and welcome to the session. I am Arsha and I am going to help you with the following question which says evaluate i raised to the power 18 plus 1 upon i raised to the power 25 whole raised to the power 3. Now as we know i raised to the power 2 is equal to minus 1 therefore for any integer k i raised to the power 4k is equal to 1 i raised to the power 4k plus 1 is equal to i tau. So, these are some ideas which we are going to use to evaluate a given problem. So, these are our key ideas. Let us now begin with the solution and we have to evaluate i raised to the power 18 plus 1 upon i raised to the power 25 whole raised to the power 3 which can further be written as i raised to the power 18 plus 1 raised to the power 25 on i raised to the power 25 whole raised to the power 3. Now first we will evaluate i raised to the power 18 and then we will evaluate i raised to the power 25. Now i raised to the power 18 can be written as i raised to the power 4 into 4 plus 2 which is equal to i raised to the power 4 into 4 into i raised to the power 2. Now this is in the form of i raised to the power 4k whose value is 1 by a key idea. So, we have 1 into i square and the value of i square is minus 1. Now let us evaluate i raised to the power 25. Now this can be written as i raised to the power 6 into 4 plus 1 that is i raised to the power 6 into 4 into i raised to the power 1 and that is where the key idea is equal to 1 into i just further equal to i. And now let us substitute the values of i raised to the power 18 and i raised to the power 25 we get minus 1 1 raised to the power 25 as 1 upon i raised to the power 25 always to the power 3.   This can further be written as minus 1 plus 3 upon i eta and minus into minus is plus so we have minus 3 minus 1 upon i eta. Now 3 minus 1 is 2 and taking 1 upon i common we have 3 minus 1 so we have 2 plus 2 upon i eta. Now this can further be written as 2 plus 2 into 1 upon i eta and 1 upon i eta can be written as now 1 can be written as minus 1 into minus 1 upon i eta minus 1 is i eta square so writing it i eta square upon i eta now 1 i eta cancels with 1 i eta in the numerator and we have left it minus i eta. Thus this can further be written as 2 plus 2 into minus i eta which is further equal to 2 minus 2 i eta and thus when evaluating we get our answer as 2 minus 2 i eta. So this completes the solution hope you enjoyed it take care and have a good day.


Lateral phase separation within lipid bilayer membranes is a phenomenon observed in both living cells and model membrane systems. It is believed to play a role in the regulation of cellular processes, such as signal transduction and protein trafficking. In order to study this phenomenon, researchers have developed model membrane systems which can mimic the behavior of living cells. These systems allow scientists to observe and manipulate the physical properties of membrane phase separation under isothermal conditions. By studying these systems, researchers have identified three main factors that influence the formation of lateral phase separation, electrostatic interactions, chemical reactions, and membrane tension. Understanding how these factors interact can help us gain insight into the mechanisms behind membrane phase separation and its potential applications in cell engineering. This article was authored by Naofumi Shimokawa and Tsutomu Hamada.


What is up you guys, so today we're going to be continuing off on part 2 of Star Wars Jedi Fallen Order where we left off in part 1, so let's go ahead and continue this gameplay. Alright, so here we are. Last time we were here we had to go back to the ship. So where is this ship? I'm kind of lost. Let's check our map. Okay, we are right here. We have to go back all the way over here. Here we go here. Dude, look at the giant monster.  Okay, so let's go down here. Well, not these guys. Okay, I guess we're gonna have to fight them. Oh, that was nice. So let's go up here. Okay, now look. What is that? My friend, entering the vault gives me a premonition just as it did for the sefo. Okay. All right, so let's get out of here and the ship is over there. Okay, nice. Hit that out in the fall there. Okay, so finally we made it back to the ship. Let's go talk to her over here. Not really. Oh, I hope you found something better out there than this droid. Oh, calm down, Grease. He did. Tell us, Cal. The vault was built by an ancient civilization called the Zepho. A Jedi name, you know, Cordova hid something inside of it. What did he hide inside? A holocron from the archives. It contains a list of four sensitive children. The next generation of Jedi. I knew it.  You knew him? Yes. A long time ago. I was his apprentice. Cordova was a loner. That little droid and I are probably the only ones that know about Pogano. Hold on, wait a minute, wait a minute. A holo-what? A holocron. It stores information but only accessible to Jedi. Hang on, I think I have one around here. Use the force. This is Master Obi-Wan Kenobi. I regret to report that both our Jedi Order and the Republic have fallen. With that list of four sensitive, we could rebuild the Jedi Order and defeat the Empire. Okay, no problem. Let's get it. Except the holocron is hidden deep inside the vault and to get it we have to follow Cordova's path. He mentioned something about the planet Dathomir and the Zepho homeworld. All right, well, where are we going? I'm just asking because I was thinking of maybe making some food. Look, before we do anything, I need to know something.  I had an experience that changed my perspective, so I cut myself off from the Force. But you still want to rebuild the Order? I believe that rebuilding the Order is the best chance we have against the Empire. What do you believe? I believe I can't keep hiding from the Empire, so I don't really have a choice. Cal, as long as you're alive, you will always have a choice. Are you with us? We're in. Dathomir is Efo. It's your choice. Hmm, where should we go? Where to? All right, let's travel to the red one. Dathomir. Setting course for Dathomir. Wait a minute, do you want to go to Dathomir? I'm surprised Cordova went there. Must have had the reason. I am staying put on the Manus once we arrive. Red sunlight cannot be good for your skin. This place used to be home to a powerful cabal of Force wielders known as the Night Sisters. They used the Force? What, like Jedi? No. These witches served only themselves. Their powers focused on deception, illusion, manipulation. Sounds like someone I used to know. During the Clone Wars, the Night Sisters made a deal with the Sith Lord who betrayed their trust. In the end, they were nearly wiped out in a massacre. Dathomir is a deadly place. We should be careful. Don't have to tell me twice. Night Sisters of Dathomir. I remember these Night Sisters. Wrap some seed, kid. Sitting here to cockpit, or let's go over here. And we have arrived. My god, this place looks crazy. Oh, good thing we weren't standing there. I'm counting on them being friendly. Come here, BD1. My god, what was that thing? What's this? Okay, let's see what he found for us. Oh, a skin. So there's like a door here. How do you get up there? Right now, they shoot. What is this, dude? Okay, it's just a way to get up there. Can you slice this? Sorry about your scoffing. Let's do it. It's like the Zeffo were here. This place seems abandoned, but... You trust us, Jedi. You must be a Night Sister. I had heard you were all dead. Not all. Dothamir is forbidden to you. Leave at once. Well, I'm afraid I can't do that, but perhaps we could help each other. You see, I... Easy. I'm not your enemy. Your actions say otherwise. Wait, hold on. I'm not your... Those guys were tough. Oh, yeah, I think we got some new skills, too. Let's check that out. One skill point, that's right. Cal dashes and strikes, whole triangle. Nice. Someone's here. You cannot defeat our fight. Hi, brothers. True brothers. What? Didn't I come this way? I'm gonna keep going down. We got double light saber. Nice. So this should be more interesting. Nice. We're on to something here. Energy from the ruins? Okay, so I guess we have to keep going down. Or maybe a cross over here. Fellow Wunderer. I see you met the resident Night Sister. But unlike most, you're alive. Well, Light Saber. No, no, don't hide it. I would explain your survival. Who are you? No one to fear. Just a traveler studying the nature of extinct cultures and dead philosophers. You study the Night Sisters? I study many things. But yes, that Night Sister, she was only a child. The war came to this world. She had to watch her whole family perish. What do you know about this ruins? Agent beyond belief. The Night Sister and her warrior kin. All right, so he's pretty weird. So let's go over here. We can't jump across. So we need to find a way out. Maybe even go back to the ship. We swing. Sister survived. Something about her is familiar. Oh, there is the door. I don't think there's a way in there. I mean, there has to be a way. What? I don't know. Hey, Grease, you'll be okay. You're with Jedi. It's safe. I'm safe. Need anything, Grease? Oh, yeah, sure.  You think you could find that sort of thing on this death planet? I need a second. I ran into a Night Sister. What happened? Are you okay? I'm fine, although she made it clear we're not welcome. She wasn't alone. The Night Brothers? I think so. Oh, no. There's more of them? I don't know much, but Cordova told me the Night Brothers serve the witches of Dathomir. You're lucky to be alive, Cal. Please tell me we're leaving. It's an option. We can always come back here later if you're not ready, Cal. Hold it. We'll come back. Let's go explore the other planet. Where are we headed? We are Zeffo-bound. Hey, our great military is dedicated to enforcing the laws of the Empire, yielding to no one who seeks to destroy our galactic harmony. You hear that, garbage? Turn it off, please. Lying imps? Do you think anyone buys this junk? Too many on the core worlds. Their daily lives haven't changed much since the Empire drove over. Oh, come on. Some of them are even richer than before. Not like the expendable worlds. Not like Lutera. And as long as the Emperor keeps the right people happy, it'll never stop. That's why we need the Jedi. Then we better get this hollow thing fast. We're about to drop out of hyperspace. Sit down. A storm brewing down there. This might not be the best time to land. Something strange. Those winds are interfering with our comms. Hey, Cordova mentioned something about peace in the eye of the storm. I can just make out a settlement in the middle of it. Then we have to get there. Copy that.  Unless the wind picks up. Can you tell that bucket of bulls to keep his opinion to himself? I'm sure everything's under control. What, it's under control? It's just a little tricky? Crazy money, baby. But I'm still getting a lot of interference on the comms. It's gonna take me a minute to get them back up. I'll search for signs of Cordova in the meantime. Good. I'll be in touch once I crack them. Cal, over here. You did good work on Begano. The more information we gather on Cordova and the Zepho, the closer we'll get to stopping the Empire. I've heard of ancient cultures, but don't know much about them. I only knew that Cordova was obsessed with the Zepho, believing their teachings to be important. I, too, was intrigued by the mysteries of our galaxy. You better get moving. There's a lot to learn here. Good luck. I need a second. Hey, now. Something we can use? It's locked down. Okay, I'll look. So what was in there? Dude, they're chewing the stormtroopers. Watch out, BD. They don't look friendly. The Empire. They found Zepho. We would have been swarmed already. Did they be looking for the tombs? Let's hope not. Just got our comms working. I'll try the same work around to crack into theirs. Hey, here's some shooting going on. What was in there? It's all lies. The Empire just wanted this land. The Empires forced the villagers from their homes. Brightened refugees. Shipped off to work camps. We're worse. Come back here. Okay, we got some skill points on this. You use them. Let's upgrade all the... So, this one. Nice. There goes all of our points. Okay, so do we go inside of the cave? I guess we do. It's so dark in here. Hey, this is insane. Oh, I see. Looks like a problem. That's got to be one of the Zepho. Guess we're on the right track, huh, BD? Rocky, man. Oh, we had a skill point too late. I found something. No mention of Cordova. I don't think the Empire knows he's been here. And we have the event. It's interesting. We're on the right track. There's a storm up ahead. Something about it crippled the Empire's equipment. I can feel something pulling me there. Beyond the storm. All right, let's see where we can upgrade. Survival. Oh, no, there's a lot of them. Another one of these. I wonder if they connect. I've never seen a storm do that before. Yeah, it's incredible. Okay, so this thing is moving. I'm in the tomb. I'll leave them down here. What about Cordova? Still not sure what I'm supposed to find. He's a little... Eccentric? Tell me about it. But he wouldn't send us here for his amusement. Keep an open mind. Did you see that? Ugh. All right, you guys. So we're going to end part two of this gameplay right here. Since we did get pretty far and we discovered two new planets. So that was pretty awesome. And I can't wait to see what happens in part three. So I'll see you guys in the next one.


Cyfrifiadau serenwyr o ddifwg. Cyfrifiadau serenwyr yn disgyttio deisrhan. Mae gennym yn dOhol o'r deliadid o'i ddifwg, o'r dda i'r ddifwg. Mae'r lle o'r iechyd. Mae gyda'i o falch ac yr uchydigol. Diolch i ddifwg wedi cael bwysig oedd yn ei brif syniad Peytyf er mwyn. Mae'r ei gyfrifiadau personal yw. Mae'r gwleun i gael ar brineisio! Felly i gael eich bod yn bach. Ni i'r gael y glimbaell yn olygu'r bwysig i chi. Felly i'r gael i gael gael ofai. Felly i gael eich bod yn amlwg llwy, gweinych, ac ymrwy. Felly eu hwn yn gweithio'u marchiad. Felly eich bod yn hunain a'r bobl wedi'u atyn nhw fydd diolch. Efallai eich bod hynny'n gwneud tyw'n gweithio dyr Annach. Ond yna eich gael eich gael.  Narcissists are very dangerous people, because they have a hidden agenda, they have an ulterior motive, they're not really interested in you or anyone else, you're either an obstacle or a means to them getting what they want, all they care about is getting what they want, which is why you will notice that they don't take any interest in you, they don't care about your thoughts, feelings or beliefs, they don't care about your ideas or preferences, they want everything their way, the only reason they got with you in the first place is so that you can provide something to them, whether it's your emotional support or your money or possessions, they're like leeches, they will habitually exploit and rely on you for something, while making you feel like you're not good enough or that you don't do anything, they cannot acknowledge anything you've done for them because they always want more, they want you to produce something automatically, without much thought and in large amounts, they want you to keep churning things out for them, without any thought for the reason why you're doing this or how this is even benefiting you, they want you to build a life for them and then they will steal it from you, they will steal your life at everything that you have created and then they will claim it as their own, they will ruin you, I want to make you aware of some of the ways that the narcissist will screw you over so that you can prepare accordingly, so that you can protect yourself, so here are three ways that the narcissist will screw you over, one, they will turn people against you, they will talk about you behind your back, they will take something you've said or done and blow it out of proportion, they will treat a particular event or problem far too seriously, they will turn mole hills into mountains, they will cause something to become larger than it should be or to be treated as something worse or more important than it really is and they will then use this against you or they will just make something up, they will do this to turn people against you because narcissists want people on their side, they believe that more people equals more power and the less people you have on your side, the less support you have, they want to isolate you so that they can maintain influence and authority over you, so that they can control you, you may catch them making snide remarks about you to other people, they will criticise you in an unkind and often indirect way because they want people to see you in a bad light, they want to make you seem like a bad person, they have to beat you to the punch before you get the chance to expose them, they have to tarnish a reputation, they have to cause people to have a worse opinion of you and they may also try to do this in work or business, when they are finally done with you, the last thing they want to see is you moving on with your own resources, they will assassinate your character, they will discredit your work, they will make false accusations, they will do anything they can to destroy your career so that they can unfairly deprive you and put you at a disadvantage or in a difficult position where you are unable to thrive, you are unable to prosper, they will gas like you, deep down the narcissist is fully aware of everything you have done for them, they are aware that you are a good person but they will not give you the acknowledgement or praise that you deserve, they will not let you know just how great you are because they want you to keep tuning things out for them, they don't want it to stop so to keep you doing what they want, they invalidate you, they play down everything you're doing so that you never feel like it's enough, you never feel like you've accomplished anything or done anything for them, you always feel like you're not doing enough when you're actually doing too much and they know this, you have gone above and beyond the initial expectations of you, you have exceeded their expectations and demands but instead of giving you the praise and compliments that you deserve, they will withhold that from you because they do not want you to know how great you are, the jealous, they feel like that takes something away from them and they have these insatiable desires, they can never be satisfied, they always want more so instead of letting you feel like you've won the race, they have to make you feel like there's always another lap to go, they have to move the goalposts while making you think that one day it will amount to something when really they're just sitting back while watching you run yourself into the ground free, they will abuse you financially, narcissists are focused on money and material wealth rather than personal growth and fulfilment and because it's so important to the narcissist it becomes the main focus of the relationship, it's all about how much money you spend or what money goes where which often results in financial abuse because they're just trying to milk as much out of you as they can which will cause you a lot of stress, it will cause you to worry but they will always find a way to rationalise their behaviour, they will always make you feel like you're not doing enough or that you're neglecting them regardless of what you have already done for them, they will always find a way to get more, they have an exaggerated sense of their own abilities and importance which results in a strong sense of entitlement, they believe that they are inherently deserving of privileges and special treatment, they believe that they have your right to your money or material possessions, they believe that you owe them something, they lack the motivation and drive to produce anything on their own but they have an obsession with money, they are addicted to the finer things in life because they see it as a status symbol, they see it as something that people will respect and admire them for, they are more focused on money rather than personal growth and improvement, when a person is more focused on things that matter to them, they are more focused on growth and positivity but when a person is heavily focused on external motivators and goals it increases their bad behaviour, they will lie to you, they will deceive you, they will steal from you and they may even become involved in drug and alcohol use, narcissists are attracted to empathic people who have a lack of boundaries, they are attracted to people who give because narcissists are takers, they want to take everything you've got for themselves and this could affect your property, assets, personal belongings, bank accounts and investments, they will destroy your personal possessions in a fit of jealousy, when they ruin your personal items it makes them feel powerful, they don't feel any regret and they will never offer to pay for or replace anything that they've destroyed, instead they will shame you for forcing them to act in the way that they did, they will refuse to contribute to any shared expenses, fuel, repairs or utility bills, if there is a mortgage or rent to be paid or money is needed to fund a family vacation, it will always fall on one person, the person who is not the narcissist, the narcissist will have their own money hidden away somewhere, while they try to shame you for your spending habits, while they try to shame you for how you choose to spend your own money, they will always hold you responsible for anything that they do to you, these are three ways that the narcissist will screw you over, thank you for watching, I hope this video resonates with you, please like, comment, share and subscribe, if you would like to donate, my PayPal link is in the video description, Coach and Inquiries, you can email me at coach.naugt survivor.uk, thank you for watching and I'll talk to you soon.


Welcome to the Hindu News Analysis by Shankarya's Academy. Displayed are the list of news articles taken for today's analysis and the page numbers in different editions of the newspaper. The link for the handwritten notes and the time stamping of the discussed articles are provided in the description box and also in the comment section for the benefit of mobile phone viewers. Now let us move on to the analysis of first news article. Today is 70th Constitution Day that is November 26, 2019. It is the 70th anniversary of the adoption of Indian Constitution by the Constituent Assembly. Know that every year 26th November is celebrated as Constitution Day which is also known as Samvidan Divas. That is why the lead editorial in today's the Hindu newspaper is dedicated to praise or to hail the fundamental law of the land based on which India is constituted and governed. That is since the adoption of this fundamental law of the land it has endured till now and it has the means to sustain furthermore. In this context we will be discussing the editorial article. The syllabus relevant for the analysis of this editorial has been given here for your reference. Indian Constitution is one of the world's oldest constitutions and it is also one of the most enduring constitutions as it enters into the 70th year of existence or the 70th anniversary. At the time of birth of Indian Constitution the constitutional experts around the world did not expect or they did not predict that Indian Constitution will survive a longer period of time in terms of number of years. The author of this editorial mentions that one of the most incisive critics or one of the sharp critics with respect to Indian Constitution at that period of time was Sir Ivar Jennings. At that time he was the world's leading expert on constitutional matters and constitutional law. In 1951 he was invited to University of Madras to deliver a series of lectures on the newly born Indian Constitution. What he mentioned was Indian Constitution was far too large and it is also too rigid and he felt that therefore it will be really difficult to mold Indian Constitution into something useful even though by judicious interpretations. Overall his judgment was that Indian Constitution would not endure or would not sustain for a long time. Now this author has termed the comments made by Ivar Jennings as a premature analysis. This is because contrary to his perceptions Indian Constitution has survived almost 70 years since its adoption. To emphasize the enduring capacity of Indian Constitution the author has quoted a research study carried out by University of Chicago. This research study is titled as the lifespan of written constitutions by Thomas Ginsberg, Zachary Elkins and James Melton. This study is about the longevity of constitutions around the world. The author tells that this study has covered the constitutional history of every independent state from 1789 to 2006. The author mentions that the study has also found out noticeable variations across generations and regions. He has also mentioned mean lifespan in different geographical regions and this information has been presented here for our viewers and subscribers. I know that irrespective of these average years mentioned here Indian Constitution stands out as we can see through our experience with Indian Constitution. This study mentions that in general constitutions do not last for a very long time. It found that the mean lifespan of constitutions across the world is just 17 years. So comparing to this mean lifespan given by the study Indian Constitution stands far better in terms of other constitutions. Now let's see a question what will generally the constitutions do. The most important function of the Constitution is to ring fence that is it will guarantee the power at the same time it will limit the power of authorities through various restrictions. Then the Constitution also defines a nation and its goals. In terms of Indian Constitution our goals are enshrined in preamble and more particularly it also can be seen in directive principle of state policy. Constitution also defines patterns of authority and it provides provisions to set up government institutions. If you take Indian Constitution it talks about office of president, prime minister, council of ministers, election commission, union public service commission and various other authority even supreme court high court etc. So these are some of the important functions of Constitution as mentioned by the author in this editorial. Generally we say Constitution as a fundamental law of the land based on which a state a nation state is constituted and governed. Then the author discusses about primary mechanisms by which constitutional changes take place. As we know already one mechanism is through formal amendments to the Constitution. Here when we say formal amendments we refer to the procedure in which amendments take place in the parliament based on the provisions of Constitution. An amendment bill is introduced into in one of the houses of parliament then it goes to next house then it is passed in both houses then it receives the ascent of president then an amendment is effected in the Constitution. This we refer to formal amendment. There is also a concept of informal amendments. We are seeing we are reading news that supreme court has struck down this section in a particular law. Similarly supreme court can strike down a provision in the Constitution also because it has the power of judicial review. One main example that happened recently is with respect to Article 124 capital A of Indian Constitution. This article was introduced by an amendment made by parliament but supreme court struck down this article by its authority of judicial review. This is one of the reason why we say in India parliament is sovereign but at the same time judiciary is supreme. So these are the two primary mechanisms based on which constitutional changes are effected. Next the author discusses about what are the factors that determine constitutional lifespan. Here when we say lifespan it is nothing but the time period the Constitution will survive. It is also called as longevity of Constitution. The threats that are faced by a particular country say in terms of war or civil war or some extraordinary crisis that may lead to breakup of a country. These factors have a strong effect with respect to lifespan of a Constitution. Then the next factor that will determine the lifespan is the structural attributes of the Constitution. For example how lengthy the Constitution is. For example how detailed manner the constitutional provisions are and the enforceability of the Constitution. Then the adaptability or whether the provisions in the Constitution can be modified or not. These factors also determine the lifespan of the Constitution. Here the Constitution has clearly mentioned with respect to enforcing fundamental rights under article 32 one can directly approach for constitutional remedy to the supreme court and under article 226 one can approach high court for remedies and with respect to adaptability with respect to modifying the provisions to take into account the changed situations. We have absolute majority for certain provisions. We have effective majority to amend Constitution with respect to certain provisions. Then we have special majority and then we have simple majority for certain kind of amendments. Then the structural attributes of a state can also determine the constitutional lifespan. Here when we say structural attributes this could mean the supremacy of Indian judiciary or the sovereignty of the parliament, the powers of parliament and state legislatures. All these factors. Then the specificity of the document also plays a very important role. Here under specificity we may cite the example of schedule 7 of Indian Constitution wherein Constitution has clearly delineated separation of powers with respect to subjects that comes under union list or state list or concurrent list. In the absence of such specificity there could be threats to the survival of the Constitution. Then the important factor is inclusiveness of the origin of the Constitution. It means when the Constitution is being framed it should take into account the concerns of all sections of Indian society including minorities. So when a Constitution is framed in an inclusive manner it is more likely that a Constitution will survey for a longer period of time. But of all these factors the ability to adapt to changing conditions will be an important factor when we predict longevity of a Constitution. In the next part of the editorial the author has explained why India's Constitution is stable. First reason he mentions is that the fractionalized environment in India that is the presence of more groups in Indian society in terms of religion, in terms of ethnicity, in terms of language. This has ensured that no single group can dominate on other groups. Therefore it is one of the most important reason why Indian Constitution is a stable document because it is inclusive in nature. It takes the concerns of diverse societies in Indian society. Then the length of Indian Constitution. Herein we are actually meaning the detailed and specific manner in which Constitution has given various provisions. So end of the day a Constitution has to be relatively detailed and elaborate. At the same time it should be having enough provisions to modify to take into account the changing required conditions. The author mentions that it is impressive how the drafting committee of Indian Constitution have addressed almost all the concerns to make sure Indian Constitution will withstand the test of time and will be a enduring Constitution because at that time in 1940s the drafting committee of Indian Constitution do not have such a research study so as to guide how to proceed with drafting Indian Constitution so as to make it an enduring Constitution. So in this context let us see few information with respect to the drafting committee from the prelims point of view. See the Constituent Assembly has met for the first time in Delhi on 9th December 1946. On 29th August 1947 by way of a resolution the Constituent Assembly has appointed a drafting committee. The purpose was to draft the Indian Constitution. It had seven members and on 30th August 1947 immediately that is the next day of appointing a committee. The drafting committee elected B. R. Ambedkar as its chairman. The other members are Krishna Swami, Gopalaswamy, Munshi, Mohamad Sadulla, Mitter and Katen. Here the news article has mentioned about Mr. Krishna Swami as one of the chief architects of the drafting committee with respect to Indian Constitution. The drafting committee has completed the work of drafting the Constitution of India and finally on 26th November 1949 70 years before this day Constitution of India was adopted and it came into force on the Republic Day of India that is on 26th January 1950. On that day that is on 26th January 1950 the Constituent Assembly stopped to exist. It then transformed itself into a provisional parliament of India till a new parliament was constituted in the year 1952. So this is about the history of the drafting committee which played a very important role in drafting or in making the Indian Constitution as an enduring constitution. Then the author mentions that along with inclusiveness specificity the Constitution provides an excellent balance between redundant verbosity and confounding ambiguity. Herein the author mentions that Constitution makers has avoided a repetition of provisions and also avoided confusing provisions. Then the author mentions about two anchors as sheet anchors to the Constitution. One is the fundamental rights guaranteed under part three of Constitution then the judicial review guaranteed in the Constitution. She tankers the term used by the author to represent that these will act as safeguards particularly in times of emergencies or any exigency. Then finally the author concludes the editorial article by quoting the words made by judge from United States Justice Oliver Wendell who stated that the life of a law has not been logic it has been experience. Here the experience refers to the experience of makers of Indian Constitution with respect to the plurality with respect to diversity that was present in the Indian society. So it does not go through some mathematical logic like the Constitution has to be shorter or longer or anything like that. It has to be based on experience so as to withstand the test of time. So these are some of the very important points that are discussed by the author on the 70th anniversary of adoption of Indian Constitution. With this discussion we urge you to read the salient features of Indian Constitution given in the Indian polity book written by Mr. Lakshmikanth. With this we come to the end of the analysis of this lead editorial article. This news article talks about conservation of a freshwater turtle in Assam by using cultural identity. The syllabus relevant for the analysis of this news article has been highlighted here for your reference. The news article talks about gamosas as cultural identity of the people living in the state of Assam. Now this gamosas are also called as gamochas. What are these? These are actually hand woven white cotton towel but it has red color border with floral decorative designs or in other words with floral motifs. These gamosas are recognizable cultural symbols of people from Assam and they are saying that it is also an integral part of most of the socio-religious ceremonies in Assam. And one important fact here is that recently Assamese gamosa has received the GA tag or the geographical indication tag. Now environmentalists and turtle conservationists they have decided to use this cultural identity to aid conservation of endangered turtles particularly Assam roof turtles. They are using gamosas which are woven with turtle images so as to spread the conservation message with respect to rare freshwater turtles. This project taken by the people in the state of Assam has been assisted by several international NGOs for example Wildlife Conservation Society, Turtle Survival Alliance and the measures are also funded by funding agencies such as Disney Wildlife Conservation Fund and some others. See this conservation efforts are mainly taking place in Biswanath Wildlife Division in Kaziranga National Park. In 2018 the internal map of Kaziranga National Park was divided into two divisions. One is the Eastern Assam Wildlife Division which is also called as Southern Division within the Kaziranga National Park and the other is Biswanath Wildlife Division which is also called as Northern Division. Classifying the park into two divisions was done to ensure better conservation of high biodiversity in both the divisions particularly in Biswanath Wildlife Division. If you see one of the threats faced by the freshwater turtles in Assam is that when people go for fishing in rivers incidentally or accidentally turtles are also captured. As a result the number of turtles living in river and ecosystems are decreasing. As a result in protected areas for example in national parks and some other areas there are restrictions so that fishing should not take place. But this has affected the livelihood and income of fishing dependent communities to a great extent. But the people who have engaged in the conservation using the cultural identity of gammasas they have decided that the revenue generated by selling gammasas with woven with turtle images and few other handloom products these revenue generated will be used for providing financial assistance to the affected fishing dependent communities. At the same time part of the revenue generated will also be used for conservation of rare turtles, rare freshwater turtles for example Assam Roofed Turtle. Now let's see few information related to Assam Roofed Turtle. It's a small freshwater turtle. It primarily occurs in running waters particularly in the hills of northeastern India in Assam and northeastern and southeastern Bangladesh. If you see this image these are the pockets in which the Assam Roofed Turtles are distributed. Now coming to the threats faced by these turtles one is that logging of forests or deforestation as a result soil stability is lost and it leads to siltation of rivers that is one major threat faced by this turtle and then these turtles are also captured for food poaching and then there is also pet trade and as we saw already incidental or accidental capture in fishing here is also one major problem. Now let's conclude this news article by discussing the conservation status of this Assam Roofed Turtle. If you see IUCN red list it comes under endangered category that requires much attention. Insights it comes under appendix 2 and in case of Indian laws that is in Indian Wildlife Protection Act it is protected in the highest level that is under Schedule 1 of WPA 1972. So these are some of the information with reference to the analysis of this news article. Now let us move on to next news article. This news article is about the recent development with respect to non-banking financial companies in terms of resolution process. When we say non-banking financial company it is a company that is registered under Companies Act. This company is engaged in the business of loans and advances. It is engaged in acquisition of stocks, shares, bonds, debentures and securities that are issued by government or local authority or any other marketable securities similar to government securities. But here we have to note that NBFCs do not include any institution whose principal business is agricultural activity or industrial activity or whose principal businesses purchase or sale of goods or providing any services and purchase and sale of immovable property. So the non-banking financial companies they lend and make investments and therefore it appears that their activities are similar to that of banks. Then what way NBFCs differ from banks? See NBFCs cannot accept demand deposits whereas banks can and NBFCs will not become part of payment and settlement system and they cannot issue checks drawn on itself. And in case of banks there is availability of deposit insurance facility of deposit insurance and credit guarantee corporation. This facility is not available for the depositors of non-banking financial companies. So these are the ways in which NBFCs differ from banks. In the recent years we have seen several financial crises with respect to several non-banking financial companies. One particular company which almost provided shocks for the economy in 2018 is the infrastructure leasing and financial services company shortly called as ILNFS. Now one of the recent ones suffering crisis is the Devon Housing Finance Corporation Ltd shortly called as DHFL as a response to tackling the crisis in non-banking financial companies. The government has used its power under section 227 of IBC code 2016. So by using this power the central government has decided to include non-banking financial companies under the insolvency and resolution processes as mandated by IBC code 2016. See this section 227 is called as an enabling provision to bring various entities into the ambit of IBC. This section mentions that the central government may if it considers necessary in consultation with appropriate financial sector regulators it can bring financial service providers or categories of financial service providers under the ambit of IBC for the purpose of insolvency and liquidation proceedings. So on 18th November government has issued a notification which has mentioned that non-banking financial companies with an asset size of Rs 500 crore or more than Rs 500 crore they can be brought under IBC code 2016 if they are facing financial crisis. This means the debt-ridden NBFCs can now undergo resolution processes as per the provisions of IBC therefore those banks who have given a lot of money to stressed NBFCs will now be able to get their money back because of the resolution processes under IBC. So now let's see the news article. The news article mentions that the largest lenders to non-banking financial companies in India are the Indian banks. So when a NBFC is stressed it makes the banks to stress more. So when an NBFC defaults it adversely affects the balance sheet of banks also because the non-performing assets will increase for banks. So before the 18th November notification the only framework available for stressed NBFCs was liquidation. Now liquidation is a process of bringing a business to an end. This can be done by selling the assets of the particular business entity or a non-banking financial company in an open market. But when we bring it under the ambit of IBC by having successful resolution a debt-ridden company can be made to run continuously. However it will be ensured under the company which takes over the debt-ridden company. Therefore more than liquidation a successful resolution under IBC code gives much promise and hope to the economy. Particularly in terms of damage minimization. The news article mentions that the current move by the government is a credit positive for Indian banks. They are using the term credit positive because of bringing the NBFCs under the ambit of IBC code. This means now the money given to NBFCs have much lesser risk compared to the previous time. Say if you take for example DHFL is the first NBFC to come under the IBC process. Sources are saying that this NBFC is unable to pay a debt of around 90,000 crore. Now under the resolution process in IBC the best bidder offering maximum amount will take over this DHFL. Now under successful resolution the company which takes over will provide the money given by banks back to the banks. Such kind of resolution is important because now banks will give more money to NBFCs because there is less credit risk as NBFCs are brought under the ambit of IBC. Now according to the notification the regulator in this case is the Rousseau Bank of India. Therefore RBI from now on will analyze the financial conditions of stressed NBFCs and those NBFCs with severe liquidity crisis or it or solvency crisis they will be taken to IBC processes. So by this the recent move will ensure better governance of non-banking financial companies and the recent step by the central government is also considered as a first step in bringing other systematically important financial institutions into the ambit of IBC. Here when we say other systematically important financial institutions we mean to say about banks insurance companies and those financial institutions which are too big to fail or those companies whose failure may trigger a huge financial crisis in the economy. So these are some of the important points with respect to the recent move taken by the central government by using the enabling provision section 227 of IBC 2016. So the action of the government is in the right direction as it will improve the financial governance and it will also have a strong bearing on securing stability of the economy. Now let us move on to the analysis of next news article. These news articles are with respect to Hong Kong this news article mentions that the democracy backers sweep Hong Kong polls. In the analysis we will see the geographical perspective of Hong Kong then a brief historical view with respect to Hong Kong and also its one country two systems rule the economic importance of Hong Kong and also present issues in Hong Kong and the impact of elections of district councils for future democratic reforms. The syllabus relevant for the analysis of this news article has been highlighted here for your reference. See Hong Kong is located on the south coast of China it is a metropolis on the southern coast of China overall in the east Asian region. When we say Hong Kong it includes the Hong Kong island the Kaolun Peninsula and it also includes 200 smaller islands and almost all of the available land in Hong Kong is quite hilly nature and note that neither the topic of cancer nor the equator passes through Hong Kong. Now we will see the historical perspective on a short note. Human activity in Hong Kong it goes back to around 5000 years ago and there were early influences from Chinese storage cultures from the north. This was about ancient times but in modern history if you see British East India Company reached China in 1699 by making their first successful sea venture to China. From then the trade between Hong Kong and British merchants has developed rapidly but since 1842 till 1997 Hong Kong was ruled by Britain. This is because in 1842 Britain defeated Chinese in the first opium war. See this first opium war happened during the years 1839 to 1842 and in the end in 1842 Britain emerged as a winner after the defeat of China and under the treaty called as Treaty of Nanking Hong Kong was ceded to Britain and from then the British continued to rule Hong Kong till 1997. There is one another opium war called as second opium war which happened in the 19th century the time duration is 1856 to 1860. This war was against China the forces fought against China were British and French. There is one common feature among the first opium war and the second opium war in both these wars the foreign powers were victorious. Now come to 1997 based on an agreement between England and China in 1997 China assumed sovereignty over Hong Kong by a principle called as one country two systems principle. Under this principle Hong Kong became a special administrative region of the People's Republic of China. Hong Kong had autonomy with respect to all matters except foreign affairs and defense. So under this principle Hong Kong can have independent legal systems and independent law and order mechanisms that is Polish forces but it will not have any powers with respect to foreign affairs or defense. Now in comparison to the scenario before 1997 the political structures in Hong Kong varied a little. The variation is that earlier governors were sent by the colonial power but now there are local chief executives. These chief executives will replace governors sent by the colonial power. Hong Kong was officially made a part of China since 1997 whereas Macau became a part of China in the year 1999. See Hong Kong was handed over by Britain whereas Macau was handed over by Portuguese in the way similar to Hong Kong how it was handed over under the principle called as one country two systems. See China has 23 provinces five autonomous region one of them is Tibet autonomous region then it has four municipalities direct under the control of central government and it has two special administrative regions. Hong Kong is one and the other is Macau. Now according to the constitutional document of Hong Kong special administrative region the present political arrangement has to remain in effect for 50 years from 1997. Now this constitutional document of special administrative region of Hong Kong is also called as the basic law. So in terms of rights and freedoms of people in Hong Kong these are based on impartial rule of law and independent judiciary and the head of the government of Hong Kong is known as chief executive. Now this chief executive or the head of government of Hong Kong would be elected by a indirect election and the candidates who are to stand for the election has to be approved by the Chinese government and this chief executive will preside over a system that is in Hong Kong is roughly modeled on Britain system but it has only one legislative chamber unlike in India where we have two houses therefore we call India as a bicameral legislature system. One of the promises of China with respect to chief executive is that eventually gradually in the end they will be elected by universal adult suffrage but till now they are being elected by indirect election only. So the political arrangements when they are to last for 50 years from 1997 what will happen after 2047 is still unclear. Now let's see a few information related to Hong Kong in terms of economic perspective. If you see Hong Kong's economy it is characterized by low taxation minimum government intervention and its significant trading partner is the mainland China. Here the Hong Kong's economy is dominated in the services sector rather than the production or manufacturing sector. So what is about the various issues that are happening in Hong Kong for the last six months. People in Hong Kong are protesting against a controversial legislation called as extradition bill. This bill seeks to extradite persons in Hong Kong to places where the city does not have any extradition agreements. The main contention is that if such a bill becomes an enforceable legislation those who criticize the Chinese government they might be extradited to China where the judicial system is perceived to be favoring the ruling communist party. So this extradition bill is seen as a forceful move of the Chinese government to restrict the freedom of speech and expression. This is how it was perceived by the people in Hong Kong. However because of the protest the chief executive of Hong Kong has suspended the extradition bill and very recently elections were conducted to the district councils and this district council are part of local governance in Hong Kong and according to the editorial article it mentions that around 29 lakh people have turned up for the election and it represents 71.2 percent of electorate. That means the water turn up was around 70 percent and if you see the election in 2015 it was just 47 percentage this shows the interest of the people in Hong Kong in the election process and if you see the results it showed that the pro democracy parties have won in around 17 out of the 18 councils out of the 18 district councils. If you take all the district councils the total membership is 452 earlier close to 300 seats were controlled by the establishment parties meaning the party supporting China. But after the recent election around 392 out of 452 seats were won by pro democracy parties. So the election results show that the people in Hong Kong are supporting greater autonomy and full democracy for Hong Kong and they have also expressed their anger against the existing government in Hong Kong and also the Chinese government through the election process. Here when we say greater autonomy when we say full democracy one of the main point the one of the main demand of people of Hong Kong is that chief executive of Hong Kong has to be directly elected by universal adult franchise not by indirectly elected. You can compare the situation of election of chief executive with the way and manner in which the president of India is elected. If you see the editorial today even it has also raised the important question whether the election results will put more pressure on the government of the day to take more conciliatory approach to resolve the ongoing crisis. One way of doing that is by offering to talk with the protesters so as to seek common ground to end the violence and to restore law and order in the city as soon as possible. So the system in Hong Kong will evolve based on the recent informal reactions and formal reactions by the people of Hong Kong. With this we come to the end of the analysis of these news articles. We have come to the last session the practice questions discussion session. This question is with reference to Assam roofed turtle. They have given three statements and are asking which of the above statements are correct. First statement it is a freshwater turtle. Now this statement is correct. See it is a small freshwater turtle that occurs primarily in the running waters that is primarily in the river waters in the hills of northeastern India in Assam. And they are also found in the running waters in northeastern and southeastern Bangladesh. So this means the second statement it is found only in the Indian state of Assam is incorrect. First statement is correct. Second statement is incorrect. So the moment you find second statement is incorrect you can eliminate option B and option D. Now we have to check whether the third statement is correct or wrong. It states that it comes under critically endangered category in the IUCN red list. The statement is wrong because it comes under endangered category. However in the future if the threats faced by this rare species increases maybe because of silitation because of deforestation maybe because of capturing or poaching this turtle for food or because of pet trade or capture and fishing gear. If these threats increases in future maybe it could come under critically endangered category after the assessment by IUCN but as of now it is in endangered category. So at the end statement two and three are incorrect so the correct answer is option A one only. Now this question is with reference to non-banging financial companies. They have given three statements and are asking which of the above statements are correct. Now the first statement NBFCs include any institution whose principal business is that of agriculture activity, industrial activity, purchase or sale of any goods or providing any services and construction of immovable property. Now according to the definition given by Rousseau Bank of India this statement is incorrect because NBFCs will not perform agriculture activity or industrial activity or purchase or sale of any goods or providing services or construction of immovable property as principal business. So the first statement is incorrect but if you know that the first statement is surely wrong immediately you can arrive at the correct answer by eliminating options A, C and D. So the correct answer for this question is option B two and three only. Now come to the second statement the central government in consultation with RBI can bring a financially stressed NBFC with an asset size of 500 crore or more under insolvency and bankruptcy code. Now this statement is correct because according to section 227 the central government may in consultation with appropriate financial regulators it could bring a certain financial service provider under the ambit of insolvency and bankruptcy code. So according to that section this statement becomes correct. Now the third statement section 227 of insolvency and bankruptcy code enables the center to bring financial service providers under IBC for the purpose of insolvency and liquidation proceedings. Now this statement is correct usually you may not see a prelims question based on sections here we have given this as a third statement for the purpose of revision as section 227 is a enabling provision. So the correct answer for this question is option B two and three only because second and third statements are correct. Now this is a easy question one country two systems often seen in news refers to the correct answer for this question is option C Hong Kong. This question comes part of current events of international importance in terms of syllabus in UPSC 2018 there was a question the term two state solution sometime mentioned in the news is in the context of the correct answer for that question is Israel. So the syllabus events of international importance has to be given due attention. Now let's come to the main question the Constitution of India is an enduring document of governance discuss here you can begin by saying that the average lifespan of constitutions across the world is 17 years according to a research study conducted by University of Chicago in terms of this research Indian Constitution has performed far better by reaching almost 70 years and still counting since they have asked to discuss you could mention various factors that have enabled the Indian Constitution to stand the test of time see a Constitution is nothing but a fundamental law of the land based on which the nation state is constituted and governed in this context Indian Constitution defines patterns of authority and it also sets up important government institutions in our country and Indian Constitution is inclusive in nature because it addresses the needs of diverse sections of the society without discrimination article 15 of Indian Constitution states that there shall be no discrimination in terms of religion race caste sex or place of birth respect to right to freedom of religion for various communities the right to freedom of religion has become a part of fundamental right under part three of Indian Constitution as a result there may not be communal tensions threatening the life of Constitution then you can discuss about the specificity which is another important factor that has enabled Indian Constitution to live along because the more specific the provisions are there is less ambit for interpretation in terms of separation of powers you can in terms of one example you could cite is schedule seven of Indian Constitution where there is separation of powers between the union and the states and there is also a concurrent list while Indian Constitution has been criticized it is one of the lengthiest Constitution we could say that it is a detailed Constitution subject to less interpretations and for a Constitution to survive a long period of time the governance of a country is important particularly with respect to containing the sessionist or centrifugal or insurgency tendencies that arise from the from some of the sections of the country in this regard India has effectively contained successionist tendencies among various communities and is doing a great job with respect to that matter for example you could mention the effective containment of seat militancy containment of insurgencies in northeastern regions and others one of the most important factor that will decide the lifespan of a Constitution is the amount of flexibility and the amount of rigidity with which a Constitution can be amended Indian Constitution guarantees this by giving varying degrees in terms of amending the Constitution we have absolute majority for some provisions effective majority is applicable for some provisions special majority for example article 368 of Indian Constitution and for federal provisions even the consent of the states are required to amend the Constitution so this ensures that the Constitution adapts itself to the changing conditions based on requirement judicially and effectively well this is with respect to the formal mechanism to amend the Constitution informally and also judicially recognized method of amending the Constitution is by the power of judicial review with which rests with the Supreme Court see the Supreme Court is the final arbiter of the Constitution whenever there is requirement of interpretation of Constitution a constitutional bench is set up based on article 145 class 3 of Indian Constitution to determine what is exact interpretation of the Constitution and then you can say that while the Constitution sets up various authorities by having elaborate provisions it also adds to ring fencing that is it also restricts the powers one of the main provision by which the Constitution has restricted the power of government is by having a written framework of fundamental rights then for concluding the answer you may say that one of the important constitutional experts in 1950s and 1940s Sir Ivar Jennings has criticized the Indian Constitution that it will not sustain for a long period of time in fact he also wrote a Constitution for Ceylon but it did not withstand even more than six years so the foresight and the enlightenment and the vision and the wisdom of makers of Indian Constitution is far better and far ahead of time to make the fundamental law of India an enduring document so these are some of the points that you can add in the answer rating of this question with this we come to the end of today's the hindu news analysis if you like the video click the like button comment share and subscribe to Shankaray's academy youtube channel for more updates and content on civil service exam preparation we'll meet you tomorrow


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we move on to the next question. So what are the requirements to get a work visa and all other documents to get into China legally, preferably? Well, I like that you say legally, right? So let's like, we're not going to discuss like the ways to get here illegal, I guess, right? So let's talk about the legal process. China is huge, right? There are like many different provinces. And the fact is that every province has its own regulations and rules when it comes to hiring foreigners. For example, the province of Beijing will have these regulations, the province of Tianjin where I'm at right now, there will have some other regulations, right? The general rule, like the rule of thumb, you need to have a please bachelor degree. It doesn't have to be with languages or like literature. It can be economics. It has to be BA at least, right? Two years of experience in the field of teaching and any teaching certificate such as TEFL, that's all, with 220 hours plus on it, at least, right? So as for TEFL, they increase the amount of hours, right? Because when I went to China, the requirement was like 120 hours. It's still 120. So when I say 120 plus, it means that 120 at least, right? Like the more the better, obviously, yeah. And again, so the changing laws, like China is well known for changing the immigration laws like quarterly, right? So they have the party gathering, like, I think, was that three times a year, right? And immigration law gets updated all the time. For example, if a couple of years ago, having a bachelor and two years of experience was enough to apply for a visa, right now, TEFL is a must have. You cannot apply, again, legally, you cannot apply legally for a job if you don't have BA and two years of experience. All right. So that's super important to know because many people want to go to China without any experience, without any education, and they still expect that they are going to get a lot of money and do not that much, yeah. I'll be honest with you, what was the case? It was the case, let's say, five years ago, when I first got there, five years ago, you were able to get to China at the age of 19, right, without a degree, without any experience, without any TEFL or Tesla certificates, like, pretty much speaking a decent English, because the demand was there, right? The demand was there just pretty much for any foreign nationality to be in the classroom in front of the kids and deliver the class. That was the case five years ago. But I mean, every year, gradually, they filter, they filter the stream of foreigners that flows into China and they make in rules more strict. And so for, again, so we're talking about legal stuff, right? As I said before, like degree, TEFL, and experience, if anyone says otherwise, like, they're lying to you, right?  Like, I mean, that it's, it will be illegitimate, it will not be legal. My advice, like, if you need to know, if you need to know, like, what are the requirements, go to the government website. That's the only resource you need to have in order to get, like, the full picture, the big picture of the documents that you need to be having upon entering. So government websites, I think we will link to, we will have, like, some links later on, right? Yeah, I think that we will do that after the session in the comments to this video on Facebook and YouTube, because yeah, we just didn't think about it ahead. And yeah, we will just give you all of the links, because just simply because all different provinces in China have different rules, all right? So I'll give you an example, like, for example, just the last week, I'm in this group chat, right? And these two individuals are having an argument, right? So one individual is saying, well, it's impossible to get a visa, a teaching visa in China. Another individual is saying, well, I'm in China, and I'm on the work visa right now. The other one is saying, well, I'm in China also, but I cannot get one, it's against the law. And then I'm looking at their resumes and profiles, and I realize that, you know, what she's from Shanghai, and she's from, what was that, Chiang Chun, right? Two provinces, South and North, right? So they are arguing about things that it's not even a thing, right? So they have different regulations, different laws, right? Both are right. The one is saying that it's impossible to get a teaching visa, correct, in Shanghai, you cannot do that. The one who is from Harbin, Chiang Chun, yeah, she can get the visa. So that's what I'm trying to explain. And are you talking about non-native speakers or native speakers? I'm talking about everyone. So it actually doesn't depend on the origin. Like, native speakers and non-native speakers have equal rights, right? 100%. Okay, so that's interesting to know. So before moving any further, native and non-native, like, school will have, school will have it written on their website, like natives only, right? The province where you're applying for a job will have it on their government website. Like, for example, natives only, if you want to obtain like English teaching position, you have to be native, you have to be like from South Africa, New Zealand, Australia, like Canada, yes, or UK, right? That's the case a lot. Like, for example, but many, many provinces, right? In order to become an English teacher, let's say in early childhood education, so I'm talking about kindergarten, some talking about primary school, maybe it's not a requirement right now. It's not a requirement. So again, you have to go to the government website and you have to read into that, right? Okay, so work visas are possible for non-native speakers. 100%, yeah, I'm on one here. I'm on one here. All right, so that's the most important point, I believe, because many people still still can't find a solution how to get to China just because they are not native speakers or they don't hold those passports from native speaking countries, but it's actually not like that. So as I said before, do your research, right? China has, sorry, I'm bad with geography, like I'm not sure how many provinces are in China, but there are many, right? And each province will have its own regulation. In some provinces, like for example, I know that places like Beijing, since it's a capital, right? It will be challenging to get a work visa for a non-native speaker, but again, it will be challenging to get a visa that will say English teacher. It doesn't mean that you cannot get a visa that will say teacher. That's a difference. That's a difference too, right? That's right, yeah, that's true. So guys, number one rule about going to China is just do your research before you apply for jobs there and make sure you go to governmental websites and check all of the requirements related to provinces you consider because there are a lot of them. And if you choose like the biggest ones like Shanghai or Beijing, it can be challenging. That's correct, yeah, that's great. Again, for example, if you're dealing with the agent, right? And agent says, hey, don't worry, you know what, we'll get your visa, no problem in two weeks. Like you want to ask your agent, can I please see some proof? Can I please see some government articles to support what you're talking about, right? Can I please send me some links, right? And then if the agent ends up sending you some article from WeChat, blurry from 2015, ignore that, you have to let that person go. They just want to make money. Or if they're saying, oh, you know what, I can't find this article right now, but I'll send that to you tomorrow. I have to double check it with my friend. If you're hearing any of that noise that you don't want to be a part of this, yeah. And for example, if you still want to go to China, you ignore the rules and you don't get this work visa. And you find yourself being in China illegally, then what might happen? Well, the range of penalties they have for working in China illegally or being in China illegally, it goes anywhere from fine. Fine can be anywhere from, I think you're paying 500 per day RMB for over staying. It's not important. So pretty much you can go anywhere from fine to deportation to incarceration. They can lock you up for 30 days. You can actually end up in Chinese jail. Gosh, so guys, just make sure your friends are involved in all these scenarios. Yeah, so let's move on to the next. Thanks so much for watching. We are ITTT, the leading provider for TEFL and TESOL training courses. If you like this video, please subscribe by clicking the button down here and click on any of the videos here on the left for more interesting teaching tips for getting certified to teach English abroad and online.


Part of management interview questions become harder and harder every single year and was because the competition was so severe, for each job application, less than 1% of the candidates can actually pass the interview and learn the job offer, and most of them failed miserably even in the first round of interviews. They not only ask you those typical questions such as what's your favorite product, but also change the interview type to make it extremely hard to predict and answer. In this video, I'm going to reveal the top 6 most challenging part of management interview questions and tell you the framework and how to answer them effectively. Stay until the end of this video where I share with you the interview type that most people spend most of their time to work on, but failed miserably. Hey guys, this is Dr. Nancy Lee, a director product and feature in Forbes. I help 100 people land their dream PM job offer in fan companies and unicorn startups and continue to get promoted as a product leader. In this channel, we talk about free product management training and tech trends. Like and subscribe and watch our new video every Tuesday. The product management interview questions actually happened in all type industries. In the past couple of years, I've helped thousands of people landing jobs in fan companies, fintech, healthcare, AI, and different kind of unicorn startups. They all asked the following top 6 product management interview questions. Let's go through them one by one based on the difficulty level. Question number one, product design type interview questions. This is the most common interview questions for product management. However, most candidates fail. You will frequently ask this kind of question. Design an app for museum. Design an Uber app for blind people. The reason this kind of question is very difficult was because it's open-ended question. Lots of candidates start to create any feature design without thinking about different type of customer segmentation and pain point. And most of them do not have the empathy to understand the true pain point of customers. The best way to answer those kind of open-ended interview questions is by using the Modify Circles framework. Now, let me emphasize on the Modify part. Because the Circles framework was invented over 10 years ago, it doesn't work for today's environment.  Now, the Modify Circles framework, what I recommend everyone to follow is mission and why. For example, if I want to design Uber app for blind people, you need to think about different kind of missions. How is related to Uber? Why Uber want to design for blind people? And connected with the current environment. In this case, it's post-COVID environment. And then you can ask some clarifying questions in terms of the scope of the design. Do they want to launch internationally? Or they want to focus on certain location to start with? The next step is customer segmentation. Most candidates fail the customer segmentation. Because when they think about design Uber app for blind people, they only think about the blind people, but they forgot to think about the drivers. Because Uber app is a two-sided marketplace. You must have drivers and riders to keep it even and balanced. And then you continue to do sub-customer segmentation for blind people and also drivers. After that, you prioritize what type of customer segmentation you need to prioritize for this 45-minute product design case interview. Then this different kind of pain point for prioritize user segmentation. And then you prioritize again to think about the most important pain point to solve right now. Then list top three solutions and then prioritize again to figure out what type of solution is the best at this moment for Uber to work on in order to solve the problem for blind people. I have a specific sample answer and training to show how to solve this very complex product design interview questions. Make sure to watch this video right here. And use my framework and follow into the details. A lot of people also make these big mistakes at the beginning of the interview by asking the wrong clarifying questions. For the sake of time, I'm going to describe more in this video regarding the type of wrong clarifying questions you can watch right here. But you should definitely go to this website to download the top 10 clarifying questions so that you can avoid those mistakes. I'm going to link it in the description of this video. The second hardest interview questions is part of strategy questions. Part of strategy questions sounds like this. Should lift enter the Indian market or not? What should Google do in the space of AI? If you are the CEO of Uber, what's in your mind right now? All of those are very strategic long-term thinkers. Those kind of 10-year thinking methodology. You cannot use those strategic consulting frameworks to solve this problem. Because most consultants will start with, how can we make the most money in the coming few years? That's literally the wrong question to think about and wrong question to ask. Because as a product manager, we need to think about how to solve problems for customers and how to tackle the market in the long run. And without the right problem to solve, you're not able to make money anyway. And if you only fix on money in the short run, you're not going to become a great successful tech company in the long run. Because the majority of the tech companies that raise VC funding, knowing they're not making money in the near term, but they're going to solve big problems, impact millions of people's lives, to make billions of money in the 10 years. So therefore kill all the consulting frameworks without product strategy. So what framework should we use in the part of strategy question? I recommend using the Gucci framework I invented. So Gucci framework stands for goals and mission. Why we're solving this problem? Why Google even thinking about entering the AI space? And you stands for unmet customer needs. This is very different from product design question. We emphasize on big unmet customer needs, not just small incremental improvement. C stands for customer segmentation. And the second C stands for competition. Because it's very important to understand what competitors are doing before you design a long-term strategic roadmap. And I stands for integrated ecosystem. Because this I is very critical. How Uber react to AI is very different from how Google react to AI. Even if the unmet customer needs and competitors, customer segmentation apply similar, but their internal systems are different, and their partnership inside the integrated ecosystem is also very different. I made an in-depth analysis regarding how to use a Gucci framework to answer any type of part of strategy interview questions. You should watch this video right here. I'm also on the link in the description of this video so that you can take lots of notes and nail those part of strategy interview questions. The third hardest part of management into the question is execution and metrics question. For example, people ask you this question. What set the goal for Facebook event? Set the success metrics for YouTube live. When we saw those part of metrics interview question, a lot of candidates made the mistakes by mixing it with part of design because they thought, well, I can just give one or two metrics and thinking about how to combine with design is 100% incorrect. Because in the product metrics interview questions, you really need to think about maybe 10 or up to 20 different metrics you need to measure for the success of the product. And then you also need to have very important North Star metrics. North Star metrics is the most important metric for the entire product. Most people do not understand what is the most important one. They're able to tell a different type of metrics to measure, but they pick the wrong North Star, which is going to kill them immediately in the interview. So what is the right way to answer those kind of interview questions is to use my computer science PhD framework in my nearby documentary. By the way, my PhD was in material science, not computer science. But what is my computer science PhD framework? It stands for why a mission, why Facebook want to have a Facebook event product, how it's related to the mission of the company. CS stands for customer segmentation. Facebook event has event organizer and event attendees. P stands for prioritization and mission-related metrics. Over there, you're going to pick the most important prioritized mission-related metrics that became the North Star metrics. That's the number one thing you need to measure as a successful product manager. H stands for product health metrics. Over there, you're going to have 10 and 20 different product health metrics to have a list of comprehensive answers. D stands for the risk. What kind of potential risk you can involve? If you want to have A plus answer, you can talk about CC. Stands for cannibalization and counter-metrics. So towards the end, you're definitely going to impress the interviewer by using my company science PhD framework. I have a specific training where I teach you how exactly to use this framework with a simple answer you can put it right here, which is going to help you to pass meta product execution and product metrics interview questions right here. I'm also going to link it in the description of this video. When you prepare for those interview questions, make sure to use the latest product management interview questions database. And you can go to this website and download all the top 50 interview questions database to get ready for your upcoming interviews. Regardless, it's for fan companies or healthcare or start-up, they all ask very similar questions. I'm going to link it in the description of this video. The hardest part of management interview question number four, problem solving. Problem solving questions is quite typical, and it's going to see how well you're able to analyze the product situation and ask you your vision. For example, you'll be asked this kind of real-life interview questions. What if your furniture return rate increased from 15% to 20%? What should you do? When you hear these kind of interview questions, the hardest part is actually understand how to think strategically so that you're able to complete the entire answer. Instead of thinking about random ideas, unorganized ideas is very forbidden within the product management interview process. So how to organize the answer correctly, here's a way to do. Number one, you must understand the end-to-end customer journey of people going to Wayfield, purchasing couches or any furniture and return it. Once you lay out the end-to-end customer journey map, then you analyze using the CPTE framework, which stands for C customers, P product, T technology, E external factors. So within each step of customer journey, there must be something wrong such as could be customer, change their opinion regarding not buying couches anymore, could also do some product issue, product failure, or website issue, wrong description of the couches, could also be technology issue and E stands for external factors and maybe some competitors have a furniture sale so people start to return the furnitures. So once you put CPTE framework against a user journey map, it's very easy for you to understand what steps went wrong. The fifth hardest interview question for product management is system design interview. Now all of the companies are going to ask you system design, however it's becoming more and more popular and extremely hard. What type of company will ask you this kind of questions? Depends on how technical the role is. For example, if you work for Amazon web services, they will ask you system design questions no problem, for sure, because you're going to work on very complex situation. So they will ask you a question like this. How would you design Twitter using AWS? And please design the system architecture of Netflix and design Zelle for payment transfer. When you think about system design, even if you don't know how to code, here is a trick to use system thinking methodology, which I learned from MIT to solve this problem. I personally do not know how to code, but system design methodology actually helped me significantly solving any kind of technical interview questions. First of all, when you solve these kind of interview questions, you must lay out different kind of high level functions that the system need to perform to solve problem for customers. For example, Netflix, the different type of functions in terms of delivering content, transcoding, video storage, and all those are important function that Netflix need to have. And then you further decompose each of the key functions into sub functions. And all those functions, you just can't think about it through the user perspective from system high level. You don't need to know how to code at all. And then next step, you start to lay out the specific requirement, performance requirement, functional requirement, scalability requirement, reliability requirement for the specific system. The next step is there are different kind of data structures that you think is important for this specific case. And finally, you can lay out the system architecture diagram based on the functional diagram, all different kind of requirements, and constraints. Now here comes our last, which is also the hardest, most time consumer product management interview question type, which is take home exam. This become more and more common in all the interview questions, and especially for most competitive positions out there. And usually even in the first round interview, the recruiter is gonna have you to do a take home exam to see how good you are, understanding the concept of management. And this is a real life take home exam. Here's example of real life take home exam. Take a product feature for sub hub to help company to grow their business. The feature could be brand new or improving an existing product. Tell us the revenue projection and business model of the new feature. This kind of take home exam is harder than any kind of above product management interview questions, was because it has your product management knowledge and when including investigating the unmet customer needs, creating customer persona, writing product requirements, and evaluating existing product features, and create a long term strategy product roadmap, and then also need to create a business model. Everything end to end about product management is being asked in this take home exam. And what's harder is that you may not be your end user for any of the product. So sometimes you're missing the customer empathy when you create those new features. In this situation, what should you do? You must really treat it as this is a real life product management case that you are the product manager working for the company. You can start from customer interviews, do some research about what they need, and then start to imagine what the future problem will solve for the customers and create solutions for it. And then run the go-to-market strategy campaign to figure out what the real business model you can build. I have the end to end training that teach you how to solve the take home exam in this specific video, where I give you the door-dash take home exam as an example. So make sure to watch this video right there and apply the same framework I just taught you. If you're actively preparing for upcoming product management interview, you must use the latest interview questions database to get ready for your upcoming interviews. Make sure to go to this website and download the 50 product management interview questions database so that you can use it for any fan company startups and healthcare, any kind of industries out there. Make sure to watch this video right here, where I give you the simple answers how to solve the take home example product management interviews. This is Dr. Nancy Lee from PMXCenter.io. I'm going to see you in my next video right here.


Hello and welcome to the session. The given question says, two cards are drawn successively with replacement from a well shuffled pack of 52 cards. Find the probability distribution of number of jacks. Let's start with the solution. So in a pack of well shuffled card there are 52 cards out of which jack cards are four. Therefore no jack card is given by 52-4 which is equal to 48 cards. So in a well shuffled pack of 52 cards 48 cards are non-jack cards and four are jack cards. Let x denote the number of jacks. This implies x can take the values 0, 1 or 2 since two cards are drawn. Firstly let's find the probability of x is equal to 0 that is probability that no jack card is drawn. Now there are 48 cards which are not jack cards. Therefore we have 48 C2 which are the number of events favorable that no jack card is drawn divided by the total number of possible events which is 52 C2. So this is equal to 48 factorial divided by 2 factorial divided by 48-2 that is 46 factorial whole divided by factorial 52 divided by factorial 2 into factorial 50. So this is equal to 48 into 47 into factorial 46 divided by factorial 2 into factorial 46 into factorial 50 divided by 52 into 51 into factorial 50. Now on simplifying it we get 48 into 47 divided by 52 into 51 and on simplifying this further we get 188 divided by 221. Now let's find probability when x is equal to 1 that is probability that one card is jack other is a non-jack card. Now there are four jack cards so we have four C1 into and 48 non-jack cards so we have 48 C1 whole divided by 52 C2. So this is further equal to factorial 4 divided by factorial 1 into factorial 3 into factorial 48 divided by factorial 1 into factorial 47 divided by factorial 52 whole divided by factorial 2 into factorial 50. So this is further equal to 4 into 48 divided by 52 into 51 into 2 and this is equal to 32 divided by 221. Now let's find probability when x is equal to 2 that is probability that both jack cards are drawn. This is equal to 4 C2 divided by 52 C2 since there are four jack cards and out of these four we have to draw two. So we have 4 C2 as the probability. Now this is equal to factorial 4 divided by factorial 2 into factorial 2 into factorial 2 into factorial sorry this is 2 into factorial 50 divided by factorial 52 which is further equal to 4 into factorial 2 into 3 since factorial 4 is equal to 4 into 3 into factorial 2 divided by factorial 2 into factorial 2 into factorial 2 into factorial 50 divided by 52 into 51 into factorial 50. So this one simplifying further gives equal to 4 into 3 divided by 52 into 51 now 4 into 13 gives 52 and 3 into 17 gives 51 this is equal to 1 divided by 221 therefore we have probability at x is equal to 0 equal to 188 divided by 221 probability when x is equal to 1 is 32 divided by 221 and probability when x is equal to 2 is equal to 1 divided by 221 thus let us make a probability distribution table in the first row we shall write the values of x and in the second row we shall write the values of px so when x is 0 1 and 2 the value of px are 188 divided by 221 32 divided by 221 and 1 divided by 221 so this completes the session buy and take care.