Welcome to the latest in our future of EU 27 project series of talks sponsored by the Department of Foreign Affairs. Our speaker today Sir Paul Collier is well known to most people I think for his work on in the development field. His recent book though is a slight change of course looking at capitalism, the future of capitalism and he's going to talk about the aspects of his book in the context of Europe, what's gone wrong with Europe and how European politics can reconnect with voters. So Paul, thank you. Thanks for coming as lunchtime and it's quite a historic day after all. So the future of capitalism, the book, is an argument which basically says capitalism in some form or other is the only system, the only economic system we've ever hit upon which is capable of driving up mass living standards. But it doesn't work on autopilot. Periodically it derails and when it derails you need active public policy to put it right and it always derails in different ways. There's not just one point on the tracks where it always comes off and so always you need to be pragmatic about putting it back on the rails. You need to say what's gone wrong this time? You need to look at context now study and then pragmatically try things and you find gradually you experiment and you find things that dig you out of the mess. And in the first derailment of capitalism, I'll just say three minutes on the first derailment which nobody knows much about first derailment, was the 1840s and there was stuff happening in Ireland in the 1840s but it was different. It was catastrophic. The capitalism got going in the cities where I grew up, the north of England. The first factory on earth was 10 miles from where I was born in Sheffield and it's now World Heritage Centre. And that was a mill and then powered by water then about 30 years later you hit on coal and the great advantage of coal is you can bring all these factories together instead of sticking them up valleys and then you can get scale economies from the whole city as well as from the factory and that's the miracle of productivity and that takes place in the northern cities of England, bit in Scotland, places where I grew up. The most booming city in Europe in the mid 19th century was Bradford. Fastest growing most successful city in the whole of Europe. My German grandfather moved there from an impoverished German village to Bradford. And then in 1849 catastrophe struck. Collora.  The guy who was in charge of Bradford at the time was the biggest industrialist in the city, Mr Big. He was the industrial billionaire, he was the mayor, he was the local MP, he was Mr Big, tight as salt. But what he did was really interesting. This Collora sort of seared his soul and so he became the first billionaire philanthropist in history. And so he gave away his entire fortune. First he recognised his obligations to his workers. And so he built the first ever purpose built industrial town for the labour force, Salt Air, World Heritage Centre, because it was the first. And the rest of his fortune, he gave to the city of Bradford to clean it up, parks, all the rest of it. He recognised his obligations to his workforce and to his community and in return they honoured him.  That was business recognising its obligations to community and to workers. A few miles away from Bradford, same thing, same time, 1840s. You get families facing these new anxieties. If health collapses, the average age of death in the northern cities by the 1840s had fallen to 19. On average you were dead at 19. So one pretty big anxiety, if you're poor, on an average dead at 19 is, am I going to get a funeral? Pretty mundane practical anxieties. And so what happens in the city of Bradford, the Rochdale, his families get together and say, I'll tell you what, I'll have an obligation for you to have a funeral, if you accept an obligation for me to have a funeral, call the cooperative movement. That's the global birth of the cooperative movement, the Rochdale pioneers. And the cooperative movement in Britain became the biggest funeral director in the country. A few miles away from Rochdale you get Halifax, where you're going to live, that's an anxiety. Well, I'll save, you save, and then we'll borrow to get a house on the collateral of the house. Halifax building society became the biggest bank in Britain. So the structure of these, the first year of capitalism, very practical new anxieties, death, housing, and very practical, pragmatic solutions in which both business and families recognize the need to share obligations, to accept obligations to others. Now we get, that was then, this is now. Now, the present derailment started around 1980. And it's two new social divides. And one is spatial. For 200 years until 1980, the poorer regions in countries were catching up with the richer regions. So regional differences really getting narrower and narrower. From 1980, continuously, that's gone into reverse. Poor regions are falling behind richer regions. And the really successful regions are the metropolis, the big city. Britain's at the extreme end of that, there's only one successful metropolis, there's a region really, and that's London and the Southeast. No other region in the country gets above average national per capita income. And so that, why does that happen? It's not very complicated. It's globalization, globalization, more and more markets go from being national to global. And so you've got fewer and bigger winners amongst the cities.  Chaucer has a line saying, the knife going from Sheffield. 700 year industry wiped out by globalization in the early 1980s. You all know about that. You just have forgotten it's Sheffield. The full Monty? You've seen the full Monty? That's Sheffield. That's my relatives. And it's a very poignant film, but believe me, it's not funny when your relatives are going through it. This is a human tragedy of the first order. In which a city was wiped out. So that's one divergence, the spatial divergence. The other divergence is a new class divergence. And the new class divergence is based on education. It's people with tertiary education or less. The people with tertiary education, on the back of their tertiary education, they build specialist skills, professional skills. They become fancy lawyers, fancy this, fancy accountants, you know. Fancy doesn't necessarily mean ethical, by the way, but still. And the less educated who've gone in for manual vocational skills, they're getting less valuable those skills. The cause of that divergence, the educational divergence, is the rising complexity. The price you pay for higher productivity is gradually you have to do things that are more complex.  It's not that obvious. It takes thousands of years before it occurs to people.  And finally, by 1980 or so, you're really doing things that are really difficult. And that requires, because it's complex, you need tertiary education to master the skills that complexity requires. And what that complexity is actually doing is making redundant a lot of the lesser skills, a lot of the manual skills. So we got two escalators, an up escalator for the metropolitan region and the educated. And a down region for the provinces and the less educated. And of course, the two then get correlated because who's most valuable in the metropolis is the people with the tertiary education. So the people with the tertiary education go to the metropolis. They leave places like Sheffield and go to London or its over spill Oxford, right? Me. And that's great for the skilled, right? But it's basically producing this new class divergence between an educated elite in the metropolis and broken less educated provincial cities. And that is happening not just in Britain, Britain is a dramatic instance of it, but it's happening around the OECD happening in America. I live about a third of the year in provincial France. And boy, you know, we're very well accepted in provincial France, despite being British, because we're not Parisians. And so that's the the divergence. And the difference with the 1840s is that nothing's done about it. There's no more complicated to get capitalism back on the rails, healing, reversing the regional divergence or the educational division, no more complicated than it was to stop the collapse in life expectancy in the 1840s. It's obviously different. Each time capitalism derails, it does differently. But the same approach is needed. You look at the problem, you work out what's happening, you admit you're not sure what you what will work, you make some commitment that it's going to whatever you want to do, whatever it takes. Let's coin a phrase, right? A European phrase that was hugely successful, but was applied to the wrong project. It was applied to save the euro, and it should have been applied to save Europe from this massive divergence that it's been having the last 20 years. So once you've got a commitment, whatever it takes, you then experiment, you find out what works. And it's hard. There are there are two things that have to happen. One is you have to correct the you have to end up. Let's let's think what what success looks like. It looks like people in their mid 20s in a city like Sheffield saying, Is this a good place to be? That's really what success looks like. I'm glad I was born here. There's a good place to be. This is going to be my future. I gave a lecture in Stoke about a year ago, and it was very sorry, a huge audience. And what people told me was the tragedy of Stoke is that all the bright young people leave. They just don't see a future. And that's the sort of situation we've got to we've got to change. Because these once these narratives set in that a place is doomed, they and people think in narratives. This is how we understand complexity and radical uncertainty. We buy into some narratives that everybody in the group is saying. And if people are saying about Stoke and Rotherham and the north of England, it's doomed. It has a nasty tendency of being self fulfilling. Just as I just came from a meeting on migration, international migration, and one of my colleagues had been doing research in Gambia. And she's been doing surveys of the youth in Gambia. 60% of Gambian youth say we would rather get on a little boat and try and get to Europe where we estimate the chance of death is 50-50. We would rather do that than stay in Gambia because Gambia is no future. And of course, if people believe that, it has no future. So that's what success looks like is changing those narratives. So that somebody born in Sheffield, grows up in Sheffield, feels they belong to Sheffield, and when they're in the mid-20s, they say, they're a good place to be. So that's where we want to head. How do we do it? And how do we do this across Europe? This is what Europe needs to commit to. There are really two separate processes. One is, how do we turn a baby into a young person of 24 who is employable, got sort of capacities to be really productive, and the motivation to contribute to society? And so it doesn't see themselves as a victim. So that's the challenge on the human side. A chain of public policy from birth to mid-20s. I call that the social maternal chain. And we are doing that terribly, terribly. It's actually not that complicated. We sort of, if we look at the best examples everywhere, we'd come up with something very much better than what we're actually doing. I'll just skim through that passage from birth to 24. Just think of it. So the first few years, there is only one organization which is capable of raising a baby from birth to, let's say, three. By which time we know that most damage is done. And that is something called the family. In my own country, if you say word family, almost it's tantamount to being so politically incorrect. I'd lose my job. I think it's just about safe to say the word family and island, but maybe not. So families have to work. And at the moment, a lot of families don't. In a lot of Europe. They're broken, and we have a sort of not social maternalism, but a social paternalist policy in which a bossy state tries to take children off their families into fear. And there are 70,000 children taken into care in Britain. 70,000. And what they're then put into is temporary care, foster care, which of all the things that children need, temporary paid care is the last thing they need. It shouldn't be temporary and it shouldn't be paid. Just imagine. I'm a poor boy made good, so the rest of my family has moved about in the same social distance as me, both my parents left school when they were 12. So I've moved rather a long way up, but some of my other family moved equal long way in the other direction. So I adopted my cousin's family when I was one and two. And we were lucky because they'd introduced a new legal means of doing that within a family. In the whole year when we managed to take these two little kids, there were only 60 children adopted in the whole country. 70,000 in this ghetto of temporary, of transience, and 60, not 60,000, 60 got out. That's what we built with social paternalism. It is appalling. By social matter, I mean you've got to separate the family support from the family scrutiny, otherwise there can't be any trust. I think some of the women in the audience are nodding, because it's much more easily understood by women than by men. So that's zero to three, where the evidence is that if children have gone wrong by three, it's very, very hard to reverse. There's good scientific evidence now. Telemeers, does telemeers mean anything to you? The caps on DNA that erode? If they erode, the DNA erodes. And then the whole organism can't replicate itself. The organism goes right or wrong. Right? By the age of nine, a child in an unstable family, the telemeers have eroded by 40%. Is that a lot or a little? Well, if we double family income, the telemeers would be 5% better. So 40% is massive. Irreversible damage. That's what we're affecting. So that's the family agenda. Then when the child gets to three, and I'll speed up, I promise, but the system, I think, works best. I don't know about Ireland. Maybe you've got it better. Is the Ecol Matt NL in France? They're free, they're standard, they're state run. Everybody goes, because everybody goes, the children of the poor go. A lot of countries have very fancy systems which are targeted. As soon as you do targeting, you stigmatize or you game. Britain's got a terrible system, he pays private companies to get children of the poor into these preschool things. And of course, the companies then game it by getting the children who are just on one side of the margin over to just the other side of the margin, because that's cheap to do. And then you just abandon the ones that actually need to get over the margin. So that gets us to about five or six, they call Matt NL, brilliant. Then from about six to the end of schooling, to my mind, the world best, or at least the European best, is Finland. And the Finns have done it by a system which basically says trust teachers and give as much resource as possible to teachers, because teachers have all the tacit knowledge. They know which child could be learning what, when. My own country has done exactly the opposite, right? Paternalism gone mad, right? Monitor teachers incentivize them with rewards tied to monitored performance and then keep pulling the child up by the roots every few weeks and testing. The Finns don't test their children until the very end when it comes to the PISA scores. And then the Finnish children up there, the British children down there. So whatever we're doing isn't working, but whatever the Finns are doing is working. So we can learn across Europe from that. And then post school, the vital thing is good vocational training. And we know what good vocational training looks like. It looks like Switzerland. The Swiss, the vital thing about vocational training is the training has to be integral to firms. Firms have to work with the educational authorities to say we need this skill here now. And it keeps changing. It's a kaleidoscope of what skills are needed here now by me, you know. And so the only way you get that task in knowledge is by getting the firms in the kitchen of it all. Switzerland does that. It's wildly expensive. It's three and four year, very prestigious courses. 60% of Swiss children choose not to go to university. Switzerland has a top 10 in the world university zero. But 60% of Swiss children choose to take the vocational route. You can become chief executive of the Swiss bank by the vocational route. Perfectly accepted. Credentials, as prestigious as a degree, paid, paid, wildly expensive, who pays half the cost they're paid for by firms. They've got a lot of skin in that game and they make very sure that the people who come out are actually employable. So that's how to do it. That produces the 24 year old that's capable of being productive. There's a whole separate agenda which I won't talk about. We want that child to be motivated to contribute. Not popping out at the end of the production line saying I demand my rights, but saying I'm here to meet my obligations. We've overstressed rights and understressed obligations. There are no rights without obligations. Rights are the nice bit they're like public spending. Obligations are like taxation. And we've inadvertently got a system which is all rights and no obligations. More properly, all the obligations have floated up to the state, whereas we need a structure in which obligations are widely distributed. As they were in the 1840s, business accepting obligations, families accepting obligations, as well as the state. Finally, turn to that second sweep. We've got the productive 24 year old. That 24 year old needs a job. Not a job in the metropolis, but a job where they live. And that means a humane form of globalization brings productivity to people where they are rather than saying swim to productivity. How do you do that? We actually know pretty well what it looks like. And it's not that complicated. The only town in Britain that's got it is Edinburgh. And it's a fluke. But it's a cocktail of four things that then work together. One is you need to keep finance local. All banking and finance starts local because that's where the knowledge is. Finance is full of tacit knowledge. Is the manager of the company drunk? He's not going to say I'm drunk. You've got to go and look, is he drunk?  And so on and so forth. Tacit knowledge. So finance needs to be local. Germany did that. Britain didn't. Germany's kept finance local. Britain centralised it all at the end of the 19th century. And so British banks can only use codifiable knowledge. The local bank manager is controlled by the centre. And all he can do is fill in the form. Tick, tick, tick. And it doesn't include a question. Do you suspect the manager's drunk? So you've massive loss of tacit knowledge in the British system. So you need to keep finance local. If you have finance local, and it seems actually only if you have finance local, you tend to get a locally organised business community. You desperately need locally organised business. Then the third bit is you need an empowered local government. Decentralise political power of action to local government. The fourth thing you need is a local university. Because the local university is going to do two things. It's going to train the labour and it's going to keep the local firms at the cutting edge of what's going on in their sector. The one place where that's happened in Britain is Edinburgh. It's a fluke. Because Scotland has a separate legal system, the Scottish finance industry stayed local based in Edinburgh. Therefore, the Scottish business community organised nationally, but it's had quartered in Edinburgh, not London, obviously. Because of Scottish nationalism and devolution, Edinburgh has a lot of political authority. And finally, it's got two good universities. Ten years ago, those four different entities got together, collaborated, and they said, what's the future? What are young kids in Edinburgh going to be doing in 10, 20 years? What's the future of jobs in Edinburgh? And they decided they'd better attract a sector of the future. Like you and me, they're not very sure what the sector of the future is, but they took a guess on IT. They thought, let's try and promote IT in Edinburgh.  Fairly conventional idea, but not wild. At the time, they then did an inventory of how many IT firms have we actually got in Edinburgh? There are two. So all these four entities, finance, local business community, local government, local universities, all together are saying, we're going to attract IT. That's our strategy. I was there in January. They've now got 480 firms, IT firms. It's the biggest cluster in Europe. That's what success looks like, and that's how to get it. So I'm out of time, but Europe has had around Europe these two divergences that have just continued for 40 years with nothing done about them. We've instead followed a very elitist agenda set by the Metropolitan Guild, which is all flags and European anthems and euros and all that jazz, which has actually presided over a vicious era of divergence, both within and between countries. That's what should be reversed. It can be reversed, but it requires a very different agenda. We've faced mutinies around Europe and indeed around the OECD because those very legitimate concerns of the people on the down escalator haven't been addressed. The new Europe needs to wake up for that. Thanks. Thank you, Paul. So lots of ground cover there, and I'm sure there'll be plenty of questions on different aspects of that. If I could ask people just to identify themselves when putting a question, could you just wait for the microphone? How do we get from where the UK, and essentially you talk about the UK, we're maybe a little different here, but how do we get from where we are in the UK to where you would like to be? How do we, looking at the political parties, as they exist or are disintegrating at the moment, how does one begin to make that change? Yeah, I don't want to be specific about the UK. It's too depressing. But actually, the same thing is playing out across Europe. And the honest answer is that the political dynamics are not automatically favourable because with the loss of trust in the mainstream parties, because they've neglected this for so long, because they've been captured by sort of metropolitan elite fantasies rather than the pragmatism that addresses the real practical anxieties, in that vacuum of good public policy, two groups emerge. And one is the ideologues. And the ideologues always have the same thing. Here's my little red book, which has all the answers for utopia. And it's either radical Marxism, fascism, or some religious ideologies. They're all ideologies. They've all been tried over the last 200 years around the place. They always fail because they're fundamentally flawed. There is no utopia. There is no rulebook for how to get to utopia. There is just radical uncertainty where, periodically, the system derails. And then we have to pragmatically study the local context and the problems are different each time. So we need that dose of intelligent pragmatism. And what we've got, one hand the ideologues and the other hand the populists. And the populists often are good at tapping in to the genuine anxieties. They just don't have a clue of what to do about them. But because they talk about the anxieties, the right things, they sound to know what they're talking about. So how do you tackle that? We have to shift the mainstream parties back on to a serious agenda of admitting, first of all, they have to admit what the problems are and that they neglected them. There has to be a mayor or a copper. We messed up. We now understood that. We are going to try and do something about it. It's perfectly okay then to say we don't know what to do. Actually, as I've sketched, we've got some pretty reasonable ideas about what to do. But even saying we don't know what to do is okay as long as you say, but we commit to doing it. We commit to achieving it. And if we don't know what to do, the answer is not despair. It's experiment, evaluate, rapid social learning. We need a phase of rapid social learning. And instead, we've got a phase of dogmatism.   But we have to talk the same anxieties as the populace and the ideologues, but come up with something that is more credible. That is not that hard, actually. Just to follow up on that, do you attribute populism, what are generally called, to purely economic factors or other things beyond that? Oh, no, it's both, isn't it? Because quite a lot of the mutiny is about a sense of disdain from the metropolitan elite of everybody else. I mean, they've actually added in, literally added insult to injury. So here you've got the skilled metropolitan's doing great. Thank you very much. We've never had it so good. And the less skilled provincials on a down escalator and what the skilled metropolitan's have done is peeled off from shared identity. Just at the time when always the less successful need, the more successful, to say, yeah, we recognize these reciprocal obligations, you're going the down escalator, we will help you. And at the moment, what are the metropolitan elite saying? They're saying, there's nothing to do with you. I don't know if any of you read the Financial Times, but the best political commentator in Britain is Janan Ganesh. But Janan Ganesh is a perfect spokesman for the metropolitan elite. So here's his description of provincial Britain. He says, it's like being shackled to a corpse. You hear the deep empathy, shared sense of mission to help. No, I mean, this is guy. If he'd said this about one of the metropolitan elites favor little victim groups, he'd been out of a job in two days. He'd have been hounded out, shamed. But he can say, oh, it's shackled to a corpse. What is provincial Britain a corpse? Which we'd rather not be shackled to. That is shaming. But that actually represents the sentiment of this detached metropolitan skilled. And it is an ethical disgrace that has to be shamed. Ronan Tynan. I must say I found your presentation extremely provocative and thought-provoking. I can understand Ganesh's point though, because if you're familiar with London, I love London and in fact I live there. I was campaigned vigorously for Maine as well. But I remember somebody I knew well had to do a little job in Stoke. You know, a filming job, I'm a filmmaker. And she said to me, it was like a third world country. And when she said, where's the nearest Marx and Spencer's, they all laughed at her. It doesn't even have Marx and Sparks. So the inequality in Britain is truly appalling. But I do agree with you. But I do think as well it's ideological. And in the sense that we're kind of evading a big issue here, you touched on it with rights and obligations. Now I go to Seattle a lot in the United States. And it's very interesting that there's a company now which is huge in Seattle, that's Amazon. And the impact of the big companies on Seattle, because it's exploding, growth, et cetera, they tried to put a head tax on the employees of all the big companies, above $500. And Amazon, being a potentially huge employer, investing in this giant complex about a million square feet, they said, uh-uh, we're leaving, this denial of it. And of course, how can you have public service if you won't pay tax? Then recently, somebody challenged me in a debate. I was arguing, of course I agree about it. Ron, can we move to the question? Oh yeah, well, it gets to the question really. We're talking here about a neoliberal economic model where you have actually turned the community into a business, basically. Not even an economy, it's a business. Every citizen now is a cost center and must be highly competitive to enable that economy to work. And you identified what happens. The north of England is dead, as Gadaj said, and the proof is the young people leave because it doesn't have the universities. Now my point is this, and this is the question, Dan. How can you possibly achieve what you're saying without a very substantial increase in government expenditure? It is necessary. But how can we achieve that without an increase in taxation? Okay, that's our question. Okay, so the distinctive feature of the future of capitalism, the book, is that half the book's solutions, right? Including where do we get the taxation? And the answer is, you tax the metropolis, and you tax it out. There's a concept called rents of agglomeration, and you tax them. These guys in central London with their skills, they think I deserve it. And what we show, in glorious mathematics, not in the book, there's a paper that I've written with Tony Venables, who's one of the top two or three economic geographies in the world. We show in all the glorious theorems of economics, right? They don't deserve it, right? What's making them productive is the whole, not themselves. You put them in Rotherham, they're not going to be very productive, these geniuses. They're only productive because they're all together, and why are they all together in London? Because years, centuries of investment by the whole nation. So the whole nation needs to benefit from that, right? So that's where you get the tax. And then, as you say, Amazon is part of the ethical disgrace of a modern business. So a lot of my book, the first five chapters of all ethics, and one is about ethical business, right? And the companion book by my friend and colleague, Colin Mayer, called Prosperity, which is all about ethical business, right? And we've just been completed a British Academy lecture tour around Britain, which is a double act, right? And our key concept is that you have to move to a society in which every entity is morally load-bearing. Business has to be morally load-bearing. Families have to be morally load-bearing. Local government has to be morally load-bearing. Civil society, you need a system in which morally responsibility is widely distributed across the society, right? What Amazon is exemplifying is the Silicon Valley West Coast mentality. I was just in Stanford last month, and I was just shocked beyond the view. The libertarian agenda is we don't need government, right? I just read today's news is that Facebook is going to set up its own cryptocurrency. They're very keen on Bitcoin. They think all these governments around the world with these wretched central bankers, Patrick, right? You're all the problem. Mark will solve it all with his face. Private global monopoly does not sound to me like a terribly good idea, right? And especially a private global monopoly that doesn't even recognize any ethical responsibilities to community or workforce, right? So we have to shame business. Now, fortunately, business is actually surprisingly willing to move back to morality. They've woken up to the sense that profit cannot be the purpose of business. If you don't believe me, Larry Fink, who controls something like four trillion dollars, his January letter, which is a big event, said every business has to have a clear purpose which can't be profit, right?  Then Davos, the head of Davos, Klaus Schwab, wrote to me and said, the future of capitalism is the best book I've read for years, and it's exactly what Davos now stands for. Will you come and speak at Davos? So great, you know. And of course, there are rogues, right? There are hundreds of rogues. Goldman Sachs, bless it, is a rogue. Paul, could I just ask on the tax thing? Do you have to cage higher corporation tax or higher tax on very wealthy individuals, or wealth tax? Okay, so it's a tax on place. It's partly a tax on the people who own land and property in the metropolis, because the huge gains from productivity in the metropolis will accrue to two groups. One is the people who own land and property in the metropolis, right? For example, the very... just latest evidence on By-to-let in London. By-to-let, a shameful tax procedure which encouraged, you know, people like me, that is to say, they're the elderly affluent, to buy a home as an asset in London and rent it to the young. So there's been a 10% shift in the British housing stock over the last few years from young people who would have owned to people like me. I happen to say I'm not guilty, right? But the latest evidence is of all the By-to-letters in London that were sold in 2018. And the average thing... the average By-to-letter who sold in 2018 had held the property for 10 years and made a capital appreciation of a quarter of a million pounds over and above the rent they got, right? And that capital appreciation is very likely taxed. I mean, this is just scandalous, right? So that's where the tax is coming from. And finally, the layer... so it's the people who own the land and the property, but also these very skilled people who think they deserve it all, they deserve some of it, but they should pay higher tax rates for the high-income people in London than a high-income person in Rotherham.  Whereas any high-skilled person can do pretty well in London because you're swept up by the tide of metropolitan productivity. So that's the tax boom. And getting back to ethical purpose in business, the tide is with us, the tide is with us, very much so. And one of the things that's forcing companies for ethical purpose, which is very good news, is that millennials get this. People my age don't, right? I'm actually very proud that the future of capitalism is condemned by only two groups. One is the political far-right, so I'm denounced. Dominic Lawson said, if this is the future of capitalism, it hasn't got one. Collier is worse than Corbyn. And the other is the far-left, Plessis, the Corbynites, who say, no, no, he wants to save capitalism. No, no, no, we've got to destroy it. So I'm quite proud of that. Okay, we've got a good few questions. So can I take two, the gentleman there? And if you could just hand to the gentleman. I will indeed, yeah. Thank you. It is. Jerry Clark with Links to China, business. You've raised a huge number of points. The idea and the emphasis you put on the family and education. The topic is, of course, facing the European anxieties and trying to get back the trust of the electorate. There are two countries, which I'm very familiar with, Ireland and China. Both have put huge emphasis on education and the family. In China, of course, they call it not capitalism or communism, they call it a socialist market economy. I'd like to hear your comments on the topic. We've now lost a lot of trust in the politicians because the populists have done what you've just said. They can tap into the anxieties of the mob, the people. Looking at the world today, there are two countries, Ireland and China, which have huge similarities and indeed large dissimilarities where democracy in China is not. But both countries seem to be managing the anxieties in the world today. I'd like your comments on that. Clearly, much of your speech is the fact there's no identity between the people on the up escalator and the ones on the down escalator. I always thought that, for example, when Macron was elected president of France, he was the first French president who, going for his people who elected him, didn't play Le Marseillais, he played Old de Joy. Generally speaking, I think French people tend to be French and also be shock to two people. Is that not crucial? The point is that these people in London and those people in Paris want to break the chain. They have no identity with the people in their own countries. They're not a mob, by the way. I agree with that. Macron did break the system and offered hope because what he established was a bottom-up new party en marche. And a lot of people around France joined it. I live in France for a third of the year. I see this. So I thought Macron had got it pretty right because he said, I'm not a nationalist, I'm a patriot. And it's quite a good distinction of language. By nationalist, he meant you can't... Le Pen is not trying to unite the nation. She's trying to divide the nation. She's saying, where the nation and you're not. So what we need is an inclusive sense of nation which Macron seemed to be offering. And as you say, since becoming president instead of using en marche as a bottom-up system he very rapidly turned into Jupiter. And that is a very big political mistake first and foremost in France which is hard to manage anyway. I mean the idea that Jupiter could run France could only be held by somebody who was seriously detached from politics, which of course he was. And I work with one of Macron's close advisors and he's a very clever young chap just like Macron. So I said, how did you get your position? He said, oh, we were together in the same class at Sciences Paul and then in the same class as en marche. So the trouble is there's a very little guy of clones who are all really good but totally detached from their country. And as you say, the starting point is the successful, the elite has to embrace shared identity with other people. Now it doesn't have to be an oppositional identity to other nations. And the genius of Europe at its best is to say, actually there's a lot of stuff that we better do in common because by working together we can make things better for all of us. So there's a huge agenda that Europe can do together that matters. But we've sort of got diverted into things that are either actively inadvertently causing divergence or it's just sort of peripheral to most people's concerns. We haven't been addressing these very big anxieties that have been building up the last 40 years and that's the failure. And the elite is so detached it doesn't even understand the anxieties. The little town where I live in France is one of the epicentres of the Gégen mutiny. And so Macron has visited us twice in the last three months to see what's going on. But anybody could tell him. It's not the pent-territory, incidentally. These people are not quasi-fascists, not at all. They're just very angry people who feel neglected. Okay, I apologize to many people who do still want to come in. We just have time for one more, just one minute, really quick. So Patrick Powals from University College Dublin.  So this word does not appear in the UN 2030 agenda. And I think it has just more a comment than a question. I mean, if you're dealing with, if you focus on the individual, let's say HIV AIDS, and all your policies are just for the individual, we all know that if we have kids with disability or older people or people with long-term illnesses, this is a big family and extended family problem. If you don't deal with it that way, it'll have people staying home from work, people staying home from school, you know, coping strategies. All assets will be depleted. So smart public policy cannot just have this strict individual focus. It has to be smarter than that. And to marry the state would say a structure like a family to really be effective. So I think just to emphasize your comment there is actually... In 30 seconds and 8, do you want to? I think that is absolutely right. The curse of... And it's part of the whole loss of religion because religion has always sort of embraced the family. But whether you want secular or not, what you have to embrace is the move to obligations to others rather than starting from individual rights. And there are no individual rights unless there are obligations to others. The more general concept is obligations. So let me close with an example. Partly it's an analogy with money. So a budget, we all know that a budget works as long as the revenues are broadly matched the expenditures. The equivalent of the expenditures are the rights and the equivalent of the revenues, the bit nobody likes to do, but we know is necessary, is the obligations. So we've somehow moved away... In budgets we now understand it. Nobody who stands up and says, I want to print money regardless is going to get elected. But in moral space, all the discussion is about... Let's have a right to this, a right to that. And none of the discussion is about obligations. And the rights are all about individuals. So this move from obligations to my community to my workplace, to my family, the move from those obligations to individual rights has had devastating effect. Fortunately, there is now a pushback. There is a pushback. Thank you. And thank you for a thought-provoking and wide-ranging presentation. And if we could show our appreciation in the usual way. Thank you.


Uh-oh, we're live. I know we're kind of jumping on live, didn't do very much announcing or anything like that. So we're gonna wait on some people to come on in here. I am live at the new job. So if anybody hasn't seen already, I ended up leaving the dealership that I worked at for 13 years and came down south to work at and for SP Tools. So working with SP Tools, I'm gonna be there heading up their student next tech program. So if you guys don't know what that is, we can talk about that here in a little bit. It's pretty much gonna be taking care of students, sorry, of all the traffic and noise. There's gonna be, I'm gonna be taking care of all kinds of student things, getting students all the kinds of discounts that they need for them to start off their automotive career in the right way, pretty much at any school, getting you guys discounts on tools, equipment, whatever you might need to be able to start off your career on the up and up. So we're going live here at the shop and so we're gonna be going through the shop and talking with everybody here. Uh-oh, somebody's knocking on the window. Nope, they must be okay in there. So I'm gonna be kind of walking through the shop here. Didn't give them much of a notice or anything and this is gonna be the pretty much headquarters, the command center for SP Tools and cutting edge automotive solutions. This is where kind of their base of operations is here in fully Alabama. So we're gonna hop on in here, see if we can freak them out here and enter the nerdery. Everyone? We don't just let anyone walk in here. This big guy. John, what's up buddy? What are you doing here? Doing email blasts for you guys.  Oh sweet. Working on that for you guys. And that new impact? Heck yeah, awesome impact. Nice. Emily? Hi. How's it going? What are you doing? What are you working on? Setting up promotions for next year. Oh yeah? Already? Yes. Man, it's important. Trying to feel the goody-tooth shoes here. I'll do what I can. No, this guy, he doesn't really care that much, right? No. Bill's lame. That's not appropriate. And appropriate. Thanks for all the new subscribers. It's working great. Exactly. If you guys have not already, on the last video, I kinda gave you guys a couple of links to the Cutting Edge Automotive Solutions and the SP Tools USA sites with, in regards to here on YouTube, they have their own pages. And I'm actually gonna be on there quite a bit more over the next couple of months or so. We're gonna be doing some new series. We've got some pretty cool ideas, right? Dude, we have a whole notebook full. Yeah, a whole notebook. But what? A notebook full. A notebook full. That's the thing. John said if we get to 1,000 subscribers, he'll shave his head.  Look at that. I'm gonna say that. Goldilocks over here, he was gonna shave his head if they get to 1,000 subscribers. That's not true, I think. Yeah, I think it's true. We'll make it happen. Can we make it happen though? Maybe. If it happens in the next 24 hours, maybe. I mean, look at that. I mean. He's gonna have to do it. He's gonna have to do it now. So if you guys haven't already, after the live stream, we'll put the links down below for, let's see what this is. Are you gonna have tool trucks like Snap-on and Matco? Yes, they actually do have a tool truck down here in Alabama. They're gonna be putting more tool trucks out throughout the US. Hopefully in the upcoming future, that is definitely the plan there is gonna be those. So yeah, we'll have links to the SB tools and the cutting edge automotive solutions and stuff after this. I'll make sure to post that here. Make him shave his head in January. Well, see, that's not that big of a deal. Down here in Alabama, it doesn't get that cold.  Okay, let's go walk through the rest of the compound here. See what else we can get into. See ya. See ya. Oh, more people hard at work. No, tech desk. And then we have this guy who didn't prep at all. Say hi, this is Jesse. This is the command center for SB tools. What are you working on? Student tech stuff. Student tech stuff, getting some actual lists and things going. So we've actually been working quite a bunch over the last couple of days. I've been working with Jesse on trying to get some big tool kits and big tool sets kind of all set up and ready to go for the Student Next Tech program. So we're gonna have a couple of different tiers for the students coming up. We're gonna have tier one, two and three for the students to give you guys some kind of different choices in everything when it comes to the school list. I know not everybody can afford to have exactly all the tools that they want right off the bat and everything. So we wanna be able to give them a, I guess more choices, especially when they're going in and through school. That's the hope here at least. Give them a lot of discounts, especially differences when it comes to that and what they're talking about, and differences from other tool manufacturers and how expensive they are. See if we can peek in here and, yep, catching them off guard. Hey, say hi, you're live on YouTube. Hi. Mr. Lee Locklear, the CEO, cutting edge automotive solutions. That's the boss. Walk through here. Check out this new garage that I'm gonna be doing a lot of videos out of as we can see here in the future. Check this stuff out. We've got all kinds of new equipment here in the shop to do some training on alignment machines. Got his boat because they do a lot of work with Texas, USA software and everything. Earlier on this week, we did some training on their new RCCS unit, their new ADOS software and their new ADOS equipment. Yes, exactly, Annabelle. So we did some training on some of their new ADOS training stuff. And if you guys haven't done any kind of the driving assistant training, I don't feel too bad for you. I, thankfully, Chrysler had a lot of their dynamic training and stuff on a lot of their software. So I didn't have to really go through a whole lot of that when it came to ADOS stuff. So unfortunately, now that they have that software, a lot of the Mercedes products and everything has to do a lot of the standardized ADOS training. So now I had to actually learn a lot of that. Thanks, Mark, appreciate it. All right, let's see what else we can get into over here. Check out some of these other projects that they've got going in the shop. Old 60s fastback Mustang. They're gonna be doing some work on this one. Actually, they already had this stuff kind of pulled apart before I even got here. I mean, they started all this fun, ripped all this stuff out and didn't even include me in it. Captain Ron in the house. What's up, buddy? What's happening? See some more of their projects going on here. The funny thing is, look at their other project car over here. Looks an awful lot like Project Cheap Caddy that is not Project Cheap Caddy but it looks a lot like it and it's way more of a piece of junk than even Cheap Caddy but they've got a pretty nice little setup in here and in Southern fashion, they have, see that red thing there? And the red thing over there, that's air conditioning. This is an air conditioned shop. I've never, never been able to come to work in an air conditioned shop. All right, I'm gonna sit you guys down and kind of see, take a seat here. Be able to interact some with you guys. Check out some of this stuff.  You just can't. We got some really cool tools and toolboxes back here. What else do you guys wanna know? What have you guys been up to lately? Careful, gotta watch out for that row of stuff. Captain Ron, you miss me? Miss me? Is it that bad in the shop without me? So this is my first week not working in the dealership and I'll have to tell you guys that it has been different. Can you purchase one of the shirts that I have on? No, not yet. They are gonna, we're gonna do a lot when it comes to redesigning some of the apparel and stuff that they're gonna have available over on the SP Tools stuff, but this stuff is not available yet. But for the input on that, I really appreciate that, that you like this style of shirt, I assume. If you do, I'm just taking more input on that to be able to understand what kind of, kind of shirts and hats and swag and stuff we will be able to have on the site here coming up in the future. If you guys haven't already, make sure, don't forget to turn on the bell notifications for the channel and hit the thumbs up for this video. I like seeing thumbs up. 45 people in here and only 11 thumbs up. Come on, man. If I know that if SP will be getting into heavy truck tools. So they do have quite a few things of heavy truck tools. Yeah, SP Tools is big overseas. A lot of the heavy truck stuff they actually do get into. The problem here is they're trying to get a lot more of their tool lineup here in the United States. It's been a little bit hard trying to get everything here all at once, but they do have everything all the way up through three quarter inch impacts, massive sockets. I have big pry bars. I've used that on the channel. I've got a four foot SP Tools USA pry bar. That thing is a beast. I don't know if they have one sitting around here. And like I said, I haven't worked here long enough to know where the stuff is, but I mean, we can rip through all the boxes and stuff. Look at some cool tools, hold on. Look at these crow's feet. Crow's feet that actually grip onto what you're trying to hold onto. Line wrench crow's feet. Those are pretty awesome. I didn't have a set of those to show. Got some extensions, not really that fun. Punch and pick sets, these little pick sets, these are pretty cool. They're like rotating dental pick ends, but they can go in your pocket too for all you pocket protector guys. One and a half inch socket. So they do have big boy sockets. And then this one, I wanted to go through this one because yes, they definitely sell heavy duty truck tools. So actually after this little live stream here, we're gonna be going live over on the SP Tools USA channel or Cutting Edge, one of the two. So if you guys haven't already, make sure you look up SP Tools USA and subscribe to their YouTube channel. We're gonna be going over this bad new Johnson. This is their brand new Air. This is their stubby impact, half inch drive. Look how tiny this thing is. I mean, as comparison, my hand. This thing can put out 715 foot pounds. 715 foot pounds. We'll see if I can find something that's like comparable weight-wise. That's pretty close. So this is the mid-torque impact without a battery on it.  But it's a little bit less than that. Little bit less than that right there. So I know on the channel, I've been doing a lot when it comes to electric tools, but for you guys who are still using air tools, you know, you gotta get you the big air inlets for this. You have the big half inch chuck that way. These, you can get the correct airflow to it. But as you guys can see here on the back, you have three different settings in forward and reverse for it, one, two, three, one, two, three. And like I said, how awesome is it to be able to have something that's this big and has over 700 foot pounds of torque? That's pretty awesome. So we'll be going in more in depth into this tool here in a little bit over on the SP Tools USA's page. So make sure you guys follow that one. We'll rip some lug nuts and stuff off the truck and I don't know, see if I can break something around here. I haven't, I haven't broken anything here yet. It kind of feels weird going a whole week without using pry bars and torches and impacts. I don't know, I'm gonna have to find something to break around here. What do you guys think? What should we get into? We're gonna have a lot of good times when it comes to the SP Tool guys and the crew here. Everyone that I've met and been able to work with here has been absolutely amazing. And it's been a good, a good first week. It's been very much different from the shop lifestyle from the whole flat rate system. Trying to get in and through that one has been definitely an eye-opening experience.  Am I gonna have my hours? Am I gonna be able to make time and make up the money that I have to make? It's a big question. And it's not like that, you know, all the time, like you guys are pretty busy, but a majority of the time, you are constantly trying to battle back and forth thinking, am I gonna make my hours this week? And once this week, I have not had that issue. He wants to know if SP needs a parts guy. Sorry, Greg. I think they're good on parts personnel here. Not a whole lot of parts in this one. I'm thinking, so they have two, kind of two locations here in Alabama. They've got their kind of command facility here where they do a lot of their sales, marketing goals, everything in the nerdery there that you guys saw. We also have the big garage here for all the testing, the videos, the fun stuff. And then they also have a huge warehouse. And I'm thinking if they let me, I don't know if they're watching or not, cutting edge garage podcast. Yes, the cutting edge garage podcast studio. It's up there. It's hidden away. It's up on their mezzanine. It's up there, but we're gonna get to go on and through some of that stuff later on as well. Maybe this next week, we might do another live stream and see if we can get in over at the SP Tools kind of storage facility. Yep. I'll be an SP Tool Truck seller in Arizona. Hey, I'm be okay with that. We need to get a lot more trucks out there. Like I said, the truck here in Alabama, it does quite well. For being the very first tool truck that they've had on the road, it does actually very, very well. And they do have the full competition. Snap on Mac and Matco in the area. And they do very well comparative to a lot of the other tool trucks in the area. So I guess if you really are serious about being a tool truck, I guess driver for SP Tools, then yeah, call into SP Tools or cutting edge automotive solutions, message into them. I'm sure they'd be down for it. I know they're looking to expand. They've got a couple of trucks that are gonna be starting on the road up in the New York area. Here over the next couple of months, I know they've been trying to set up an account up there to get trucks rolling up there. So that's kind of exciting for them. And then yeah, we're trying to get things rolling here. If you guys are just stopping in and have not seen the video, again, I left the dealership and working for SP, I'm gonna be taking up their student next tech program. If you guys are one of the ones who do not have, love to see some SP Tool Trucks in Arizona, well yeah, Antonia would love it. If you guys don't know what the SP Tools next tech program is, there you go. There's the email you can send that stuff to. You know, I'm not really sure about the coupon codes on top of the next tech program because trust me, the discounts and everything on the next tech program is beyond what pretty much anybody can even think about getting on any platform from any manufacturer. The tool manufacturers, they do a pretty good job when it comes to student discounts, but trust me, the difference between the Snap-on Tool Programs and the Mac and Macco Tool Programs, SP Tools has them knocked out of the water. For the first thing, they don't limit you to what you can choose from your tool list. Every other one of the manufacturers, you only have a certain list of tools or boxes or anything that you can choose from off of their tool list. They don't let you pick from everything. SP Tools, literally anything and everything on their parts in their tools catalog is able to be purchased through the student next tech program. It is available for you to get to your massive discount for that one. You have a price ceiling, I don't know. Welcome to lower Alabama. Yes, I actually have been loving it down here out in Alabama. So the funny thing was we came down, started this last weekend, and my wife came down with me for the first couple of days because I brought Project Cheap Catty down with me to leave down in here. So leaving it here, so she came down and we actually had our 14th anniversary. Well, I've been down here and she's, we'll just say she loved it down here. Yes, Snap-on tops you out. Their ceiling on purchase is 11 grand if that's what you were talking about. That's their purchase ceiling. SP Tools, you don't have a purchase ceiling on what you're able to buy. Now through credit, yes, there are some, no, I'm not leaving Ohio fully yet, at least. Prentice, this ain't Walmart. Nope. So that was the other big cool thing that's the difference between SP Tools and the other manufacturers. Like I said, you do not have to be limited to certain lists of tools and everything. So all your Silver Birch Duramax have an LLC, which the guy who did my truck was nice of job. I mean, it is a little bit different when you're shooting some of that raptor stuff. That's why I definitely made the point in that video to say, hey, make sure you practice on a few certain things before you shoot your baby. You know, just that FYI when you're shooting the raptor liner stuff. So more on the Student Next Deck program, there's gonna be a lot of big changes. We're gonna be making a lot more discounts when it comes to purchasing toolkits. They're new toolboxes, which we'll be definitely getting into here on the channel and over on the SP Tools USA channel here soon because we helped them design some really awesome new toolboxes that we're super excited to be able to see. 58 Heavy Duty Mechanic in Texas need to get SP Tool Truck sales here. My back and knees would be happy. Hey, Mark Stevens, seriously, scroll up and they put a link up there. They're looking for some people to be able to start running some more tool trucks across the US and to be honest, Texas really isn't that far away from here either. Hear that, Jesse? Lots of guys want to start having their own SP Tool Truck. Yeah, we put their email address there into the comments and afterwards we'll put the email address also in the description below. So if you guys are serious about that one, I'm pretty sure they'll definitely be entertaining the idea of that one. Oh yeah. But we've got lots of stuff coming for the Student Next Tech program on top of the availability to purchase anything on their list here. They also are gonna give you guys the best discounts when it comes to the tools. They make themselves known in the market that their percentages are not gonna be beaten by the other tool trucks. A lot of the other tool manufacturers, they bump up some of their prices before they discount them. So in some of the circumstances, you're only getting 10 to 20% off of something that's already inflated massively. So I'm telling you right off the bat just from what I've seen and been able to put together with some of these tool lists that they don't do that here at SB Tools. I've also been given a lot of, I guess, leniency to put some tool lists together. A lot of the students, when they go into the programs, whether it be automotive, diesel, aviation, they have a lot of tool lists that come from the school that are their recommended tool lists. And I'm building some custom tool lists off of those to be able to see some custom tool build boxes for students. There's gonna be three different tiers of them that we're gonna be aiming for, a low, middle, and a high tier, and four of the students to be able to get in on this realm. We'll tell you guys for, I've been putting together some of their tier two stuff. You're looking at being able to get a 59-inch tool box is gonna be in their new line of things and it's gonna be some really exciting stuff and their tool, we'll just say their tool list that I've been able to put together has been extremely awesome. I'm able to put together a tool list that beats what I paid for my tool list from Snap-On, which was 10 years ago, I went through the tool program and I spent over $7,400 on my final tool bill purchase. And this was at their student discount rate, about 7,400 bucks. I've been able to put tool lists together that are very comparable to that in what I got from there for like 30% less than that. So one thing if you guys are serious in this student next tech program, make sure you go and check out the website. Over at SP Tools USA's website, they do have a link to the next tech program and we'll have some links down in the description below after the live stream ends here. So yeah, lots of exciting stuff going on here at SP Tools and the Cutting Edge Automotive Garage. The Cutting Edge Automotive Solutions, as you guys can see down below is commenting. Make sure you guys go and subscribe to that channel. We're gonna be doing a lot when it comes to interviews and really awesome videos over on their channel here in the next couple of weeks. So make sure you go and subscribe to that as well as SP Tools USA. As a matter of fact, like I said earlier, we're gonna be going live on one of their channels here in the next probably hour or so. Doing some review and checking out this new 715 foot pound stubby air impact from SP Tools. Pretty BA little tool. I don't think they have any SP Tool trucks up in Wisconsin. No, because they only have one in down here in Alabama, but SP Tools is available online at www.sptoolsusa.com. So make sure you guys check that one out. And like I said, if any of you guys who were in here, we're really serious about wanting to run tool trucks and everything, they did put the email address into the live comments and I will put it into the description below after the live stream is done as well. So make sure you guys look into that one. Like I said, we're gonna go live over on their channel here in the next hour. So make sure you stay tuned there. That's about all I got for you. Hopefully this next week, we'll be doing some more great fun and videos. I'm here down south for the next week or so. But I know Dalton Bertrand 850, he's gonna be coming up this way from Florida with his Lambo. We're gonna be doing some fun stuff with that one, hopefully this next week. So make sure you stay tuned for that one. Well guys, that's about all I've got for you today. We're gonna sign off and appreciate you guys sticking around. It's been an awesome journey. Well, we'll see you guys later. You guys stay awesome.


Today, in continuation with the previous lecture, we will see Timer Counter Programming Part 2. Myself, Sudhakar Barabade, Assistant Professor, Electronics and Telecondition Engineering, Valchand Institute of Technology, Sulapur. Learning outcome, at the end of this session, students will be able to describe key features of 8051 Timer Counter and its programming contents. Here we will see Timer Counter Mode 1, next we will see Programming Timer Counter using polling method and Programming Timer Counter using Interruptor method. So these are the two methods to use Timer and Counter. This is what the diagram of how the Timer Counter in Mode 1 works. So here is the input from previous stage is given to the Timer registers, TLX with 8 bit, THX with 8 bits and this is what after all the bits of this 16 bit timer rolls from 1 to 0, TFX will be generated and after that Interrupted generated. So basically this mode is similar to Mode 0 except for the fact that both Timer 0 and Timer 1 are used as a 16 bit up counter. So instead of 13 bit with Mode 0, here Mode 1 uses 16 bit up counting. The 16 bit counter can hold values between 0, 0, 0 to FF, FFH. So the maximum count in hexadecimal, the 16 bit register can hold is FF, FFH. So this is loaded in TLX, X stands for here either of Timer 0 register or Timer 1 register. If X is 0 then it is a TH0, TL0 means Timer 0 register and if X is 1 this is a Timer 1 register. And the formula for finding the initial count which is to be loaded into this TLX and TLX is same as the previous one that is time delay equal to final count minus initial count plus 1 multiplied by Timer clock period, programming Timer in Mode 1. So basically how the calculation of initial count it is also called as reload value here calculation of Timer 0 reload value in Mode 1 needed to achieve Timer delay of 100 microsecond. Assume at oscillator frequency is 11.0592 megahertz. So here the final count is since it is a 16 bit the final count is FF, FFH in hexadecimal if you convert into decimal it comes out to be 65535. If you put this value final count into this equation initial count we have to find out time delay is 100 microsecond and Timer clock period is already we have discussed with this crystal the Timer clock period becomes 1.085 into 10 raised to minus 6. So these values are put here and from this initial count is found initial count comes out to be 65443.84 which must be rounded to the nearest integer and it comes 65444 if you convert this into hexadecimal 6B24H. So the Timer 0 should be loaded with value 6B into H0 and 24 in TL0. Here we are discussing programming of Timer 0 in Mode 1. This is example 1 using polling method the algorithm for polling method already we have discussed in the programming part 1 that is why we directly write here program this is a function to generate 100 microsecond delay using Timer 0. As we see here this Timer value is to be loaded with 01 because we are using Mode 1 here then TL0 and TA0 these values already we have found just now these are loaded then Timer is started by using this instruction set BTR0 and you wait for this counter to overflow from all 1s to all 0s and then TF0 flag will be set so we should wait here till this TF0 is set and once it is set that means Timer is overflowed and then again we have the counter by using this instruction CLRTR0 clear we clear the overflow flag and this is done to again restart the counting. Here we will discuss programmer in Mode 1 using interrupt method so this is what the implemented for interrupt method programming. The interrupt method makes use of register called interrupt enable register i register interrupt enable register bit addressable and this is what the format of i register here AES, ET1, EX1, ET0 and EX0 with related to our timer ET0 is a timer interrupt related with timer 0 and ET1 is a timer interrupt related with timer 1 and this is enabling the interrupt in a system. The ISR corresponding to interrupts are executed when the TFX flags of respective timers are raised. If you are programming in C then we require this interrupt number for timer 0 interrupt is 1 and for timer 1 it is 3. After execution of ISR controller returns to whatever it was doing earlier. So ISR is executed only when interrupt is occurred and after completing this ISR the processor continues where it was stopped. Now let us have a question what will be the hex code of i register to enable timer 0 in interrupt mode. You pause the video and answer the question. You might have thought over the question and the answer is to enable the interrupt this bit must be 1. These are don't care so for don't care we assume 0 so it is 1, 0, 0 this is also 0 this is related with the timer 1 and since we are using timer 0 so this is also 0 this is also 0 but this must be 1 because we are enabling timer 0 for interrupt so this must be 1 and this must be also 0. So this comes out to be 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0 that means this is 8, 2. Programming timer in mode 1 using interrupt method. So these are the steps or we can say it is algorithm. This is algorithm to implement interrupt method of programming timer. To generate a time delay using timer in mode 1 following are the steps using interrupt method. Load the T-mod value register indicating which timer is to be used. Load registers TLX and THX with initial count value. Enable the timer interrupt by passing the hex value to I register. Start the timer with set B TRX instruction. So this is here we are using this interrupt enable register. Then last is write interrupt service routine for the timer interrupt. Here while writing interrupt service routine we should take care of these two constraints. If the timer has to be stopped after once the interrupt has occurred the ISR must contain the statement to stop the timer. Means if you want to execute the delay only once then timer must be stopped at the end of the ISR. And if ISR for timer interrupt has to be repeated again and again the timer run need not be cleared. Timer will start updating from 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, H and not to the initial value in case of mode 0 and mode 1. So the initial value must be reloaded in the interrupt service routine. So here what we should do is we should every time load the counter values in a counter registers in a ISR. This is what the C program for programming timer 0 in mode 1. Use of timer 0 in mode 1 for blinking LED with interrupt method. What we have done is here LED is connected to port 1 0th pin and this LED should blink with some delay and that delay program we are writing here. Here what we should do is you analyze the program and find the time delay generated. Assume associated frequency is 11.0592 megahertz. So here program is written and by observing the program and then analyzing the program you must find out the time delay. So let us see first the program. Here this is a main program hash include EG51.h include file is there. Then we are declaring this P1.0 port 1 0th bit pin as a LED variable assigned to this is LED of type S bit. Then interrupt service routine. Since the address of interrupt service routine related with timer 0 is 1 we are writing here interrupt 1 and ISR name is timer and here what we have done is just stated with the LED variable is complemented here. So the new value of the LED will be complement of the previous LED value. So this is a interrupt service routine and this is what the main program. Here the T-mod is loaded with hexadecimal value 0 1 because we are using timer 0 in mode 1. TH0 initial value we have not found but it is loaded 0 0. Here also 0 0. That means TL0 and TH0 values are 0 0. So from this information we should find out how much time delay we get and IE value is 8 2. Already we have found how to find out the value of this IE register. Then timer is started by this and this is to be repeated forever. That is why this infinite while loop is used. Now if you look at the analysis of the program what we require is to find out how much time delay we get. This is known to us final count since it is a 16-bit counting. Mode 1 means 16-bit counting. Final count is 65535 minus initial count here it is given that is 0 and plus 1 timer clock period. So from this we get a time delay of 71.1 millisecond. So these are references for preparing these slides. The 8051 micro controller architecture, programming and applications by Kenith Aila and second is the 8051 microcontroller and embedded system by Muhammad Ali Mazdi. Thank you.


Hi everyone, Joe for jaspeyscasewrakes.com coming at you with a random number block randomizer for the following teams right here Helping unlock pick your team 19 coming up next in a different video remember these teams are not part of the hit list promo Zero gets any and all redemption. That's how it works if you're not familiar with it. Check it out Big thanks to Martin Clyde and PJ for finishing this off. There are the numbers there. Let's roll it Let's randomize it five into three eight times for names and numbers one two three four five six seven And eighth and final time PJ down to PJ. I heard that from here Must have hurt on Travis or he wants to get traded out of the Colorado five into three eight times for the numbers one two three four seven and And eighth and final time five into three yep two Down to seven All right PJ with two and three Martin with four PJ with one and five Clyde with six Martin with eight PJ with zero nine and seven remember zero gets any and all redemptions for that group of teams But again another mood point because PJ has one beat of four on an alphabetize Column B right there you go. It's a mood point because PJ also has one his bases are covered there Coming up next the break itself Jasper's case breaks.com


new studio space. This is the first official art video being filmed in the new space. There's a little bit of an echo. That's because it's a really big room. I'm okay. Excuse me. Before I moved, I did this anatomical heart rainbow watercolor, and I just did it to see if I could. I had an idea I still do for doing a series of them in different color themes, and when I shared this one you all said, can we see how you did that? So I'm going to show you, and there are of course some tricks. And this is the inspiration photo I used. Now, you can just get a picture of an anatomical heart off the internet somewhere if you have a copy of Grey's Anatomy in your inspiration library. There's probably one in there, and I know you're saying to me right now, who has Grey's Anatomy in their art reference library? I do. Anyway, you can get this off the internet. That's where I got this one because at the time that I was wanting to do this, my books were packed. So this is just off of Yahoo or Google or something. So the first thing you want to do, and here's a bigger copy, especially if you want to do a number of these over and over again, and you want them to all be similar in size and shape and form. If you did a freehand sketch, every time you sketch it, it'd be a little bit different. This way it will be more similar. It'll still be a little different, but they'll be more similar than they will be different. I'm going to silent my computer. Hang on, I'll be right back. Note to self. Mute all the devices in the new art room before you start filming. All right, so this way they will be all more similar than they will be different. And like I said, I really want to do a series of them in different color ways or color themes. I want to do another rainbow one, a bigger one. I want to do one that is beach themed. I want to do one that's desert or muted themed. I want to do one that's metallic. Maybe one that's forest inspired, maybe one that's inspired by faith or Freemasonry. You never know. I think there's a lot of possibilities with us paintings in artwork to symbolize your love of something or your wish for love of something. In the case of the rainbow heart, for me, I love love rainbows. Who doesn't love rainbows, but also my wish for equality across all races, nationalities, faiths, persuasions. And my love of my friends who are different from me. So that's there you have that. Okay, so you could use graph paper or artist transfer paper to transfer the basic outline of this image to your watercolor paper, where you could do this at the time. Again, I had all of that. I couldn't find it. So but then I thought, you know, this might be better anyway, because the transfer paper generally only comes in like black or white. So I got a pokey tool and I went around the image in key places, an inch or so apart, and poked holes. And I did it until I'll show you the other one. I did it until I went around the whole entire thing in the back looked like that. So I'm going to do that to this one. And once you get that done, you're going to need a water soluble pencil, watercolor pencil, it doesn't have to be a fancy brand, it could be Crayola, just something water soluble that has a nice sharp point. And that's not too dark a color like light blue, a light pink, if you're going to do the rainbow heart.  My brush is in the water. We've got our picture with the holes all punched just like the little one. I actually see a spot that I missed along this one artery here. A piece of watercolor paper. This is just inexpensive artist loft watercolor paper, 90 pound, it's not the best paper but it'll do. If you're planning on selling the original of this, you probably want to use better paper. Okay, I'm going to put a couple of clips to hold this to the paper while I do the next step. Okay, you're going to take your watercolor pencil, in this case I have a Derwent watercolor pencil and this is in the color turquoise green. The heart is round, right? So the edges farther away from you, the divots farther away from you would be darker and in shadow than the part that's closer to you which would be lighter and brighter. So I'm going to use a cooler color rather than a warmer color to outline the heart because it'll blend with the colors when I'm done painting which will be cooler around the edges. So in that case I'm going to choose a blue but again I'm choosing a lighter blue, a turquoise green because I don't want it to be too dark. So I'm going to go into, let's see if we can zoom in a bit, I'm going to go into each one of these little spots where I poked a hole, going to make a dot. Yeah, I'm going to do that over the whole thing. It takes a little time but that's okay. Turn on some music and just create your dots. Now the other way to do this of course is to use the tracing paper or you could rub a bunch of pencil on the back of this and then trace. I like this because you get fewer marks.  Okay, so I'm going to do that whole thing. Okay, it might take you a good few minutes to do it this way. I know it's a little harder than other ways you can do but I think it's well worth it. You might find yourself having to as you go along, re-poke some holes so you can get the tip of the pencil through the hole. Then once you're done keeping your reference photo sort of on the top of the drawing, keep flipping it up and connect very lightly. Connect all of the dots or most of them if you can until you have a light rough sketch. I don't even know if you're going to be able to pick that up on camera. Can you see that? I don't know but it should be like keep your photo handy because you're going to want that and let's get our paints out. Now these paints these are my Daniel Smith paints. They're the ones I used for the original and they have been sitting out for a good few minutes. I sprayed them quite a few minutes ago with some water or I should say I put some used a dropper bottle with water with some ox skull in it to help reconstitute the paints a little easier. I put like a third of a dropper in each one of the paints. I did it quite a while ago. I love my Daniel Smith paints. They can be a little fussy to reconstitute so I'm going to keep the original one sort of over here off camera so I can see it for reference. I am going to start with a large ish flat brush. I need a rag and off camera that way I have a journal with some watercolor paper in it. I can just kind of wipe my brush off on if I am so inclined. Okay I'm going to start with my Princeton Neptune three-quarter inch flat brush and we are going to start as we do normally with watercolor. We're going to start lighter and work our way darker and we are only going to put water where we want the paint to go. We're not going to put it in places where we don't want it to go. That's our way of controlling the water. I'm going to start with Hansa Yellow Medium so it's a trick with watercolor is controlling the water and also working the opposite of what you're instinctively wanting to do which is to just go in with the dark colors. With watercolor you can't really take it back so you want to go in with your lighter colors first. I'm going to pick some spots on the heart that I think would be closer to me closer to the viewer and lay in some of this yellow and then rinse my brush then I'm going to go back and with the damp brush I'm going to blend it out just a little bit. Again not putting water where we don't want the paint to go. Now I'm very much a suggestive sort of abstract style painter and so I am not trying for realism. I'm trying for suggestion. You may have a completely different take on that and that's you know what that's okay. Then I'm going to go in with some Pyro Orange. Still a warm color but it's cooler than the yellow. It's going to blend itself naturally into the yellow because the yellow is wet and it's going to follow the water. Don't wait too long if you want your edges to be blendy to go in and add water so you don't have too many straight lines if that's not what you want. Okay I'm going to switch to a little bit smaller brush. This is also a Princeton Neptune. This is a half inch flat and that was a three-quarter inch flat which I think I mentioned but you know I'm going to go in with a red and I think I'm going to go in with Queen Magenta. It's more of a blue red looking at the original and what I did on the original painting. My chair is sliding so that's a cooler a cooler red. I have warmer reds but this is a cooler one. I really like this color and I think it works well for this painting. I'm going to take some of that same magenta and I'm going to start suggesting the arteries. Now doing what we did with the pencil left dense in the paper but as we get the paper wet those dents are going to go away. They're going to get filled in with water and it takes some of this Queen Magenta. The original was splattery and drippy. If you are new to watercolor one of the tricks that you can do is if you put some paint where you don't want it most of the time when you're using certain paints that are certain pigmented a certain way it's going to stain right away but you can lift up some of it with them something like a Mr. Clean Magic eraser. All right so I'm going to stay with the flat brush for the moment and I'm going to go in with now with a kind of warmish green. This is phthalo yellow green. It's very much on the yellow side so it's a warmer green of the greens. I'm continuing to use my lines to find my place and using my original painting to suggest my colors. I really like the way the original one turned out so using the original photo or print you can see where all the dark parts are where they've done the dark lines that's where you want to put the cooler colors.  We're getting there. Switch to a round. It's time to switch to a round brush. We're going to keep going cooler and we are going to also keep shaking it encourage the drips. We're going to go in with a purple and I don't remember what I used last time but I'm going to grab some cobalt blue violet which is a dark purple and I'm going to mix it with a little bit of the rose of ultramarine which is a redder. I lost track of what I was doing sorry and that wasn't quin magenta oh yeah it was too quin magenta never mind never mind can y'all tell I'm a little out of practice okay so this is still on the kind of warmish side but it's definitely cooler than say the yellow we are going to need more of that so as you're painting your pencil is dissolving and you may at some point lose track of where you want different colors to be where things should be that's why you don't want to go far with your reference photo. I'm leaving a lot of white space in case I want to go back and add warmer colors it's hard to do that once you've added all these dark colors you can do it but it probably has to be done with like a paint pen or a gel pen or acrylic paint. I'm going to go in with some teal again looking at my reference images trying to work quickly because I want this to go into certain places and blend a bit while the things are wet and this is a cobalt teal by the way you could do this with any set of watercolor paints you don't have to have anything fancy you could do it with koi or whatever you have you could also go in here with some gouache so if you did make things too dark and you want to brighten them up again gouache is much more opaque than watercolor and you could go in with a gouache and darken things up or I should say brighten things up. Now the one thing I noticed when I did the original and I'm noticing it now is I get lost kind of in painting the heart and I forget that I want it to be a rainbow and I lose track of making sure there was those sort of rainbow colors are still visible now see you can't lift color this way if you put too much in the wrong place or things start to puddle in a place that you don't want them to with a rag again mr. clean magic eraser works too so just trying to make some drips okay I keep going now I can go back to those white spaces and one of my flat brushes excuse me and I'm going to add some more of my yellow I'm going to add a little bit of nickel azo yellow to it which is not quite as bright if it mixes with the teal that's okay because it will make a green which we're going to be okay with to the round brush and some of our orange I think we're going to take some permanent red and mix it into that yellow and make a nice bright orange I'm barely touching the brush to the camp to the paper by the way almost at campus it's not campus sometimes I'm pushing it down a little hard and sometimes I'm just barely barely touching again I really liked the way the first winter now so I'm looking at that one I'm also looking here naturally where the lighter spots of the heart showed up when I was doing that first layer of paint now we're going to go in again with some purple this time we're not going to mix our cobalt blue violet with anything else we're going to use it straight I'm going to use it to highlight some shadowy spots try to bring out some shapes and refine some shapes I'll show you how to fix that a little bit I said about the mystic queen magic eraser it won't get all of it it gets a lot of it all right let's try not to drop the paintbrush again that'll be helpful so just keep going at it until you get with something that you like um I also went in with a little bit of I know I did paints gray mixed with the purple to like darken it up that I that I know I did still too um I'm going to darken it up a little bit yeah it looks better I think it needs more teal so when I did the original I refined the shapes at the end with a gel pen so we're going to and we're going to do that again as soon as I have something I like need some more drips so I'm going to take my green some purple because who doesn't love purple right all right let's dry it and see where we're at so now we're going to take a variety of gel pens and this is inexpensive paper that's why it's like buckling and curling like that now that I dried it so um you could iron it flat so I'm going to take my um uniball signal white gel pen first and suggest some sketchy lines I did this on the original one too not putting lines where you don't need to refine the shape so remember we're trying to be suggestive so right here there should be a white space which I covered up too much of so we're going to take a white paint pen here hopefully if it's not dried up it might be that's not cover some of that up it won't fix it completely but uh it might take a couple of coats of paint and you'll notice how with the lines on here it really starts to bring out the shape of the heart just don't get too wrapped up in putting too many lines as I say that I'm putting two more lines on here that's pretty fine a couple of other I didn't do this on the original but I have some other pens they are varsity profound pens I have a pink or red this one is a green and I'm just thinking to add it didn't do this on the original I'm just thinking it might be nice to do it on this one ultimately remember we're a mixed media artist so that just really means you have no rules and if you want to break them and not just use your watercolor paint you can there are times when I just want to use my watercolors but more often than not I'll use at least some kind of pen I'm going to sign it there you have it we have a topical rainbow heart I love it I love it as much as the first one so give it a try see what you think I will be doing more hearts at some point I don't know if I'm going to film them or not if you guys want to see them let me know the videos will be long they they're all going to be kind of longish so you let me know if that's something you want to see or not I think the next one I'm going to try is one with my muted palette I have a muted palette of paints with Daniel Smith and M. Graham that has sort of a deserty nature colors so I think I want to try a heart with these anyway that's it for the moment go out and like share and subscribe if you would find somebody else's channel a little youtuber that you love and share their channel with people and show them some love if you will there's a number of them out there I want to start a list over on my facebook group and just go out and be nice to each other try to be a decent human to yourself and to everybody else and do you know something nice for yourself because you deserve it and maybe do something for nice for somebody else too that's it for right now I'll see you later bye guys


Friends, today we are going to study microcontroller based embedded system. Learning outcome at the end of this session, students will be able to analyze microcontroller based embedded systems. You have to pause this video here and you should recall definitions of microprocessor and microcontroller and what is the difference between microprocessor and microcontroller. Using embedded system, hardware processor is an important unit, it is called as heart of embedded system. For the embedded system designer, knowledge of basic concepts of microprocessor and microcontroller is must, so that we can use a particular processor or a microcontroller into an embedded system. So generally a processor will have two important units, first one is control unit and second one is execution unit. Control unit is to be used to fetch instruction from the memory and execution unit will execute a particular instruction as well as it will perform some other operations related to stack as well as interrupt as well as IR related operations and so on. Execution unit will also consist of ALU that is arithmetical and logical unit which can perform arithmetic as well as logical operations. Now we will see an embedded system processor chip or core can be one of the following. First one is general purpose processor. So general purpose processor is to be designed not considering the application. So it will it have in general instruction set. So generally microprocessor or embedded processor are the example of general purpose processor. Second one application specific instruction set processor that is ASIP. So ASIP is designed or this type of processor is to be designed by considering the application or instruction set of ASIP is application specific and its example are microcontroller, embedded controller, DSP, digital signal processing controllers, network processors, IO processors etc. Third one is single purpose processor or additional processor. So a processor which is to be designed to perform a specific task is called as a single purpose processor. Examples are co-processor, co-processor is like graphic processor and so on. Second option for or second type for single purpose processor is accelerator. So Java accelerator or some other type of accelerators which are to be called as a single purpose processor as well as some controllers like DMA controller and peripherals all these are called or categorized as a controller which are to be used for a particular purpose that is single purpose. Next GPP or ASIP course integrated into either an ASIC or VLSI circuit. So general purpose processor or application specific instruction set processor or this type of processor are to be integrated into VLSI chip or ASIC chip. Last one application specific system processor. So based on the application a particular processor is to be designed so that is called as application specific system processor. So these are embedded system processor chip or core which are to be used in an embedded system. So microprocessor will consist of CPU that is central processing unit. So that central processing unit is to be used to perform arithmetical logical operations or for some computation purpose. So generally microprocessor is to be used to perform computation or the microprocessor will have a CPU as its main unit as well as it will have some other units like ARU or some processors for pipelining as well as superscalar and so on. So generally microprocessor will consist of CPU and that CPU is going to fetch the instruction as well as execute the instruction. So while executing the instruction data from one address of the memory is to be transferred to another address likewise. So such type of operations are to be performed in microprocessor. So there are so many companies which are going to manufacture microprocessors and examples are Intel, Samsung, Motorola and so on. A famous or basic model which is to be designed or first design microprocessor is 8085 microprocessor. So if we understand the concept of this basic microprocessor you can understand the concept of higher versions of microprocessor like 80x86 that is the next version of microprocessor as well as some other companies are also manufacturing the microprocessor like Motorola has designed 68HC series microprocessors. So generally microprocessor is to be used to perform fast computation and the microprocessor will have just CPU and other parts are present as a part of the chip. So microcontroller is used when a small or part of embedded software has to be located in internal memory and when on-chip functionality such as interrupt handle, port, timer, ADC, PWM and CAN controller are required. So microcontroller is another important part of embedded system and microcontroller will have a microcontroller and its memories that is RAM, ROM, memory and some other functionality such as interrupt handle, handler, port, timer, ADC, PWM and all these are on a single chip. So a single VLSI chip will consist of microcontroller and its other variables and memories. So microcontroller are to be used for specific application. In embedded system to design a specific application we have to use microcontroller. So instead of computation if we are focusing on the accurate or accuracy in the input output or perform a specific task we are going to use microcontroller and type of microcontrollers or microcontrollers which are to be designed by Intel is 8051 that is basic type of microcontroller and some other microcontrollers are also designed as PIC 18 or PIC 16 series microcontrollers and so on. Now complex system design and processors. So a complex system design are to be designed with the help of embedding different microprocessors as well as microcontrollers. Into that first one is embedding a microprocessor. So as we have seen the different example of microprocessor that is 8085, 8086, 68SC families and some other type of microprocessor that is ARM7 or ARM9. So these type of microprocessor are to be embedded in complex system design. Embedding a microcontroller. Similar to the microprocessor we can embed microcontroller into the system design and there are many types of microcontrollers as we have seen 8051. 8051 is the basic microcontroller similarly the higher version of microcontrollers as well as PIC microcontroller we can use for system design. So digital signal processing is important part in signal and speech processing. So some DSP processors are also used for system design and these DSPs are to be used for image, audio, video, HDTV and some other processing purposes. Next embedding and risk processor. Risk processor are considered as a faster processor as compared to normal processor. So some special instruction sets are to be designed in risk processors. So these risk processors are to be used for faster processing as well as computation. Embedding an ASIP application specific instruction set processor. So these type of processor are called as a microcontroller or some higher versions of the microcontroller. So these type of controllers are to be used for complex system design. Embedding a multiprocessor. So sometimes it will happen that a single processor will not perform a particular task within a deadline. So in that case it is required to use multiple processors at a time and those the processors are to be synchronized. So in case of image or video processing a single DSP or single digital signal processing unit will not perform a particular task within a deadline. So 3 to 4 DSPs are to be used or acting in synchronization so that particular task is to be completed within a deadline. So that is embedding a multiprocessor. Embedding an ARM processor. ARM processors are the higher version of the processors which are to be used for a large scale embedded system or higher version of the embedded system. So in such complexity or higher versions of the system design we are going to use ARM processor for the embedding. Embedding processor or embedding microcontroller. So embedding processor will have a specific ability which will embed those abilities into a single system. So the specific ability or specific application or its importance for embedded processors are where we can use this processor is context switching or low latency time. So in case of low latency time or context switching that embedded processor is acting its major role. Second one is 32 bit RIS processor which to be used for higher accuracy and faster competition and third one is capability or its capability of 32 bit or 62 bit atomic addition as well as multiplication. So for its these capabilities important capabilities we are embedding the processors. Similarly we are using microcontroller that is embedded microcontrollers for its specific ability and its abilities are microcontroller in a system where it requires that microcontroller and its other variables like memory interrupt handler or ports or some DSP processors or some interrupt handlers should be present on a single chip. So in such type of embedded system we are going to use embedded microcontroller and second its capability is again same context switching or low latency time. While preparing this video I have used Internet of Things by Raj Thamiz. Thank you.