Maen nhw, hynny. That's better. I wonder what was wrong there. Thank you very much for staying, til the end of the day for me. Well, I guess some of you, I've got later flights or a good reason to stay around. I've been asked to close the conference, talking a little bit about some of my recent experiences, and then blending in some of the work we've been doing out the conference here with a bug bash that many of you have been taking part in. fel byddwch yn gallu gweld ein cyfnod gyda'i gwybod, ac yn gallu gweld y gweld byddwch eich gweld y byddwch yn ôl sy'n mynd i'r hunain rhywbeth cyfrydol yn ceisio ar y cwrs? Felly, mae'r gweithgaredd. Yn ymddir yn 1,2 bilion gwahanol yn rhan o'r rhan, y statoryd yn 2010, Cynu yn 40 milion, Chilly yn 17 milion gwahanol, y cwrs yn ei rhagwyr yn y populatio, ond Allyn y Chynyn yn cael eu gwahanol yn y populatio. Mae'r cyfnod o'r rhan o'r ysgol yn ymddiad, 1.3 miliwn ffyrdd yn ysgol yn ymddiad, yn ddod o'r ysgol ffyrdd yn ymddiad, rydyn ni'n fawr i'r ffordd o'r ysgol, ac rydyn ni'n gweithio'r ysgol yn ymddiad ymddiad. Ac ydw i'n gweithio'r Cenniol, mae'r 100,000 o'r ysgol, etc. Rydyn ni'n bwysig ar ysgol yma. Rydyn ni'n gweithio'r cyfnod. Rydyn ni'n bwysig ar ysgol. Mae'r ysgol yn ymddiad ymddiad a'r ysgol. Rydyn ni'n ddod o'r ysgol yn ymddiad. A rydyn ni'n gweithio'r cyfnod, rydyn ni'n ddod o'r cyffredd o'r ymddiad ymddiad gyda chi eisiau gyda fawr i ymddiad ymwysig. Rydyn ni'n gweithio eich gyffredd ymddiad ar y ffodd ymddiad. Rydyn ni'n gweithio'r cyfnod o'r ysgol i ddechrau ymddiad ..a cymdeithasol i'r llwyddiadau. Mae wedi cynnwys i'n gweithio i'r Cenni... ..a wedi cael ei ffannaf i'n mynd i'r rhan. Mae'n gweithio, yw, yw, yw, yw, yw, yn dweud eich cyfrifol o'r ysgol. Mae ddim yn ei bod hi-tech, yn Nairobi... ..a'r wych yn dweud yma i'r Cenni. Mae'r unig oedd, sy'n yma... ..yna'r llwybach, ddim yn gwych... ..yna'r llwyddiadau... ..o gyfnodd y ddweud. y head goes on in a school in Kenya. In two of the schools, they had nowhere for the teachers to sit. There simply wasn't a building. They had no paper for the children to write on. They had no books to teach with. Clearly not electricity. And probably about half the teachers were unqualified teachers. Third of the kids are orphans. Two of the parents are dying of AIDS in that region. It's prevalent. So that was a situation we found ourselves. mawr werthdiad yn gyda'r rhan i ar y ddiadweithio, rydych nhw'n ymlaen o siarad, yr oedd o'r ddweithio pen, i fi'r iaith ein pwyll, a oedd o'r roedd yn byd. Dych yn yun ar ysgol, oedd o'r 70 oed, mae yna'r bydd wedi llwyddiad. So, rydych chi'n meddwl bod chi'n siarad ar y skol? Rwy'n mynd i chi ddyn nhw. 5 o'i 25 o'ch nefyd. ond yna'n ei wneud hynny'n gweithio'r cyhoeddiol, mae sy'n meddwl ychydig o'i allan â'r anul ac oed. Felly mae'n meddwl ychydig o'r ysgrifennu o ran ymgyrchol ychydig o'i wneud o'i ddweud y chyfnodd ar gyfer 7 oed o'r bwysig o'r bwysig o'r bwysig o'r bwysig o'r 3 oed.  Felly mae'n gweithio'r llwyddoedd a'r llwyddoedd o'r hwnnw i'r cyfrifio o'r hwnnw. Fod o'u cysyllt. Felly yw'n gweithio'r cychel? Felly, mae'n dweud eich cychel gyda'r gwaith i'r cyd ac rwy'n gweithio'r clastroon, oedd ymwneud. Felly mae'r lleidio, mae'r lleidio. Mae'n gweithio, mae'n gweithio'n gynghwyl. Mae yna gwybod y cynghwyl. Mae'n gweithio'n 3G gyda'r e-ink, y dyfyrdd, y bwysig ar y bwysig. Mae'r gweithio'r arfer o'r mewn, ac mae'n gwneud ar y cyflwyno. a dyna'n gweithio'r Ffanshwll Times newspaper ar y cyfnod yw'r 6 am, ym Mhenion, yna'r ysgawr ar y cyfnod, rwyf wedi'n gweithio'r papur, dwi'n gofio ar y cyfnod ac yn ddod. Yn ymwneud, mae'r 3G yn fawr. Felly, rydyn ni'n gweithio'r Amsynstwr byw'r llaw. Mae'n gweithio'r ddweud. Mae'n gweithio'r ddweud. Mae'n gweithio'r ddweud, mae'n gweithio'r ddweud, But if I could provide a kindle to a school, would it help with the teaching? Could I get curriculum material and stuff like that? So, I should have moved forward slightly. This is the sort of questions I was asking myself about what happens after the kids lives school. And I realised I had some skills here, some possibly unusual skills. I've been an engineer since I was 16. I was trained to fix aeroplanes, military aeroplanes. Rydyn ni'n dechrau'r cyfwiel hynny yn cyflawni weld esbygol y cwestiynau. Roedd y gyrraedd perneu gwneud, ac roedd yn gofyn o gynnig iawn ar y cyflwynionedd. Wydyn ni'n gweithio ar gyfwileid, ran i'n gronedd cyfwil yn y 11 llawer gyda'r cyflwyniad mewn those sy'n Warbord Kelly. And I've basically learnt how to design engineering systems that were reliable even when the individual bits and pieces weren't. So we all żyw的時候 on TCP,IP. TCP provides reliability on top of the unreliable protocol. So that's what we do, whether we know it or not. So I was trying to find a way to do something similar in anything I do in technology bydw i'n dweud hynny gyda'r cyflawn i'r uchelol a'r dweud y gadefyn i ar hynny 100,000 oed rhai. Felly mae'r ysgrifennu a'r dweud mewn gwathau hwn. Fy oeddwn i'r amser ychydig o'i chyleb i'r gweithio'r ystyried y cwmddiad i'w meddwl i'r tyfan. Gwyddo'n cyd-fyddiwch cwmddiad ac mae'r cyd-fyddiwch yn ei ddweud y bydd yn dduch i ddweud ac mae'n ddweud y brifysgol i ddweud y gwaith, yr un cyllid yn ei ddweud, sy'n ei ddweud yn ei ddweud a'r gweithio i ddweud ar gyfer y cyfnod, mae'r cyfnod ar y cwmddiad o'r prysgol ar gyfer, mae'r cyfnod o'r cyfnod ar gyfer. Mae'n dechydig. 40 US Dollars, 512 megabytes of RAM. Rhyw unrhyw unrhyw proseser. Rhyw unrhyw unrhyw USB. Rhyw unrhyw unrhyw Ethernet port. Rhyw unrhyw power. Rhyw HDMI coming out. Bit of audio. I don't know. Can you catch? They're fairly robust. So that's a pie. Well, this is a pie with a battery.  Total cost of this without a solar panel, about $100. With a solar panel, $130. Khan Academy. How many people have heard of Khan Academy here? Oh, wow. Okay, you've got a treat for the rest of you. So Sel Khan was teaching his niece, I believe, in America. He's an Indian living in America. And his niece had flunked some maths test. So he agreed to teacher and was originally doing it using Skype. Eventually put the videos online on YouTube.  And he's become a worldwide phenomenon in schooling. So absolutely brilliant, isn't it? Imagine you can watch videos in chemistry, physics, biology, mathematics, economics for free. Well, that's great. It's said only one-third of the world has reliable internet. So an intern a couple of years ago turned up at Khan Academy and said, couldn't we do something about making this available for the rest of the world? So it's an offline version. That became the Khan Academy Light Project done by what became Learning Equality, which is a couple of people working at a UCSD in the States. The next thing is Wikipedia. I assume that all of you know what Wikipedia is. So that's actually sort of run by the Wikimedia Foundation and this is one of their projects. Qix is another and many of you have met Qix from getting involved in the bug bash of this project. So it started as the offline Wikipedia reader, but it's branched into the sort of universal player available on multiple operating systems and Android. And it's also a web server and we actually run as a web server on the Raspberry Pi. Wikipedia contributors. I mean, there's so many people involved in this and I'm just putting these things together. The Rachel project in fact combined Khan Academy, Qix, and a bunch of other materials and made it into a single image file that we can either run off a memory stick on a computer like Windows with a little web server or we can run it on the Raspberry Pi and I essentially do that and then do a little bit of refinement of that work. I'm a software engineer. Simon didn't laugh. Okay, I'm the software engineer doesn't commit much code but never mind, I pretend I'm a software engineer. So I tried to look at these projects and think how can I actually do this based on what we know in software that seems to work quite well. So my projects start small. I realize I can't solve the problems. I can't turn up knowing what's going to happen. I've been in India for the last 10 days visiting schools and the first thing I learned when I turned up is whatever I thought was going to work doesn't work. Like one school says, well, we've got distributed Wi-Fi and we've got a 3G connection on the water tower. Town is brilliant. It gives me about sort of 60 bytes a second. So we had to put all the tablets in the back of a car and drive back to a city to configure them. We thought we were just going to do a little bit online configuration with the school. That's fairly typical of things I have to sort out. So in all the projects we do monthly iterations, I ask for monthly reports from the schools. I encourage them to learn and I learn each time. Try lots of equipment. Most of the stuff doesn't quite work. We refine, replace, enhance, upgrade and we do sort of many retrospectives of what we're doing to try and get involved and try and find ways to improve what we do. In Kenya, when I started the project, I'll go into details of it, but I spent, I think, $1,500 on equipment to launch six schools and affect roughly 1,000 people. So it's not a lot of money to do these things if you do it right. If you look at the education budgets in Kenya, I suspect they're spending something like $10 million a year on e-learning material, which is written in that favorite old tool called Flash. And there's just so much wastage in terms of education and the money that's being spent there. And as engineers, we can probably solve these problems for something like a tenth or a hundredth of a cost and a tenth of a time. That's what I believe and that's what I'm aiming to prove here. I try to maximize learning through diversity. So in the last two months, I have been in Kenya, working in schools there, working in Chile and Santiago and the southernmost city in the world, which is called Punta Uranus. In India, I'm working in Bangalore, in city schools and I'm working in Chennai, a school two hours drive away in a field. So it's very typical of the sort of patterns because we want to learn through diversity. We use different equipment, different tablets, different power supplies, different pies, different systems, different languages, all intended to help us learn effectively. I've been involved in open source since about 2006, basically since I joined Google and realized that this made sense and things like Selenium. I'm really pleased to see the project go from strength to strength. So virtually everything we're using is free and open source, but occasionally some of the software is just free. So for instance, one of the software we use to lock down the tablets is a free download from Android Market, Google Play. And I don't worry too much about the software being open source for that purpose, but everything else is open source as well, which means we can actually modify it. We can enhance it and I've been encouraging some of you to do that for providing translations, for instance. The content's free to share, free to copy, free to modify, so you can create your own content. The schools can create their own content. We can get people in countries, so in India you can rerecord the videos because sometimes it makes sense to have it with your local script. You don't want me writing in English or in Spanish if you're working in Telugu. Just doesn't make much sense. So the focus is how can we work on this together. So I said that I start small. I started with six schools each with a kindle in February. I'd seen enough failed IT projects, particularly in Kenya, where you normally get... Can I borrow you just for a second? Sure. Do you mind coming up on stage? With your tablet, please. You'll actually see a picture a bit like this at the moment. So I'd like us to do this this way. I'd like us to do this. There are lots and lots of pictures like this. Tons of them. And six months later, that's still in the box. Not the greatest way of using technology. And I said, thank you. Thank you. So that's fairly typical of projects I saw. This school is a school near Bangalore. I was coming out last year for a conference on software testing. And I basically had a Skype conversation thinking I was turning up with Kindles. And they said, well, actually, we've got this computer room where we've had computers donated two years ago. No one goes into this room because we don't know what to do with them. The school only had four classrooms. This is an orphan school. And they basically wouldn't use it as a normal teaching classroom. I said, Ed, why don't you just throw the computers away and use it as a classroom? You know, if you're not going to use the computers, don't make this into a sort of shrine. But as you might see, the kids are actually playing a game called Zumbini's. My children are now 22 and 19, two daughters. When they were this high, they played Zumbini's. They still play Zumbini's today. My mother's 75 and she still plays Zumbini's. So it gave me a clue that this software is quite useful. It's basically helped you to learn problem solving and mathematics skills on Windows 95. And thankfully, the old computers donated by corporates are about good enough to run Windows 95. So there we go. We're using it. And in fact, we've got six schools commissioned by January this year. Just two interns doing it part-time. They go to a school for a month, train the kids. Oh, the kids open and close the schools. The kids have the keys for the schools in India, not the adults. Because the adults come by bus and if they turn up at all, you know the story of it and I do many of you, but if the teacher turns up at all, they come an hour late. So kids open and close the schools. Stagged me when I first saw this. The teacher ratio is roughly 70 kids to one. The official ratio in India is 30 to one in a state school. So I won't bore the details, but not all teachers turn up all the time. You know this better than I do. I worked with World Reader, founded by an ex-Amazon exec, and he did deals with lots of publishers working through the Amazon content distribution mechanisms to provide content. So I was able to buy hundreds of e-books, I think 500 I bought, for roughly a dollar each at the time. And these are available in Kiswahili. They're directly relevant to the curriculum in Kenya. Really helps the teachers. And now I've got 11 schools in Kenya with Kindles. I also experimented with 3G Wi-Fi devices. I don't know if everyone's picked up my bags. They weigh about 10 or 15 kilos of electronics. That's my hand luggage. I normally take a couple of t-shirts with me. Everything goes in hand luggage because the airlines will not refund you if your bag is still and has technology in it. So I've learned that the hard way. Anyway, you need to travel with all your stuff. So I travel with 3G Wi-Fi. This little thing costs about $15. It's a 3,000 mAh battery. And what's it sold for? It's a sold for you lot and me to charge my smartphone. No big deal. It's kind of cute. You have a little torch in it. Now, in the equator, with no electricity, this is actually quite useful having a torch. So not a bad thing to have. But what it actually acts as is a UPS. In India, power isn't always on all the time. Sometimes power's on until about 10, 15, and then it comes back again about 11. Then it goes off until 2. This battery will keep a pie going for four hours. This will keep one going for up to about 16 hours. So it means that providing it gets charged from something sometime during the day, you can basically run the school and run the software without interruption, no matter what the power situation is. I usually sell the panels in Kenya. They have a lot of sunlight there. So we use that to power them. And it's that sort of simple engineering which doesn't cost a lot. These are hard to find, ones that allow you to charge them while they're being discharged. Most of them will turn the discharge off when you plug power in, which defeats the purpose of what I want to use them for. I deal with the manufacturers and try and encourage them to do more of these, please. I do a lot of work with solar panels. I test them. I carry metres with me because they never live up to their claims. Nothing like the sort of seven watts they claim. I know they get about four watts out of them. And I'll come onto the tablets and pies in a moment. I will work with anyone anywhere in the world pretty much, providing they'll work with me.    But the only commitment is you've got to actually work too. So I'm not going to solve your problems for you. I'm not going to give you all the toys. You work with me. I'll do everything I can to help you. And I'll help you to grow the projects. So that's the commitment I make. I'm trying to help people learn competencies. I fly home 7am tomorrow morning. The schools here have to survive without me. Schools everywhere else have to survive without me as I'm training people up. Of course, I'm encouraging you to do likewise. What I'm not trying to do is build a big charity or anything like that. I'm actually trying to help just demonstrate by example that one person can do. So hopefully a few more people will copy the good bits of what I do and then together we can actually improve things. In Kenya, I've now said to the schools, if you want more kindles, I'd like you to donate a little bit of money. I paid for the original kindles. Now, the reason for this isn't because I want money. It's because they all have budgets, you know, a varying amount of money. I want to know how relevant is the kindle to them. Now they've used them for a year compared to spending money on firewood, building metal desks for the kids to sit at or lockers. Whatever else is that they have to pay for. Because if the kindle isn't any good, I'm going to find out because they're not going to pay for it. If the kindle is really important for them, they'll pay a little bit of money towards it and I'll pay the rest. And they have a budget per pupil for books per year. It's not a lot of money, probably a few tens of rupees per pupil, but that's the sort of money I'm saying make that contribution. And the e-books are actually cheaper when you buy it that way than buying the physical books. They don't get destroyed by the rains, so it actually works quite well. The example here on the bottom right is a school report written by the school. This paper is normally secondhand. It's normally reused, so I quite often get the interesting scribbles on the back of it. And they're just digitally photographed by someone who works out in Kenya. They're he-milesome to me. So that's how I get the feedback. A couple of examples and a progress in a couple of countries. On the left we can see school teachers who are actually using tablets for the first time. They're actually using the Raspberry Pi for the contents. I visited a refugee camp. This is a unique privilege to see the first undergraduate university in the world in a refugee camp, in the Dab refugee camp. That's near Somalia. The refugees have been there for about 15 years in some cases. So you've got refugees who were that high, went all the way through schooling. What happens? Well, it turns out they've only got one teacher for something like every 500 children. So they're actually setting up the undergrad campus using degree courses from Canada and from Kenya to help train teachers who can work there or anywhere else in Kenya. So I was looking at the technology side of it. And those are some students using a Kindle and a Raspberry Pi running on solar in 45-degree heat. Now, one of the surprises of going there is that a lot of the equipment had been donated. I wouldn't name the company. But I looked at this and it was full of servers. And I was asking people, what's this server for? What are you going to do with this server? They said, we're actually building a computer room.  So they've got a 27 KVA generator, diesel generator, backed up with a 25 KVA diesel generator to power a server that probably draws 500 to 1,000 watts. An 800 gigabyte tape drive. I said, what are you going to put on this? What's it for? They don't know. So they've been donated all this wonderful equipment. It's a wall. It's this much equipment, 93 boxes. I think it was for one classroom for 40 kids, 48 young adults, sorry. No one actually knows what they're going to do with it. And they're building a computer room in the desert. They could actually use air-cooled computers. They could power up from a single solar panel and do the same teaching. So there are much simpler solutions than sometimes the ones that people who don't have a technical background think about.  Perhaps you could help in these sort of projects. So that's for the current status. I've got 11 schools with Kindles, three with Android tablets and Raspberry Pi's, one being an unofficial school in the Cibera slums. Those things have great work in terms of education. And funny enough, people find mine to pay for that schooling. The same the world over, people, parents will pay for private schooling for their kids if they view it as being more valuable than the state system. And then to doubt it just got a solar-powered pie for fun. I went to Chile three weeks ago, went to Santiago, which is the capital, about 6 million people, and launched a project with one of the schools. You can see an example on the left-most slide for junior children, so up to the age of about 12.  I worked with an organisation called Teach First. There's something similar in India called Teach for India.org. They're not currently in here. They are in Chennai and in Northern India. And what Teach First does is they take graduates who didn't train as teachers and help them to learn how to be teachers. They've only worked for a couple of years, typically teaching in the poorer schools. And then they're free to go about their business and some stay as teachers. Some move back into industry and some work at Microsoft now, for instance. And I had a chat with the Ministry of Education. I did something similar in Kenya. Punta Reynas, I've got three schools launched and make the region government and have given them everything they need to commission their own schools. I said, stop worrying about what the state is going to do for you, the national government. You've actually got computers, as you'll see in the middle, by the way. Sorry for the camera, but if you look at the middle slide, those are laptops. This school had 50 computers in for the children. Zero were commissioned and they were available to use. So these are all laptops. Some of them have got broken keyboards. So now with the software they've got, they can actually use these. They can use Qwix. They can use Wikipedia. They can use Khan Academy. All for free. All they have to do is copy it and boot the computer up and use it. Now, hopefully that will help with the education. Right, computer stuff. A nice company called Google asked me how many tablets I would like to help with the project. I said, I'm 20, 30. Just a while stab in the dark. This is about January time. I said, we're going to give you 150. Well, thank you. What do I do with 150? Well, I shipped 60 to Kenya, 75 to India and 15 to Chile. The Chile ones I took by hand. The other ones are shipped into country. And that's what I'm using now to commission projects over here. A stack of Raspberry Pi's. That's the old Model B, the one that's on the floor. I use those in Chile because they have a lot of data. So the Chile Wikipedia is 19 gigabytes compressed. So I need the extra storage. I'm running 128 gig SD cards. Here, getting Wikipedia in Telugu, Canada, Tamil is a relatively small content. I'd like more of you to write more articles, please. But nonetheless, it all fits very nicely on a 64 gig SD card. Power is more of a problem here than there. So I use the newer, lower-powered Model B Pi's. They draw about 1.3 watts instead of about 2.5 watts. And that's subtle difference. So I'm talking about watts. I'm not talking about hundreds of watts for a desktop computer. Two watts, one and a half watts. And you can serve 25 concurrent video streams from that device. So 25 people can be watching different videos concurrently. Power, I've talked a little bit about this. I buy lots of these mobile phone power packs. I try to buy everything in country as well. So I went down to SP Road for those from Bangalore. You know what SP Road is. It's where you buy your tech from. Sort of 100 computer shops jammed together in about 50 feet, as far as I can tell. The narrowest one being the door width I met. Two and a half feet wide, 80 centimetres. And I go and see what I can buy there. I can buy a Raspberry Pi Model B plus. It cost me 3,000 rupees. The case costs 250.  Oh, I threw it at you. The one I threw at you. That's the one I bought at the SP Road. Yep. And the SD card, 2,500 rupees on the SP Road. Because I want to know what's actually cost to buy real computers in country I bought an MTV Android tablet for about $40. MTV being the brand. These were being sold off cheap by a department store. Buy it, try it and see if it works. Pretty simple stuff. And then I use four port USB chargers. Beautiful little devices. Travel the world with them. They'll charge an iPad. They'll charge of course all the stuff I have. So I'm trying to look at how to make this practical and scalable. Everything is off the shelf. So there's nothing invented here. I simply buy on Amazon or whatever it is on the local stores. Put things together. I use open content, open source. I've mentioned about testing the diversity. So I've tried NUCs. I've tried Kobos. I've tried the color ones. I've tried 11 inch screens. I've got stacks of old computer stuff at home. Old being six months old now. That doesn't quite work. But at least I know what the alternatives are now. Always looking for simplicity in the solution. Simplicity in what we have. Because this has to be copied in places where they don't have much IT skills. And it simply has to work. Just about everything I measure, test, gather data and evidence. Because without that whom I'm going to convince. And then I work with people around the world. So mostly in formal relationships. I work with large companies like Cognizant, Google. I work with tiny little Christian charities. Whoever's willing to work with me basically. I'm not a teacher. So what the heck do I know going into a school? Well, I tried to do some sort of scientific checking by talking to professional teachers. I talked to people involved in this sort of area around the world. And try to understand what makes sense. In India, I read your local press. I read one of your previous presidents books on education. Chatham Bhargat, whatever. He writes novels. Yes, so he's written a very nice book about what young Indians want. About a third of its own education. It seems to make sense to me. So try to get data in country just to see what makes sense here. And of course visiting the schools in person. I focus on teaching teachers. So these are examples. I'm actually teaching them about TCPIP. Sounds a bit weird. The top right picture there is in a classroom with no power. A chalkboard is all they have available. But they need to understand this stuff because if they don't, then things fall apart and stuff stops working. And guess what? Stuff stop working is wasted technology.  So it's always Fanta or Coca-Cola at every single event. On the upper right, that's a teacher teaching the other kids and teachers how to use the software on the Android tablet. Bottom left, that's me again sketching out about subnets, teaching an IT support guy how to connect this into his existing computer network in Chile. And this is a fairly special school near Chennai where this is the head of the school and the kids working. That was taken on Tuesday, that picture. Onto the software then. Our group software into sort of three bits. We've got code, that stuff that does stuff. We have the text and other resources which are the user interface that communicate. And then we have the contents, which could be Wikipedia, the videos, the education exercises and ebooks. All of those are running by the way on the pie and some additional software on the Android tablets. When I visited schools last year in India, I found the children here are taught in the local language in Canada until the age of about 12. So they were using Ejibuntu software which isn't translated into Canada. Furthermore, these children in Bangalore are looking at a map of India which is about one to a million. Now, a child in Bangalore wants to know a map about Bangalore. They want to know about the region around them. They don't want to look at, you know, here's Hyderabad, here's Bangalore, here's Chennai sort of thing. So imagine that people can contribute this. Again, it's all open source. But for some reason, with 1.1 something billion people here, there's no one contributing to these projects, which to me seems like a bit of a tragedy. So wouldn't it be great if we could actually help out and at least translate the user interfaces and then also help provide local content. And that's going to be effective for the kids. A couple of screenshots. Rachel is the main project. It's web-based. It runs off the pie. And it's got this whole collection of software. And then that's an Android tablet, which is locked down with this free software to mean that stops the kids sort of accidentally deleting Chrome or whatever off their devices. Some examples of the software side of things. Google has this concept. I'm going to call it volunteer days. I'm not sure what they call it internally. And a couple of Google developers in about June time got involved in the Khan Academy Light project. And one of the things that was really suffering is the testing for synchronization. So there's a concept of a central server that's available on the internet. And it will synchronize all the reports and updates to there as a backup. And also if you need to commission an extra device in the school, you can plug it in, log in, and it'll download all the content. Really elegant, but no automated tests for it. So the Google engineers help write the automated tests for it. Wickey Media Foundation had a hackathon in Zurich and we did a lot of programming on the Qwix Android, which is when I first met Qwix, actually meeting developers there, and they suckered me into that project too. So a great opportunity about 150 people, a bit like this conference, really passionate and wanting to work on stuff. And then of course we're here now in the Selenium conference in Bangalore and we've had contributions of lots of bugs and automated tests. This is the latest data I had before I produced the slides. It's just coming here. We had 114 bugs filed, all already closed on the Qwix software. Test automation, I think we've got about six branches that people have made of the codebase. The codebase, by the way, was a readme file. So you've written all the rest of it and I'm getting the pull requests now that we're going through at the moment and reviewing of contributions of automated tests for Qwix. So that means we're going to help the open source project to improve their software. They already have continuous builds, by the way. So they just don't have enough tests and hopefully we, being software testing experts, of aficionados, can help fill that gap. And then in terms of contributions, I haven't seen any contributions yet in terms of translations and localisation but I would encourage you to do that to help us clean up the user interface. So it's available in Telugu, Canada, Urdu, whatever the language is because I don't speak all these languages nor do any of the other developers. So it's only from volunteers contributing that this is going to happen. So I encourage other people on the video watching this afterwards for the bug bash we've got all the results on GitHub. Just because the conference is coming to an end and for the people watching the videos, it doesn't mean we have to stop now so please continue to get involved. It's wonderful when people report bugs and someone wrote a bug report saying there's only about six things translated into Telugu. Well, to be honest we kind of knew that. You know, the rest it's in English. So you've told me there's a pothole in the road. Can you help me fill the pothole? And since you speak Telugu and since you're probably computer literate since you're at this conference, it would be wonderful if you could just help us by giving us a couple of translations. It's one text file, that's all it takes. For Khan Academy Light it's in ten languages, again none of the Indian languages, and the user interface it would be great to have it available in other languages. And then the content is the bigger problem. So we've got about 5,000 videos available these are all from Khan Academy. Some people do subtitling which is a good start.  Some people do dubbing so they actually redub the videos so you hear the local language but what's projected on the screen is still in English. And then some people re-record the entire video and basically do the same content but localized including the written materials. So all that's useful to help and you're helping all the people who watch Khan Academy too. All the content goes back to there and comes from there into these other projects. Again, I simply don't know enough about apps. There's roughly 2 million apps on the app stores so suggestions for apps that we can install on tablets that will help with education. I learn languages from Duolingo. It's a free piece of software, I don't think it's open source but the content is contributed by many people and it's a great way for me learning Spanish. So that sort of thing can help improve language learning. It gets me to practice speaking, comprehension, translation in both directions and for many people this is really useful when you're learning English as a second or third language. Even sometimes learning your original first language because it allows you to practice. The one challenge is it requires the internet connection for many of the things which means we need an internet to use this software. Hopefully we'll be able to address that. Perhaps Duolingo will help with that too. The other thing is productionising. So I'm taking what essentially is a small inexpensive not quite a toy, but this was meant to make computing fun for kids again. That was the intent of the Raspberry Pi and kids can use this thing which is called GPIO to add LEDs and robot arms and clever things but they weren't intended to run un-maintained in a school which has got rain falling outside and it's got higher temperatures for perhaps a year or two at a time. So helping me to productionise this stuff and make it robust and reliable dealing with configurations, remote updates, all these things are useful and I simply can't do it all by myself. That's it from me in terms of the presentation. We've got plenty of time for questions. If you wait for the mic, because then it will be on the recording. You are sharing the courseware for across the globe. Many countries you are sharing the educational content. Now, my question is how do you, how will you ensure that for various grades the content is relevant? The question is that the content is shared across the globe. How do we ensure the content is relevant? Yes, relevant to a specific grade. The first thing is that I'm working directly in three countries. I'm helping indirectly in two more countries at the moment. I'm helping indirectly in Zambia and in Uganda with schooling. The software, the Khan Academy Light software, is probably in use in about 110 countries. So, independently of me. Again, I'm just a consumer of this in many ways and a small time contributor to code and a few other things. So, from my perspective, when I go and visit schools, one of the first things a school is interested in is how closely does this fit our curriculum? Because most teachers are measured either implicitly or explicitly against the curriculum. Although it's cute to watch a video about the atom, if that's not relevant to their curriculum, they may not be interested in that topic. So, it's something that what we find from usage is that lots of school children, lots of schools are using the Khan Academy content, the Khan Academy Light software. So, implicitly through use, it says that it's reasonably relevant. The other thing is that we're just scratching the surface of education here. What we're doing is we're augmenting existing teaching techniques. And some of the things I'll mention that may not be obvious until I mention them is when I stand in front of you, I control the speed and you may listen and learn quickly or you may ignore me, whatever it is, but you can't pause me and rewind with a video you can. If necessary, you can go and watch the videos five times until you get the concept. With the Khan Academy software, you can practice the mathematics exercises many times and it encourages you to move on once it believes you've reached mastery, which is a certain number of questions correct without mistakes and without looking at hints. So, that's kind of enhancing the current schooling model, but there's a lot more we can do in future that isn't just curriculum-based. Ultimately, we've got a lot of bright people. There's roughly 6.5 billion people in the world and I would guess around 3 billion under 25. So, all of us can learn and the materials available helps us to learn whatever age we're at and we shouldn't be limited to a school curriculum. So, looking around this hotel, I see people in different coloured clothing. I see the men in suits. Sometimes women in suits, they're typically the managers. You see the ones in purple, they're the mid-level people and they both serve and they give orders. Then you see the people in grey and the people in white, the white of the lowest of the low. They're the ones with the sweeping brushes. The ones in grey are the normal ones who actually bring the coffee to me and the one in purple is the one who gives it to me. Now, I look at these people and think, was it 8 years, 10 years, 12 years? You've got a degree to do this? There's so much potential in humanity that we're missing out here and one of the nice things about Khan Academy's work and some of these other materials is its self-directed, self-paced learning. I think that we'll see that schooling can transform itself way beyond what we believe in the next 10, 20 years if we encourage it to happen. One of the challenges in India I think is to do with culture and tradition and not wanting to change things. That's going to be probably the biggest holding back in this country but in other countries they have their own approaches and their own challenges. Back to the question, I think it's reasonably accurate materials and reasonably relevant. A lot of people are using it. I learned by the examples of the schools. I've only just started this 18 months ago. I'm a newbie to this and working with some people who've done a lot more work in this area. I would love the government to look at alignment with curriculum. Curriculums can be good as well as... It's like standards. Standards are useful in the right way so curriculums in the same way can be useful. Does that answer your question? I'd just like to jump on that a little bit. One of my startups is Adventure Labs and one of the things we've been trying to do is help kids learn mental arithmetic. This whole concept of curriculum we found actually gets in the way because there are some kids who can learn way faster than the other kids and that helps them into year of manufacturing. It's probably not the best way to batch them. Khan Academy is doing it. A lot of other people are doing it as self-paced, pull-based learning. If you can clear questions as quickly as possible, you keep moving through, you keep progressing. If you're not, then you keep getting more hints and you keep getting more suggestions. That helps everyone move at their own pace. But now suddenly you start putting boxing them and year of manufacturing, then I think it hinders the progress for everyone. I think we need to move away from this curriculum-based thought process in my opinion. The school which is at the bottom right-hand side is Indian School. The children are multi-ages in the classroom and the children are teaching the other children. They're called learner educators because they're primarily focused on learning but they also educate the others. They're called educator learners because the adults should be learning too. All this technology stuff I've shown you is wonderful providing you have motivated teachers involved in encouraging the children to learn. So the teacher's job hasn't disappeared far from it. It's just changed. It's more like a sort of agile coach or a facilitator who's working in the school helping encourage the children to learn. Of course sometimes dealing with discipline and the other problems in life. It's really, really most important to have the passionate people involved. And then there's lots of schooling models. A Petzalodsy model which came out of Switzerland at about 150 years old. Again has children teaching children. India before the British came in had children teaching children. There's a lot we can learn from history now that we've got the joy of technology that can help augment that learning. We had the Guru Kool system which essentially was a bunch of kids under one teacher but they're all the different ages and kind of helping each other. Thank you. Next question. There's one at the front here. Thank you Julian. It was very inspiring and I think most of us feel very emotional and we wanted to be connected. Unfortunately the system here is when I step out I think I forget, right? Most of us carry a short of memory and we forget. How do you get more inspired and live with this and contribute back? If you tell us the success and we would try to follow it. Thank you for the question and I am very, very aware of the pressures of real life and it's cost me quite a lot and my family quite a lot for me to do this the last couple of years. So I gave up having a normal job and I earn around a tenth of what I used to earn. But somehow I still managed to fly here and somehow I still have new shoes that I can wear the other. There's things you can do in half an hour or less. Especially if you know how to do a little bit of code if you're familiar with sort of doing a check out of a code base then most of these projects are on GitHub so you can go and check out the code edit the translation file if you're familiar with Android everything's in a res file and it's in a values dash te telugu I think. So in there's a single file called strings.xml and guess what? Most of it's in English so edit the file and if you're familiar with using all the tools check it, you can do a pull request which is what some of you have been doing for the test automation. If you're not familiar just email me the file email me the word doc and I'll take out the silly quotes that it puts in and I'll paste it into the code base. So half an hour means you could maybe do ten translations you could do a little bit of testing you maybe search the web and look for an app in your language and I don't know what your first or second language is and suggest something like that. So little things like that and then the other thing is to look at the concept of can I give an hour a week to this so we've got 168 hours a week of our lives and all of us are busy and all of us are going to die so we're never going to finish everything we'd like to do so if you're able to find one hour a week at least one in the next month and try reserving the hour I use a technique called the pomodoro technique some of you may have heard of it there's a free book called it's at the pomodoro.org website I think or pomodoro.com and the idea is a 25 minute period where you just focus on one task then five minutes rest so you do two pomodori in an hour so that sort of concept might work quite well for your day job as well as for anything like this so chunking the tasks up into small pieces may help so it doesn't come mad enough to do a bit more than that so I had to volunteer from Cognizant come down for two days to visit the school with me and he donated a raspberry pie he had one himself personally he helped set things up and he would go back to his day job and he has to catch up the two days backlog of work but he thought it was worth doing so it doesn't have to be giving up your life or a month of your time even you can do a day, an hour just a little bit thank you my question is like similar to I mean related to what he asked right now so I know that you already mentioned that you are working with companies like Google to drive this effort but almost all of our companies have CSR teams I guess so like are you coordinating already coordinating with the CSR teams from different companies to get this effort going on yes so in India companies be owned a certain size I think legally now have to donate 2% of your profits to CSR programs roughly that isn't it an Oracle would be a large company Cognizant would be a large company eBay probably a large company etc etc so the question is what do you do with your 2% well if your background and expertise is in software testing maybe a little bit of software testing would be useful if your background and expertise is writing code then maybe it's working with code it may be you want to actually get involved in teaching the schools too that's also brilliant but build on your strengths and one of the funny things I see in CSR programs is sometimes the staff are doing things that are outside their comfort zones and they've kind of forgotten their skills which would really help these projects ultimately we're using a lot of technology here and I would think all of you in this room are technologists so think about how you use your technological skills and of course do the other stuff as well so that's what I encourage you to do and encourage your CSR people I know from dealing with the ones in Cognizant they really want to help their staff their mission is to help their staff to do whatever they want to do and so some people are passionate about Spina Bifida so they help with that some are passionate about autism etc etc etc some are passionate about the school they came up from because they were the lucky kid who made it to university and now has the big relatively well paid job in technology and some people didn't so they want to give back and they do that through the CSR programs absolutely agree because even I have participated in a blackboard painting as part of my CSR team so it would be good to contribute to technology yes thank you there's a question right at the back the microphone is right at the front oh there's another one in between so that microphone will come back to you sir and there's a question here yeah I would like to appreciate the service that you are actually I mean planning for it's not actually a question but what kind of a volunteer basically are you looking for say I mean take my case I'm really interested for say I mean I'm interested in this project and basically I can even know my wife basically she's a housewife so she's a graduate though and basically I'm from Orissa there is one of the language so are you looking for languages what are there in the priorities of languages that you are looking for in India are specific only to limited languages so what kind of volunteers basically are you looking for and how to go about on this so I didn't hear you very close I'll try and paraphrase where I think the question was and you could not all shake your head so you and your wife have some time you'd like to know how you could volunteer and I think the question was related to what sort of volunteering do you want and is it just related to the Indian languages right is it limited to you are actually preferring some limited languages in India or most of the languages so I'm myself dispensable so if the people in this room took over from me I could rest and get a day job and earn money and my family would be happier I mean of course I'll probably still do this but my encouragement is for people to take their own initiatives in this a bit like I've done and I just happen to have dedicated quite a lot of time to it for the last year or so so is it just India no the reason I'm encouraging you here because most of you are from India and most of the local languages in the software so of course I'm going to mention to you about your languages because it's something you can solve if I ask you to do Swahili for instance chances are you don't know Swahili I don't think anyone in this room speaks Swahili do you no so you don't speak Swahili little point may ask you to do the translation to the Swahili ultimately you're not giving anything to me by the way you're contributing to an upstream open source project that happens to be on GitHub you may decide that you'd like to try the same ideas that I'm talking about so working perhaps with a local school perhaps providing kindles and for instance some of the schools here are going to be using kindles as mobile libraries with lots of ebooks on them so maybe you go and buy a kindle and you use that maybe you'll buy an android tablet and work with a local school maybe you want to copy the Rachel software onto a Raspberry Pi for about $100 including everything and you donate it to a local school and what I've done is here this website which is actually two Swahili words is Cusedia Moa Lymw and that means supporting teachers so my focus is trying to help the adults as well as the children and on there I publish sort of examples feedback reports from the schools now I'm hopelessly out of date I'll last publish anything there about April for a bunch of reasons so I've got a four or five month backlog to update but that's where I put the materials so I'm intended if you'd copy the good bits ignore the bad bits so don't believe I'm the expert because I'm not I make lots of mistakes and I want to explain the mistakes so hopefully you can learn faster than I learned sure the chap at the back hello my name is Sandesh so thank you very much for all the activists that's being done and I would like to take my own example just for six words we wanted to convert into 16 translate into 16 Indian languages and that took us almost three weeks in that two after using Google translator so my question now I mean a suggestion kind of have you ever tried to contact the Indian Government at least for the Indian languages because they have been very very responsive including the HRD ministry so again I didn't hear everything so I did hear you mentioned Google translate translating something that took three weeks and 18 languages Google translate three weeks, is that right? I mean even after translation we took the help of the volunteers to correct them so that's one part the second part is have you tried to contact the Indian Government especially because they have been very responsive especially for these kind of activities and you may even get I mean it's just a suggestion you may even get a appointment with the Prime Minister if possible I would be very happy to talk to anyone up to the Prime Minister level of any country not that I'm that special but I'm not afraid of people I think we're all basically essentially we should be equal as equal values of human beings and I won't bore you too much with my family details but my wife's family are a fairly august family and so I'm not frightened of people whatever their official title I'm just aware they've got a heck of a lot going on so my mission would be to help anyone who's interested Google translate is absolutely brilliant I remember when the early days of the project came out it was probably when I was still at Google and we used to use it all the time it wasn't brilliant at its translation but now it's actually running on my little I've got a little eight inch Android tablet it has a little stand on it it has an 18 hour battery life and when I went to Spain actually someone told me in India and in Santiago said you do know that Google translate is available offline now I didn't know anything about it oh brilliant so I was able to download the offline pack for Spanish which is a language of speaking chilli 285 megabytes I think it was and it meant I could type in I need to go to the toilet where is it please and it had audio so I could even listen to the audio and then practice whatever the Spanish was I need the toilet now please or I need directions I'm lost or I'm late for the bus which bus do I need to take to go where and all of it is now free running on a tablet absolutely brilliant and yes quite a few people I think I've heard using it to do the translations and then a human being has to correct it because sometimes it gets it wrong or there's a better choice of words so yes anyone who wants to do translations please do use things like Google translate and whatever other services are available next question I have one question for you in our experience trying to build our startup with the education stuff one of the things we found was that watching videos is great but the retention by watching videos for kids is relatively less if you get them to actively participate in something based on learning then the retention is much higher so after about eight periods we ended up basically building a game to help kids learn stuff so my question to you is have you seen anything similar people are doing in terms of building games for helping kids to learn you know any of the subjects so the Khan Academy has got a bit of game theory in it and particularly Khan Academy Light providing the user logs in the pupil logs in to the system gives them points of watching the videos the videos are no longer than about 18 minutes long and I'll come back to that in a second so you get points of watching the videos and for doing the mathematics exercises you also get points so there's children can compete in a friendly way I got 623 points this week you only got 400 and whatever it is so they're encouraged to use it more now of course we're testers so it turns out I can just start the video on here put it on the floor 100% because it's only counting time isn't anything clever so there's more to it it's just a very simple game that's easy to be gained and Sal Khan wrote his book about turning education inside out and based on his experience he said that the human attention span is up to about 18 minutes for any single topic by chance his videos were 10 minutes long because that was the YouTube limit he had when he started posting the videos on and then yes you need to do something else the Indian school I visited down south of Chennai is all activity based learning so the kids all learn by doing the classrooms are L shaped by design so that you can't lecture to the children they're not all sitting in front of you and so the children are participating in the learning and that work was taken out to initially I think 16,000 schools in Tamil Nadu state and then to another 36,000 about 7 years ago so I'm all for the activity based learning and I've seen too much rote learning particularly in Kenya and here when I came last year and I don't think that helps to make people who are equipped to think and ultimately we need to be able to think and enjoy thinking as adults so I'm all for that but I'm not focusing on encouraging that at the moment I'm trying with these small baby steps to say well complimenting this shortage of teachers we can use technology the kids can watch videos they can do the mathematics online they can use Wikipedia they can teach too much and in particular I'm not there in person people are frightened the biggest thing we have is fear of the teacher so the teacher thinks that's going to do away with me it's going to automate all the testing and all the people who do interactive manual tests are going to get frightened they're going to fire me now what's my job going to be in the next five years time because I can't do this anymore well a skilled interactive tester is still worth a tremendous amount to a project so it's going to become the fear factor to help people learn to cooperate any more questions I think we are running short of time so thank you Julian that was very inspiring I think it needs a standing ovation you're going to move on to closing the conference we do need to announce the three winners of the bug bash which Julian will do the honours we did announce one of the winners in the morning I think she's here I'm sorry even I cannot pronounce your name exactly so you'll have to help us Venitra we have to do the pack shot now you see so congratulations this is a Raspberry Pi kit thank you and I hope you have lots of fun playing with it these are intended to be fun toys so have fun with it first and then work out what to do with it thank you we need to decide the two other winners okay well you and I need to sit down for two minutes then we need our friends Jyoti and Pradeep yes we should actually acknowledge them as well on video could you please guys come over Jyoti and Pradeep yes sorry Jyoti and Pradeep all the panda I think he likes panda is that's what I remember and I didn't want to put it up thank you guys for all your help with the bug bash so these are two good friends of mine I met Jyoti last year when I came to a conference and she was full enough to talk to me and Pradeep I've known her a little bit longer from the conference circuit around the world and when this proposal came to do the bug bash with automated tests I thought it'd be great to have the complement of people really focus on the human aspects of testing and they've kindly given up these two days to work pretty much flat out in the other room they haven't seen the talks they haven't seen the talks and they've been helping out with people doing the interactive testing and providing general feedback so thank you both very much and I'm going to suggest that I go off mic and we have a little chat to do the final reviews for the two prizes okay entertaining people that's very difficult because of the experience we couldn't attend any of the talks but I think it was great energy and the way we started and the way we continued initially we had a few blocks in terms of identifying where do we report all these bugs so it kind of we then set up GitHub to report the issues and all that stuff the amount of questions that were asked I think we were treated as developers of this but you know we had no clue and we pretended to be experts and solved all your problems so if you believe that we were experts we did of course okay give based on our understanding and okay thank you very much for asking all those amazing questions and having done a wonderful okay job I think okay based on what okay julian said we should continue helping this okay kivics project knowing that kids all across the world could benefit from this so I am fully committed to this kivics project okay from now so that's what I take away from working with you okay thank you very much hello all at first like to thank Julian and Arish for providing me with this opportunity last year when I met Julian I went up to him and spoke to him and he was taken aback because he was like oh it's a tabo in India so I asked him to come over and speak to a man then I realized that Julian has had great experience around the world meeting people and he realizes what India needs and after one year I still see in this room that many people over here sorry if I'm being if I sound arrogant but I really would like to say that stop asking permissions as Pradi put it believe in yourself you may not be an expert but you definitely have it in you to guide and help others so I'd like to say that as long as you keep asking suggestions you'll keep asking them and I why not you become a role model than seeking out I don't know if the culture in India is like that where a manager says something and everybody in the team has to listen to him it may not be like that and I have been in such situations where I've been told what to do but I use this platform to tell that each of you know what to do so put it to practice and inspire others and one more tip I'd like to give it's I've not seen any smiling faces in technical field so I always see that people are really tired and worried and what the manager says and they're too worried about that so why not change that attitude and you know smile and be happy with your work and have fun and let the world know that there's more behind more beyond fear so love your life and enjoy and I'd like to thank each of you for listening to me thank you just go to this am I going to do this? so what we've got here is the two winners unfortunately their names are hard to work out because they have strange usernames on these systems but we'll track them down and work out who they are in this case what we've got is the total 114 bugs that were open one is closed so that's brilliant and then the first winner that we have is Samve Samve Samve and he's probably left because of the fight but we'll get him so can you just quickly explain why we chose him and what we're looking for in terms of the bug reports was of course first of all the bug what problem did they find and then how well did they report the bug how easy is it for us to reproduce the bug again because the developers are actually split around the world so one's in Marley one's in Switzerland and one's in Germany and then of course I'm here so we have to be able to reproduce the bug accurately we're looking at the quality of bug reporting we're looking at how much they explored around the area so if someone just says clicked on this it crashed we'll get one out of ten for reporting a bug if you say well I tried this language and this language and this language or I saw this pattern and the other pattern then they're helping us to understand what the root cause of the problem is and it makes it much easier to hone in on the problem so here we've got nine bugs reported we've got a series a bit hard for you to read but you can see we've got a number of comments and discussions here on the bugs including from the developers in Europe who are the main core developers on the QX project and I believe that the bug reports are actually being accepted dealt with has made a good effort in terms of number of bugs so he's the first one Sunway and the second person is Cople Cople AG Cople AG actually contributed a test suite with CI integrated in it so this test suite is actually running CI it's running tests on I think source labs it's running on the iPad it's tunneling back in on to his development machine it can run in a continuous build environment he's created the Jenkins scripts so from start to finish he's got some tests I think there's nine tests here for QX running as a web server on his local machine and I think he actually managed to get everything debugged admittedly after the two o'clock deadline but by four o'clock he'd actually got everything up and running he did look a little bit frayed today when he was talking to me so I think he spent a few extra hours on this so congratulations as well and I think I know that he left at 4.30 for his flight both of them have left at 4.30 but we'll track them down and we'll make sure they get the raspberry pies and thank you very much for everyone who contributed


Scientists have interrogated many, many different aspects of the climate system, not just looking at one number, the average temperature or average moisture or average pressure, but looking at complex patterns of change in hard observations, the latest greatest satellite observations, the latest greatest climate model simulations. And the red thread running through all of this fingerprinting work is, natural causation alone doesn't cut it. It doesn't explain the changes in all of these things that we've actually observed. If you look from the surface of the Earth right up into the stratosphere, 20 miles above the surface of the Earth, what we've actually observed in weather balloon measurements and satellite measurements is this complex pattern of warming low down and cooling up high. The only thing that we know of that can generate that distinctive fingerprint is human-caused increase in heat-trapping greenhouse gases and human-caused depletion in the upper atmosphere of stratospheric ozone. The best information we have now from our most recent research is that the chances of getting a fingerprint match between that human fingerprint pattern of warming low down and cooling up high and purely natural causes is infinitesimally small. What we're now exploring is whether one can use these formal fingerprinting techniques that we've successfully applied to things like water vapor and temperature to the seasonal cycle. And the answer seems to be yes. We know why that should be. We know in the case, say, of ozone depletion, that has a really clear signature in terms of the seasonal cycle. Other things like biomass burning or changes in sea ice. Again, there's some clear expectation that these things should affect the seasonal cycle, both the size of the seasonal cycle, the timing of the seasonal cycle. And to first order, that's what we're seeing. Some identifiable human fingerprint in the March of the Seasons, which is scientifically gratifying. But as a human being and as a citizen of this planet, it's kind of disturbing to think that we're now at a point where humans have a detectable signature on the seasons themselves. I have been interested in scientific consensus for a long time and the question of how scientists come to consensus, how they decide to have enough evidence to say, yes, we know this. And also the question of, well, if scientists have a consensus, how do we know they're right? And so I read the IPCC reports and the National Academy of Sciences reports, and it was clear that these reports were very clear that climate change was underway and it's being driven by human activities. But I thought, well, yeah, but just because the leadership of a scientific society say it, that doesn't really prove that it's what the rank and file believe. I mean, that's sociology 101 just because the leaders say it doesn't make it true for the people. So I thought, how could I test that? How could I judge whether or not the IPCC reports and the National Academy of Sciences reports are accurate reflections of what working scientists actually think? And I thought, well, I could do a science citation index survey. I could do a sample of a thousand papers, look at them and see what they say. And so that's what I did. So the paper essentially just says that if you look at what scientific experts have to say on the subject of whether or not climate change is underway and whether it's mostly caused by human activities, the scientific community is clear. The answer to that question is yes. And so the paper was simply just saying that. That's it. That was the whole thing. Nothing more. Yes, this is what scientists have to say. Because I thought that was an important message because it seemed like a lot of people didn't actually know that and because the media was presenting it as a great big debate. One day I read the statistic about the public opinion in the U.S. on climate change and how many people thought that humans were responsible and it was disturbingly low. I think at the time it was 58% or something like that. And I thought, hey, well, let's do this as a questionnaire. It's an idea I hadn't back in my head for a while. There's a couple of key questions. One was, is the planet warming? And more people obviously agree with that than the second question, which is, are humans responsible for that? And the overall numbers were only in the 80s for people, for scientists believing, and these are Earth scientists, and it's all Earth scientists, not just climate people. It's geologists. It's seismologists. It's all kinds of different people. And the response was in the 80s, are we responsible? Are humans responsible? And that was a little lower than I thought it would be. But then you start picking apart the data and you start looking at what's their expertise. And it turns out that the people that are publishing climate scientists, the real experts, that self-identify themselves as climatologists, that's 97. I think it was 98%. It's a small group. You get down to only about 100 people that are in that expert group, but they are overwhelmingly in support that humans are causing global warming. I don't know how much more we have to do to prove that there is a consensus. It seems like a silly argument at this point, that we've proved it over and over and over, and clearly there is a strong consensus. It's time to take the next step, whatever that is.