Thank you very much for the warm welcome. It's my first time to be in Singapore and I've been overwhelmed at the hospitality that my wife and I have enjoyed here so far. We're looking forward to the rest of our week here before we return to Houston on Monday. I can't echo any stronger what Paduchio talked about with the opportunities available space-related. I will also add that I've been in many work environments in my lifetime and my career. Over the years I spent my own career in the U.S. Army and the military. I've had some great work environments in the military but nothing has surpassed the work environment that I've enjoyed in human spaceflight and the space program in general. And it's not so much because of what you might think going to space and all the exciting things that entails or is involved in that, but it's the people. It's the people that we have the opportunity to work with. And you probably get a taste of that here in an environment like this. The people that work on the International Space Station Program, for example, and the Space General Program before that and really the international partnership that we pull together are all there because they believe in the mission. And so it's a real team environment. There's not competition among folks. We're all there because we believe in what we do and we enjoy doing it. And just thanks for a great environment. This is what, this is a view, we can turn those lights off again if you would. This is the view that inspires all of us. This is just, this is a representative view of the vantage point that space offers all of us. And of course this is looking back at the Earth. And that became personally my favorite thing to do in my free time was to look out the window and study the Earth. And then I come and video here. I'm going to show you some examples of what you can see there. And of course we can enjoy the view, but there's also lots of potential applications bringing technology that you're working on to space back to Earth and of course out into deep space as well as we explore beyond Earth orbit. But this is the view that inspires us along the next slide and the main convincing slide to the center. The next slide is the vantage point of the International Space Station which you've heard a lot about. Who here has seen the space station fly over? Anybody? What a few of you. Okay.  You can go out and get an app or go to a website and find when they'll look ahead in the next few weeks maybe and see if there are opportunities for you to see it fly over. If you haven't done it, I encourage you to do so. Go find out when it's coming over Singapore and it'll be after sunset or before sunrise when the sun is still shining on the space station as it flies over. And it's pretty amazing, especially when you start learning more and more about the program and learn about the people that are currently on board and watch this thing fly over. Sometimes you can see it for up to four minutes. Of course, you need a few less clouds than what we typically see here in Singapore but nonetheless you can see it fly over. This space station, we began to build in 1998. That's when the first element was launched. We finished it in 2011. There was a little bit of an interruption there with the Columbia accident when we lost that crew and the space shuttle was grounded for almost three years but then we picked back up again and finished it 1998 to 2011. So it was a great investment of time to get this thing built. There were about 30, 7 exactly, space shuttle missions dedicated to the International Space Station and about 40 or so roughly Russian rocket launches also dedicated to the building of it. Started in 1998, we launched the first permanent crew or first expedition to the space station in the fall of 2000. And a lot of people don't realize that since then, since the fall of the year 2000, we've had continuous human presence in space because on the space station we hand over each crew. A standard mission like up there is six months. Currently, we have a crew of six. We started out as a crew of three when the shuttle was grounded. We were a crew of two just to maintain presence on the space station to keep it operational. Then we picked up and went back to a crew of three and eventually in 2009 got to a crew of six, which is the standard crew size. We rotate half the crew at a time. So we're rotating on Russian Soyuz launches. We launch four Soyuzes a year. You may have missed it on the news, but we just launched the latest Soyuzes last Friday to send three people up there to the space station to ground out the current crew of six. To give you an idea of the size of this thing, if you could lay it on the ground, it's bigger than a football field. If you could weigh it, it would weigh almost a million pounds. The inside, the habitable volume where the crew lives and works, the volume there is equivalent of a 5,000 square foot house. I'm sorry, I don't have a square meter equivalent, but that's a big house as you imagine. That's the volume inside the space station. So people ask me all the time to get claustrophobic there and the answer is no, because we're usually spread out on that big volume of the space station, different parts of the space station doing our work. But it's an incredible facility. It also, as was alluded to, it has opened the doors to lots of opportunities and those opportunities are only going to increase in scope. NASA has been very proactive over the last couple years to try to open the doors in a broader way to get commercial space on board and that includes a lot of student experiments, experiments of that magnitude, of the magnitude of a cube set. And NASA's continuing to look for ways to open the doors to get more people involved in space. So I can't emphasize or reiterate enough that the opportunities are there and they're only going to grow in the future. So if you have that interest, I encourage you to research those opportunities and then pursue them. What I'd like to do next is show you about a 15 or 16 minute video that kind of gives you a little bit of a feel for the rhythm of life on board the space station. I mentioned that we rotate three people four times a year, maintaining the standard crew size of six. This video is going to cover the flight that we participated on last year. We launched in March of 2016 and landed in September of 2016. It'll give you a sense of the rhythm as well as the content of a typical mission. Whoops, before I do that, I think I have another little video here. I mentioned the space show. Is anybody here seen a space show? Anybody get to the cake? I know the opportunities are limited. You've seen it. It was incredible. We're all very sad that they're all now in museums on display. If you get to the states and you have an opportunity to go see one of these, I encourage you to do that. When it was on the launch pad, it weighed 4 million pounds. 4 million pound rocket and about 40,000 pounds of cargo on the crew of seven up into orbit. Hopefully the video works here. Let me try it again. Next one, there's a little video. This thing weighed 4 million pounds on the launch pad and produced 7.5 million pounds of thrust on the launch pad to get that 4 million pounds into orbit. You guys ever have a technical problem? Yeah. What you can do is... What you can do is instead of going into PowerPoint, you can just watch the video by itself. Not the short video, but there's one that says E-47-48. This is the first time I've ever had a technical issue. Actually, we work with a lot of things similar to what you work on on the onboarding of the space station. A lot of folks don't realize, of course we have the space station that is for the computer systems and it's a computer architecture that was designed in the 80s. So it's old technology, very old technology, but we also have gotten a house laying onboard with distributed laptops and we're developing new applications all the time. They don't directly run the space station, but they support all the operations onboard the space station. And it's got audio if you have audio. The space shuttle, I threw this in there just to give you an example of the magnitude of the power that was present at the space shuttle line. If you ever had the opportunity to go watch a line, you would be at 3 miles away, like I said, almost 5 kilometers, but we'll shine 5 kilometers away and it would shape your whole body for so much time coming up. Shuttle launch like a slave launch. The ascent takes less than 9 minutes to get to orbit. And after that 9 minutes, you're going 17,500 miles an hour or about 25,000 kilometers per hour. That's orbital velocity. That's basic physics. You have to go that fast to get to orbit and stay in orbit and not re-enter the atmosphere. Going that orbital velocity on the space shuttle and the space station as the Russians show you, you orbit the Earth every 90 minutes. So 16 times a day we go around the world. By the way, the inclination of the space station is at 51.6 degrees. That's the inclination from the equator. What that means is when we orbit the Earth, we cross the equator to 51.6 degrees north latitude, come back across the equator again, 51.6 degrees south latitude. And every orbit takes 90 minutes. So when you cross the equator again, set going from south to north, you're about 1,500 miles to west the way you were in the previous orbit. So it's a great platform to study the Earth in over a period of time. Days and weeks to see, of course, every day the entire globe. But over weeks and months, you see every point on the globe, except for the poles, in different lighting conditions. Day, night, different sun angles. And of course, after weeks and months, you watch seasons go by also. So it's a very unique vantage point to study the Earth. We're going to the backup computer. We have redundant systems and everything. And I could talk all night about failures of systems where you have to go to the backup. We're going to the backup tonight. There we go. So you can imagine riding on top of this thing and having those solid rocket boosters light off and hiring me and pushing off the launch pad directly with seven and a half million pounds behind you. Lots of power there. And of course, as I mentioned, you're in orbit in less than nine minutes. So a lot of problems. By the time we got to orbit on the shuttle, what was left was about 250,000 pounds of mass. So most of this fuel and the fuel tanks, which are expended in the first nine minutes. So it's still keeping up. Believe me, these guys are under a lot more pressure than I am. You can actually come out of power time. There's a file that's got 4748 million. It's a video file. There it goes. All right, all right. Just play this video. There you go. Get there. You can advance on the other pad. Okay, now just advance one more time and then we're in the chance. Here we go. Okay, here we go. This is the video I was talking about earlier, I mentioned earlier, that will highlight the mission of an expedition crew. We launched from Baikonur-Kazakhstan, which is the same place that Gary Gagarin launched from over 15 years ago. The first man in space. We launched from Baikonur-Kazakhstan, which is the same place that Gary Gagarin launched from over 15 years ago. The first man in space. The rocket rolls out two days before launch and then on launch day, the three of us get in the spacesuits, go out and do the final report to the commission, say we're ready to go, they say the rocket's ready, and then we take the bus ride out to the launch pad. There we have a traditional wave at the base of the rocket. And then three of us, plus a technician, get in a two-man elevator at the top of the rocket.  We're away. About two and a half hours before launch, we're getting into the capsule, which of course is at the very top end of the rocket. Three of us climb in there one at a time and strap in. You're in the fetal position so your knees are up at your chest. I call it as if we're triplets in the womb. Very tight spot. I'll go through the countdown at a very precise moment. We lift off and that's the moment required for that day to launch and then later rendezvous with the International Space Station. So we have to be in the plane of the orbit as the Earth's working. So launch pad is moving. When it moves through the plane, we lift off, get to orbit in nine minutes and less than six hours later, in this case we were rendezvoused with the space station. We approached it. This next scene is what we look like from the space station as we approach the space station. We flew around and aligned ourselves with the docking port that we were to dock with and here's the moment of docking our Soyuz to the International Space Station. Within a couple of hours, we did the leak checks, got the hatches open and we came inside the space station and joined the crew of three that were awaiting our arrival at Expedition 47, which was made up of two Americans, three Russians and a British astronaut. Tim Peat was the first British astronaut, first and only today to fly into space and International Space Station. This is what the modules look like inside. We're right in the middle of the space station here in the place we call Node 1 or the Unity Module, which is the place every day. You can see how roomy it is. You can see how cluttered it is with all of the different experiments and stuff that are up there in the equipment. You can also see how easy it is to move around in weightlessness. We had a very busy first three weeks or so after we arrived. We had three different cargo ships arrived. This first one was a Russian built progress cargo ship that launched from the same place that we had launched from a week previous and then we had a Cygnus cargo ship arrive a week later and then finally a third one was a SpaceX cargo ship. This is the Cygnus, local science of Cygnus and here we have the SpaceX Dragon arrive. All of them bringing cargo equipment, spare parts, food, clothing and science experiments. The SpaceX Dragon here also brought a unique piece of cargo that's called the BEAM module or the Bigelow Experimental or Activity module. It's an inflatable module and it's a great example of what I believe is one of the space station's primary purpose that is to test out the development of new technology. So inflatable module technology is relatively new and has great promise for applications in the future. We had plunked it out with a robotic arm with the Dragon SpaceX and attached it to the space station and then slowly inflated. This is very sped up. It took a lot longer than this to inflate it but in the end it was very successful and continues to fly onboard the space station with a plan to have it onboard at least for the next several years to test out its technology the durability to last in space. I think it has a great promise for the future both in free space line vehicles as well as surface applications say on the moon or Mars. Here's a moment where the crew celebrated that significant milestone. Now we get to the end of Expedition 47. We're in June of last year and it's time for those three crewmates that had been onboard when we arrived to depart and return to the planet after their approximate six month stay. So here we have a change of command after that Tim Cooper handed over command to me and that was a transition from Expedition 47 to 48. We said goodbye to Tim and Yuri here in this case and they went out the door into their Soyuz close to hatch they undocked and returned safely to Earth. That left three of us onboard three to spread out into this massive facility of the space station where you always have a lot of fun up there. We all turn into kids again it's a great playground up there to be in a wayless environment. We stayed very busy during that two weeks doing different experiments to include an experimental docking of a progress ship here which what Alex said and Oleg were conducting there. I continued experiments as well as maintenance and other operations on the space station. For that three weeks while we waited for the arrival of three new crew members to round out Expedition 48 so here we are back in the launch bed that same launch bed we had launched from just a few months earlier with another crew of three getting ready to launch. In this case they launched on a Soyuz rocket that was a new model and upgrade so instead of docking within six hours they docked about two days after a launch while they tested out that Soyuz but we welcomed them on board American Cade Rubens it was her first flight Takuya Onishi was the first flight of the second crew member that comes in here is from Japan and Anatolia Ovenation was his second flight Russian Cosmonaut. I had a great time up there with Takuya and Cade especially being the experienced guy bringing somebody for the first time through all the experiences in space was a great reward for me personally we do a lot of science and experiments obviously up here here's some scenes of an example of one of them developed up at MIT it's called SPIRS experiment and it's the development of flight control systems for satellites so we would program these things to fly around in different formations or maybe one would do some maneuvers and the other one would follow the first one and do the maneuvers we're also doing quite a few student activities with that SPIRS experiment here's another very interesting experiment one of the more interesting ones I found last year these are human heart cells human heart cells and I never knew it but the cells communicate with one another and beat in unison so our hearts beat at the cellular level I always thought it was the muscle fiber level we do a lot of experiments studying the human body and here's an example like say and I in an experiment called fluid ships trying to better understand the impacts on the human body in the weightless environment of space and space station so that's a great deal of what we do we talked about these cube sets and other experiments like this there's a category of experiments we actually deploy outside and then deploy away from the space station and what you see here is a series of views of putting experimental cluster outside grabbing it with a robotic arm and then deploying it I loved it being an old army guy firing artillery away from the space station these are very small deployables about this long and maybe that wide so we sent them off I never knew what they were going to do they were all different inside I never knew what was inside the box but our job was just to get them deployed now we get into July of a year ago and it's time for another SpaceX cargo ship to arrive so here we are in what we call the cupola and I'll show you some other scenes from the cupola here in a few minutes to grab the the dragon capsule the SpaceX capsule get it attached and then this one had a very unique cargo on board it was the international docking adapter which was attached to the very front end of the space station by doing the spacewalk so it's a rival meant that Kate and I were going to go outside we ended up doing two spacewalks each of them were about six and a half or seven hours long it's the most challenging thing we do physically and mentally to spend all day outside in a pressure suit doing the work in this case it's hard to connect that international docking adapter to be required for the future commercial food vehicles that are currently in development to be able to dock to the international space station this is not only the most physically and mentally challenging thing we do it's the most rewarding thing that's true with life right the hardest things we do usually bring the biggest rewards but to go outside and to basically climb on the outside of the space station to be able to view the thing is a pretty amazing experience it's a very busy time out there everything is tightly choreographed there's a lot of work to do it's hard but every once in a while we get a moment where we take a break and we can take in the environment that's around us so it's definitely a highlight after the two spacewalks there's a moment celebrating that milestone with the entire crew now I mentioned the cupola a couple minutes ago I call it the window on the world it was added in 2010 it's the one place on the space station it's got these six radio windows and then the center window it's the one place on the space station where you can see the entire globe of the earth from one vantage point so it quickly becomes everybody's favorite place to be in your free time to view the earth and watch as the continents go by and all the details of the surface of the earth and the weather patterns and the geology and the geography and the ocean and all the other phenomena like these glaciers here or this plankton bloom off the coast of South America or this horizon view of just the big weather systems here's a western part of America in Central Valley is right there in California in the Sierra mountains here's a composite of a coral reef in the Bahamas beautiful coral reefs in the Bahamas the most beautiful in the world in my opinion these are ice floes off the coast of Canada early in the spring of 2016 irrigation circles in a riverbed in the dry arid land of New Mexico here we're in the southern tip of South America in the Patagonia region here they come off a beautiful ice shelf there in Patagonia and Chile these are salt gnomes in the Great Salt Desert of the country of Iran a very unique geological formation and here's looking on the horizon right after a sunset where you can see the layers of the atmosphere the high cloud formation silhouetted which are the black here and the layers of the atmosphere from orange and green and green you can see the Elps in Central Europe then looking straight down in the Grand Canyon in the Colorado Riverbed here through an 800 millimeter lens this is Teton National Park in Wyoming in the States this is an amazing view of what we call not-delicent clouds occasionally seen over the poles either north or south very mysterious and very unusual in terms of what we think are ice crystals that's just a few examples of what you can get from the vantage point of looking back at the Earth especially through big lens and all that photography was taken with handheld photography with different lens sizes now we get into September of last year it's the Marithm of Life now it's our turn to prepare to return to Earth so we had another change of command which by the end of Expedition 48 in the beginning of Expedition 49 and like I say Oleg and I got back into the Soyuz capsule that we had arrived on six months earlier got in back in those spacesuits launching entry suits for the Soyuz and then prepared for undocking from undocking to touchdown on the Earth usually takes about three hours and 15 or 20 minutes so it all happens fairly quickly we undock from the space station fire the engines to separate it's away from the space station and then at just the precise time flying backwards we fire the main engine of the Soyuz a little over four minutes to slow us down a very precise amount so that then we will free fall into the atmosphere we fire that engine incidentally off the southern tip of South America to land in Kazakhstan and this is the time during the re-entry of the atmosphere where we're literally coming back in the atmosphere in a fireball obviously because of the friction and the heat built up by the speed that we were coming down then the parachute opens we drift down for about 12 minutes or so land in Central Kazakhstan in our case the search and rescue forces spotted us as soon as the parachute opened followed us on down and they were there within a minute or two of our touchdown to get us out of the capsule we do some medical experiments we'll check up there in the middle of nowhere in Central Kazakhstan and take about a two and a half hour helicopter ride back to an airfield where then I got on an airplane my Russian colleagues went back to Moscow an airplane and I went back to Houston three legs back to Houston and I was landed back at home about 24 hours after landing back on the planet in Central Kazakhstan one of the, I get questions about the human aspect of this experience often the moment of landing when the motion stops inside the capsule every time and I did it in Soyuz three times I had this overwhelming feeling like we're home even though it was for me halfway around the world in the middle of nowhere we were back on the planet so it's all your perspective right of what home is when you get pulled into your driveway or you get dropped off off the street in front of your house you feel like I'm home other times you might be halfway around the world and you fly back to Singapore you land a chain and you feel like I'm home or in this case you just land back on the planet and you have the scenery like I'm home so that gives you a little bit of an idea of what it's like to go through the experience of an expedition on board the International Space Station the space station is the current chapter of human exploration it's got a wonderful past already and it has a promising future the international partnership is currently agreed to fly until 2024 as a partnership on the space station in spite of what you might see in the news sometimes that's the agreement that we're currently operating under and we're all working toward extending that to 2028 and of course over those years as I mentioned earlier there will be continued growing opportunity for commercial activities and other activities other opportunities to participate in the program there's even talk about commercializing the space station itself at least parts of it if not all of it so who knows what's coming in the future the space station I believe the legacy of the space station will be multiple these multiple aspects of what I believe the legacy will be one is just the achievement of the space station itself which is very complex the international component of the international space station is very significant I think and has provided a model will be replicated in future programs whatever we do in the future I believe will be done in an international partnership of course science and research will be a major component of the legacy of the space station in its growing as we speak it is an orbiting laboratory and it gives a great opportunity for all kinds of science and research across the spectrum of different sciences when you take just the simple force of gravity out of an experiment and be able to isolate the phenomena that you're studying without that force so that will certainly be a legacy part of the legacy and also technology development I talked about the B module there will be other technologies that are being developed and will be developed and need to be developed to support future exploration like going back to the moon to establish a semi permanent presence and eventually on to Mars as we hear about all the time so that's what the legacy I believe will be of the international space station so we have some time for we're going to go into Q&A or how are we doing this okay this is the first time we've done this together so should we say yeah okay that was really really amazing talk I think a lot of the things that we've seen on the video was I mean the first time anyone has seen it because I don't think we can really find them ready online as well so as an astronaut we're as person as humans in space so what do you think is the most needed innovation that we can get to increase our ability to explore space or to actually do more things you're talking about for future programs in particular leaving Earth orbit I would say the most critical thing that we need to do and there are many things in the list right I'll just throw out one obvious one that is the continued technology development of life support systems one of the things that a lot of people don't think about one of the critical things if we're going to send humans in the deep space wherever that may be is we need life support systems that are reliable that we can depend on that don't break and have to be resupplied or whatnot that have the performance necessary and as I said the reliability necessary the space station is very accessible right you saw three or four actually supply ships launched in that video clip that gave some highlights of my last stay on board the vehicle traffic coming and going to the space station is very intense and a lot of what that means is what that reflects is the access we have to the space station when we leave Earth orbit the access is going to go way down when we go back to the moon or the lunar system our ability to send spare parts or repair parts or the things necessary to repair something that breaks is going to go down by an order of magnitude not think about going to Mars we're going to have to preposition a lot of things on Mars to support and approve on board and they're going to have to have the reliability and the performance necessary to sustain a crew so that's one answer I mean there are many things we could talk about but that's one of the things you can tell it's important in my mind so as you've seen there's really quite a lot of things that we're seeing in life support the further we go the more things we need to make sure things don't screw up along the way so what do you think would be the biggest the biggest innovators or where would all of this innovation come from? Will mostly be still you know traditional space with NASA, Jax ISRO etc or would it be more of private entrepreneurs doing this well as you are aware there are a lot of entrepreneurs out there doing big things in space and a lot of them doing less big things the smaller things smaller scale activities so it's going to be a mix it's going to be a mix of governments the governments can afford to do the big things right as you mentioned and more and more there will be entrepreneurs that will do other things that support and compliment so I think that's only going to grow it's people in this room exactly it's people in this room it's you guys are the ones out there scratching your heads and trying to find out how to do solve problems in new ways and things like that or thinking of things that the rest of us don't think about I mean it has been if you just think about what has occurred in technology just in the last few years it's amazing and you can't it's not slowing down right it's only increasing and a lot of it is most of it is entrepreneurs trying something trying to implement a new idea and it kicks off and succeeds in a way and of course we all know and you guys know perhaps better than I do that a big success comes with many attempts and failures along the way and disappointments and things that don't work out so not every attempt is going to succeed but that's the business that's true okay so as we see more private companies getting into this space right what do you think it entails for the equality of space for example right now everything is still based on a still government page right or he has satellites launched by private companies but as technologies intended to be used to go into space because privatized how do you expect this landscape to change because more private companies are the ones are the stakeholders in space yeah so how do you think that will change your time I can try for that one so we have had large spaces agencies out there do some really critical stuff providing the base for technology to be built upon and I think that things will continue to be done by NASA, JABSA, ISRAO the big ones but we are getting more and more into an affordable realm so I see it as those are doing those statistics as a primordial population so you have got the big expensive experience and then you have got the small affordable ones of which you can do many many more because they are much less costly so I think the development will continue in parallel and the big students here will be all of us will actually be able to afford to send stuff into space to do lots of creative things that you couldn't do if you had to wait for the other dollars to be approved by your national government another question that I see so one of the few things that we talked about was the central team is trying to find problems in space for us to solve so how do we look for such problems? I mean all of us are not astronauts so I am sure there is a lot of you but there is not enough for all of us to interview every day so how do we know what sort of problems there may be if you are not an astronaut what kind of problems that we experience in executing say the space station program and also in terms of space exploration colonizing new worlds transporting across planets well the best way is to get engaged and keep up with it, keep up with the news there is a lot of information available you can follow along the development, the future plans the ongoing operations the daily activities you can follow the daily activities what the crew is doing every day you can follow along and learn what breaks, what doesn't work right and by identifying the problems, the real world problems that are out there that might spark your thinking to maybe come up with a proposal to solve that problem or come up with a way to solve the problem and say hey I got the answers so everything we do here on planet Earth will have to be done in space as soon as you see humans out there in six months is a long time you have people going and doing space related industrial work and as we move further further away and we are not just engineers and technicians, we are psychologists and sociologists, I mean I am amazed you guys believe in those 45,000 square feet for six months at a time so we need people from all kinds of disciplines to come in and basically anything that you do here out there I am on some level from space and we already have that really we even got a NASA Jackson Space Center and not everybody is an engineer we have all disciplines in the world so that covers the problem aspect the next aspect of course is setting up the business so maybe this question you can just answer it so from what we've seen from traditional space we've been working in new space we see that from the time to market to great even, space access hasn't even been yet so how do we come out with a solution to this extremely long great even point for space space tech startups that's a good question if you are doing a FIMTEP app something on your phone you can do development and get something out there in six months then space tech that's going to be four to seven years and that timetable right now is because of a lot of reasons one is we don't fully have off the shelf parts yet for everything this keeps set that we have here this is off the shelf parts but we don't yet have off the shelf radiation hardened parts that's coming so we'll need to have parts and we'll also need to have a better process for launching at this point we are launching with our very few many agencies and again there are startups out there that are doing launches on their launch we're going to cross down so I'm thinking that within the next five years your sort of lead and time will go from say five to six years down to two or three and in terms of return on investment and the space tech has made money debt but they are doing some things that down the road are going to bring in millions asteroid mining is another good example the government of Luxembourg that's a country about the size of this asteroid mine so they realize that this is where they can be a high level of return okay so at this point let's open up to the floor a little do we have any questions from the audience right this gentleman so as a non-us citizen non-citizen of any of the space agencies how do we go about working towards so as a non-us citizen of any of the countries who are space agencies like Japan, US, Russia etc how about working towards the goal that I have to be an asteroid would it be to a government agency or would it be more likely to a private agency but currently you're right it's through government agencies and you have to be a citizen of a country that participates but I think it will be in the very near future where commercial companies are launching their own in fact I don't know yet, none of us know yet whether the first flight of a Boeing commercial crew vehicle for example or SpaceX commercial vehicle will be entirely NASA or government astronauts or if it will be a mix of company and government astronauts but certainly if it's in the near future after that after they get flying there will be opportunities not only you know it's all the commercial opportunities that we anticipate in the beginning in the future that will include people flying as crew members so I would foresee the other opportunities through the company as an employee of that company being an international crew what kind of UI, UX problems do you see because I saw some silly keyboard some English keyboards what language are you looking at on the space station we use two languages English and Russian so that's why you're so Cyrillic that's how we map it incidentally I get asked all the time what's the hardest part of the training you would think all that rocket science would be hard but then it's actually pretty rewarding not too difficult for me but the Russian language is the hardest part you allowed me to add on to the question I think you were asking also about the user interface and user experience part so a lot of times what we build for space is usually more functional than aesthetic or in terms of use of use so do you see anything that could be improved in terms of usability use of use absolutely we have lots of applications I talked a little bit about the Ops Land we're starting to integrate iPads on board now and more wireless applications the commercial crew vehicles are developing glass cockpit or even beyond glass cockpit it's more like a touch screen technology to operate the spacecraft and a really good aerospace engineer that divides designs a flight control system isn't necessarily a good GUI designer right so we're always struggling with that to make the interfaces for whatever we're doing experiment or operate the vehicle or what not to be more intuitive to take advantage of all of those things so that's another great field of opportunity for augmented reality so it could be inside but it could be working on it great I've gone with him this question is about your book which you spoke about you know the creation and the hand of God now I'm just coming there are two aspects of this question the first is we see a lot of collaboration happening when it comes to international space innovation when it comes to things on earth there's so much lack of collaboration between different nations so much so that we also are for war against another country now in future do you think that ease of space travel will make this leader I mean take a trip outside the earth and realize what precious thing they're damaging to their policies that is part one and two commercialization of space technology space mining and all these things we have seen what matters we have created all of the earth to our greed and so space mining is there a possibility going on that we might do the same space and we just have one of them those are huge questions the first one I'll address it's obvious to all of us right there are tensions in the world and in the context of what I just talked about in the international partnership specifically the tensions that you read about every day even the last couple days between the US and Russia for example I can tell you in my experience and I don't understand exactly why none of us do but the last few years in particular the partnership in the entire international partnership but specifically between the US, NASA and Russia the Russian space agency has never been better and I've been to Russia many many times I've accumulated years over there since the 90s and I was just there a month ago it was my last visit there the working relationship has never been better and it's a mystery to me especially when you consider the context of the tensions going on right now the geopolitics in the context of Ukraine, Crimea, Peninsula, Syria and all of that I trust and we all hope that work on the program and that includes my Russian husband and friends we all hope that we can serve as a stabilizing force to counterbalance the political tensions between countries specifically those two countries and be an example to the world to that effect I can only believe that both countries intentionally have protected us and left us alone in spite of what goes on you know there's a whole lot more to it than what meets the eye than what we read in the newspaper the public aspect and then there's the behind the scenes aspect I don't know what's going on behind the scenes but I trust that we are a stabilizing force and maybe intentionally so my answer was a little long so I'm trying to remember your second question I think it had to do with responsible utilization of space in my words and not trashing wherever we go out there like we've had a history of trash in the earth I think is what you're at I think awareness is much higher nowadays to that effect to keep those kinds of goals in mind so hopefully we will exploit space whether it be the lunar system, Mars or whatever in a responsible way in the future and I'm also just to add to that there's been an international agreement that was a clean place last year to have anything that's launched de-ordered within 25 years after it's ordered to start functioning so you can do that however you want but people now have an international agreement to just not leave these things out there flying around if that's written down or if you're a gentleman in the solar system the space advocates they talk a lot about we have limited resources and the country wherever sends their ambition is mining isn't it a bit of unbalance like whoever goes first gets in terms of mining and all these kind of activities but most of the money it is it gets the lion's share and then those who are coming next or the future generation they lose out I don't know if you look at it in a global contest the Spaniards went to Mexico to level gold but here we are after a while the economy sort of leveled out and I don't know how to answer that whoever gets there first will get it that's just the way humans have been that's part of what can help us to explore but I might actually see that as an asset not as a reason to hold ourselves back I don't have a question we're all sort of adult entrepreneurs right so I want to give a chance to the future of entrepreneurs which are below 16 years old anybody below 16 years old wants to ask a question anybody? you can ask any question though tix come on we give you one chance only then the rest add up so take over look at him how about you hi I think that was a bit of an old joke you talked about the emotional aspect of space walking and firstly I just want to know what it's like and how perhaps you overcome just the emotional aspect of space walking or only being to get through the space station how you get to feel and how you overcome it and what are the emotional challenges of being a cosmonaut etc yeah it's a great question some people ask me I describe getting into capsules in a womb and people always ask me do you get claustrophobic and my answer is if you're claustrophobic you're in the wrong business if you have a fear of heights you'd be in the wrong business so a lot of those fears and a lot of people experience cause folks to go do something else so most of us that get into this business don't have those kinds of fears we have a lot of respect for the business we're in there are risks there are obvious risks we're all aware of them we have a high level of confidence in the team's ability to identify and manage those risks but still the experience comes with a lot of emotions you know that's obvious most of us put on our poker face and we get into the space suit and we're doing the business but still it's an emotional experience you're under pressure you want to do the job there is a lot of pressure to get the job done to get it right but there's a lot of emotion wrapped around the obvious experience you're going through you mentioned the space walk it's one thing to be in orbit playing weightlessness and you know and view the earth and take all that in it's quite another thing to get outside the security of the space station and get in that suit and climb out and you're tethered with a little steel cable a line that runs to a hook that's hooked onto a handrail on the outside and then crawl along the outside of that thing and then occasionally get a break and turn away and view the entire globe it is intensely emotional it's beyond description but it's not fear again if it's fear is your emotion you're in the wrong business before that so what would you have to say to aspiring entrepreneurs what motivates you would it help to let them know about how you get motivated? everybody's different we're all different and I get related kinds of questions especially from young folks or parents of young folks that are trying to motivate them are you interested in space and technology what gets you motivated? what gets me motivated in terms of space I think it's obvious what motivated me as a young person was science and math trying to understand why things worked the way they worked how things worked so I had that instinct of exploration and discovery I guess you could say curiosity and then I got exposed to aviation and I thought wow I want to be a pilot and then I read a book in 1978 called The Right Stuff by the authors Tom Wolf and he chronicled the early test pilots after World War II and getting into the Gen Age and breaking the sound barrier and also the early astronauts and that further inspired me and then I got opportunities to get education in those fields I got opportunity to go to flight school and military and become a pilot later to become a test pilot and eventually NASA so was that the seeds of inspiration that developed that passion sometimes I don't know if you hear much but in the states over the last 15 or 20 years I would hear people say to young people you can do anything you want to do you can be anything you want to be right? but we all know that's not true none of us can be anything we want to be I tell young people you know we want to figure out what they're going to do in life when young people when they're trying to figure out what they want to do in life is to pay attention to yourself and find out what your interests are where your interests lie and then pursue those interests and feed them through education through experience through other activities feed those interests those interests will develop into passions and then most of us will be looking toward something but those passions then will develop and continue to pursue those passions continue to work hard to educate yourself to prepare yourself to train yourself to get the experiences so that you're ready when the doors of opportunity open up and that's the thing that's completely out of our control we may have the interests we may have the expertise but if we don't get the opportunity we can't do it but we want to be prepared for when those doors of opportunity open up and then if we're prepared we can enter unfortunately I think you'll have one last question believe you or not yes I'll say believe me to all so I have two questions one for you to answer I've heard about it that the space station has been divided into different modules which are considered to be one which I refer to one specific country like for example you're having a research happening in one module then it has to be updated on the some country way because it is an international module so how does the research happen does it happen country wise or does it happen mutually or together well the space station was built with the contributions from each of the partners so I think what you're talking about is for example we have a US segment we call and a Russian segment the Russian segment obviously was supplied by the Russian partners what we call the US segment also includes a module that was developed and built and launched by the Japanese the Japanese experimental module the European experimental module also Columbus so those were just contributions by the partners it's not that we divided up the space station and assigned it to different countries or different partners it's that the partners made contributions to the space station and of course each of the partners have assets contained in their modules it might be experimental facilities or like access or like assets but the entire partnership has the potential to use the entire any part of the space station for utilization one example we might think about is let's look at some biotech researchers at US for collaborators at Caltech so you've got a team working together to develop new technology so how will that individual property be patented who's going to own it so the same methodology we use here on earth in terms of developing resources and use the principal investigator use that space and rather than thinking of a laboratory here over in Clementi or in Southern California you just need to do that as we work there and the question we're bringing is that now that your government was based on the commercial and how you know that I look now the industry is more populated with government and very few private companies so there are again legal agreements and aspects related to it and then the responsibility and the ability to add it to it so when we are going when I don't know obviously the collaboration is the government and the government out there and we work together but when you want to become a self entity of a private company how will the liability be looked after and who will be responsible okay so first of all there are a thousand startups that are right now in this space and they know this brand very quickly and there's insurance if you want to launch a payload on a rocket you get insurance and you'll get your money back but when you work at your time then so there are companies out there there are space lawyers, there are people who use health space insurance for all different parts of the mission but in terms of the legal structure one thing people look at is Antarctica so Antarctica is owned by everybody and we have community research facilities there so there again the model that you might use is what we use down there just here are resources and I'm just going to apply that to space since I'm bad at it okay I think we've run out of time so one very last question from your audience alright is that so when you're starting a new startup one of the things that you do is you look for how many of us and you want to come up with a solution so what happens after you have the solution what sort of channels you have that allows you to receive the support that you need to start a company in space okay so this is where I get really excited you ask me about space or about my kids I'll just run it on forever the thing that you can do is you can put yourself into a computer and what people do typically is like a 12 week, a 6 month program so you learn how to do your business model you learn how to do your fundraising and you learn how to do some kind of product development the issue with that is space takes a lot longer we've just talked about it for 7 years so what's actually required is sort of a tailored program where yes you learn about the business aspect but then you also learn about space systems and today everybody's reinventing the wheel there's no reason that every startup has to go out there and figure out how to get a license to launch there should be some kind of central information repository there should be people out there who can help you get through that process faster so we talked about off the shelf technology speeding things up and we talked about launch vehicle speeding things up the other thing that can actually speed things up is a space technology incubator and it happens to me that we are actually starting a space technology incubator here in Singapore it's going to be the first one in this part of the world and the first active one that's going to take people literally from laptop to launch pad we're going to accompany the startups all the way through till they get a flight qualified vehicle onto a launch manifest thank you very much thank you for coming if you can stay after this we'll be here to sign autographs too so thank you very much alright everyone thank you for coming


So thank you for your coming to this session and I'm Takashi Kajinami from Japan from entity data And then I'm a platform engineer in entity data So I'm so glad and excited to get a chance for introducing our activity about OpenStack Swift to you and In this project we constructed multi regional multi petabyte and multi crusted OpenStack OpenStack Swift object storage So it was so big project and there was some challenges in that project So today I introduce what we did in the project and I hope that my presentation will be a help Who just started your working on OpenStack Swift? so Okay, so let me start with the disclaimer of this presentation So first any product name service name software name and other marks are trade Marks of registered mark of crusted funding companies So and the second this presentation is a purpose of providing the knowledge gained from our first and biggest Swift project so in this project I particularly focus on our challenge and Solutions for them in the project and what we faced what we considered and what they did in that project So they're finally a presenter and their entity data Corporation provide the information in as its basis and have no Responsiveness for results that you got according to information in this presentation material of course Strations should be different in each project So we cannot guarantee your complete success in your in your project But however, I'm pretty glad if this presentation will be a part of help for you Who just started or not planning for your swift project? So first of all, I mean to I should introduce myself and ourselves So I'm Takashi Kazunami and I'm a platform engineer in entity data so entity data is a subsidiary of entity and Japanese system integration company who mainly works on the construction of IT systems so any entity data our sector is something like OSS professional team and Many focus on the open source software of the construct system. So we are working on like post-grassql I think Okay, okay now the presentation has changed so we are working on PostgreSQL or Hadoop or Henna most and so on and clothing up and stuck So our team is particularly focused on open-stuck swift and provide cloud storage solution toward my open-stuck swift So here I show my agenda for my presentation. So first I will shortly about Talk about 3 key features about open-stuck swift So I will talk about open-stuck swift shortly And then I move my focus to our open-stuck swift project and explain our full big Challenges and solution for them in that project The finally I summarize our activity in the project and introduce our future vision with swift So the open-stuck swift so open-stuck swift is a part of open-stuck project and it's a stretch project so switch open-stuck swift realize this muted object stretch like Amazon S3 and Object stretch is a new style stretch with different interface from conventional like something like block storage or file systems and Swift provides less for API and the clients can upload data into storage as boot request and Download data from storage as get request. So this rest API works on the HTTP protocol And so swift is often used as archiving storage for web contents like photo and the bigger video Or storage for backup data or archiving data So swift has many many good features, but I today I have not so much time to explain So I'll talk about three key features of swift. Let's see things durability, scalability and openness The first swift the first key feature is the durability So swift makes some copies in of data in stretch cluster for example three copies And this with copies of our devices knows and works as Uniquely as possible. So even if some parts of swift cluster fails you can protect data from failures and Continue to access all of the data with remaining copies in addition swift also automatically detects disk feed defeats and Heal missing data copies in out of the bus working properly Recently from grizzly and Habana release, so it gets global cluster features. So feature labels Geographically distributed storage cluster over multiple data centers to realize disaster recovery. So now you can Overcome all of the this kind of defeats The second feature is scalability So swift distributed data over multiple devices and the thing you add new devices each Rebalance data to the new devices. So when you enlarge capacity So you can enlarge your switch cost of capacity and improve performance of a swift cluster by adding new knobs adding new devices to your cluster and We can extend the storage from small capacity like 10 terabytes to huge capacity like dozens of petabytes So in addition, there are no limitations of the number in the number of devices You can add so you can extend the switch cluster flexibly So you can add capacity as much as you need when you need it and you can adopt your stretch Unpredictable market situation with effective cost The last key feature is other openness. So swift is the open source software And it's works on Python framework. So you can drive it on commodity IE servers and the Linux So you don't need any special devices for swift and you can select cost effective hard wheel to construct huge storage cluster in addition You can flexibly mix some types of servers in and you can select cost effective hard wheels construct huge storage so as Described in this figure you can mix some types of hard wheel as and construct one huge swift cluster So you can add the latest servers when you extend and the on the other hand You can remove all the servers when they get broken after the maintenance period So you can keep your swift cluster for a long time regardless on the maintenance period of servers with replacing all the servers to new servers Okay, so now I've explained about three key features of a swift and then let me let me move to our project So our project Well the migration project from existing high-end storage to distribute Distributed storage. So this storage serves as a back-end storage for application in communication platform company and Stores more than petabytes data from more than 10 million end users so this project required a high durability including disaster recovery and Then sake scalability and cost optimization for storage and our customers selected to Selected to use swift This project was so exciting so cool project But as you know we can finish no project without any challenges So in this project there are four big challenges which I show in this slide And then I will explain about these challenges more in detail and also our solutions for them The first challenge is assurance of data durability of a swift So Japanese customers are often very sensitive about the quality of the system and our customers are extremely Super-quality crazy customer. So in this system are the culture system design is a very important thing And everything should be under control in their system and you should design behavior of the system Not only in normal situation, but also in failure situation. So In swift it's not so easy thing to design all of the behavior Because swift is distributed system and many components on the many servers Co-work to build the whole function But we have to analyze every behavior before building system. That was a big for problem We faced first to solve this problem. So we considered we tried To overcome that problem and we decided to do the recovery test So we made hundreds of test cases based on three aspects So described in this slide the first one is the point of failure So we change the point of failure like disks like a nose process And then the second point is the number of failure. So the swift has a copy Swift copies data Over devices so the number of failure is one point which changes the behavior of swift. So we change the number of failure like one two three four and we tested these varieties of numbers and Then the last point is a range of failure So there are some field domain in swift and it distributes data about the isk noble knows of a wax about a Geographical location so the range of failure may change the behavior of swift so we tested it In addition to we are testing we checked source code of sweat with comparing the result of the testing and extract Collogical of a sweat which defines baby over swift So as a result of this recovery test We completely analyzed the behavior of swift and ensure its extreme durability availability and the recoverability switch can keep data and Continuous to work well, even if there are no sniper who akiva to a brexit three hard disk drives Storing the same data from some thousands of hard disk drives or a no big disaster which suffers all over you that seat those Okay, so now the first challenge is solved and then we face the second challenge So our second challenge is a global distribution. So disaster recovery is required in this project So there are many many customers who are interested in disaster recovery in Japan and our customers are one of such such kind of customer and We decided to distribute functional data of sweat over three sides like figured in This slide so we place two proxies. So we distribute to proxy cluster over two sides and Strange cluster also distribute strange cluster over two sides so each data centers are more than 300 kilometers away from another one so you can keep it and access to data and Even if one of the sites downs because of unexpected disaster now The placement is decided, but we have to check if switch works well on such distributed construction So we have two points. We have that we have to evaluate to Realize this global distribution. So the first one is client request So fin client request is some request is some process to switch So proxy sub atox the storage server and all the process or transfer data So in global construction latest in between proxy and the strange may affect this token The second one is durability So in swift each strange node talk to another one to ensure all copies are stored in the other one So and in global distributed cluster, they have to talk of network with latency So we have to ensure that effect of latency So to test globally distributed switch cluster like I figured in Previous slide. So we constructed showed this global cluster with simulated network latency. So we constructed this kind Should go across the figure then this split slide and we test this cluster So we assume the proxy server and the Swiss Swiss servers were placed in different locations And the simulated network latency among them. So we change the simulated latency from 10 milliseconds to 200 milliseconds and check how behavior of switch changes TC is used to simulate network latency. For example, when you want to set 10 milliseconds latency You set 5 milliseconds latency for one way then for round trip 10 milliseconds latency is set So with this should global cluster we tested the two things the first to ensure that switch can serve for client request Properly, we tested object putting and getting and deleting on this should Global cluster. So we checked its health by error rate of request and performance by Turn around time of one request and throughput and evaluate the effect of latency between proxy and the strange And the second do you ensure the durability of global construction? So we tested auto recovery feature of object replicator. So which recovery Which recover object data lost because of this failure So we checked we also checks its first by error rate of in object replicator and performance of object replicator by turn around time of one thing process and Through it and evaluate the effect of latency between storage nodes Okay, so here I show a result of our global cluster the first global cluster testing for client request So do you know error caused by latency so switch works well on network with latency? so as you can imagine so response time is Degrades as latency grows up But you can wear was effective throughput and conquer with concurrency So if you use concurrence to request you can get effective throughput So we make application on the swift to send the concurrent request to swift and get effective throughput in that project so we also make some formulation about turn one time on the latency and estimate turn How long does it take to serve one request and to decide a proper timeout parameter in that application? Okay, so then I will show you second result so our result for object replicator testing so we can see result is very similar to one for client request so do you know error caused by latency and Performance of one thing forces degrades as latency grows up But you can realize effective throughput with concurrent processing So we increase the concurrency of object replicator to get effective throughput of auto recovery in order to ensure its durability Okay, then the third challenge so the third challenge is the quality and delivery problem so how In this project we have to build hundreds of swift nodes in two weeks It's not so long time for building such huge number of nodes in addition There are so many customers rules about operation. For example, you should type all over commands by your hands and You should check if your command finishes successfully in each step You should check files before you edit them and so on so we noticed that we cannot keep delivery with Manual building in such rule So to solve this delivery problem we constructed our automated building tools for swift nodes So with this tool we can automatically install softwares on servers and configure all of them So we use kickstart for installing and the puppet for configuration and install about 10 softwares including always swift and monitoring software and so on and in general it's 50 configurations of All of OS function and other softwares Okay, so with this automated building tool we realize the speed up of our building and now we can build more than 200 nodes in one day. So this speed is about 100 times as fast as manual building used to do So in addition In addition to the speeding up So we also improve the quality of building by eliminating human error in building process So human sometimes makes mistakes like type of commands or skipping of lines and so on so in this too Everything is automated and all you have to do is the start your building tool so you can Elaborate the quality before you build actual environment by testing building tools in your test environment Okay, so now We can build all of the swift nodes within the time limit and everything seems to work well But unfortunately we asked more from our customers So our quality crazy customers now never gets satisfied with our saying now everything seems to work well They also never allow our saying everything smart everything works well, so they demand the proof So they have to we have to prove that everything works properly in swift We have two aspects about this proof. The first one is API So we have to prove that swift cost of working properly as a whole cluster The second one is node. So we have to prove that all of the swift nodes works properly We have to check these aspects in building process and as you imagine so they are no There are so many things we have to check But unfortunately, we didn't have no more time So we have to build and test swift cluster in two weeks. It's a big problem. It was so big problem in this project So how did we do that? Our solution is the automation of the testing. So in this test in this project to solve this big Quality and delivery problem. We also constructed Automated to testing tools in addition to automated building to so within this testing tool We can test the response from swift cluster and all responses from swift nodes including not only normal Responses but also error response is something like client error or server error To realize this testing we extended tempest to test To test error cases and made the other check to to take check behavior of all of the swift nodes in the cluster Okay, so now with testing tool we can prove that swift works properly and ensure that the Quality of building so we realize complete coverage about swift API While we also realize complete coverage about swift nodes So everything is tested and proved to work properly So in addition all tests are executed automatically as I said and we can test everything in short time So in this project we can test the one swift clusters with consists of which consists of 70 swift nodes in one hour only in one hour Okay, so the last challenge so the fourth challenge in the project is the backup And I think it was the most special challenge in this project So in this project stress systems towards end users data So we have to do everything that we can do for saving such data So as I explained it as one of the key feature of swift Swift is very durable for hardware failures But not perfectly durable for external incidents like application bag or operators mistake So to save data from these external incidents So we have to back up data and keep data at the Another independent external storage and the realize restoring data from that stretch Okay, so we decided to place backup storage in one of three sites and Take backup from distributed switch to cluster to gather the backup storage So it was not so easy thing and there are some points we have to consider So I will introduce some points we consider to build this backup system So okay, so I now show Some requirements in our solution for backup. So the first point we have to consider Scalability of the backup storage so the swift is a very scalable stress So the backups we should adapt to its scalability So because backup data grow up as data in swift goals So then we did that decided to use swift as a backup storage and focus on container thing Which is used for data synchronization between two with the clusters to realize backup data between two swift clusters The second requirement Requiremented point is a completeness. So swift works on the principle of eventual consistency And you cannot get complete backup from one part of swift to solve this problem We need to drive agent processes In all of the swift storage knows and find all data in swift cluster and get back up The third point is a reduction of the capacity. So now you have the three replicas in primary. So it is a little bit too expensive to have Similarly three replicas in backup storage so Then we reduce redundancy of object in backup stretch to one replica and we are as we back up features. So this So when the failure happens in the we backup storage we can back up some lost data again With such we back up feature. So the last one is a network consumption. So we as we show in the previous Slide so the primary swift cluster is distributed over two sites and we have to gather the data to one Gather the storage in one side So in our backup system we first back up data inside one sites and then check data over sites Okay, so we I showed Okay, so as a result we constructed backup system named container backup as I showed in this slide So container backup is developed based on container sync and it has an agent process in all storage knows and Check all data in swift cluster and the backup data to another swift cluster So we have managed process to control our agent and execute backup as a batch job So with this feature we can control the order of vision where agent works So first we start agent in the same sites as a backup swift cluster and transport all of object and then start Agent in the other side to check data in a backup storage and ensure completeness of the backup So now we solved all challenges or case or to ensure data We tested we did a recovery test in variety of failure situation to realize The second to realize a geographical distributed cluster. So we made constructed the showed geographically distributed cluster and tested it and For delivery and quality problem we constructed automated building and testing tools and Automatically build and test the swift cluster and finally for backups of me We made the backup system between two swift clusters based on container sync Okay, so here I show you detail of system construction. So we constructed Swiss six swift clusters three for primary and the three for backup and the primary swift clusters are distributed over three sides and has three petabyte capacity for each and backup cluster gathered in one side and has one petabyte capacity for each We also sits monitoring system and the visualizing system of system performance and resource consumption and We also said configuration manager in each sites Okay, so we these solutions we successfully finished our deployment project So we need we finished without any deathmatch and the keep on keep on time release So today storage system is working properly and I have now the latest data So today our swift cluster serves about 50 million get request 15,000 put request and the 500,000 delayed request for data Park cluster party and we have three swift clusters So they serve thought as much as a request as a whole and everything seems to work well But they are of course there are the small problem in that project. So today I will introduce three important example of them The first problem was about the behavior of swift. So in swift There are some processes on seminars and sometimes race condition Crushes between them causes error. For example, the faint client update Up the faint client send up trade request about object Just when object auditor starts to check the same object Then object auditor fail to touch the object and generate quarantine file And then that which end up with the system a lot. So we tested enormous Defeat cases, but it is very difficult to test all of these kind of race conditions the second problem is about global distribution so in the production environment we faced The situation that connection time out between proxy and the switch sometimes caused error Although we tested and ensured that the switch works with latency So then we checked one million TCP dump recalls with our eye and know to know why such timeout happens and found some loss of the same packets which causes the connection timeouts So in the production environment there are so many network Equipment between two nodes and some packet loss happens between these Equipments This packet loss are important thing and we have to We have to consider them when we construct the globally distributed swift cluster So as a solution for this problem we raise the timeout threshold to timeout of timeout the back and the back for some behavior from Habana These swift Habana release which makes swift to use handle of nose more effectively when connection timeout happens Okay, then the third problem is about performance tuning So we used cost effective service with no SSD But it's not easy to get effective performance using hardware with low IO performance To improve performance of a swift cluster we turn some parameters from two aspects the first one is about the sweat and process and we reduce the number of green threads and raise the number of process Process in our project server demo So green threads switches context effectively for network IO input output or doesn't switch is for disk IO So when you use hardware with low disk IO performance performance of disk often be a bottleneck of The whole performance and the greens with some time is stuck for disk IO processing So to about this stock we use process model and now schedule of swift effectively switches the context for disk IO the second point is speed parameter in back and process So there are some processes working on swift cluster and we can categorize them into two classes So one in the front-end process which works for the which works to serve for client requests Like proxy server or account server container server so such kind of server demons So the other is a back-end process which works to keep consistency of data in swift like Replicators or auditors and aptitude and so on. So in hardware with such a limited disk IO performance We should slow down the back-end process to keep effective resource for front-end processes So we checked back that all back-end processes and check the resource consuming consumption, so as a result they are two dominant resource consumer So the first one is the object auditor which mainly consumes the bandwidth of the disk IO and The other is db by applicator which mainly Consumers the IOPS of these Devices so we set this limited the speed of this kind of resource consuming processes to save Resources to for front-end process to keep Effective performance for client requests Okay, so now we finished everything so we completely satisfied for our customers requirements and solved all other problems So we raised system on time. So in addition to the success of that project There was some other good things. So the first one the We contributed the open-stock project with some patches to fix some bags bags We found in the in testing and I'm now I'm listed as a contributor in new knowledge And what is the most important? I got my session in this summit and now I can hear I can be here I can come to Paris Thank you Okay, so At the end of my presentation now you explain what we now think about our future vision So the first vision is about automation. So in this project So we constructed automated building and testing and we are now trying to make them more general one So in particular, there are many other things we should automate in testing like Recovery test and the race condition testing and so so but in particular Recovery to recovery test is so time-consuming because there are so many many test cases So we want now we are trying to automate this kind of testing I think the operation is also another thing we can do more with Automation We have more thing we can automate to effective operation the second vision is About we resource management. So in this project the performance training was One of the problem and we struggled to limit to resource consumption of back-end processes So now we have some plan to do such a limitation more intelligently So we're using something like seagrups which We can limit with which we can limit resource consumption Flexibly the third vision is about new feature So we used grizzly version in our project But there are some additional features in today's latest release like strange policy and Evasion coding and so on so we are very interested in them and have some plan for update or over solution to Realize more effective usage of capacity Okay, so then we have also another big vision about Swift about especially about product practical use of data. So switch can store Swift can be a strange and For huge data, but it is not so easy thing to use this huge data effectively So it becomes more and more difficult to find out It it becomes more and more difficult to find out data You we are in need as data in the strange growth up So now we are working on method it such in swift which integrates such features into swift So with this new feature we try to realize more effective efficient use of data within swift Okay Okay, that's all for my presentation. So if there are any questions about it I'd like to know what kind of parameters you try to monitor actually Monitoring about Services as well as the nodes. Okay, so I will show just a moment. So Okay, so these these slides shows about monitoring and the visualization system in in this position I didn't Let's talk about talk about this in detail So we constructed monitoring system with naguos and the visual visualizing system with ganglia and we tested all of the services on node in with monitoring system and the visualizing system to check if the all of the notes with nodes Working properly and in addition to this we also check the service so service of the service through proxy server and we also check the Swift cluster Works properly as a whole Object servers The proxy server from the object servers, right? You how did you distribute? Yeah, so Yes, okay So this knows are distributed. So we have two strategies for monitoring them So we said see monitoring So by in three sites and then check each of them checking on the node in the same site and also we to check the whole function of the swift we also use the Monitoring system in near to the proxy server and send the request to the proxy server to check the whole function So you separated the proxy from the Account container and an object So, how did you deploy account container and object what is the ratio between the proxy and the object servers? Did you deploy account container object together or did you deploy proxy? Did you reply with the proxy? What was the configuration you used for that? Okay, so now your question is we have two proxy servers so But I confused for use two of these process of us, right? Okay, okay, so We show the proxy and the strange figured in this Slide and in proxy Proxy server demon is walking and the other like our accounts of our Container server or object servers are walking in the strange. Is that enough for your question? Okay, okay, I So here Okay So I have a question about your backup use case. So you mentioned that one of the use cases is to protect against Unintentional errors from client right accidentally overwriting or accidentally deleting some of the objects in your swift cluster and for Disaster recovery you seem to have a multi regional setup where you actually replicate data cross So for these kinds of bugs I'm curious as to how container sync is addressing it because container sync could actually Propagate all the errors from your primary swift cluster if you have actually deleted or overwritten the data with something else There is something like versioning Could be a feature that could be useful. So it's one. I'm curious as to why you chose container sync or some of the other features Ah Okay, so the main reason why we chose the container sync because we can Make the backups with cluster independently independently to the mainly means with cluster So often we've noticed that some bugs are happening in the applications So we all we have to do is to stop the container backup demon So we run the container backup demon in each day and all we have to do is stop the job for the backup So it is very easy way to keep the data in the backup storage. So we choose The container sync and the independent backup storage to take the backup of the data Okay, so so you are relying on your ability to detect these errors timely. Yeah in a timely fashion. Yeah, thank you so If you any other questions, okay, so that's all. Thank you for coming to the session


Trust it. Hey everybody, Dr. O here. We're going to talk about the thyroid gland and the hormones that it produces here today. So first look structurally at the thyroid gland, you can see it there at the top, it's a butterfly shaped organ, it's sitting just below the larynx, your voice box, it sits right in front of your trachea or what we call the windpipe, it has the two lobes one on each side with that little isthmus, that narrow arrow area in between it. So that's the gland itself. So what does it do? The thyroid gland is primarily like the functional unit of the thyroid gland would be called the follicle. So it's full of these follicles which you can see at the bottom and the follicles are full of this sticky substance called colloid which has thyroglobulin in it and iodine and your body uses those to make thyroid hormones. So this soup, this colloid inside the follicles is where thyroid hormone is going to be produced. Thyroglobulin needs the amino acid tyrosine, we talked about that earlier in the major classes of the hormones. Another thing you see on here is you'll notice it says paraphilicular cells, I usually call those C cells, those are going to be the cells that produce a separate hormone called calcitonin. So that is your thyroid gland there, we'll cover the parathyroid glands in a separate video. So here we see thyroid hormone production and its function. So you take this thyroglobulin which has that amino acid tyrosine and you add iodines to it to make the thyroid hormones. There are two primary thyroid hormones, T4 and T3. Now there are technically T2, T1, even T0 but T4 and T3 are all we care about. T4 by far more common, so the huge majority of thyroid hormone is T4, but T3 is much more metabolically active. So I like to think of T4 as almost like a storage form of thyroid hormone. So T4 is called that, its actual name is thyroxine, but it's called that because it has four iodines, T3 or triiodothyronine has three. Tyrosines have enzymes that can lop that fourth iodine off making your thyroid hormone more metabolically active. The huge majority of your thyroid hormone is actually going to be bound. Remember earlier we talked about bound versus free hormones. Free hormones are active for less than an hour until they get broken down. Bound hormones are basically being carried through your body. So about 99% of your thyroid hormone at any moment is going to be bound to different proteins but thyroxine binding globulin would be the most important one. And then when your body needs it, it will take it off of that transport protein, activate it and then hopefully it will become that more metabolically active T3. So as far as what it does, so remember thyroid hormones are kind of unique because even though they're made of amino acids, their lipid soluble has to do with their structure. But they enter the cell and if they attach to receptors on the mitochondria, which you can see here on the right hand side, they will increase oxygen utilization and fuel utilization, you'll burn more fuel, you'll generate more ATP. They also can dock on receptors inside the nucleus on your DNA and they can affect the expression of genes involved in the oxidation of glucose. So as you can see, the primary functions of your thyroid hormones would be to control your metabolism too. If you have a lot of thyroid hormone, it would increase your metabolism and then vice versa. But thyroid hormone has other impacts too. That appears to be very important to the function of your reproductive hormones and also to the development of your nervous system. It's one of the key growth hormones. We think of growth hormone and your sex hormones, but without thyroid hormone, the rest of these growth related hormones don't actually work and its role in the function of the nervous system is very well known and very, very important. So we'll talk about that more in just a moment. Here I already showed you this image in an earlier video as far as the feedback system used, but we'll just go through it real quickly. If we need more thyroid hormone, if we need more T3 and T4, then thyroid tropon releasing hormone from the hypothalamus will send a signal to the pituitary gland to release thyroid stimulating hormone, which will send a signal to the thyroid gland to produce and release thyroid hormones. So we've already walked through that feedback loop earlier. Okay. Here we see a goiter. So a goiter would be if someone had hypothyroidism, you'd see an enlargement of the thyroid gland. So the thyroid gland is trying to make thyroid hormone, but in most cases, at least in the developing world, it's because of an iodine deficiency. So the thyroid gland, the follicles are producing more of this colloid, producing more of this thyroid globulin, but you don't have the iodine to actually make thyroid hormones. So the thyroid gland just starts to swell and get bigger and bigger. That is the most common cause of hypothyroidism worldwide would be iodine deficiency. But in parts of the world, well, before we talk about the impact here, it's especially important to make sure you get enough iodine in your diet when you're pregnant, because neonatal hypothyroidism or cretinism will lead to short stature and mental developmental issues. So it's the leading cause of mental developmental issues in the world. Some researchers believe that if we could eliminate iodine deficiency and all people, especially all women that become pregnant had enough iodine in their diet that the average human's IQ might grow four or five points, which would be a huge, huge deal. So worldwide, the most common cause of thyroid disorders is iodine deficiency. But in parts of the world where there's plenty of iodine, like here in the United States, we iodize our salt, which then your doctor tells you not to use it, right? The most common cause of hypothyroidism in the developed world is inflammatory condition, the most common one being an autoimmune condition called Hashimoto's thyroiditis. So an inflammatory condition would cause the swelling of the thyroid gland in that instant. What else about that? That's your thyroid hormones. That's how they function. I did mention earlier that the paraphilicular cells or C cells of the thyroid gland produce a different hormone. So when you think thyroid gland, think thyroid hormone. But there is also the hormone calcitonin. Calcitonin's job is to decrease blood calcium levels. So if there is a lot of calcium in your blood, then calcitonin will find a way to bring blood calcium levels down. This hormone appears to be especially important when we're young, which is good because we take this calcium and we hopefully put it into bones. So what calcitonin does is it increases the activity of osteoblasts. Those would be the cells that build bone, take calcium from your body fluids and build bone with it. It would inhibit the osteoclasts that break down bone, which is why when you're younger, you're building up more bone than you're breaking down and you reach peak bone density somewhere between 14, 18, maybe as high as the early 20s, but for most people somewhere in there, because you have a lot of this calcitonin. And then the other things that calcitonin will do is it will decrease the absorption of calcium in the intestines and then also it'll increase the amount of calcium we lose in our urine. But the big ones are it turns on the cells that build bones, turns off the cells that break it down. So that's calcitonin. Thyroid hormone is more important. So all right, those are your thyroid hormones. T3, T4 and calcitonin. I hope this helps. Have a wonderful day. Be blessed.