Good evening everyone. Let me start with the class. So today's topic is important from the perspective of the autonomous board of CBC and the topic which I have chosen today for discussion is space exploration. Now as soon as this topic comes into my mind, space exploration, what happens is this is a very, very vast topic and we need to restrict our discussions only to the relevant portions of the syllabus because space exploration for that matter because the level at which it is happening in India right now is something very, very vast and you all know that we have space exploration. We have reached Mars, we have reached Moon long back, we have reached Mars and as far as communication and weather satellites and other types of satellites which are to be considered, we are at very advanced level. So my discussion would primarily be focused on portions relevant to the syllabus of autonomous board and I would not like to digress much from the topic or the syllabus. So the objective of this session is to prepare you for your board examination and hence the complete focus would be on covering all the topics which are relevant to your board examination and which have been covered in your book. So let me start with the introduction. So I mean if we look at space exploration, space history of space exploration goes back to nearly 1500, 2000 years back but let's not get into that space altogether. We all should restrict ourselves to post independence development in the space exploration design of India and what happened is that in 19, early 1960s, after independence in early 1960s Indian space program was founded. And why it was founded? Because the Tokyo Olympics was telecast, live telecast in most of the Pacific region including USA live for the very first time and this inspired the Indian scientists specifically Vikram Sarabhai. So late Dr. Vikram Sarabhai is the founding father of Indian space program and looking at the developments in the space research world at that point of time, Indian government set up Indian National Committee for Space Research. It was set up in Tiruvananthapuram and the work kept on going on. Later on it was decided that we need program in space research which focus on space technology. We also decided because 1960s, 1970s the early days of India after independence was marked by several natural calamities including drought and flooding. So at that point of time it was decided that we should have a space program which should be focused on different national needs. And to take that perspective into picture and to overcome hurdles which marks our progress in relief activities after natural calamities, it was decided that and not only national calamities other objectives were also there like exploring space. So we also plan to go on moon which happened sometimes later. So Indian space research organization was set up in 1969 and with setting up of Indian space research organization India started formally in the sector of space research and started developing technologies in the field of space program. Now this was a brief history about Indian space program. Now I will come to the history portion and I come to what India is currently doing in space research right now. But it is very important to discuss in the beginning is what happens in a space program. So basically what we do is that we send some kind of satellite in the orbit of the earth and that orbit does certain required works. It is designated to do some work and like one job can be defined as to retransmitting the signal. So it gets signal from the earth and it retransmits it over a large geography. The second can be taking photographs. So we see time and again we see that suppose somewhere flooding has happened or somewhere drought has happened. And we see pictures from the sky that how flooding has affected the area. So photography or for that matter we see recently three years back in 2015 we sent our 2014 15% our first first moon mission which is named named as Mangalyan which is in the orbit orbit of Mars and which is trying to study the characteristics of Mars atmosphere and other parameters related to Mars. So finally what happens is there are two things which are required and those two things are first is launch vehicle and second one is load. So load is generally your satellite. So what is an artificial satellite. So we all know that sun has earth has one natural satellite. So we have a solar system whatever revolves around the sun is known as planet. Now there are celestial bodies which roam around these planets also or which revolves around these planets also. So revolving of a celestial body natural celestial body around any planet is known as a satellite. So like moon is a natural satellite of earth. Now when we send man-made constantly revolving objects around earth they are called artificial satellites. So artificial satellite means man-made continuously revolving bodies which revolves around the earth. Now that's what I have explained here space aircraft designed to revolve around the earth in a fixed path. Now they are characterized by three different parameters and what are those three different parameters. So first is epaugies. So let me make suppose this is the earth and there is a satellite which is traveling like this around the earth. So this is the satellites orbit. Now satellite orbit can be has three parameters. First parameter is known as epaugie. Now what is epaugie? Epaugie is a point in satellites orbits farthest from the earth surface. So whichever point in this satellites orbit at the most possible distance from the earth surface that is known as epaugie. Now what is perigie? Perigie is the point in satellites orbit closest to the earth surface. So epaugie and peraugie are anonymous to, sorry, antonyms of each other and epaugie is farthest point from the earth surface and perigie is closest point from the earth surface. And where these points are taken? These points are taken on satellites orbit. Now what is inclination? Inclination is angle between the plane of the satellites orbit and plane of the earth's equator. So this is the equator zero degree. So whatever angle this satellite orbit is making with the plane of the equator, that angle is known as inclination of the orbit. So if suppose there is one orbit of satellite like this which makes 30 degree angle with this equator, the inclination of that satellite would be 30 degree. So from which point, the reference point you always remember the reference point is not axis of rotation. Reference point for, I have seen many a times that for inclination of satellites orbit people take or get confused with axis of rotation of earth. No, it is not the case. Reference is not axis of rotation of earth. Reference is plane of equator. So from plane of equator whatever angle is made by satellites orbit, that angle is known as inclination. So this was a brief discussion about different points on the satellites orbit. Now what we will do is we will go to next slide and we will try to know that how a satellite is put into orbit. So what happens try to understand it is an example of projectile motion and what is projectile motion. So try to understand if I throw something like this, what will happen? It will go at certain height and then return back to the earth's surface. Why? Because it has been thrown at certain angle from the earth's surface.    Why does it fall on the earth's surface? Because there is a gravitational force acting downwards on the object which brings it back again to the ground. Now it will happen like suppose I take this point as A and this point as X so what happens is if I throw something in AX direction and if there is no gravitation so it will keep on going in this direction always, this parallel direction always. But this is not the case. What happens is as soon as I throw something like this this will start moving like this and will fall on the earth's surface somewhere here. Now why this is happening because a force of gravitation is continuously acting on something being thrown from the earth's surface. One thing which has been seen over here is that if we increase the speed of this projectile, projectile means something which is an object which is thrown or which is taken in the projectile motion. So if we throw this projectile with larger speed this range or range means where it is striking the earth's surface. So this range keeps on increasing. So more the velocity, more the range. So if I say that this is the initial velocity V1, initial velocity V2, initial velocity V3 I can write that V3 I am writing I also so that I understand that I am talking about projectile velocity or initial velocity V2I greater than V1I. So looking this particular phenomenon into picture what we can assume is that or what we can find out is that if we throw a projectile with such a high speed that it comes back again to this particular position what will happen is it will keep on moving around the earth with that velocity always. So that is how a projectile is put into an orbit. So how a projectile is put into an orbit. So for a particular speed of projection what happens is the curvature of the projectile path will match the curvature of the earth's surface. What I mean by this sentence is that for a certain speed what will happen is if I throw something from here the complete curvature because it is following a curvy path I am calling this complete distance as curvature. So curvature of this projectile would be equal to curvature of the earth's surface and due to that what will happen is projectile will keep on traveling parallel to the earth's surface like this. And this height would be a fixed height and this is what I mean when I launch a satellite. When I launch a satellite what I want is continuous motion above a certain height around the earth continuously. For that what I need I need concept of projectile motion I need to calculate the specific velocity by which I need to throw this projectile so that the curvature of this projectile becomes equal to the curvature of earth's surface at certain height. And due to that what will happen it will continuously keep on roaming in that orbit around the earth. So I hope you understood how a satellite is projected in an orbit. Now let me move to another topic which is different types of orbit. So what do I mean by different types of orbit. So different types of orbit means at what height from the earth's surface it is categorized as per the height above the earth's surface. It has been projected so depending on the height above the earth's surface the we will have different kind of orbits. Now why do we need different why can't we put all the all the satellites at one height because the uses of data from those satellite is different. I want photography from the satellite I will I need to have different height for the photography if I take the satellite far to above the earth's surface the photographs would not be clear. The photographs would not give me clear picture of what is happening on the ground. And it will be blur so it will be difficult for me to to fulfill my purpose. Suppose I want to find out the extent of drought and the satellite is someone 50,000 or 40,000 kilometers above the earth's surface. The pictures taken from there of the earth's surface would be blur and would not give me the exact data of of drought. So that is why I need different heights of the satellite if I need a communication satellite for that matter if I want a satellite which can throw the TV signals to the earth's surface. I want it to be at more height than a photography satellite why I want our TV signal satellite to be at more height because I want it to cover a higher or a larger geographical area. Depending on the usage of the data from the usage of the data from the satellite the height of the satellite varies and depending on the height of the satellite we define the orbit of the satellite. So I think I'm making it clear so what happens to on height different types of satellites are satellite type one, two, three are decided I have mentioned here I'll come to these points. And why these different sites are needed because uses of data from satellite is different. Now what are the different satellites so before I discuss about types of orbit let me discuss about footprint. Now what is footprint so let me define foot footprint for you the area of the earth covered by the signals from a satellite or the area of earth covered by the cameras of the satellite is called footprint. So what is it area of earth covered by signals of satellite or camera of satellite that is known as footprint. So what is food footprint extent of geography covered by signal or camera of the satellite that is known as footprint of the satellite. So I have discussed this now let me move to something which is very important the types of satellite how many types of satellites. Sorry how many types of orbits so different types of orbits I have mentioned here the first one is geo stationary. So what do I mean by geo stationary is the is the satellite stationary no satellite is not a stationary satellite means it is continuously revolving around the earth but why stationary word has been used here. So geo as we all know is earth and stationary means with respect to earth the satellite is stationary. So what does it mean it means that the velocity of both of them has to be equal then only with respect to them they will be stationary to each other. So what do I mean by just give me a moment what do I mean by geo stationary satellite. So geo stationary satellites ensure that its footprints covers a given country or area at all the time. So what happens is suppose I have to transmit TV signals radio signals. How does a country ensure that its TV signal is not processed to any other country by restricting the footprint of satellite and how it is possible. So it is possible because there is a special circular path around the earth in which satellite can move and still appear stationary to the earth. Now how it is possible so this is possible because this orbit is in equatorial plane of the earth. So this orbit geo stationary orbit one important point is it is in equatorial plane of the earth and due to it being in equatorial plane of the earth what happens is the time period of the satellite. Which is to take one rotation around the earth of satellite is 23 hours 56 minutes and 4.09 seconds. And what is this time this time is also the time taken by the direction of the earth rotation around its axis so what happens is earth is rotating around its axis in every 23 hours 56 minutes and 4.09 seconds. And at a height of 59,790 kilometer in equatorial plane of earth there is a satellite moving which also has a time period of 23 hours 56 minutes and 4.09 seconds. Which tells me that the speed of the earth and the speed of the satellite is zero with respect to each other nearly zero with respect to each other. Hence the satellite would be stationary with respect to earth. So why it is kept stationary because I don't want the signals to transmit to any other place if the orbit if the satellite is here and it is not stationary with respect to earth. So what will happen now India is here and it is moving like this I want the signals to be in India and satellite is sending signals to India. But because of the earth rotation some other country will fall in the direction of the signal sent by this particular satellite. And it will not solve the purpose of or suppose if it is not geostationary sometimes it will happen that. We will have signals TV signals of other country radio signals of any other country. So that is why this is kept in geostationary position because the footprint of the satellites has to be constant at a certain geographical part of the earth. So I hope you understood the concept of geostationary orbits. Geostationary orbits are those orbits is that orbit which is stationary with respect to earth. It means that both earth and the satellites rotation speed is same 23 hours 56 minutes and 4.09 seconds. It is possible in equatorial plane of the earth which is 35,790 kilometers above the earth surface. Now what kind of satellites are used so this is primarily used for communication satellites. So why communication satellites because footprints needs to be restricted to certain geographies only. So I have explained geostationary satellites for you now let me move to the other type of satellite which is polar satellite. So now let me move to polar satellites. So what is a polar satellite and why it has been named polar satellite. So first of all I told that the height varies when I was discussing that why different type of orbits are used. So I told that geostationary satellites are once again geostationary satellites are also called geosynchronous satellites. This I missed when I was discussing geostationary. So height was 35,790 kilometers. Here the height is only 100 to 200 kilometers. Now what is the usage of it. So usage of it certain applications of polar satellites are photographing. And that is why they are relatively closer to the earth surface because as closer the satellite to the earth surface better is the picture quality. Now where are these orbits possible. Such orbits are also called low earth orbits. And this is called polar orbit because what happens is this orbit is like this let me make a diagram for you. So orbit is just like this. So what happens how does it how does the satellite moves satellite moves from north to south. Now how does geostationary satellite moves as it is copying the earth's motion and earth always moves from west to east. The geostationary satellites moves from west to east. Now these are polar satellites which cover the polar area. I told that this is equate I have already explained that it is in equatorial plane. This is in polar plane so that is why this covers polar area. That is why this is known as polar satellites. Now what happens is these polar satellites as they are not at very higher heights. What happens is their time period is not more than 90 to 100 minutes. So as their time period is 90 to 100 minutes. They travel many times a day around the earth many times a day. So what is the uses these satellites are not good for transmitting communication waves. Why because first of all these are not stationary. Hence if they are not stationary their footprints cannot be controlled properly. Also the signaling will not be restricted to a proper area because being close to earth they cover a very small region at an instant. So what will happen if it is at very low height. So first is control of footprint if somebody is asking you why a polar satellite cannot be used for communication purpose. You need to write these two points which is controlling the footprint easy. Second they cover very small area. So these are the two reasons that we need to write. Now where these satellites are used these satellites are used for remote sensing purposes. Now there was a movie let me take a real life example and we all connect to movies and we all watch movies. There was a Hindi movie which just came six months back and in which the Pokharan nuclear test were shown in that movie. And the crux of the movie was that we tried to hide our nuclear programs from the satellites of USA. So what happened is that every day two to three times USA satellites were above our Pokharan range. They used to click pictures and they send it to the US Space Research Center which is called as NASA. So scientists sitting in NASA were able to view those pictures and were able to know what is going on in that region. And that is why all our program was designed in such a manner that it only happened when the satellites were not watching us specifically in the 9th period. So that is what one purpose of remote sensing is. If you see the kind of progress most of the developed and developing countries like India and China are making in the space program. One of the reasons for that is to take care of or to keep an eye on enemy territory that what an enemy is doing. You might have heard of surgical strikes and there were news that those surgical strikes were the destination of the terrorists were captured by the satellites used by India. So that is what remote sensing means that you don't go to any place but you find out what exactly is happening by the pictures clicked by those satellites. So these satellites, polar orbit satellites are used for remote sensing for photography purposes so that we can come to know that what is exactly happening in the areas which either we cannot go or which are very difficult terrains. If I need to find out what is happening in Amazon, Amazon forest and terrain is very difficult remote sensing satellites can be useful there. Now let me move to another type of satellite which is sun synchronous orbits. So what do I mean by sun synchronous orbits? So these are a special type of, first of all it is a type of polar orbit. I have already explained what a polar orbit is north to south movement and I am again repeating it north to south movement. Then second point is in polar plane third is 100 to 200 kilometers height. Now what is the meaning of this special sun synchronous orbit? So special sun synchronous orbit means try to understand I need to locate one particular region at the same time in the day or in the night. Suppose I need to take a picture of one place, suppose Himalaya. Suppose I am trying to measure depletion of Himalayan ice or Himalayan glacier, melting of Himalayan glacier and I need to take a picture daily at 2 o'clock or 2 p.m. How will I do that? So it is not necessary that these polar orbits that we were discussing would be at same place at same time every day. It is not necessary. For a satellite to be at same place at same time every day, they need to be in specific orbit which is known as sun synchronous orbit. So first meaning of sun synchronous orbit is they are at same location above earth surface every day at same time. And how does it happen? It happens with the help of sun synchronous orbit. So it is a special type of polar orbit in which satellite passes over latitude at the same local time every day. So I have taken latitude means what? Latitude means horizontally we try to divide the earth surface. This is your equator and at interval of 1 degree we will have several latitudes. So at same latitude, the same satellite would be there at the same local time every day. And what is the benefit of this happening that we can click pictures of the same place at same time every day. And then we can use those pictures for comparing what is going around at the same time on two different days at that specific location. So what happens is as I defined that sun synchronous orbit is a special type of polar orbit in which satellite passes over latitude at the same local time. And it happens on a daily basis. So what happens is that you will feel like it will appear over a given place on consecutive days when the position of the sun over the place is the same. So looking at the position of the sun at a given geographical area if the position of the same is same at this geographical area at the same time this particular stationary sun synchronous orbit would be revolving around that particular place. So what is the benefits of it? The advantage of sun synchronous orbit is that as I was discussing photographs of a particular region taken by the satellites in its various passes over that region over a number of days are taken. And what happens is the light condition remains same. So if the light condition remains same it helps in comparative studies and comparative studies over a span of time. So for that matter it can be used in understanding weather condition, global warming condition, the temperature. If I am taking see I find out the temperature today it is minus 1 degree Celsius and next day it becomes 3 degree Celsius and heat is more or pollution is more or something like that. And then what is the effect happening? How the glacier is being melting and all those things these things are possible with sun synchronous orbit. So I have discussed different type of orbits with you. I will again revise these orbits for you so that you have a clearer picture. So first one was your geostationary orbit. So I told that geomins are the stationary means stationary with respect to earth not. So it was possible because the earth was sorry the satellite was moving in plane of equator at the height of 35,790 kilometers. And the time taken was 23 hours 56 minutes and 4.09 seconds which is actually equal to the time taken by earth to rotate once around its axis. So hence as the speed being same for the satellite and the earth they remain constant with respect to each other. And hence what happens is the satellite looks stationary above a particular point above the earth. So what I mean is that at that particular point it will be easier for me or with geostationary satellites it would be easier for me to control the footprints of the satellite. So I can send my communication signals to desired place easily. And that is why geostationary satellites are used for communication purposes so that the footprints can be restricted to certain geographies. Then we come to polar orbits and polar orbits are in the plane of poles and they are not at very larger height. They are not more than 100 to 200 kilometers away from the earth's surface. And why they have been kept so closer to earth's surface because these polar satellites are used basically for photographic and remote sensing purposes. And the idea behind polar orbits is that it keeps on revolving around the earth so many times so that taking different pictures at different point of time is possible. Now what happens is the disadvantage of this kind of satellite is it cannot be used for communication purpose. And why it cannot be used for communication purpose is that the first point that I discussed was that the transmission of signals cannot be controlled here because at different point of time they are at different position. Hence I want to send a signal to Indian territory but the other country would be directed towards the signals being sent from the orbit. So controlling that footprint of the satellite would not be easy. And second thing is because it is at very less height it will cover a very small geographical area. Hence polar satellites are not used for sending satellites used for communication purpose. They are only used for satellites which go there for photography and remote sensing purposes. Now next satellite is Sun Synchronous Satellites and I discussed that Sun Synchronous Satellite is a special type of polar orbit. And why we need Sun Synchronous orbit is that what we want is that above a certain geographical location depending on the position of the earth, the orbit the satellite in this orbit will keep on taking pictures or will keep on sending signals at same time every day. So what happens is this satellite passes over the latitude, same latitude at the same local time every day. And due to this basically it is used for remote sensing purposes. And due to this what happens is I can take pictures of one particular location over a span of time and I can do the comparative study of those pictures to find out how a certain phenomenon is affecting that place. Now let me move to applications of satellite. So first one is communication satellites. So what do I mean by communication satellites? Used for transmitting transmitting communication signals, communication signals. So look at here. What is the orbit? Orbit in which it is sent is geostationary orbit as I already discussed. Larger area for coverage and better direction of prints. Now let's try to understand that water. First of all you might not be knowing what communication signals. So communication signals, TV signals, then your radio signals, phone signals, mobile signals. Your telecommunication I should write. So these are all types of communication signals. Now what happens is that signals are sent from the earth to this satellite. This satellite captures it through one of the devices called transponder. So transponder receives the signal from the earth and then retransmit it. So what happens is the use of transponder in case of communication satellite is a use of transponder is to receive the signal and then retransmit it. Now these retransmitted signals are received at the ground level. Now what happens because it is traveling a certain distance, they become quite weak. The signals become quite weak and they are amplified by the receiving machines at the ground level. So what is the application? The first application I am discussing is application satellite for communication. In satellite for communication they are placed in geostationary orbit. Why they are placed in geostationary orbit? Because we need a better coverage and better management of footprints. And then for that we are using a transponder in the satellites which receives the signals and we send it to the earth. We send it to the earth where it is received at a very weak level and then it is amplified and sent back again. And what happens is these satellites or these communications are coded in form of electromagnetic waves. Now electromagnetic waves few examples are light waves and all these things. But what happens electromagnetic waves are characterized by different energy levels. So the lambda of these electromagnetic waves, the wavelength of these electromagnetic waves is quite higher as compared to lambda of light. So these points you need to remember in case of satellite for communication. First you need to write that they need to be in geostationary orbit. Then you need to explain a little bit that why they are in geostationary orbit. I already covered it. Then you need to go that how these are, this point should come that how the signals are received by these satellites. So you need to mention the word transponder. If you don't need to mention the word transponder, the marks would be deducted. So you need to mention the word transponder, then you need to say that this is used for receiving the signal and then retransmitting it. Then you need to say that the signals are then sent back to the ground level where it becomes pretty weak and then it is amplified and sent back to the adequate positions. And then you need to say that these are electromagnetic waves. So the communications which are sent on the ground level are coded in electromagnetic wave format. You also need to say that the lambda or the wavelength of these electromagnetic waves are higher than that of light. So that's how you need to write this answer. These points has to be there in your answer. If it is not there, marks would be deducted. Now let me go to another example. So one second. One thing which I did not cover is what are the India's advancement in this segment. So India has just on December 19, 2018, India sent a satellite for communication purpose which is named as GSAT 7A. And the launch vehicle was GSLV. So India has sent a lot of satellites in your book. If you will see it has been mentioned as INSAT. Initially INSAT satellites were sent. Now India has progressed to altogether different levels. So initially INSAT satellites were sent. Now we have moved to GSAT. So full form of INSAT is Indian National Satellite. Just write it down, Indian National Satellite System. So if you look at the progress of India in communication satellite launch, INSAT is very old form. Now GSAT, what is the full form? These are geosynchronous satellites. I also told that geostationary satellites only are known as geosynchronous satellites. So GSAT is geosynchronous satellites, INSAT is Indian National Satellite System. If you look at the INSAT satellites, last INSAT satellite which was INSAT satellite 4CR which was sent on September 2, 2007. So after that no INSAT satellite has been used, only GSAT satellites have been used. We sent GSAT 7A satellite just recently on December 19th. Now the launch vehicle which is used for sending these satellites are known as GSLV. What is the full form of GSLV? Synchronous launch vehicle. So geosatellite means geosynchronous satellite launch vehicle. So I have not written satellite here. Always remember that wherever you hear the name of SLV, you should understand that SLV full form is satellite launch vehicle. So this is SLV. Now in case of geosynchronous or geostationary orbit, we used G so that it can make it clear that which orbit the satellite is going to. So G means it is going to the satellite launch vehicle is taking it to geostationary orbit. So INSAT full form which is there in your book I have covered it is Indian national satellite system. We have moved ahead from INSAT satellites to GSAT satellites which are geosynchronous satellites. And the launch vehicles have moved to GSLV which is known as geostationary or geosynchronous satellite launch vehicle. So this is the relevant information for communication. If you write a few lines about GSAT and INSAT, you can write that initially we used to use INSAT satellites. We still are using but we are not projecting them now. We are now sending GSAT satellites with the help of GSLV vehicles. Now let me go to the other type of satellites which are your weather satellites. Now what do I mean by weather satellites? So weather satellites as the name suggests is used for weather monitoring. So how do we always know that or if a storm is last 3-4 years every year we see that on the eastern coast of India there is some kind of storm. And before the storm approaches our coastline 2-3 days before it only or minimum 24 hours before the storm strikes the coastline of India. We start preparing for that storm so that it does not affect the livelihood of Indians and we try to protect our citizens. We try to protect as many things as possible. Now weather monitoring satellites are known as INSAT satellites. So INSAT satellites are used for weather monitoring. They are also predicted by ISSURO. The specific use of weather monitoring satellite is to monitor weather. So rain, pattern, storms or any other particular phenomenon, natural phenomenon. So in case of weather satellite you just need to write that weather satellites, what are the usage of weather satellites? You can say that rain, thunderstorms, cyclones, droughts these satellites are used to collect information about various factors in atmosphere at various altitudes. So India currently is using INSAT satellites for this purpose. And what is the usage of it? Why it is important because it helps us to minimize the loss of life and property. So if you write these 3-4 points they should be enough for your answer. You don't need to write too many things in this particular heading. Now let me move to remote sensing. So what do I mean by remote sensing? So see here I have written remote sensing orbits. So I will discuss about these IRS 1A and IRS 1B everything later. Let me first tell you what do I mean by remote sensing? Though I have already covered this collecting information of certain areas without actually going there. So what happens is I have a satellite and I want to know that what is going on in an enemy territory. So suppose a terrorist location is there and I know that these terrorists are lethal for my armed forces and general public. So I need to monitor these terrorist locations and their activities over there. So I have my satellite which what does it do is that it will always pass over this particular area of the earth at approximately same local time. So which type of orbit I am talking about? Sun synchronous orbits. So what happens is a remote sensing satellite cannot be stationary at one place. In this kind of satellite what I want is that it should cover a very vast area of the earth through its journey. And what does it do? When it covers a vast area it keeps on taking photographs. It takes photographs of different regions and send it back to the receiving stations. Now the good thing is that as it is in Sun synchronous orbit the illumination level is same always. Hence it helps in comparative studies. So different type of orbits which I have discussed with you just right now has different uses. So what happens is for remote sensing satellites we use Sun synchronous orbits which keeps on moving around places here and there. And then we take photographs and with the help of photographs we do comparative study of one place and try to find out a pattern in the activity or if certain things are happening. The first thing is this one IRS Indian remote sensing satellite one way it was launched in 1991. And this IRS 1A and we took help of Russia in trying to project it. Now what are the benefits of it? So it gives information about first agriculture then geology, forestry, hydrology. All these are uses of remote sensing. Hydrology means you can understand river, flood all these things. Geology means your normal so you can keep drought over here. Then forestry you have a forest region suppose a forest fire is there or something like that and you want to find out something. Agriculture how do we come to know that how much paddy and how much hectares and all those things. So agriculture for that. So these are the different uses of Indian remote sensing satellites. So I have already mentioned that they are in Sun synchronous orbits. Keep on rotating take picture of one place at same time every day and that can be used for comparative studies and then you have to write these things.  If you leave anything don't forget to mention IRS 1A and 1B Indian remote sensing satellite 1A and 1B. Now you have the other use of or other application of satellites which are collecting information about planets and outer space. So I told you that Moon or let's say Mangalayan was launched for Mars mission. USA Space Agency which is NASA it keeps on sending different satellites for studying different planets and different asteroids and meteors and all those things. So the usage of this kind of satellites is that we keep on discussing. We keep on finding out photographs of different satellites and planets and asteroids meteors so that we can find out the atmospheric pattern of those celestial bodies. We can find out what kind of rock which is which has been used there is there any air is there any water. Is it is it is there some kind of growth of organism over there or is it good for human being can human being go and stay there. So we these kind of probes and studies keep on happening with the help of satellites which are used for studying outer planets and outer space. Now I have already discussed launch vehicles with you. Let me specifically discuss launch vehicles over here. So then I have mentioned two specific launch vehicles PSLV is polar satellite launch vehicle and GSLV is geosynchronous satellite launch vehicle. Now as the name suggests polar and geosynchronous satellites are used for sending satellites into different orbits. Polar satellites sends the orbit into sends the satellites into polar orbits and geosynchronous will send it to geostationary orbits. Now we know that first first thing to to discuss over here is we know that polar orbits are 100 to 200 kilometers away from here. So hence the first required would be less because this is 35,790 kilometers. So which is nearly 300 times or 350 times, 360 times more than more than this. So thoughts required for geosynchronous satellites are more than the thoughts required or the force required to send it is more for this. So what happens for geostationary satellites is that for too many years we were not self-sufficient because we were not able to develop the kind of rockets which were able to provide that kind of thirst which can take our satellites to geostationary orbits. But we have been self-sufficient in PSLV system for last more than 15, 20 years and we have been doing it indigenously here in India only. Now if I talk about PSLV systems in India we have also started taking satellites of other countries and it has become very much a profit making venture for ISRO. So we are self-sufficient in PSLV, we are almost self-sufficient in GSLV. What happens is now as we have launched GSLV 7A, GSAT 7A as I was discussing some time ago that was launched from India itself. So we are self-sufficient in both the technologies now. Now let me go to another topic which is, let me just go to another topic. So one thing which is very specifically mentioned and which we need to study is that what makes requirements for self-sufficiency in satellite technology. One is fabrication of satellite. What do I mean by, before fabrication we need to plan the satellite, then we need to design the satellite once the plan is done and then fabrication is required. Once we design it we need to make the hardwares of the satellite, we need to install equipments, we need to install different electronic devices, we need to do the wiring and then we need to seal it properly. So each satellite has to be designed according to the purpose and then proper planning before it is required. And once this has been done then we should have the basic infrastructure to fabricate different parts. So it requires very, very high degree of precision and it's the most important, one of the most important part of launching a satellite. Then we need to have launch vehicles. So I have already discussed the launch vehicles, the two kinds of launch vehicles. Now launch vehicle also needs to be fabricated, so there are two parts. As I discussed mentioned in the beginning of the slide is that we need to have a good launch vehicle and then we need to have a load. So load is your satellite, launch vehicle needs to be fabricated, we should have firing rockets at appropriate sites which can take my load in the desired orbit. So second thing which is important is launch vehicles and by launch vehicle what do I mean? I have, I discussed about GSLV and PSLV. So what is required is fabrication and before fabrication what is required is rocket technology. Now we are discussing cryogenic engines and all those things so that it can help, it can make the rockets, rockets volume smaller. We are also discussing different jets, one is Ramsar jet. So the purpose of those jets is that what happens is we spend a lot of money in making these rockets and once they are fired it's fire and forget kind of rockets, so once they are fired those rockets cannot be or those launch vehicles cannot be used again. So what ISRO is trying to do is that once the rocket is used and it has placed the satellite into its desired orbit if we can get the rocket back, if we can get that launch vehicle back to us we can use with certain modifications and with certain renovations we can use that satellite launch vehicle again and this will help in decreasing the cost of ISRO. So these are the progress which are going on in current scenario. The third one is earth control system. So what is it? So earth control system is, two of them I have already discussed. The third one is and the earth control system is something like this. So suppose this is the earth and satellite has been moving in this orbit. Now how this satellite would be controlled? So all the operations of satellite is controlled from this earth control. So control of satellite in its orbit. The second thing is receiving messages sent by satellites and then in control only how do you control? How do you control? By sending some commands to it. So command it, send some commands to it and then what happens is when a satellite is there and it is orbiting around the earth and it is in that space there are so many different forces acting on the satellite. So for an example meteors are there so bombardment of meteors then that satellite will have forces acting from different bodies like earth, sun, moon. Then magnetic field is working over there and due to that what happens is because of these different forces acting on satellite the satellite can deviate from the orbit which is not desired. So this earth control system keeps a close watch on such deviations and depending on the corrections needs to be done it keeps on doing those corrections at time to time level so that there is no fault which develops in the satellite which can deviate it from its orbit. So any fault which is generating due to different forces acting on satellite is rectified by or corrected by earth control system. And if it is not possible then we need to have a backup equipment. If backup is not there suppose it is a very very important satellite from the perspective of navigation system or communication system or for that matter remote sensing and it has deviated from its orbit and there is no backup available then it becomes very difficult for that time. I mean it is not a daily process that we launch a satellite so we need to have a backup for that. So earth control system is a very very important part of managing the satellites in the orbit. Specifically for communication satellites what happens is the earth control system will control the position and orientation of the antenna on the satellite so that what happens is if I told that communication systems signals needs to be restricted in given geographic location and if we don't change these position and orientation of antenna so what will happen is signals will not be received at the desired location and will be wasted. So to reduce the malfunctioning of earth to reduce the chances of malfunctioning of communication satellites the earth remote earth control system will reconfigure the orientation and position of the satellite. So I have discussed several use several functioning of earth control satellites. So no deviation I have written two things control of satellite giving commands to it receiving messages then no deviation due to external forces then what happens is then if deviation is happening so activating backups then repositioning of antennas communication satellites. So these are the things possible for earth control system. The fourth one is and the last one is ground facility for utilizing satellite technology and what do I mean by it. So what happens is I told you previously that the signals are sent to transponder transponder receives it in the satellites and then it retransmits it. It is this is gathered at so why it is sent because see what happens is the ground level system cannot transmit this signal at various locations. Now when it is sent to and send to a satellite at certain height. So suppose this is Delhi from Delhi perhaps it can send to some other places like Chandigarh and like now suppose it is in Bangalore so it can send to Mysore and all other places. But when it is sent to a satellite here this satellite can send it to Bangalore and Mysore also and Delhi and and and Jammu Kashmir also like our DD national. If the main main main antenna is is means signal sending devices in Delhi so I'm sorry so that is sent to a space satellite in the orbit and that is sent to send across the India. So what happens is after retransmission of it it has to be collected at different centers. So like if you look at here in Bangalore you have a Akashwani house here which receives the signal. Similarly you will have a receiving system over here and what it will do is it will it will capture the signals sent from the satellite. I said that once it is retransmitted it becomes weak so it can get amplified over here and after amplification it is sent to the nearby areas. So if these ground facilities which receives the retransmitted signals from the satellites are not available the benefits of the satellites would not be utilized by the large masses. So what happens is that for satellites to be or for signals to be retransmitted larger masses this ground facilities are required. So these are the four things which are required to make any country self sufficient in in in launching satellite. So first one was that you first make a satellite itself. So if I you do the planning you do the design and then you fabricate your satellite then you develop a launch vehicle then the launch vehicle need to have a required amount of thrust for that engines engines needs to be developed. So develop that engine once the engine is developed then fabricate that satellite launch vehicles after that you need to have earth control system which is actually controlling the satellite in its orbit and protects it from deviations from different forces and then keeps on reconfiguring its antenna so that its footprint can be managed properly and then we need to have a facility which is known as ground facilities for utilizing the space technology. So like we have Doordarsan houses and Nakaswani houses which captures the satellites captures the signals from the satellites amplify it and then transfer it to the larger masses so that the benefits of these signals can be availed by people and it can be utilized properly. Now the last topic of today's discussion is space program in India. So space program in India is primarily focused on benefiting the common man of India. So our space program is not for any war purpose or something like that whatever we do in space technology is for the benefit of common citizens of India the common man of India. And the objective of this program is three problems. So the first objective of the space program is that uses of satellite for communication and education. So first we use it for communication and education and where specifically in rural areas. The second facility is survey and management of countries natural resources and then third is to do these things we need development of satellites and its launch vehicles. Because if this third objective is not fulfilled the other two will become redundant and will not be of any use. So most of these objectives have been achieved by to a larger extent have been achieved by India. So we are using our own communication and television broadcasting materialogy and disaster management resource monitoring satellites also for remote sensing we are using our indigenous satellites which are developed and launched in India. Now India is also planning to use its launch its man mission in which India is planning to take three people to space in 2021 this has already been declared by the Indian space research organization. One of the major achievements if I talk about I told you in the beginning that later I will get into the history portion of portion of the satellite systems in India and I told that one of the major achievements was launching of Aryabhat. Now what was Aryabhat it's the name of the satellite which was for moon. So it was launched in 1975 the news is that we are also launching the Aryabhat two satellites for the moon mission and it was supposed to be launched in October last year but by some reason for some reason that was not able to happen. So we will see in the coming time that Aryabhat two would be getting launched for the moon mission. Some of the important satellite programs of India is Bhaskara series this is very important it is for remote sensing then we have Rohini series Rohini series was also for remote sensing. So these were called experimental now we had stressed Rohini satellite series and it was called SROS this was for astronomical observations. Then we have our IRS series which is Indian remote sensing satellites which we are using now you need to remember that Apple. Apple is Aryan passenger payload experiment this was the first communication satellite launched by India or launched by ISHRO and it was placed where it was placed in geostationary orbit. Then we have our INSAT series so INSAT series we have INSAT series is used both for communication and weather forecasting and now we have moved to GSAT series which is also a communication satellite. So these are the things which are we need to remember the always remember this I have told you a full form of all these things INSAT is Indian national satellite system GSAT is geosynchronous satellites then PSLV is polar satellite launch vehicle GSLV is geosynchronous satellite vehicle. Then ISHRO is Indian space research organization Apple is Aryan passenger payload experiment remember these full forms these full forms are asked on the very frequent basis. Now one thing which is left out and which is the last thing is tracking of spacecraft. So what happens is once a satellite is launched it needs to be continuously monitored so this continuous monitoring of satellites after being launched in the orbit is known as tracking of the spacecraft. And for this we have a ground controller tracking system which is able to know its position in the orbit and I was discussing that in earth control system that earth control system is nothing but to track the spacecraft in its orbit. So if there is any anomaly if there is any particular fault which is coming inside the motion or inside the orbital motion of the satellite it can be corrected from the earth control system or a backup can be made ready so that there is no disturbance in receiving of the signals. So I have explained most of the things which are relevant to your board examination. Any specific doubt from your side would always be appreciated if you have any particular doubt you can post it on our groups and the answers would be given accordingly. So thank you so much for joining this session and I hope I was able to cover most of the portions which are relevant to your portions in the board. If you have any doubt do let us know and thank you so much and all the best from the Centrum Academy. We wish you all the best and perhaps your exam would be good. We are very sure about that so thank you so much.


Awesome. So today we're going to talk about a few things. We'll move through these topics you see here with a focus on some of the graphs we have and the challenges. I will spend some time there and as always questions in chat if you have anything would love to hear them. Somebody sounds like they're unmuted so if you would please mute yourself that would be appreciated. Going into our accomplishments we have a bunch of new hires who are making a huge impact right now so I want to give a shout out to everyone of our new hires Tiago, Diana, Lyle, Namho, keep it up, doing great work. We just closed an EMEA hire which is going to help us a ton and I'll show you more of the data there in a bit so we are doing really really well building this team. We're starting to build the resources we need to build our team which is helping an incredible amount so I want to give a shout out to recruiting as well because you've been super helpful people apps and the whole hiring team that is helping us be more successful. Now moving into some of our graphs I want to take a second if you're new to GitLab you may have never seen a support functional group update or understand what this data is so I want to just talk about it for a quick second. Both of these this table and this graph show the same thing relatively from two different angles. Looking at the table the important column is really that last column all the way to the right the ticks column that shows us how much debt we've created week over week if it's green it means that we've solved some debt if it's red that means we created debt and you can see we kind of have a little bit of a cycle happening there now if you look at the green graph you can see that we are trending almost the graph is trying to pop its way up and we keep holding it down and pushing it down ever so slightly so that is really really good from our side our goal is to get this to zero so lower is better and we're working our way to doing that. So a few functional group updates ago we wanted to we thought we wouldn't be able to hold this line and it's clear that due to hiring we were so that's really awesome. The other things to think about are the way that we beat this is by becoming more efficient and automating as much as possible right now there's a lot that we're doing that we can better automate so I'm working with some of our senior staff in the support band here support function excuse me to make sure that we can automate more things now this is a new graph that I have here that focuses on our on-prem support which covers GitLab starter premium and ultimate and what this graph shows is the percent of our SLAs achieved every day and then the blue and the green lines are the averages now you can see that there was a period where we were doing worse than we were before and now we've reversed that and gone up and that was a process change that we implemented we try to process it was failing and then we saw that and we changed it and now we're doing better than we've ever done before and the things to pay attention to here are seeing that we're getting less volatile on our way to 100 percent the average over the last 30 days is about 84 percent so we're doing really well and we want to get better our goal is to get this to 100 now I want to move over to this graph which is focused on the services function which covers GitLab.com customers who have paid us and Git host customers as well now you can see this graph we reach 100 percent more often but the graph also dips much lower it's much more volatile but you can see that we're still trending up and we are going to continue that upward trend as we hire and build out this band to focus on this support now to think about that on-prem is a much larger team so that's why we're able to reduce volatility we're hoping to grow the services group there to allow us to reduce volatility but we don't want to get it too big right we don't want to be gluttonous we want to be as efficient as possible and the last thing that I want to call out here is our premium SLAs specifically you could see quarter over quarter due to team size growth and due to our process improvements we've been able to dramatically increase our premium SLA coverage which is wonderful we're trying to get all of our SLAs to 100 but our premium has been our first and major focus now I just talked a bit about premium excuse me I talked a bit about on-prem and services so I wanted to make a slide that covered the difference if you're new to GitLab you might be asking yourself what's the difference and our on-prem engineers are focused on helping on-prem customers it's a slightly different role than services our services are focused on .com and Git host and making sure that efficiency efficiency efficiency on on-prem we don't have as much control over that it's a little bit more abstract we can fix the product we can try and and solve some bugs and things like that but on the services side since we are running the infra we have extreme amount of influence and control and that's going to be the goal to to get that process as tight a loop as possible and that will help us be successful so different teams for slightly different support processes excuse me different bands so the challenges we have right now if we want to scroll back in time if we want to use the back button on our browser go way back about 18 months ago we were not synchronizing customers into Zendesk which is the tool we use for tickets so anybody that came into Zendesk would get support which was okay but we were charging for support so we wanted to make sure we prioritize people that were paying for it so we integrated with Salesforce to use a tool that they provide to integrate with Zendesk works really well for about 90% of the cases but I've had many calls over the last two weeks about this many angry account execs and sales folk coming over upset and it's happening with Salesforce the data in Salesforce is not getting passed over correctly I'm not sure why and when that fails we can't succeed so we're working on improving that because once the source of truth is 100% we can make sure that we're 100% we need support engineering management that's really going to be the next critical piece to the support puzzle at GitLab trying to find the right mix of engineering manager has been extremely challenging most of the candidates we find are extremely talented managers but they have no idea what it is they have no idea about anything about Ruby on Rails or any of the technologies we're using which means that they aren't the right fit for our group and trying to find that right fit is my ultimate goal and as always we're about to pull off the impossible by moving from one provider to another which I am very excited I think we will do an incredible job at I've already started working with the GCP migration team and asking questions there following along I think we're doing phenomenal but things will break something will break and so services support band will be responsible for that so we want to be ready and we're going to see so a few functional group updates from now we'll report back on that see what's happened so there's another piece here that I want to talk about support fix this is a new initiative that we are starting in in support and I have an MR for it I'll link it in the slide I forgot to link that I apologize we're noticing that there are some bugs and some performance things that support engineers could fix right so we want to focus on doing that there's no reason why we can't do that so on-prem support engineers will spend some of their time actually engineering fixes which will allow product to move faster and do things like that and I want to take a quick moment to really emphasize this is not we will not do anything that is a new feature we will not do anything that is not been proved or vetted by product this is somebody saying like hey this view is really slow to load we can dive in take a look understand it profile it and then start to make some changes and if you look at the merge requests there we've already started doing this shout out to Drew and Eric for making some changes there that will help improve our product that is what we want to do we will not add new things just help make our product stronger so talking about hashtag goals premium SLA we are doing everything we can to get this to 100% by the end of the quarter and if hiring goes to plan which we are working on I think we will get very very close to 100% a lot of companies target 90% we're going for 100% we're going for that so I'm really excited about that all of our other SLAs will come up behind that and we're going to raise them up as well I expect that to take about six months so we'll keep an eye on that support fix like I just iterated over and then we have a lot of process and telling the world about the great things that we're doing that's a that's a job in and of itself and we want to do a better job of that that would be super helpful so before we get to questions I want to give a moment Sid gave a functional group update training the other day and he said I like to click on all the links and functional group updates so for the astute viewer for the astute follower I've added Easter eggs to my last few functional group updates nobody's found one yet but there are links hidden throughout this document I'll see if Sid will find them all but most of them are just fun things if you have a minute you can find one but they're nothing serious I didn't hide anything serious so there are some Easter eggs in this FGU I'm gonna turn over to questions and see what I can answer here I got five in the chat right now okay Jordan says copper key question mark not sure if I get the reference so sorry about that tune says and I pronounced your name wrong I apologize what's the penalty when we breach SLAs massive tears there there's really no penalty in the sense of we've beyond we failed our customer right we took longer than we said we would and that's a penalty in and of itself and the thing to remember is in the support world our job is to take care of the customer but at the same time our job is extremely stressful because of SLAs we're always under the gun if you will we're always fighting against time so we have that in our mind and it's a morale thing as well right when we fail SLAs it decreases morale so that's one of the penalties beyond that no other formal penalties but just beyond affecting morale so there are any other questions I'm happy to answer them Larry's Larry has a great point there it impacts our ability to to enhance the relationship with the customer and future sales which I agree with wholeheartedly I'll give another minute for any questions if anybody's typing if not thank you all for your time thank you for tuning in to a functional group update here it's fun to make I look forward to somebody finding an Easter egg and telling me about it if not everyone all have a great day bye


Everybody mad here for late in sports cards ripping 2022 Panini select football hobby six-box half case break number 15 pick your team We have Anthony G Raiders Brad R Jets Charles F Titans Chris a commanders Daniel L bangles Broncos Lyons and Texans Daniel C Browns Darren G Rams Dean M Saints Edgar B Cardinals Edward P Jags Chargers Evan I Chiefs Eagles JB bills Jeff M Panthers Jeffrey H Steelers Joey a Bears Jonathan B Giants Kyle M Falcons Lionel G Cowboys Mark a Niners Michael B Patriots Noah N Vikings Robert B Ravens Rory C Colts Dolphins Russell P C Hawks Scott T Bucks and Sean M Packers All right. Here we go. Good luck Three spots left for the next break. That is our last one of the day Jalen waddle. This is Cardinals to 75 Rookie Otto blue Trey McBride Patrick Mahomes Jalen Hertz sensations Brian Bernsilver Vicki Trey Lance and Rookie sweet level blue Ryan Stonehouse. That is to 99. This is Cowboys to 75 Jersey Otto Dalton Schultz blue parallel nice color match for the Cowboys Hey McFly. Yeah, good luck. Appreciate you checking us out. It's Trey Henderson Christian Watson Rookie sensations Jermaine Johnson Rookie silver that is concourse level from your Apollo tricolor sweet level Sam darnold silver It's a mod sauce gardener neon icons Cooper cup field level silver and breeze Hall rookie field level nice already There's Jonathan Taylor and Patrick Mahomes field level green. That's a big car Congrats Kansas City one of the last teams taken. I think that is five of five big card. You go congrats chiefs I think that's the second one we pulled in like 24 hours. Yeah, I pulled green Mahomes yesterday like insert Yeah, I think Sam or pulled one yesterday. That's awesome. Great way to start Sam Howell, that's a rookie silver concourse What's up, Manny? Hey good timing Tyree kill snapshots silver Marshawn Lattimore Rashid Shahid and to 75 at a Seahawks Jersey DK Metcalf Louis sign Rookie silver concourse and Purdy Kenneth Walker snapshots to a Silver concourse level and Christian Kirk Timmy, how you doing George Carl Optus rookie purple concourse to 75 Chris Olava a rookie sweet level Jerry Judy Yeah, I'll stream on all the channels if there's nobody on the other one make a Fitzpatrick and that is higher elam rookie blue Concourse level to 199 Gino Smith Justin Jefferson and Miles Garrett sweet level silver. This is tricolor concourse level Tom Brady to 249 Kyler Murray silver concourse Justin Fields and blue Orlando Brown to 149 Isaiah likely a rookie silver comes a zebra that'll do field level zebra rookie Brock Matt oh My car Holy crap, we are one box in three packs. Oh, not even all the way through three packs into this break. Oh my lord Aden Hutchinson rookie phenomenon silver Mark Andrews. I'll refresh this Russell Wilson Bailey zappy. Yeah, that's Jake Oh Phenomenon. Oh, you legit thought it was Donnie Desmond Ritter rookie club level silver. I thought you just mess with me For me Joseph and rookie Garrett Wilson orange club level to 49 You go nice one jets.  I'm gonna keep going. I will not stop. Oh my god Very color Justin Herbert patch auto I'm gonna keep doing this if y'all don't mind Gino Smith Bailey zappy neon icons and a redemption Trey Hendrickson. That's not the redemption prime selection prism signatures card number seven Jets Garrett Wilson You go nice one jets Excellent break already. I feel like I could just walk away right now. It would have been a great break Logan Hall and Jamar Chase white to 35 That's field level 24 of 35 and behind that is a Kenny Pickett rookie silver club level You got the Niners nice mark. Appreciate it. Appreciate you checking us out Christian McCaffrey sensations at Ingram rookie silver Yeah, congrats on the party in Hutchinson Jalen Hurts Jalen Hurts silver in Hurst and to 99 sparks Jersey Patrick Mahomes little thread coming out of the card there Danny Gray rookie silver Al Geyer and Traylon Burks rookie red That is to 99 George Carloft his rookie silver We have the Packers Colton chiefs three teams left on the next break and I wish I could Not type like a seal. Am I on my keyboard at home? I'm perfectly fine Here I can't type three letters. What other typo Jalen Hurts and Cade Otten rookie blue club level to 199 George Kittle Jose Marios 25 called strikes and seven 7.2 scoreless innings Damianne Pierce neon icons John Franklin Myers rookie silver sweet level Patrick Mahomes and Steelers to 99 rookie jumbo jersey Kenny Pickett Kyle Hamilton Jonathan Taylor Zonovan Knight rookie silver club level Justin Jefferson Austin Eckler That is red sweet level 49 Patrick Sartan Mike White Aidan Hutchinson neon icons Jalen Hurts and Matt Juden Yeah, it looks like So on this Brock Purdy rookie zebra field level Jake was going to maggot and he noticed there's a Spot there on the back pretty Noticable. I don't know if that's maybe ink. I don't know what that is. It looks like it was like I don't know. Yeah So, um, we will send you Niners will send you an empty box of wrappers um So if you want to contact Penina to see Penini to see about getting that replaced of a carb, but Hey, my let's get going. I tried microfibering it and works Logan Hall Stefan Diggs This is Packers to 75 rookie jersey auto blue Christian Watson There you go. Nice one Packers Kevin Harris rookie Damianne Pierce Devonta Smith and Breeze Hall Daxton Hill and tie-dye A. J. Terrell 25 Falcons This is Ravens to 99 auto blue Rashad Bateman Jair Alexander. Hey, you've got the flag. Yeah We have Packers and Colts two teams left on the next one This guy more rookie silver Gino Smith Khalil Shakir rookie tri-color Vilas Jones jr rookie silver John Mechie rookie light blue Leonard Floyd Kirby Joseph rookie silver Bailey's happy neon icons Dante Foreman Josh Allen a mod saws gardener rookie sweet level jacquan brisker rookie silver Lando Brown and Steelers 75 That is rookie jersey white George Pickens Kobe Bryant rookie silver Chris Olava Tyree Alec Pierce rookie silver club level And rookie field level DeMar Hamlin. That is Oh, nice man. Appreciate it. Good luck in that It's a Nick Chubb sensation CJ Mosley Uh, we're sold out for the day. Appreciate that everybody.  Come on. We've cooled off this last last box or so And turn that around here. Josh Allen and AJ Dillon Trilan Burks rookie Desmond Ritter rookie silver smoking jay cutler Jay Cutler cigarette butt relic and if it was good enough for Lynn Dawson Jonathan Taylor Matthew Stafford silver and Drake London rookie Lambjack that is sweet level tie-dye to 25. Nice one Ravens Baltimore doing well that is 22 of 25 and Chargers to 299 silver auto Kenneth Murray Derek Ho Ho Ho Parsons neon icons de-hop Kyle Pitt silver the id gap relic The what? The id gap relic Sam Williams rookie red to 49 Kobe Dean rookie silver Christian Watson rookie sensations CD lamb and Kyler field level. This is tri-color Russell Wilson Jay Watt cave-on tibet oh rookie silver a mod-sauce gardener rookie Garrett Wilson rookie phenomenon And cardinals 75. That's rookie jersey auto blue tray McBride Derek Young Desmond Ritter Maroon George Kittle club level that's to 149 Russell Wilson silver Cooper cups snapshots. Joe Burrow That is sweet level silver Drake Jackson and to 25 That is browns rookie jumbo patch tie-dye David Bell Go browns nice tie-dye jumbo patch Calvin Austin rookie silver candy picket sensations bobby Wagner Tara lemons Kyron Williams Aaron Donald blue Bonte Adams Kyler Gordon rookie silver last box We'll get into that next one pretty quickly after this I think I've had needy Yeah, not a bad song that stuck in it though Jared Goff and Titans to 49 and that is a bronze rookie jersey Malik Willis nice Malik Khalil Shakir rookie silver and Tom Brady Traylon Burks Jaylin Hertz Trevon Trevon Walker rookie club level silver and Frankie Lou Kyle Hamilton rookie Modsas Gardner, that is rookie silver premier level and Hunter Renfro Sean Watson Cooper cups silver Julio and neon icons Chris Elave rookie silver Joe Mixon and Jaylin Hertz field level Sean Watson neon icons a rod And there we go. I saw one of these yesterday. That is Falcons tie-dye Die cut rookie Otto Desmond Ritter Falcons Congrats My goodness That's going to be five mags Which is a lot for a six boxer lord Oh, we had a break yesterday with 10 mags. That was just Just ridiculous This is an excellent break this time juju double lamb jacks Binary a map this rookie silver Bailey Zappie rookie phenomenon rookie silver suite level Traylon Burks and Christian Watson Manny's calling 12 mags in the next break I'm up for it. Ooh Look at this That is starcade bucks Tom Brady 10 of 10 Congrats Tampa Bay. Good lord There are a lot of teams that did really well in this break Awesome tv 12 starcade gold 10 George Pickens field level rookie silver bailey zappie because why not Kevin Harris Homes cam jergens and nice super bowl champion silver auto dan Hampton So somebody mentioned in the comments yesterday I thought like john runyon rookie and I was like this dude's been in the league forever Somebody said they thought it was his son Like the john runyon. I'm thinking of son so Justin Herbert Joe burrow sensations keenan allen silver and brian cook cam jergens brian asa moa bailey zappie sweet level rookie Jamison williams club level rookie silver and harrison phillips. Oh, I was thinking of harrison sniff. I was like, what? It's a big difference. Oh, is he? Yeah All right relics. We had chiefs to 99 patrick mahomes Steelers rookie to 99 kenny picket Seahawks 75 dk metcalf Steelers rookie to 75 george pickens um titans rookie to 49 malik willis and browns rookie to 25 david bell autos we had Jets redemption rookie signature memorabilia prism brice hall jets prime selections prism signatures year at wilson We had niners super bowl champion or super bow auto brent jones bearer super bowl champion auto silver dan hampton uh Chargers auto to 299 kenneth murray ravens auto rishad bateman that was to 99 Cardinals rookie auto tray mcbride to 75 Cowboys jersey auto dalton schultz to 75 Packers rookie jersey auto christian watson to 75 Cardinals rookie jersey auto tray mcbride to 75 and our mags We had jets rookie orange to 49 garret wilson bucks starcade tom brady 10 of 10 chiefs green field level to five patrick mahomes Niners that is rookie field level zebra brock purdy and there was some ink on the back or something Something going on down there Right there so we're sending an empty box and wrappers with that We had falcons die cut tie die rookie auto desmond ridder to 25 and chargers That is patch auto green To five justin herbert What a break Yeah, you bet scooter that'll do it for six box number 15 appreciate everybody number 16s up next


Welcome everyone, this is Malik Arjun Rao, I am from Industrial Engineering and Operations Research Department of IIT Bombay. So I am going to teach this game theory course through this NPTEL. So game theory has become an increasingly important subject in the recent past. It has applications ranging from economics to biology to engineering and computer science and many other fields. When we think about games, the first thing that comes to our mind is the games that we have played as a kid, the games like tic-tac-toe, chess and many such games. These games are analyzed through what is now known as communitural games. Communitural games are those games where the players have a perfect information of the situations. They know what moves are available to the other player and vice versa. So the first part of this game theory course is about communitural games. These are also known as games of no chance. There is other aspect of game theory which is primarily developed by Phon Naiman which is culminated in a book called Games and Economic Behaviour written together with economist Askar Morgenstern. So the second part largely focuses on the game theory developed by these people. When there are two or more people in these games, they have to make their decisions in a simultaneous fashion. Everyone knows when the other, what the other guy is doing it and in such situations the payoff, understanding the behavior of their strategies is an important problem. So in second and third part we discuss about these games and the second part mainly focuses on zero sum games whereas the third part focuses on non-zero sum games. Non-zero sum game is a game where the payoff of one player is exactly the negative of the other player's payoff. In non-zero sum games, the sum of the player's payoffs need not be zero. Apart from this, there is another aspect of game theory which is known as a cooperative game theory. The main aspect of cooperative game theory is to choose their decisions in a collective fashion so that everyone is benefited. As an example you can always think about dividing a set of resources among some people in a fadeway. The final part is largely focused on this cooperative games. In this course, we derive all the results in game theory in a mathematically precise fashion. At some places we may require the knowledge of some other deeper mathematical results. We may not prove those results but we will provide an exact reference to those results. I hope this subject interests you all and I welcome you all to this NPTEL course on game theory.


And then go. Question about materialism. So since I brought up materialism, so Cody says, I get called a materialist a lot by conservatives, presumably because I'm an atheist. How do you differentiate your view from a materialistic view? Well, materialism assumes that everything is, that everything acts kind of out there in the physical world, like billiard balls, although they don't necessarily even have a very sophisticated view of the physical world because they can't ascertain certain phenomena. They don't even deal with certain physical phenomena. But everything is just, what it denies materialism is consciousness. What it denies is the fact that there is something else other than material. Now. Well, and it actually, I think a more denies even conceptual consciousness. Well, it's a consciousness and then conceptual consciousness and then what conceptual competence make possible is a spirit, a soul, actual experiences of the soul, right, of the spirit, whether it's art or whether emotional experiences, love. So they assume, or free will, for example, they assume that if you don't believe in God, then there's no such thing. You don't believe there's such a thing as a soul or a spiritual experience. If you don't believe in God, they assume you don't believe in free will. And I say, no, there are two phenomena in the world. There's the material world out there and there's the consciousness that can understand it and know it. And that consciousness has certain characteristics among them, it's ability to have these experiences, emotional experiences, spiritual experiences. You don't need God, you just need introspection to observe that. Well, and also the ability to design a human life, right?  It's gonna, you know, when you look at a human being, the essence of a human being is not the animal aspects, not the physical aspects. The essence of a human being is what that human being conceives of and brings into reality in the world. That's really what humans are about. Materialism would deny the importance of all of that. And Halley's denying the importance of all of this, that basically wants everybody to just be productive and how dare you go and explore new values and things out there on social media where a lot of people are becoming aware. He wants you to follow the Bible and he wants you to live the life as he sees he thinks you should live. And he rejects, he thinks free will leads you to temptation, free will leads you to the devil. And free choice leads you to the devil and he wants to restrict your choices because we're all weak, we're all fallible, we're all easily tempted by the devil and the devil is online and because the devil's pretty smart and sophisticated and he wants to save us from the devil. And look, the thing is one of the things you have to do as an atheist and what I do and you can decide, I don't know how different people probably deal with this differently. I basically said, look, people say but isn't consciousness just material? And I go, I don't know. I mean, I don't experience as a material and I have free will. So it's a material in the same way I understand the material world out there. So how does consciousness come about? I don't know, it just, but I know it is. It's a starting point, the conscious because you're conscious. So that's what's important. So don't let them trick you into this reduction at absurdum kind of a materialist view. We're not materialist, we believe this consciousness and we also don't know what the so-called scientific explanation of consciousness is but we know it's an axiomatic concept because... Yeah, well, if you did not have free will and the ability to choose what was right or wrong any such thing as proof would be gone. So the proof that... Yeah, so it's interesting how the religious, many secularists, many of the atheists agree about the rejection of free will or at least agree about the rejection of free will. As we see it, also they agree about the perfect ability of man. They think it's impossible because we're weak, we're feeble, we're corruptible. Both the left and the right completely agree about this particularly if you're wealthy, successful with lots of degrees as well as Holly said you're particularly fallible and the left agrees with that. I mean, it's the, again, the Michel and Hertha Earth, the religionists on the right and the Marxists on the left agree on that. Just the religionists call them the proletariat and the right calls them, I don't know, the working people. Let's compete, don't work, but are very rich. I don't know how they got rich if they don't work. No, and that's another, I mean, talk about somebody who discounts the spiritual. See what he won't admit into the actual spiritual and provide the proper value for is the mental work, the work that an entrepreneur does to conceive of the best way to use capital and to arrange a whole organization and give each person his role to play within an organization to produce a value that's gonna improve human life. That sort of creative genius and the hard work that it takes to conceive that sort of thing, that's what he's discounting entirely. He wants to just say that doesn't, you know, that it's- And again, that's where Marxists and them agree, right? Yeah, yeah, no. And, you know, why is it, I guess, he's projecting, he's the one who is weak-willed and not able to withstand or avoid the devil online. And he's considering this up as a lead into the way Ayn Rand thinks about the issue of free will. So if you try to entertain the idea that antecedent factors do determine all our actions, the actions of every human being, of every individual, you have to come in mind two things. So one, what I brought up already, we don't know which antecedent factors, as it's so quoting, putting Pinker's quote up again. We don't know. We can't, we're not in a position to predict it. You need to apply that to yourself. And part of the reason I like Harris is that he's very open in a certain way about his views and the implications of his views. You don't control your own decisions and judgments, and you don't even know what are the factors that are actually determining your actions. I mean, that's the picture. And this is, I don't, sorry. I don't, all my Harris images have disappeared, but this is a quote from Harris. And this is, if you read the book, this is his view of when you're sort of, Iran, Dr. Rukh talked yesterday about introspection. When you're looking inward at the functioning of your own mind, this is one example he gives, but it's one example of many. You're struggling to save money, but you are also tempted by a new computer. Where is the freedom when one of these opposing desires inexplicably, now I've emphasized inexplicably, but that's his word, inexplicably triumphs over its rivals.  And you find yourself doing one of these. You either, yeah, decide I'm gonna keep saving the money for a college or for to buy a house, or you find yourself in the store buying a computer. And it's inexplicable, you've got these two competing things and one wins out, you don't know why, you don't know what factors led to it. That's, and this, as I said, if you read the book, that's the, and it is right, I think, that that's the picture, you don't know what's controlling you, because you're not controlling yourself. Something else is, but you don't know yet. So this is how you would think about it. But notice if you apply, almost all Harris's examples are like this, struggling to save money versus you're tempted by a computer, you're in the morning or you're gonna have tea or coffee. It's these kinds of examples. If you switch the example a bit, you get something really strange and problematic. And it's, this is something that Rand pointed out, but she wasn't distinctive or unique at pointing this out. This has been a kind of criticism or question raised about determinism. And you can put it as the dilemma of determinism. How do you know that determinism is true? So this was the quote from Harris. Switch some of it. You're struggling to figure out if determinism is true, as maybe some of them in the room are. You're thinking about this issue, but you're also tempted by the idea of free will. Where is the freedom when one of these opposing ideas inexplicably triumphs over its rivals? So Harris, he's got, he's writing a book about it. He's thinking about the issue of determinism, free will. And lo and behold, the idea of determinism wins out in his mind. And some of his opponents, well, they're thinking about it. And lo and behold, the idea of free will wins out in their mind. Why do I think one is true and the other one's false? You don't know what led to this. And that is if you don't have control over your own mind. That is actually, I think it is the right way of looking at it, but it's an incoherent way, because you can apply the view to yourself. If he really viewed himself as I'm just determined to accept determinism, that's not grounds for thinking it's right. It's correct. It's true. So there's something really wrong or an incoherent, I think, in the end about the determinist position. But that doesn't tell you either, it doesn't tell you how to think about the issue of free will. It just tells you there's something incoherent in this position. And so now what I wanna talk is about how Ayn Rand thinks about the issue of free will and that there's an important way that she looks at it that is different and different say than the way Harris is looking at it and the typical kinds of examples that I have to save for college or save for a house. First I'm gonna buy a computer, I'm gonna make myself tea in the morning, I'm gonna make myself coffee in the morning. These decisions about a particular, I'm gonna put it as a particular item of content, tea or coffee, saving my money, spending it on a computer. That if that's all you have when you're thinking about the issue of free will, you're not going to get what the control is that a person actually has over his life. So one of the key insights and one of the things to remember from my talk, if you remember anything, is that there's a different perspective in objectivism and Ayn Rand on the issue of free will, that she thinks you need to rethink the issue and look at it in a different way. So the different way is she thinks we're looking in the wrong place or the wrong aspect of the way we use our mind. That it's not primarily about an issue of content. So about save or buy a computer, order vanilla ice cream or chocolate, make yourself tea or coffee. It's about the functioning or the processing that your mind engages in. So it's not about an issue of content primarily, free will. It's about the actions or the processing that your mind engages in or doesn't engage in. That that's what you have basic and fundamental control over. And it will then color the decisions you make and reach and the choices that you make about particular items of content.  Those are made in the light of something and in the context of you having activated your mind or not or put it. So this is the, in terms of thinking of the processing that is going on or the activity that is going on. One of the ways, because what Rand thinks in terms of free will, the basic issue is to introspect so to become self-aware of the control that you have over your own mind. So it's to observe that you do and can exert this kind of control over your mind. So what we're trying to do is put into words and language to conceptualize activity that we engage in and over which we have control in our own minds. And one of the ways to do that, I think, because we only have access and awareness, we're self-aware, we have an awareness of our own mind, not of the functioning of other people's mind. Of one of the ways to try to put it into words and to conceptualize. And one of the, when you're first doing it, is in terms of metaphors or analogies to things in the external world that more than one person can observe and so on. So the title at the top, Seizing the Rains of Your Mind, is a metaphor. Now, I don't know what's happened to the PowerPoint, but we've lost all the images. So I had an image here of a horse with reins. It is that you have a control you can put. So there's various kinds of analogies or metaphors that she gives. You can put your mind in gear. So if you think in terms of a car that it's in neutral, it can't go anywhere. If you put it into gear, you're putting it, it's ready for motion. It's a basic set that you can now engage in activity, you can direct it. In terms of thinking of a horse with reins, it's galloping, there's some activity going on. To seize the reins means you can take control of that activity. And that that is the basic control that you have over your mind.  Rather than it being, well, just one of these desires happens to win out and I find myself either at the bank depositing my paycheck in the bank, or I find myself at the Mac store buying a computer. And it was like, it's inexplicable, how did one of these one, maybe next time the other one would win, who knows what's going on. Rather than thinking of it like that, what actually happens, what can you introspect? If you're actually making a decision about it, there's all kinds of activity that you're controlling about. So for instance, like why am I trying to save money? Why am I tempted by this computer? Is it that just I like always having the latest gadget, so this is one more thing and this is exactly why I set a budget, because I know I'm always doing this kind of thing and I'm never gonna save for college if I do that. And you can think about it. And you can assess and think, yeah, this is exactly why I set this budget and yeah, I'm gonna not resist that temptation and not buy it, or it could be, well, like why am I tempted? Well, I lose, I have my current laptop is junk. I spend all kinds of time waiting it for it to boot up and it crashes at various times. It would make a lot of sense for me to buy the computer. So even though I am trying to save, I'm gonna try to do it in other areas because this is something that I actually need. There's a reason I feel tempted to buy it because I actually need this and it's really detrimental to me not to have it. You can engage in that kind of activity, that kind of thinking, that kind of product. And then it's not inexplicable. It's not mysterious why you do one or why you do the other. But it's not, now we're not talking just about the content. We're talking about the activity or the processing that your mind is engaging in, in the face of this. And that, Rand thinks, that is under your control. That is what you have choice and it's sort of the primary or it's the locus of choice. That is what you can control. So one way she puts it, so in terms of this example, it's that you can think about it and you can ask yourself questions and you can direct your mind. So one of the ways she puts it, that the basic choice, and Dr. Brooke put it like this yesterday, is that you can think or not. But that thinking is a process, it's activity. And that's what you can set in motion and direct in control or you cannot do that. So that's one way and that's not a metaphorical use. So seizing the reins, setting your mind and gear or metaphors to capture the issue that there's activity. But we're talking about mental activity and the primary mental activity in that regard is in terms of thinking.


Who actually made Delta Rune Chapter 2? While it's common knowledge that Delta Rune is the brainchild of Earthbound fan Toby Fox, he is always quick to give proper credit to his full team. He didn't make Undertale all by himself, and he certainly hasn't made Delta Rune alone. So who exactly are the developers that helped bring this game to life, and what other projects have they worked on? For those who finished and loved Delta Rune Chapter 2, it's worth exploring the team's other games to find something with a similar flavour, even if it's in a completely different genre. There are over 50 people named in Chapter 2's credits, including artists, musicians, programmers, localisers, and testers. Alas, we don't have time in this video to go over all of their various achievements, so for now we'll stick to the core development team. In a progress update published a year ago, Toby Fox said that there were three people, not including himself, that comprised the main team for Delta Rune Chapter 2. This then expanded to six people at some point before Chapter 2's release. Temmie Chang is the game's main artist and animator, and as covered in our exclusive interview with her, she's been working with Toby Fox since the early days of Undertale. She's also released a couple of games herself which fans of her art might want to check out. Escaped Chasm was her first game, followed by Dweller's Empty Path. Perhaps the most important member of the Delta Rune development team is Sarah O'Donnell, a Japan-based game developer who first started working with Toby when she helped port Chapter 1 to the Nintendo Switch. Said Toby, She's the one that works really hard on all the parts you don't think about. She's a really reliable person that's helped out with everything behind the scenes for years. In addition to her skills as a programmer, Sarah is also a very talented artist who has made several short Game Jam games along with her own team, Dessert Club. Check out Brittle Blue and Rootless to see some of her work. Next we have Taxa Derby, an Undertale fan turned Delta Rune developer. Not long after Undertale released, Taxa Derby created a fan game, Undertale Red, which very closely mirrors the design of the original game. This clearly got Taxa Derby noticed as they joined Toby Fox's team working on Delta Rune. Said Taxa Derby, It was such a wonderful experience working with this team and somehow it was my first shipped game. What's up with that? I feel like I learned a lot and I'm so excited to use these powers for evil. Taxa Derby is currently developing a game called Rainshade, which is being funded in part by Patreon. They've also made some Ludum Dare Game Jam games, such as Lucid Drifter and Moment at Midnight. Fred Wood is best known for a series of platformers called Love. The latest in the series, Love 3 is currently in development. Fred joined the Delta Rune development team last October. While he's hesitant to reveal exactly what he did on the game at the moment, for fear of spoilers, he said on Twitter, It has been the opportunity of a lifetime and I'm excited for the future. I've learned so very much and gotten to work with such incredible people and learn so much. I'm a better developer now because of everything I've learned from the rest of the team. Jean Cagniers worked mostly on boss fights and enemy encounters. The boss fights were a collaborative effort alongside Toby and Taxa Derby. Jean is particularly pleased with a certain challenging boss fight which will remain nameless. He said, I guess I'll forever be known for making people rage. I'm okay with that. Jean is the programmer and lead designer working on Death's Gambit, a Metroidvania which is getting a large content update, Afterlife, on Steam and Switch at the end of September. Finally, the last member of the Delta Rune Chapter 2 main team is Zan Weatherall, but as they have no online presence, we've elected to respect their privacy. These are but a few of the contributors to the latest chapter of Delta Rune. This game was the work of a large group of talented creators, all of which put in a lot of effort alongside Toby Fox to help bring the game to life. The moral of the story is that there's only so much any of us can do alone. The romanticised idea of a visionary lone indie games developer is a little unrealistic, as very few games are actually made by just one person in isolation. The truth is, working together makes everything more fun and more achievable. And sometimes more of a headache, depending on the group, you know.