The National Language Policy is a document which looks at the role of quail in education specifically at the primary and secondary levels, ensuring that students at those levels are competent in reading, writing, and speaking the quail language, much in the same way they do standard English. The Ministry of Education, Sustainable Development, Innovation, Science, Technology, and Vocational Training recently held a National Language Policy Implementation Planning Conference for the curriculum and materials development unit, CAMDU. The online forum, which brought together professionals from across the Caribbean region, sought to get an idea of best practices and the considerations for putting an implementation plan together to ensure that quail gets the recognition it deserves. Curriculum Officer for English Language with CAMDU, Angel Caglin, says the deliberations coming out of the recently held conference will help formulate that strategy, including a distinction made between a National Language Policy and an Education Language Policy. Some other interesting points were the presentation of actual language instruction methodology and approaches being used by our Martinican counterparts, both at the primary and secondary level. One of the major or the most outstanding aspects was the level of support available to teachers in terms of coaches and even inspectors ensuring that the language has been taught as it should. The Language Curriculum Specialist says the plan is to have the completed strategy for implementation of the policy early in the new year, along with the already completed draft policy document. She says the overall aim is to improve student literacy development full circle, affording the quail language the same official status as the standard English dialect. Literacy development should always begin with students' first language, the native languages, the home languages. And understanding the influence that quail has had on students' development of other languages, it is important that this language, not just for linguistic purposes but also for cultural purposes, be preserved and that the literacy in this language be developed. Officials are expecting that students' literacy levels will improve since they will be able to transfer the skills developed in their home language to other languages that they will learn. It also means that we must have teacher professional development and teacher certification and training so that they can bring across or use the appropriate methodologies and present the language in a way that students will be able to understand all of their content area subjects. Further field, it means the development of resources, it means the development of content that can be used in the classroom and of course we can just imagine the impact that this is going to have outside of the classroom as well. Ms. Caglin says it is also expected that a lot of commercial opportunities will be created from the preparation of materials to be used for quail instruction within the classroom. From the Communications Unit of the Ministry of Education, Sustainable Development, Innovation, Science, Technology and Vocational Training, I am Chris Satney reporting.


This is stock number 10526 we are here at Summit Automotive in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin You're new and used heavy-duty truck and RAM headquarters today. We are checking out this extremely clean 2018 ram 2500 crew cab short box This truck has the 6.7 liter Cummins diesel It has been fully safety Dan inspected by our service shop as a fresh oil and filter change All the fluids have been checked and topped off and this truck is 100% ready to go Brilliant black crystal pearl is the color we shoot all of our videos in 1080p 60 frames per second So if you have HD capabilities on your computer tablet or smartphone device turn them on right now because it is like you're right here looking at the truck with me and Definitely your best way to ensure the quality and condition of the vehicle before seeing it in person You want to check out more photos of this truck in the upper right hand part of your screen as a link right to our website Click that and check us out there comes with 20 inch fuel painted and polished aluminum rims No scuffs or scrapes on those and it has Nitto taro grappler G2 tires. These are LT 2 95 60 R 20s and they have probably about 70% of the tread left and see it as a Leveling kit on it. It also has the Bilstein shocks part of the off-road group So this is a bighorn black or a bighorn sport It's got the blacked out headlight bezels the painted bumpers the gloss black grill Front bumper is an excellent shape. No dents or dings. It has the parking sensors Passenger side fender no scuffs or scrapes on that Very nice condition And the passenger side rim Excellent condition as well I didn't see any scuffs or scrapes on that As you go down this side of the truck take note of how reflective and mirror like that paint is how Perfect the body is no dents. No dings. No scuffs. No scrapes very very nice truck Boxes and excellent shape we take these HD videos So if you are far away or even if you're close by just cannot make the trip down But you're still interested in purchasing the vehicle You can see the vehicle hear the vehicle and have confidence in what you're looking at before you even get here So that when you do get here there's absolutely no surprises And you can make a smart buying decision from the company your own home That's why we offer the summit auto fast-pass option in the upper right hand bar your screen a late right to our website Where you can apply for financing get free approved see a payment quote And even appraise the trade to often to come for your own home You can see that the frame and underbody was very clean and has all the remaining factory exhaust back frames and excellent shape And the back tires have just as much tread as the front tires this back rim No scuffs or scrapes on that And as we come around to the back of the vehicle the rear bumpers in really nice condition I didn't see any dents. I didn't see any dings on it has the backup parking sensors Full towing package which includes a receiver hitch four pin and seven pin wiring the tailgate is in really nice condition as well It has a tiger soft tonneau cover. I didn't see any rips or tears on that That looks to be in pretty nice condition and The bed has a gooseneck hitchback here as well as seven pin wiring. It just has a little bit of light-duty usage But it's a truck that's what happens to use trucks locking tailgate backup camera And as you go down this side the truck just as clean as that passenger side No denser dings on the box And you can see that that is a B&W turnover gooseneck hitch Back rim is an excellent shape as well. And as you go down the rest of this side, I didn't see any dents I didn't see any dings very very nice condition on the body of this truck these mirrors Fold out like so they are heated and have built-in LED directional signals. They also manually fold in like so Inside the bighorn package gives you the black cloth interior well, it's actually a cloth and Leatherette and this is a sport Power driver seat with lumbar factory floor mats throughout has auto headlamps Power windows power locks and power mirrors and as we hop inside the truck here You can see that this one has 9,207 miles you get the digital speedometer outside temp and compass display Instrument cluster is very nice and clean comes with the heated Leather wrap steering wheel cruise controls on the right Bluetooth and information center controls on the left Does have audio controls on the back of the steering wheel and it comes with a six-speed automatic transmission with the optional tap shift You get the 8.4 4c radio which gives you a MFMN series XM radio capabilities This one also has your climate controls right here You can do your heated seats and heated steering wheel buttons there. You can also check out your backup camera like so and This one is also Android Auto and Apple CarPlay capable so that you can project your cell phone to the screen It's a really cool feature and then if you have ways or Google Maps on your phone You can project it to the screen and it's like you have the navigation right on your screen You can control your phone through the screen Really a cool feature Turned out four-wheel drive factory brake control. You got your heated seats and heated steering wheel buttons down here as well Stability control to a Hall factory exhaust brake your front and rear parking sensors. There's your locking lug nut Socket there If you don't like doing your climate controls on the radio can do them down here as well And you do get dual climate control Cell phone holder cup holders passenger side Floor mat and seat are an excellent condition. No rips or tears on that the headliner is an excellent condition Map lights power slide and rear window and you do get assist and SOS buttons in that rear view mirror We'll take a quick look at the back seats and then we will check out under the hood The back seats are just as clean as the front seats. No rips or tears back here It does have the latch child safety system power sliding your window with all the built-in rear defrost No rips or tears very clean throughout on this truck these floor mats or I'm sorry this load floor folds down like so So if you got muddy boots or tools, you can put them on there not wreck your nice leather and cloth seats Also, if you got pets you can put both sides down. They got a nice flat place to lay and If you're a hunter you can put your shotgun on there and it's not going to wobble around on the hump there You do get a receiver hitch reducer and storage underneath these seats Factory floor mat back here is an excellent condition and these back storage bins have removable Containers for easy cleaning you can put ice and drinks in there, and it's like you have too many coolers wherever you go Finally you have child safety locks on the back doors lower valance or Lord bottoms of the doors And kick plant is an excellent condition and we'll take a quick look under the hood I would personally like to thank you for checking out the video today and hopefully from this HD video You'll be able to tell just how clean this truck is all the way around Inside and out under the hood we have a 6.7 liter common diesel engine base very clean runs very smooth This truck has been fully safe and inspected by our service shop as a fresh oil and filter change All the fluids have been checked and topped off and this truck is 100% ready to go To see more pictures of this truck or one of our other 450 new and used cars trucks SUVs minivans Wranglers half tons to quarter tons one tons you name it We got to go to our website www.SummitAuto.com full pictures and descriptions of every single vehicle from two locations all at summit auto comm If you like to check out more HD videos, you can go to youtube.com slash summit auto Remember to like subscribe and share on this video and all the videos that you see there In fact in a second you will see a link to subscribe to our YouTube channel any lefty linked more Having to do Ram 2500 vehicles like this one on your right if you've not been to our website on the bottom link to this Vehicle on our website click those check us out and we're super excited to help you with this extremely clean 2018 Ram 2500 Crew cab short box big horn sport. Thanks again


Zamfara State Police Command has succeeded in repelling an armed robbery attack by a large number of suspected armed bandits along Gussau-Sokutu Road near Dogon Karfi in Bakure, LGA. The attack, which was planned to rob innocent commuters of their valuables, was followed by police tactical operatives deployed to safeguard the road against any invasion by criminal elements. At the end of the gun battle that lasted for hours, many bandits were fatally injured, with some of them believed to have escaped with gun injuries. They however managed to evacuate the bodies due to the large number of them. They were believed to have been around 200.


Hey guys, welcome back to my YouTube channel. This is Daniel Rothel here. I am currently spending a long night burning my M-discs to create an off-site video library to complement the on-site M-disc library and it is a very tedious process because M-discs burn very very slowly at about one time speed. I just had a comment exchange with a commenter on this YouTube channel and he said that it's a firmware thing. That makes total sense to me because it's a six times drive and it's four times discs but I'm not getting past. Let me see what I'm doing currently here. Where are we? We are at 1.5 times. That's about as quick as you can get. So what I want to do in this video is I'm just going to show for anyone interested in M-discs what the burners are currently on the market. Technically if you want to be really really pedantic it should be M-disc engraver because it's a different process than regular blu-ray burning which is kind of burning is probably the right word to describe how regular optical media like CDs and DVDs are burning which there is a dye and it's pitted to create optical contrast. M-disc is really like engraving it's kind of a rock light layer or inorganic layer and you make the bits and bytes are recorded as dense instead of you know firing away at a dye. But anyway that pedentry aside I went on to Amazon I put in a dummy US address some hotel in Manhattan just so that I could get my US options and just to give a quick overview of what is out there at the time I'm recording this which is June 2022 we are in June the 5th and I've called up 124 M-disc burners now you can guess so basically there's not really any such thing as an M-disc burner it's more a blu-ray burner that can also do M-discs or it's a DVD burner that can also do M-discs it's basically from what I understand and this I'm not even sure this stuff is really out there publicly for the M-disc it's just it's like requires a it has to have that capability it uses the same protocol so on the software level you're good any program on Windows or Linux that can burn to blu-ray or DVD should do M-disc it's just the actual writer that needs to have like a certain laser power I don't know but suffice to say not every blu-ray burner is M-disc capable likewise for DVD although I think really DVD is kind of irrelevant these days because if you're if you're using M-disc for backup and archival you're going to be you you're going to be using blu-ray just because you've got you can store much more per disc than DVD so I'm going to skip over the these kind of combo things like hey combo deals I like to buy my tech individually I don't like when they try to throw in oh look you get the burner we're going to give you an M-disc oh I just want to buy the I want to buy a piece by piece so here's number one option it is verbatim branded it's an external slimline blu-ray now the one I have currently requires two usb's and this guy does as well so that to me is a little bit annoying because the cable they give you is like this it like terminates in two usb ports the tail end my laptop for instance has two usb a ports but they're on opposite sides of the computer so I was trying to find as I'm going to buy a second disc I want to buy one that has ideally would have a different cable though you could probably I'm sure you could find uh a cable that is um your own cable that you know splits off earlier so this is verbatim branded I haven't seen one yet that is actually rated to work on linux but people generally do this guy's 120 bucks what I always do for amazon there's a few ways you can find out if stuff works on linux generally it does you can look on on reddit but I have good success usually just typing in Ubuntu and usually you can see this guy here everyone by the way he reports that it works on Ubuntu is doing a great service so I always go out of my way if I find something that works to write back because it's helped me so much so you can see there's two case reports this guy's using it on linux and k3b this guy's using it on Ubuntu 16 on his acer laptop and says no problems so I usually go I usually just order based on that if people say it works it usually it basically works verbatim is a good name I don't know if this is a white label product or whatever but um nice slimline thing I haven't looked yet into the potential complexity of getting one in my desktop I think it would be less useful for me and for many people because you can see these guys when they do mdisk they tend to have mdisk written on the actual uh disk cartridge as well as a blu-ray logo um I haven't looked into this from my perspective it's actually more useful to have an external one because it means I can burn the only only use I have for optical media these days is this mdisk archival stuff so as I don't as I never like you know need to read a cd or a dvd it actually makes more sense for me to be able to use it from different computers so external is more useful so here's another option this is a pioneer electronics um and it again if it says mdisk support just double check this guy's a little bit more expensive 173 books um but I'm thinking I'm thinking this guy might not require the two usb's uh potentially so this is another option from the pioneer company don't see a product photo oh this guy's usb type three usb type three slot loading for windows and mac so that would be really useful because so because this guy's usb type c um usb type three is more advanced obviously than usb a so you can deliver the two usb's on the previous on the other models are there because one delivers power one delivers data so if you have a usb three connection downside would be your computer would need usb three out plus side would be at that you you can just use one cable so this would actually be more useful for my laptop this is from pioneer again it's a bit more pricey because it's got a bit of a more modern connectivity let's see does anyone get it to work on a bunch of let's try linux no success on this one i'm gonna wrap this up pretty soon because i know this isn't the most fat so this is one that i bought personally um and i might just buy it again to be honest um i'm buying two so that i can simultaneously write my on-site and off-site copies because it's such a slow process it takes an hour each time so this would save me an hour for every time i write a disk to have two that i can use simultaneously um i think if i'm as i'm investing in this um disk process long-term i think it's probably going to be worth it so this is the lg it's six times it's called a wp-50 nb-40 this is what i have literally right next to me here it's 100 dollars so it's really really not bad in my opinion uh this is actually the bundle that give you an m disk with your purchase as well um and i can confirm that this works with um a bunch of linux because i'm currently using it on a bunch of and it's a nice product um it's pretty slim but it does require those two uh two connections and it's a little bit cheaper than 100 if you don't go for the option that throws in all these accessories here's the pioneer um i don't think there are just that many products on the market here's a cheaper one azus silver external now you have to be careful about these um about these speeds because like for example my m disks say they can burn up to four times and my drive says six times but on windows and linux i've never got more than 1.5 times so you have to be careful i think m disks just m disks are just really slow to engrave so even though this says it's eight times that might be referring to uh blu-ray or whatever else this can do again you're never going to get something that does just m disk as far as i can tell but when they do m disk as you can see they advertise m disk support thousand year storage solution save your precious precious memories or data for up to 1000 years um it seems to be very all over the place sometimes m disks say it's 100 years sometimes 1000 years as i said in my previous video given that most of us are going to be off this planet in 100 years time 100 years is good enough for me um so and then you have this so this is the this is what i actually paid yeah there we go to it when you buy it it comes up as this you purchase the thing so it was 90 bucks without the m disks just for the thing and it's a nice little you know external burner and it does blu-rays and dvds as well as m disks so you get the whole chibang and linux is not listed but um as i said i did search before buying this searched for a bun too i think and no that's strange i searched for linux then definitely got some kind of confirmation yeah this guy got it working with red hat um and this guy got it working with linux and i can confirm that it does work with linux so this is a nice machine from lg so for 90 bucks i've looked at i've looked at duplicators for m disks and they're just so much more expensive they're like four five hundred dollars so if you're going down the route of you want to do onsite offsite backup via m disk which is what i'm planning on for instance here we go here's a duplicator this is one to one and it just looks like super old school um it's from this pro duplicator plex um i forget their name plex something so like for three hundred dollars for this duplicator you're actually it's actually cheaper to buy two burners and find a software that can support uh simultaneously writing the same source to two targets like it's literally cheaper to buy two of those one hundred dollar burners than to spend three hundred dollars and this is a lot more bulky just to add to that so it's nice that these exist uh these duplicators but i i believe it's more cost effective to just buy multiple single burners i think that's it i won't i won't bore you guys any further with more options there probably are or more options but that's kind of just um a few of the ones in the market and yeah if you're looking to buy m disks the good thing is you know people think optical is dead um i'm recording this video on the fifth of june 2022 and yeah 128 results is probably not as many as you might find for regular blue rays but it's not like you can't find them they're definitely out there and um from to my surprise on the data hoarder subreddit there are actually folks using m disk for backup not in inconsiderable numbers so there is still a market for this stuff and yeah i think it's a very interesting backup option you uh don't use the cloud you keep physical control of all your backups your onsite and your offsite assuming you're off-siting on m disk and if you can get over the fact that it takes a bunch of time to burn an m disk if you just do this once per month which is what i currently do about 25 gigs of data per month set aside one hour and your entire month uh data is protected and then just post post or physically bring uh one of those disks to your offsite backup location and you've got a three two one backup uh compliance process no no storage cost you don't have to pay aws or b2 to store your data and best of all you own it you physically know where it is it's sitting in a cabinet and unlike storing on hard drive or other media like that you know that you're not going to get uh demagnetization over time so there's a lot going for this crazy m disk solution in my opinion and if you want to get started pick up a cobbler drives pick up a bunch of m disks and you can get going thanks guys for writing the video and a new video coming soon


A very good evening, aspirants. I welcome you to the Hindu newspaper analysis brought to you by the Shankara AIS Academy. Today's date is 22nd September 2023. Here are the list of articles which we are going to discuss today. So, without wasting time, let us get into the discussion. Take a look at this news article. According to this news article, yesterday, Ministry of External Affairs announced that the issuance of new visas to Canadian citizens will be stopped immediately due to the security threats faced by Indian diplomats in Canada. The Ministry said that the security threat affects the normal functioning of Indian missions in Canada. Consequently, issuing of new visas to the Canadian citizens has also been stopped. See, this is the crux of the news article given. See, recently, there is a bus around deteriorating India-Canada relationship which you have witnessed everywhere. Let us look at them in a brief. See, tensions between India and Canada have surged following the statements by Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau. Trudeau told in their parliament that credible allegations linking Indian government agents to the murder of Sikh separatist leader Hadeep Singh Nijal had been found. This murder had happened in Canada in June 2023. The deceased leader had been advocating for the establishment of Kallistan. Following these allegations, the Canadian government expelled a senior Indian diplomat in Canada. In reaction to this, India also expelled a senior Canadian diplomat who had placed it in India. This decision reflects the government of India's growing concerns at the interference of Canadian diplomats in our internal matters and their involvement in anti-Indian activities. But still, the issue is a sparkling security threat for Indian diplomats posted in Canada. So, India literally stopped giving visa to Canadian citizens. So, this is the crux of the article. See, the issue had an origin in the Kallistan movement in India. Let us have a brief understanding about the Kallistan movement. The Kallistan movement is a Sikh separatist movement seeking to create a homeland for Sikh by establishing a sovereign state called Kallistan in the Punjab region. Its origin has been traced back to Indian independence and subsequent partition along religion's lines. The Punjab province, which was divided between India and Pakistan, witnessed communal violence and generated millions of refugees. The historic Sikh capital, Lahore, as well as the sacred sites like Nankana Sahib, the birthplace of Guru Nanak, went to Pakistan. Most of the Sikhs found themselves in India. They were a small minority, approximately 2% in their country. So, the political struggle for great autonomy began with the Punjabi Subab movement with the creation of the Punjabi-speaking state. Even though the idea was rejected, the state of Punjab was organized with the Punjabi and Sikh majority in 1966. See, despite such recognition, the demand for Kallistan did not fade away. By the 1980s, the appeal of Jarnal Singh Bindaranwale had started creating trouble for the government. This led to the increased violence of the state. So, to contain that, in 1984, the then Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi, ordered Indian forces to invade the Golden Temple in Amritsar to fight separatists who had taken refuge there under the operation Blue Star. Following this, the then Prime Minister was assassinated by two of her Sikh bodyguards. Her death triggered a series of anti-Sikh rares in Delhi, which we all know. So, in Punjab, the Kallistan movement still has some supporters, but there is largely no active insurgency in the state, and the state remains largely peaceful. But over the years, the Indian government has repeatedly warned that the Kallistani terrorists were trying to make a comeback. The recent standoff between India and Canada is regarding this only. So, that's all about the issue. And we shall move on to the next article. Look at this news article. Yesterday, an augmented reality virtual reality app called Moving Memory was launched at the second annual international conference of the Indian Network for Memory Studies at IIT Madras. So, in this new search discussion, let us discuss about the various realities in the physical world which can be asked in our UPSC preliminary examination. Firstly, let us see about AR. AR stands for Augmented Reality. Listen, it is a technology that superimposes digital information like graphics, sound or other data onto a real world. So, it enhances the perception of the reality by adding digital elements to our view of physical world. In simple words, AR supplements the real world with digital information or objects so that the user can see and interact with both digital and physical world simultaneously. See, AR is typically experimented through devices like smartphone, tabs, smart glasses or head-up display. Okay, see common use cases for AR includes navigation app, mobile games, product resolution and education tools. See, interesting example is we would have played Pokémon Go in our locality. It overlays a virtual Pokémon Creatures onto the real world which we have seen through our smartphone camera. Now, moving on to virtual reality, VR. VR is a computer-generated 3D environment which has created a completely virtual world isolating ourselves from the real world. It uses VR headsets that cover their field of vision and sometimes headphone for immersive value. Interactions in the VR often relies on handheld controllers or body movements. VR is extensively used for gaming, simulations, training and immersive storytelling experience. Example of VR is using an Oculus Rift headset which will have used to explore a virtual world and interact with objects and characters within it. Now, let's move towards Mixer Reality. See, Mixer Reality campaigns both elements of AR and VR to create a hybrid experience that merges the both digital and physical realities. In MR, that's Mixer Reality, digital content is anchored to a real world and we can interact with it. So, users can see and interact at the same time with holographic objects while being aware of their actual surroundings. See, MR headsets like Microsoft HoloLens enable the applications in the various fields like architecture, medical training, remote assistance, etc. A recent phenomenon you would have seen in internet is a metaverse. What metaverse means, it's a good example of Mixer Reality. Here, it's a recent hypothesis of internet in creating a single universal virtual world facilitated by the use of VR and AR. Like, we would have seen metaverse marriages in the internet which is creating a sensation, right? They are all examples of Mixer Reality. Here, using Mixer Reality, we can create next generation workplace. Now, we shall see Extended Reality which is a very recent phenomenon and a cutting-edge technology. See, XR is an overarching term that encompasses augmented reality, virtual reality and Mixer Reality. Recognizing that they share common elements and can be a part of continuum. XR represents the spectrum of immersive technology and how they blend the real and virtual worlds. We all know that. Now, knowing that, XR emphasized an idea that these technologies are not separate but rather they interconnected and can evolve over a period of time. We'll often use it in the discussions about the future of immersive computing and how these technologies will converge. For example, XR might refer to a broader concept of various immersive technologies to create innovative solutions across different industries. That's all. Let's move on to the next article. Look at this editorial here. As we all know that, India started its space research in 1960 with limited resources and struggled with various challenges. But today, it made a remarkable progress in space exploration with recent achievements like landing a rover on the moon's south pole and a mission to study the sun. However, there is a concern about how these achievements help to solve the problem of poverty and inequality experienced by millions of Indians. So, this is the crux of the editorial given here. In our discussion today, we shall look into the various aspects mentioned in the editorial. Before that, the syllabus regarding this discussion is given here for your reference. Let's start the discussion. First, let us know about the background of India's space journey. India had a space research program even before the establishment of ISRO, Indian Space Research Organization. ISRO was created only in 1969. Before that, the space research was coordinated by Department of Atomic Energy. Vikram Sarabhai, a visionary, was the leader of India's space program. He envisaged the idea of using satellites for building a national-wide telephone system. He also decided to use space technology for providing agriculture, health, and education. This development strategy of Vikram Sarabhai was called a moonshot strategy. Here, the moonshot approach means pursuing things that are almost impossible to do. And if it is done, it will redefine the humanity. However, this strategy faced criticism for relying heavily on public investment. Many economists at that time criticized allocating budgets to space research because the space program is misdirecting the public resources away from the labour-intensive industries. But we must know that certain technological fields require sustained public support because they take long timelines for delivering achievements. On continuing, despite technological achievements over decades, India still faces challenges related to inequality, social development, and land redistribution. The persistence of poverty and inequality has hindered industrial and economic growth of India. If India has to achieve comprehensive economic progress, it should campaign the technological advancements with social development.  Now, we shall see what are the benefits of space research in various fields. As we all know, space technology comprises of space vehicle size like satellites, space stations, orbital launch vehicles, deep space communication, in-space propulsion, and a wide range of technologies. Though, this may all look like an elite terms not helping the poor farmers in villages. It's the opposite that is true. They help the common man in many ways. Some of the applications are weather forecasting, remote sensing, satellite navigation systems, satellite televisions, and some long-distance communication systems critically rely on space technology. New technology originating from space research are often exploited in other economic activities as a spin-off technologies. Here the most important benefit is communication. ISRO has launched a series of communication satellites like INSAT, GSAT, etc. They have improved telecommunication, broadcasting, and internet connectivity across the country. Who can forget the rise of e-learning during the COVID crisis which has almost ensured the unhindered access to education across the country? Second important benefit is navigation. India's navigation satellite system called NAVIC provides accurate positioning and timing information. It is used in various sectors including transportation, agriculture, and disaster management. Navigation apps on our smartphone often rely on this system. Thirdly, the most important application is disaster management. ISRO's remote sensing satellites assist in disaster management by providing real-time data during emergencies. This information is often used for disaster preparedness, responsiveness, and recovery efforts. Fourth, the important benefit is resource management. Satellites help in monitoring and managing their natural resources. They aid in forestry management, soil moisture estimation, and water resource mapping, which are crucial for sustainable development. For example, Nisharmisen, which was created jointly by NASA and ISRO, will measure Earth's changing ecosystem, dynamic surfaces, natural hazards, sea level rise, and groundwater levels. Next, we will look into the benefits of space tech in agriculture. See, we are primarily a agricultural community. See, most of our population depends on agriculture. ISRO is providing invaluable services to those people by developing more methodologies for crop production forecasting, which is often used by Ministry of Agriculture and former welfare. In 2012, Department of Agriculture created a established center called Megalonobi's National Crop Forecast Center. This is using space technology developed by ISRO for crop production forecasting. Pradhan Mandri, Fazal Bhima Yojana, which is an agricultural insurance scheme, uses remote sensing technologies to assess the crop loss, which is often benefiting the distressed farmers during drought season. Next is about space tech usage in planning process. ISRO is involved in a project called Bhuvan Panchayat Portal, which helps in decentralized planning. It aims to improve the planning and monitoring of government projects. This portal is designed for the general public, panchayatraj institutions, and various stakeholders associated with gram panchayats. So, these are some of the examples of space research technology and their application in the life of common man. Space research is essential for the development of humanity. Without space program, we wouldn't have GPS, accurate weather prediction, solar cells, or the ultraviolet filters in our sunglasses. The space research has contributed to many important innovations and solutions to our historical problems. It improved the quality of human life and also proved to be useful in many fields of science. On one hand, we must deal with the socioeconomic problem of our country, as we all know that a man with an empty stomach would not rejoice his country's space achievements. So, we need to look into that aspect also. But at the same time, we need to continue to focus on technological development. We cannot neglect the importance of space sector, as our continued thrice with the science brought our country to this level. We must continue doing this. That's all. Let us look into next news article. Look at the science page article. This article talks about high blood pressure, or BP, which is otherwise called as hypertension. Recently, the World Health Organization released its first-ever report on the global impact of hypertension. Because of that only, this article was given. This article highlights some of the important data from the WHO report. In addition to this, this article also mentions the India's performance in addressing the high blood pressure. Finally, the article also suggests some way forward for India to tackle hypertension. So, this is the background of this article. Now, in this discussion, let us understand the important points provided in this article. Before getting into discussion, let us look into the syllabus. In Prince's perspective, the hypertension topic falls under the general science part. In Maine's perspective, it will come under GS Paper 3 and falls under the topic of science and technology, developments and their applications and their impacts in everyday life. Now, let us get into the discussion. First, let us look at the basics of hypertension. Hypertension occurs when the force of blood pushing through our blood vessels or arteries is consistently too high. To put it simply, when your blood is consistently pumping through your arteries with more force than normal, it is called hypertension or high BP. According to medical standards, if the reading on BP monitor goes above 140 mmHg, then it is called hypertension. Know that the ideal blood pressure is considered to be between 90 for 60 mmHg and 120 by 80 mmHg. Now, having these basics, let us see what causes hypertension. It is caused by mostly unhealthy life choices like lack of physical activity, high salt diet, smoking and drinking alcohol and eating unhealthy food which may cause hypertension. Apart from this, certain medical conditions like diabetes, obesity and kidney failure can also result in hypertension. This is all about the causes of hypertension. Now, let us see about the impact of hypertension. See, hypertension is often called a silent killer. The high BP can cause various health compliments like strokes, heart attacks, kidney damage and heart failure. Until these complications arise, hypertension often goes unnoticed because of this only, hypertension is often called a silent killer. This is all about the basics of hypertension. Now, let us look into the WHO report on hypertension. Firstly, the WHO report highlights that the hypertension affects 1 in 3 adults worldwide. Secondly, the report noted that the number of people living with hypertension has doubled from 1992 to 2019. See, in 1990, only 650 million people lived with hypertension. But in 2019, the number was doubled and it stood almost at 1.3 billion. Out of those 1.3 billion affected people, nearly 3-4000 are living in low and middle income countries. The report also stated that nearly half of the people who are said to be having high BP are unaware of their condition. Thirdly, the WHO report said that nearly 450 people who are living with hypertension are inadequately treated. The report noted that if the treatment for hypertension is scaled up, it could avoid 76 million deaths between 2023 to 2050. This is all about the important data from WHO. From these points, we can observe that hypertension is affecting a significant population worldwide. So, the world government should scale up the diagnosis and treatment of hypertension. Now, moving on to the India's performance in addressing the high BP. See, recently, several research papers about hypertension in India are published in the journals like The Lancet. The papers highlight the growing prevalence of hypertension in India. The study reveals that in India, younger adults and people from lower socio-economic background are highly affected with hypertension. In addition to this, the research paper also mentioned that there is a significant portion of hypertension individuals in India who are remain undiagnosed. This is because many of the individuals lack awareness about hypertension condition or they have limited access to healthcare services. The research paper further said that even when people in India know that they are having high BP, 6 out of 10 do not start treatment. This can be due to multitude of factors like their poverty, their inaccessibility to healthcare services, etc. From these data, we can observe that India is poorly performing when come to treating high BP. Now finally, let us see what India should do to avoid hypertension related health complications. Firstly, the Indian government should adopt practical intervention to treat hypertension. See, many of the people in India are aware of hypertension diagnosis but a significant portion of the patients do not initiate the treatment for hypertension. So, the government should bring in some educational and behavioral intervention to accelerate the treatment of hypertension. Secondly, the Indian government should need to re-evaluate its national strategies on treating high BP. Overall, India has witnessed a 4-4 improved improvement in hypertension control over the past 2 decades. But, as we saw earlier, there is a rising prevalence of hypertension among the poor and young adults in India. So, the government should re-evaluate its national strategy to include the people who are left out of the treatment process. Thirdly, the government should adopt evidence-based policies to address uncontrolled hypertension in India. India is having limited research on lifestyle and risky factors that causes high BP. India is not considering the social factors such as education and cost when it comes to health care. Therefore, the government should adopt evidence-based policies to address hypertension in India. That's all about this news article. Let's move on to the next news article. Have a look at this news article. Recently, the Climate Ambition Summit was held in United Nations General Assembly. The summit is aimed to highlight the actions taken on climate change and uphold the Paris Agreement's 1.5 degree Celsius target. But, the countries like China, China and the United States are concerned about climate change. Why this is a concern? Why? Because these countries together contribute to 42% of global greenhouse gas emissions. In this context, let us discuss about the important steps taken by India to combat climate change. Firstly, mission life. It's a global movement led by India to inspire people to protect and conserve the environment. Its objective is to encourage at least 1 billion people around the world to take action to safeguard the environment from 2022 to 2021. The climate change has produced 80% of villages and urban communities in India as environment friendly by 2028. The second step is National Adaptation Fund for Climate Change, NFCC. It was created to support the adaptation activities in the states and the Union Territories, which are very vulnerable to climate change. NFCC is implemented in a project mode and 30 projects have been approved so far in 27 states and Union Territories. The Prime Minister's Council on Climate Change in the year of 2008. It includes eight national missions to address the challenges of climate change. The missions are National Solar Mission, National Mission for Enhance Energy Efficiency, National Mission on Sustainable Habit, National Water Mission, National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem, National Mission for Green India, National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture, National Mission on India's Encouraging Climate Smart Agriculture. The government is encouraging sustainable farming practices by promoting organic farming, agro forestry and precision agriculture. This is done by integrating the technology driven solutions such as remote sensing, Internet of Things devices and artificial intelligence based analytics. Lastly, the recent initiative is Panchamirtha or Five Point Plan. The Prime Minister has presented five elements called Panchamirtha five elements. The first element is reaching 500 gigawatt of non-fossil energy capacity by 2030. Second is getting 50 percentage of energy requirements from renewable energy sources by 2030. Third is reduction of total projected carbon emission by 1 billion tons from now onwards to 2030. Fourth is reduction of carbon intensity of the economy by 45 percentage by 2030 over the base level of 2005. Fifth element is achieving the target of net zero emissions by 2070. Knowing that this is the updated India's nationally determined contribution to UNFCCC. As we all know, climate change being one of the most pressing challenges of the 21st century. It poses significant threats not only to the environment, human health and food security but also to economic development. As a result of various actions taken by a government, India has achieved reduction of 24% in emission levels. However, global climate risk index 2021 has ranked India in the seventh place in the list of countries most affected by climate change. We have to wait and watch what will be the result of our climate change commitments in the future. That's all about this news article. Let's take the next news article. Let's look at this news article. Yesterday, super talented Bharatanatyam dancer Saroja Vaidyanathan died at her residence. He was awarded Batma Shree in 2002 and Batma Bhushan in 2013. Her demise was an unexpected one. Along with this news, let us review some of the basics of classical dance from exam perspective. Presently, Asper Sangeet Natak Academy, there are 8 classical dance forms in India. Which are Bharatanatyam, Kuchupudi, Kathakalli, Mohini Atom, Odisi, Manipuri, Kathak and Shatria. Let's see some of the basics of Bharatanatyasastra. There are two basic aspects of Indian classical dance. One is Lassiya. Lassiya is a symbolic gesture which incorporates the feminine futures of dance as an art form and denotes grace, bhava, rasa and abinaya. Second one is Thandava. This is symbolic to the male aspects of dance and has more emphasis on rhythm and movement. And moreover, Asper Abinaya Darbhan, an act of classical dance should have three basic elements. Nirtha refers to the basic dance steps performed rhythmically but it's devoid of any expression or mood. Second one is Natya. It means dramatic representation and refers to the story in a elaborated way through dance recital. Third element is Nirthya. Nirthya refers to the sentiment and emotions which are invoked through dance. It includes the main and different modes of expression including mudras in the dance. Usually, classical dance performance is known as Nayaka-Nayika-Bhava. Here, the eternal deity is seen as the hero or Nayaka. And the devotee who performs the dance is the hero enough to act, that is Nayaka. There are nine rasas or emotions that are getting expressed through dance. And the Navarasa is displayed here in the image which is given below. You can go through it. See, the modes and expressions are emoted through the use of mudras. Mudras is a combination of hand gestures and bodily postures. There are 108 fundamental mudras, a combination of which are used to depict a particular emotion. Remember, distinct style of dances have evolved in different parts of India, each with their own specific nuances. However, all these dance forms are governed by the basic rules and guidelines laid down in the Nathya Sastra. Here, the principle rule is the transfer of knowledge can happen only through group. The group passes on the knowledge of different traditions which are used in the Nathya Sastra. In the Nathya Sastra, the Gurushisha Parambra forms the core of Indian classical art form. That's all about this news article. Guys, this is all about today's news discussion. With this, let us move on to the next part of our video. That is, to discuss the preliminary practice question. Today, we are having four questions. Let us solve it one by one. The first question, what does the term separatism generally refers to in the context of geopolitics and national movement? The ideology advocating for the centralization of power. We know that it is wrong. Let's move on to the next option. It is a regious movement promoting interfaith harmony and unity. See, interfaith harmony and unity, it is in a positive connotation, whereas the separatism is in a negative connotation. So, by seeing itself, we can conclude that it is wrong. Let us move on to the next option. It's a movement seeking independence or autonomy for a particular region or a group. See, from our discussion, we can conclude that this is the correct option because separatism typically refers to the political or social movement that seeks to achieve independence for a group from a country. For example, Catalonia separatist movement from Spain is a good example of separatist movement. By concluding this, we can clearly say option C is correct. Let's move on to the next question. Here, three statements are given about Web 3.0. Let us see them one by one. First option, it enables the people to control their own data. It is correct because Web 3.0 is also called as decentralized web. It means there is more centralized control where people can control from bottom to top. So, the first option is correct. Second option, in Web 3.0, there can be blockchain-based social networks. This is correct because Web 3.0 is characterized by the use of advanced technologies like blockchain, artificial intelligence and decentralized networks. So, this is correct. Let's see option 3. Web 3.0 is operated by users collectively rather than a corporation. See, the first option is directly proportional to the third option. So, if the first option is correct, it means definitely the third option will be correct. So, we are concluding that all the three options are correct. So, the correct option is option C. Let's move on to the next question. Here, it is a previous question asked in UPAC preliminary examination 2021. Let's see the question. R2 code of practices constitutes a tool available for promoting the adoption of option A, environmentally responsible practices in the electronic recycling industry. This option is correct. So, we no need to see other three options because we can conclude that the option A is correct. Let's move on to the next question. Here, the four pairs of acts which are related to classical dance are given and in the right side, their meanings are given. Let's see how many of the pairs are correct. Here, the first act, atboot, from our discussion, we can easily conclude that it means wonder, not tragedy. So, the first option is wrong. The second act, string R, it means it symbolizes love. So, it is correct. Third option, it's a raudra. Raudra, we know from our common understanding that raudra means anger. So, it is correct. The fourth option, vira. It also means heroism. We can decipher this also from our common sense. So, apart from the first option, all the three remaining options are correct. So, we can conclude that the correct option will be option B. Here, I have displayed the main question based on today's discussion. Interested aspirants can write the answer and post it in the comment section. If you like today's video, like, comment and share it with your friends. For more update regarding civil service preparation, please subscribe to Shankar IS Academy. Thank you for listening. Thank you.


Today on the show, we're taking a look at Funeral for a Friend Part 5, The Adventures of Superman, number 499, so stay tuned. Hey guys, welcome back to Comic-Ed and TV, we're all geek culture collides. If you're new to the channel, don't forget to hit that subscribe button so you don't miss out on future videos. Alright guys, as I said today, we're taking a look at Funeral for a Friend Part 5, The Adventures of Superman, number 499. This is what I would kind of call a filler issue. Not a whole lot goes on in this. Yeah, there's some action. You get scenes where Supergirl Matrix, for those of you who don't know, teams up with Dan Turpin. You get some gang buster activity. But that's about it. We open up with Lex Luthor. Beep, beep, beep. Here's sound. And he goes to his computers. There's some activity going on in Superman, underneath Superman's tomb. So Matrix transforms into Supergirl and heads the whip that way. An undercover police officer spots something. She's moving so fast that all he sees is just something move. So he calls it in. Inside the tomb, she discovers that Superman's body is gone. Outside the tomb, we see gang buster thinking about how he and Kat Grant got into it. They were a couple and she discovered that he was out being gang buster again. That was one of the stipulations of them getting together is that he couldn't be gang buster anymore because she didn't want him out risking his life and she didn't want to be worrying about him every night. So with the death of Superman, he became gang buster again and they got into it. Then we come up on Monpo Kent. Paul talking to Lois. Lex is in a very grumpy mood and his personal assistant, whatever comes, she tries to get down his pants, for lack of a better term. And he just tells her to go away. We get Dan Turpin and the task force showing up at the tomb. We get some actual gang buster fighting scenes. Matrix Supergirl. For those of you who don't know, Matrix is a shapeshifter. She has all these amazing powers. She has some telepathy, some telekinesis, super strength and vulnerability, super speed, flight, shapeshifting ability obviously. She's very overpowered. When she came to Earth, which I will be going over in another video, she took on the identity of Supergirl. This is the first post-crisis version of Supergirl. This is not Karazor L. Dan Turpin goes in and he finds Supergirl is being attacked by Underworlders. He goes in to try and help. They attack him. He and Supergirl team up, but his clothes get ripped to shreds. There's an explosion and we end with Supergirl bringing Dan Turpin out in pretty much his underwear and Cadmus having Superman's body. Like I said, not really. There's a lot of action. Don't get me wrong. But the only thing that really pushed the story forward was the Cadmus had Superman's body and that was just a brief shot. I don't know if I don't really feel this is an essential issue, an essential part for a friend. But if you want the complete collection, pick this up. So there you go guys. Funeral for a friend part 5, The Adventures of Superman number 499. I'm Shannon with Come Again TV, the only place on YouTube where all geek culture collides. If you're new to the channel, make sure you hit that subscribe button and the little notification bell so you don't miss out on future videos. Take care my friends.


Living in Australia, there are many ways to enjoy life in Australia. It is important you learn about the many new customs, laws and the very different ways of life. Be patient with yourself. It will take some time to settle in. In Australia, there are people from many different countries and cultures. Everyone has the right to express their culture and beliefs within Australian law. It might take time for you to get used to and understand this new way of life. In Australia, people go to clubs, theatres, cinemas, museums as well as many cultural events, music concerts and dance shows. There are often free events, especially on weekends and in school holidays. Australia is a beautiful country and has many parks and gardens that provide a low-cost option for family outings. There are also many community groups and clubs that you can join and meet new people. They include religious organisations, music societies and social clubs. You might also ask your local council about services in your community such as the local library, the sports centre and youth clubs. You might even find Asian community groups to join. Sport and Recreation Sport is a great way to stay active and to make friends. People play lots of different sports in Australia, including football, cricket and basketball. Some sport clubs are free. Others cost money. Mara has been in Australia for two years.  Only two girls, my friends and me. Tangay has been in Australia for four years. I like playing sport. Most are playing soccer mostly and my second one is probably badminton. But it makes me healthier and then meet new friends. It's good even though they don't play soccer, they can still come here and we can become friends. Ask for help to find a sporting activity that is right for you in your local area. Border Safety Going to the beach is a very popular activity in Australia. While it can be a lot of fun and it is free, you need to be aware of some important safety issues. Tony is a surf lifesaver. Australian beaches can vary massively depending on where you go. They can be very dangerous, sometimes they can be quite safe. The most important thing is if you're not sure you must always stay between the red and yellow flags. That way you'll know there will be a surf lifesaver or a lifeguard watching out for you. And that's the best way to stay safe. This is the signal that means I need help when you are in the water. Water safety is very important at the beach as well as in pools, rivers, lakes and dams. Never leave your children alone near water, including in the bath at home. If you can't swim, then roll yourself and your family in swimming lessons at the local swimming pool. Swimming in Australia is not a luxury. It is part of Australian life. If you're living in Australia, you've got to send your kids to swimming classes. And I started sending my daughters and now they are at par with other Australian children. So that's really, really important in Australia. When you are at the beach or just outdoors, you should always wear sunscreen to protect yourself from getting sunburned. Citizenship After settling into life in Australia, many people take the final step in their journey by becoming an Australian citizen.


Is it possible to run poor businesses once? You know, people look at Elon Musk and they think, the CEO must not do much if he can do the CEO of all these companies. What they don't realize is a CEO's job is not to do the work. It's to build the systems that do the work. And by having good decision-making skills, and by having strategy and being in front of the market and being visionary and seeing the future, you can design a system that produces more value for the world than anybody else. And that's what you get paid to do. You put people and processes and systems in place to run that for you. So you can go on and do it again because you have a high-level skill set. It's more valuable when you're actually being in the factory building each car. How many Tesla's would we have if Elon had to be in the factory doing the work? We'd have zero. Instead, we have, what, 500,000 at ship every year now of one model. And the choice is yours.  Step out, do less work, create more impact, more value. Go check out the training below this video.


and what was your first impression of Garrett Cole? Really good, really good to see him out there. You know, and I really felt like kind of improved as we went and kind of rained it in a little bit. I think was probably battling all the excitement, all the build up to this day. And I thought he made a lot of really, really big pitches, especially some pitches when he was behind in the count that were critical for him. I thought he settled into a nice groove. And overall, stuff-wise, I thought he was really good. Does that home run from Stanton in the first feel even bigger than just one run because of who is on the mound on the other side? Well, it was two runs. It was a two-run homer. Look, it was, I mean, it's about as good as you can draw it up, starting the game out that way, you know. Judgy has a really good at bat. Aaron actually, Hicks had a really good at bat to start the game, smokes the ball at second. Aaron smokes a ball through the hole and then, you know, for G to go up there and clean it out. Yeah, I mean, that's a huge shot in the arm when you're facing another team's ace and you got your ace on the mound. So it's a great tone setter for us in that first inning by G. Just how encouraged are you by the fact that two of those big bats in your lineup in John Carlo and Aaron Judge seem to be very dialed in to start the season?  And, you know, one of the things I felt really good about is that this team's ready to go and those guys are kind of leading the way in a lot of, in a sense. And it was really good to see them come out and have really quality at bats to kind of confirm the work we've been seeing. Thanks, Aaron. Mm-hmm. We'll take the next question from Kristi Akart. Aaron, what were your overall impressions of opening day with nobody in the ballpark? What was it like being on the field and was there a point where it ever felt normal to you? Close to. I find when the game starts, honestly, it feels like a game. It's easy to lock in. You know, obviously there's some things you don't do normally where you don't have your normal physical interaction with people. But I found it very easy to get locked into the game. I had a lot of butterflies today, you know, coming to the ballpark and kind of sorting through all the different things to get ready for tonight's game. But once, you know, and I felt this way a little bit in the exhibition games where, you know, it felt really competitive. Tonight was another step up from that. We're facing the world champs. We're facing Max Scherzer. Garrett Coles on the mound for us. Our guys came out with an edge and you could sense that in the dugout.


The study found that people living with both diabetes and undernutrition have a higher risk of developing multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, MDR-TB. Additionally, previous TB treatment was associated with moderate-slash-severe undernutrition, while no associations for sex, alcohol or tobacco use were observed. Furthermore, TB treatment programs should plan for large proportions of patients requiring diagnosis and management of comorbidities with the potential to adversely affect TB treatment outcomes and quality of life. This article was authored by Sharon E. Cox, Tansy Edwards, Benjamin N. Fager and others.


Alright, this is a review of That Will Never Work, The Birth of Netflix and the Amazing Life of an Idea by Mark Randolph, who is the founder of Netflix, or one of the founders. Reed Hastings Be The Other. Netflix started a revolution. This was a very fun read, humorous, and it's great for startups. How when you look at the title, that will never work. You don't want to be around that pessimistic attitude. You want to be around that you can do, spirit, optimism. And this is great for any startup where no one will believe you. No doesn't mean no. I love that he shared the story of being an entrepreneur and building the business, the struggle. An interesting point I want to point out is I've never bought the stock of this company. I appreciate what they did, but I didn't see the profits, hence I chose Amazon. And these types of startups you want to learn how to pivot. And for Netflix it had the Renting vs Buying model, that true garage startup, and this might have been the big breakthrough for the sharing and gig economy. How you deal with big dogs such as Blockbuster and Sony, and not letting the ego get in the way of the business in the future. Mark understood that and gave him props for it. And Netflix's model was crazy. It was early in getting the DVDs to rent, free, and getting more. The subscription model was a breakthrough. And he gives an interesting story on Amazon, and Amazon is one of the big dogs Z. I would consider the most powerful business in America, as you probably already know from all of my other videos. And he gives the angle of how Jeff Bezos was, a competitor yet in an alliance. Netflix was very controversial because you could rent their discs and you could copy them during the CD and DVD burning area of the late 90s and early 2000s. Before the streaming, and Netflix gets credit for breaking that Hollywood model, and that only legit TV can be on awards. They pay the model for other competitors such as Hulu, Disney, HBO, Twitch, YouTube, any type of streaming service. And Netflix came as a competitor, knocked down Blockbuster. Even the story of Blockbuster and how they related with Mark Randolph was so hilarious in this book. You have to read it. Hopefully you've read this book. He had to compete with movie theaters as well. Even though they're dead, probably right now, with the pandemic, AMC is probably dead. And you see interesting drama currently in 2020 with they won't play Universal Studio movies because it didn't go its way with Hollywood. Very interesting era. And by the way, you can check out my everything store review of Amazon.  And you don't want to watch life pass you by, no work, no risk or imagination. And you choose that path that can be detriment to Hollywood agenda and the evil connections. Hopefully it's not going to be an idiocracy or even entertained. Do you even need to leave the home? No mailbox. Just clicking the buttons on the stream service. We're almost being conditioned by TV.  Netflix disrupted culture. That retail and brick and mortar is dead. Ecommerce is the future and it exposed the Hollywood gatekeepers. You don't have to pay for that overpriced ticket. Even though it was fun to go out, you don't have to pay that fee. It is close to merit as possible. There is merit. And reading this book, you understand Netflix's culture in the future. I will be viewing other Netflix books as well as having a Netflix review on culture at some point. See the link below for Netflix culture, avoiding the rules, sharing the info, merit. And it's funny that they had unlimited vacation time in a cool place. I talked to a few Netflix employees and learned a lot. As for me, I enjoyed the Netflix shows early on, the independent films. And the big show for me was Breaking Bad. I don't watch much movies or TV because it can be poison. Life was better without smartphones and Netflix. You will never get to individualism watching movies. Go outside. Subscribe to Netflix or you can subscribe to this channel. Or you can choose a lesser from two eagles. Which one is better for you? And to end it, that will never work. We'll be told to you often. And you gotta love the you can't do it mentality of Mark Rand. You don't wanna doubt yourself. Belief is powerful. Cicero said, a man of courage is also full of faith. Cold approach. And this is such a fun book to read. Make sure you read this book. Alright, it will work.


There was a hearing in the foreign relation with Samantha Power, and I was trying to tell her that this is a genocide, not a humanitarian crisis, and that she should be brave and to quit. That she should quit her job or seek out and get fired. She's an expert in genocide prevention, so her job is to prevent genocide. She wrote a book about stopping genocide. She's an expert in genocide stopping, and I was trying to tell her that she should stop this genocide if that's her expertise. Stop talking about it as a humanitarian crisis and start talking about it like what it is. Our country is committing genocide. As long as the people in charge continue to ignore the fact that this is a genocide, the American people will continue to act like lemmings and follow them, and will continue to be responsible for the killing, the slaughter of all the people in Gaza. I'm being patted down again because I'm dangerous because I speak out when my country is committing genocide. They're talking about humanitarian assistance for people who are being slaughtered. It doesn't make sense to give people humanitarian assistance when you send bombs to Israel to kill them.


Hi, I'm Joseph Seneval. I'm with the Adobe Advertising Cloud. I currently run the platform infrastructure team that powers all of our data centers, public cloud, across three continents, and six data centers. I'm Kip Merker here, and I am from Noble 9, and I want to talk about service-level objectives. You know, when you think about reliability, it's all about perception and reputation. If you have a great experience with a piece of software, you might tell one person about it. But if you have a bad experience, you're gonna tell everybody you know. And this is because of some psychology behind remembering bad experiences more vividly than good experiences. On top of the reputation, I'll hit, of having a bad experience, if you can find a problem in development, it's significantly cheaper than fixing it in production. So when you're thinking about reliability for your organization, you know, the goal is to basically not have people have a bad experience with your software, and you want to keep the cost down by fixing things early before they get out to customers in the first place. But unfortunately, reliability falls out of spectrum. And if you have too low of reliability, your customers are gonna find some other way to accomplish their task. If you're below a certain threshold, like an SLA, you may even be on the hook to pay out credits to customers if they tell you about the SLA violation. So low reliability is bad. But on the other end of the spectrum, as you try to achieve 100% reliability, it gets increasingly more and more expensive to hit that target. We call this the sort of gold-plated infrastructure. This one study I found said that the CTOs say they're spending 30% of cloud is wasted, which means that literally billions of dollars a year are going to cloud providing that isn't necessarily moving the needle in terms of customer perception. So a service level objective, or SLO, is the balance point about somewhere between too low reliability and too high reliability. And it is defined as the point at which customers go from being unhappy to happy. And the result of this is that your team moves from being burnt out, chasing the pager to being productive. And the gap between the SLO and 100% is referred to as an error budget. We call it a budget because you can spend it and you can spend that budget on changes that add value to customers. If you say I want a three-nines SLO, 99.9%, what you're really saying is that 0.1% of error can be safely ignored. And this is the power of SLOs in terms of trying to manage reliability. When we think about the actual definition of SLO, if you're not familiar, there's different types of SLOs, but generally speaking, they're calculated as a proportion, a proportion between good events or total events or events above a certain threshold and all events. And here you can see some examples of availability SLO and how you would describe that for implementation as a specific place load balancer, response codes for a specific API. In the case of latency, ideally you would set your thresholds based on user experience. So you wouldn't just say some random number of milliseconds, but you'd actually say, oh, this is noticeable by customers or this is an annoying experience for customers. And you would tie your SLOs to that actual user experience. The point of the SLO is to figure out what is gonna make customers happy and defining the SLOs based on that goal is what gives you the power of improving reliability for your service. When you're measuring an SLO, one of the key ideas is to bind it to the happiness of users, but how do we actually do that? So in practice, there's this idea of the happiness test. And I got this from the Google Art of SLOs framework. And the idea is that you take a service level indicator, you can give that as a service KPI and you look for correlations to systems that objectively tell you if customers are happy or if the business is happy. So think about how you could have high correlation with your selected indicators to the number of support calls you're receiving or the conversion rate of customers or if people are complaining about you in social media. By using these external signals, you can sharpen your SLO or SLO to be more accurate and to reflect more clearly what's really going on in the minds of customers. The other key part is to try to find an early warning. If it has high correlation, it should happen at the beginning of an outage, not just at the end. When you think about error budgets, as I mentioned before, it's really, an error budget is a, what's the word I'm looking for?  And instead of having one team fighting to make changes and other team fighting for stability, the question becomes, how do we wisely spend the error budget together to achieve the right kind of result? One could argue that we're spending error budget right now on a global pandemic, but there are lots of places you can spend error budget whether that's shipping new features, making config changes, dealing with a spike in demand or other kind of unexpected issues from third party services. All of those together can be managed as part of this risk management idea of taking service level objectives that are reasonable and applying them to your services to maximize customer happiness and balance the cost of infrastructure. When you think about the new sort of service frameworks that were out there, the service oriented architectures or the microservices we see now, there's lots and lots of service dependencies. And so when you think about the SLO, it's almost like an API between engineering teams. When you have teams running all these different services with dependencies, they're all interconnected. So you can never run the service, you really, the reliability to service is the sum of its dependencies to a larger center. Now, if we break one of these services, if it's very low in the dependency chain, we're gonna see that effect bubbling up throughout the entire system and having customer impact at the edge. But in another scenario, you might see the same exact customer impact, but really the failure is isolated. One of the key challenges the teams have is how do I figure out which service is actually broken? Instead of alerting and paging everybody, find the one that's actually broken. So if you take a step back and you have SLOs across all of your services and service boundaries by looking at the patterns of which SLOs have been violated, you can actually isolate and more clearly alert the team that has broken infrastructure. And this is a really powerful use case for service level objectives. All right, I wanna hand over to my friend Joseph here who's gonna talk about SLOs in the context of OpenStack. Hey, thanks, Kit. Yeah, so great setup. And one of the things that when we look at our infrastructure and I'm all qualified, we have quite a bit on OpenStack. We have things in Kubernetes. And so there's a lot of entry points for us to be able to introduce these service level objectives. And so for myself and the team, one area that we started to examine was, where do we start at? We have five data centers that, each of them have quite a bit of compute overall. There's over 200,000 cores. And so we could look at it in a couple of different ways. But the first thing that we always really asked ourselves was, where is our customer's pain? Who are we really serving? I think that really helped to drive it because as engineers, we tend to start digging down deep and really trying to find all the more minutia underneath it. And actually, if you took a step back and even referenced, there's a good article on the OpenStack docs that kind of gave some guidance. It was giving some architectural guidance around like service level objectives. And what it kind of encouraged was to look at your cloud in the way that the data plane is maybe things like the virtualization, like how fast does it take for a VM to spin up? Or maybe it's a team that really needs to have like low latency or it's a storage. So you're probably looking at credit events in your logs. But normally these are things that always have to be available and they're good starting points to kind of measure from. Other environments could be really focused more down in the control plane, that can depend. So you really have to check and do some homework in regards to what is really meaningful for your customers. Other areas that you also should be aware of and have to call out is that there's things that you can't control. And so you wanna make sure that when you are starting to try to identify like what my targets are, what is, you know, if it's like HHB requests or it's related to events within like Seth storage, you know, be aware that there is some underpinnings that you may have to kind of factor in. And then as well as kind of like plan maintenance schedules, some teams consider involved and put them into their slows, other stone.  So you wanna balance these things out when you start with it. Not that I've kind of laid the groundwork for that. What I'd like to show you is just kind of before a demo, just kind of how this would look in action. So let's cut on over to this demonstration. And what we did is we actually took one of our environments and we have a tool that we use called GoGENA that basically allows us to be able to send traffic. And what we wanted to really do is to kind of demonstrate when we first set up a service level indicator and kind of like throw some thresholds around it. The real power comes in is what you wanna do is catch these things when they start to escalate. You don't wanna get to the point where something completely breaks and your customer is unhappy. You really wanna see the trend. And that's kind of where the power of this comes in at and what you're really trying to evolve into your engineering culture. And so for our demonstration, so I wanted to show this in action and kind of like what we're kind of using is at Adobe we've been using Noble Line to help us be able to track in real time our slows. And so in this example, this is a mock example that we're kind of using in one of our Kubernetes clusters that's running on OpenStack. And as you'll notice in here, we've kind of defined and the great thing about this format alike is that it's kind of also in our normal way of kind of like running Kubernetes applications. And so one thing to note is that, any tennis at Prom Coal can be inserted into here. So depending on like what you may already have you can easily integrate into the Noble Line format. And you'll see that we have a CPU usage as the metric that we're using here in the demo. And ideally what we're trying to do is we wanna send traffic to it and CPU utilization is over a half a CPU. We start breaking into our air budgets but what we wanna do is mainly we don't wanna get to the point where we break something and that's what really the point of SLOs are is to help catch before these things get to that threshold. And as you'll notice we have set a target at that 99%ile that'll help us to be able to be aware and alert and be able to take action if we start to get to that threshold whether it is adding more compute to that resource pool or maybe it's related to something that we need to roll back. Maybe we made a change that kind of increased consumption that we have to revisit. But ideally this SLO will help us to be able to be preemptive before we have an actual like customer facing impact where the customer is not happy. So now we had a change has happened and we are noticing that all of a sudden like our concurrency like the CPU consumption is starting to go up. The threshold that we set is now starting to be exceeded customers are being impacted. Ideally what you wanna do is as you see as we're hitting that threshold is instead of waiting for it to get to a point where the things are burning you actually catch it before and decide to take action. One of the things that we have been trying to do in our environments is really hand it to the users who actually can make those decisions. So maybe in this situation here there may be an engineering leader who actually has like can make a decision of like hey we need to dedicate more resource to this so that we can kind of address the exceeding an air budget or the other thing could be made is possibly that we need to stop doing releases. Maybe it's even a possible rollback or that we need to focus on reliability because we're burning through our air budget and we need to get things back into a healthy state again. So as you can see that when we had in that demo it really helped us to see where if you are using slows in your environment among engineers among site reliability engineers you're able to easily be able to react and not allow things to get to the point to where your customers are impacted. But the one thing that's very impactful with slows in which I realized as I start to embrace it more and our team is embracing it and utilizing them is that it starts to evolve the culture and for us one of the things that we've been really trying to do is I think a lot of SREs start sometimes at the bottom and we realize like hey this is a way for us to kind of gate and control when change happens or be able to determine like yeah we can keep moving ahead keep releasing and things are good and we can write that line and make sure our customer is not impacted. I think ideally if I was gonna start out I'd love to say that I have a green field meaning starting right from the top that I would have product giving us what they say as a requirement what they think is the you know the lines that are needed for this application or service that is being inputted that makes customers happy that trickles down to the engineers and then by the time it gets to us here in the SRE world like we basically know exactly what we need to do, how we need to architect how we need to build it to make our customers happy and to be able to you know build the resilience into the environment that's there. Oftentimes though we have to start with an existing environment and so the one thing I realized is that you know a lot of us have done great jobs with maintaining our infrastructure. I know our teams have maintained lines that I feel like hey I don't think we really paid for it but yet we have got it and so you wanna make sure that you start a little bit below that give yourself some room to kind of like evolve into it and also as well as your partners so that you can make sure that hey I can get the maintenance is done no no change can happen we don't wanna make it so rigid and difficult for you to be able to manage that you're paralyzed and you can't do anything in your environments when you're starting to manage your environments by slows. And the other piece is establish a cadence of okay so you've gone in, you've created these definitions you've gone in and you're tracking them you've given them maybe 30, 60 days but go back and establish a cadence where you're reviewing the environments that are you meeting the slows are you not it's meeting them are you burning up your air budget and you need to make some adjustments this is a normal process it's gonna take time to evolve this so if you continually do this you start building that into the culture the one thing that starts to change is that we're so driven by an alert driven culture like we're reacting to things when they happen but what you'll start to see happen when you start to implement these into your engineering culture is that you'll start prioritizing like what work gets done around the life of a service for example in the previous example that we just had if maybe for example we were pushing a lot of change that was causing us to burn through that air budget well that would be a good indication that hey we need to maybe slow this down or stop basically focus on what is causing it to burn through that air budget maybe it's with the liability related stories that we need to focus on so that we can get ourselves back under the air budget but when you do these things and if you implement slows into the culture as I like to refer to it it is an SRE Nirvana and I believe it's also just engineers upon it because you're able to all work together cohesively and be able to know when you can safely move things forward as well as when you need to slow down. Thanks Joseph. So the last piece we want to talk about is the business technical feedback loop and service level objectives as Joseph was kind of explaining here and as you saw in the demo there's this important feedback loop between the business side and the technical side when we think about balancing the engineering effort and the customer experience. One way to think about this is to come from the top down and look at how do I define SLOs from the business? Now you may have had the discussion with business stakeholders and well how many nines do you want and how reliable should this really be and you may hear, well I want it to be 100% reliable 200% secure and 300% more features than anybody else. Of course that's not a realistic answer to the question of what the SLOs should be. So I want to share a different method that starts from the business and ends up calculating SLOs for you. So the first thing is you've got to identify the top critical user transactions. Not all transactions are created equal. If you're browsing a catalog that's very different than purchasing in a catalog. If you're browsing stock prices it's very different than making a transaction or a trade. And so understanding the critical users who they are and what they're trying to accomplish is the first step. If you are just calculating an average cost of downtime you're going to miss the boat because reliability means something different on Black Friday. It means something different during the Super Bowl. It means something different while the market trading hours are open and every business has critical times. The next question after you've identified seven transactions is to estimate the volume of those transactions. And ideally you're going to get this to the closest order of magnitude. So is it 10, 100, 1,000, et cetera and understand how many transactions are happening within the specific time period for the specific population of users for a specific transaction. This will give you a sense of the different relative priorities and sizes of impact for an outage in one of those given times. The third piece is to come up with a business metric either in terms of revenue, maybe satisfaction, but some sort of dollar figure or business impact figure that would occur for each transaction in each case. One way to do this is you say, okay, we make a certain amount of revenue per year. We do 30% of our business during the holiday season. We do 1% of the entire year's business that happens on a specific three hours a day, understand these different periods and look at the revenue mix or the value mix across these different periods of time. Now, I wanna walk through an example. Once you've done these three steps and the other thing to look at is, well, what does it cost to engineer a reliable system? So let me walk you through a way of calculating this. If you imagine this one transaction in this hypothetical example is $10 million a year in value, okay? What we've done here is we've plotted the blue line against different levels of nines. So one nine would mean 90%, two nines, 99%, two and a half, three and a half and four nines, okay? And these are the reliability. Simply put, we said, okay, if we took our $10 million and multiplied it by the level of nines, what would the revenue be? Assuming that we lost the business during that downtime. The red line represents a potential engineering cost. And this might differ in your business but you're gonna find that it follows this pattern, that every nine you add is another sort of zero on your infrastructure bill. So at one nine, that's a machine running under somebody's desk. Two nines, maybe you've got it finally in a VM somewhere. Two and a half, three nines, you start to add in things like failover, cluster, multi-region, et cetera. And to get higher levels, you need to actually have control management, change management, CICD, testing, automated delivery, canaries, rollbacks. The cost gets really, really big, really fast once you get past a certain number of nines. Now, if I'm a business stakeholder, I'm looking at this and I'm trying to decide, well, how many nines do I want? I think my, first of all, I can see there's a very clear limit here. At three and a half nines, I spend all of my revenue on reliability. Now, if you're NASA, that might be okay. You might say, look, every dollar we have, we're going to put toward reliability. That might be a valid case, but most businesses are trying to actually drive a profit. So we want to be somewhere to the left of that, but your intuition is going to be, it's somewhere in the middle here because you don't want to miss out on this revenue from being in this, you think you need to have this reliability. Well, I want to present this data to you. I'm not going to present the exact same data in a different way and help you see where the right way to justify the number of nines. So I'm going to switch to just focus on the blue line and now we're going to plot it logarithmically. The yellow line here represents the value at risk. So it's actually the inverse of the revenue line, but because this logarithmic, this very, very flat line we saw on the linear scale, we now see that it's actually quite a slope and we see how much money is at risk relative to the different levels of reliability. This again is just derived directly from the blue line. But now if I take this, I'm going to plot the engineering cost over this line. We're going to see where it crosses over. And if I add the reliability cost line to it, which this is the exact same figure, it just is flatter now because we're viewing it logarithmically. So an exponential curve looks like a straight line. And what you see is that the crossover point is much further to the left than we expected. And I believe this is one of the key disconnects between business and technical teams that the required reliability, the justifiable reliability for many transactions is actually significantly lower than people expect. And they're pushing for these high reliability systems, not understanding the exponential cost associated with them. And this creates a massive disconnect between teams. The trick to getting truly reliable services is to understand the limits of reliability and to build an engineer system that's justifiable. So if you're an engineer trying to get SLOs from your product managers and business stakeholders, go about it this other way. Think about the transactions and prioritizing them and then use that to back into the correct number of nines for a given set of indicators and transactions. Once you've done this process and started to build this experience with your business stakeholders, you can create this feedback loop, right? You see a change happening in your system. You can budget around the change, the risk of that change, you can budget around that. You can see if incidents are occurring as a result of that, meaning that you exhausted the error budget and you can decide what to do with that. You do post-mortem and make decisions around should we be working more on technical debt, making more engineering investments, or should we be reducing the reliability expectations? And that is what's going to drive this continuous improvement cycle that leads to both higher reliability and customer satisfaction and cost efficiency for the business, which is super critical for any company that's trying to deliver reliable services and grow. So just to wrap up, a few takeaways and Joseph will pile on as well, I'm sure. But number one, what is an SLO? It's a reliability goal that's centered around users. Even he uses the API for engineering teams to figure out what services are breaking and which ones are working to help drive better action and better improvement. It helps you become more proactive. So you're getting ahead of incidents before they turn into major outages. And it helps you manage costs between the trade-off of engineering and delivering delightful experiences to users. And fundamentally this creates this business technical feedback loop that lets you drive continuous improvement. Joseph, anything to add? I can only just stand behind everything you just said. I think for myself, it has definitely helped us to evolve in regards to how we look at our infrastructure. And I think for us, definitely moving towards like an SLO base, making those on the same level as incident responses has really transformed our life and actually has made things a lot more easier for the teams and we can actually now feel that we don't have to respond to every little thing. We actually know what is the most important things that matter. It's when things impact our customers. So it is definitely starting to involve us as an engineering culture. Thanks everybody, it was fun to talk. See you later.


Make up your mind.  You can, you know.