Everybody forced here rip in 2023 boom the chrome baseball hobby 12 box haste number 38 pick your team style We have Alex E with the Cubs Alexandros Yankees Brad our Diamondbacks Bradley C has the Reds Charles a Nationals Shin Yi with the Red Sox Corey S has the Cardinals and the Marlins Gary a White Sox Jacob F twins Jacob P Tigers Jeffrey H Orioles Padres Jim has the Guardians Josh with the Royals Keith J Astros Matthew P Ray's Mike K Phillies Paul L Rockies and Jays Scott F a's Shane P Mets Steven M pirates and Giants Steve C Brewers Teague has the Rangers Tim M Dodgers Mariners Tony K Braves and you on with the Angels best of luck everybody Let's do this. Let's pull a super fracture. Let's do it pull one yesterday daytime. Why not right now? Blue refractor rookie is Christopher Morel Nice start here for the Cubs number to 150 Purple first woman auto for the Marlins is Jose Gerardo to 250. Nice start Marlins See you shimmer first is Luis Torres Angels They'll be in a Francisca base Oswaldo Azorio on the pink fuchsia vaporwave first woman Dodgers to 199 Blue Jays Ray series this weekend Maya base Ray's called up junior junior common arrow. That's big First base auto is Dario Borreiro for the White Sox Louise Guanipa Roman Anthony refractor for the Red Sox number to 499 Salas base card. See you Jordan Walker on the rookie refractor number to 499 for the Cardinals Rice ain't got a key First base auto is Brian green cone for the Phillies little smudge on this one good smudge actually pretty decent size Yeah, it's a big call if he can make a difference. That's huge for them Honestly for Goya future shimmer to 199 for the Phillies that's a kind of guy like that with some timely hitting If he can if he can acclimate like immediately Small chance of that happening, but if he can acclimate like immediately then that's big time for the Rays Like they're clearly winning games and just adding a piece like that towards the end could be could be big for them 18 to go on fast break. All right. Keep it going here with box two fast break at 18 to go. Thanks to Alexandros now. We've got a World baseball classic flag Jordan Diaz the 499 Jordan Diaz he is Yep, age Jordan Diaz ease Invicta of Caden Wallace For Kansas City, it came to the league Spencer Jones First woman base auto for the Marlins entity Puguelo. There's some there's some surface damage on this I'm gonna send a box and wrapper to the Marlins spot Scratch over here is a good something else on the left over here Boxer wrapper for the Marlins Roger, how are we doing this Friday night? Got it came to the league Tristan Casas Red Sox on the mini-diamonds 150 For the Marlins Last break looking for some discos and some basketball guys After that it's football, but we got plenty of basketball spots mosaic fast break Hopefully we can get those filled up soon here. So you gotta find a suave after this and then it's right in the basketball Gavin crosser fractured a 499 for Kansas City Yeah, common error. We're just talking about that even your common arrow Owen Murphy and Victor for Atlanta. It came to the league Gunnar Henderson for the O's arias base Yellow nationals first auto is your on the river out of 75 Yellow your on their common arrow base It's a gold Brian a bray you going to the nationals world baseball classic flag to 50 So it's just group breaks that we have tonight guys. Personals are all full. They're all full. You got more brute mosaic Bowman chrome finest uefa tomorrow on fanatics live with Kyle that is live is available to Anybody that hags access to a internet browser. You do not need an Apple device to join in on the fun Apped off an addicts out live will take you there. We have bracelets it already Wave to 100 boba shed for the Jays base auto Lamar King jr. For the Padres Connick Rutschman purple shimmer Xavier Isaac raised at 250 right up. Are you nationals? Did he get traded or something? Brian Bray you definitely plays for the Astros currently. Oh, I said national By the way, it's going to the Astros Did you tag it or no We didn't die for fun. Yeah, you're right Yeah, of course Roger the gelf was nice It's a great hit. Thanks for joining the break a team has slept on I feel like they're a good value in bowman chrome Get a gel off. They have a few other guys too, but the obviously gel off as the chase Purple is Machia never did 250 for the Cardinals. I may have Tony. I don't remember. I remember that far back Got a Bowman ascension of Elijah green for the nationals Volpe came to the league First refractor auto Tigers Danny Saredi to 499 Yes, let's get fast break filled up fast break We've got a Corbin Carol on the color run Lord 17 of 23 a gigantic diamond backs hit Color on Corbin Carol that's huge absolutely huge Brad Brad with the diamond backs Again each color on there's I think it's what ten rookies all Number to 23 no other parallels of the color on freaking huge Yeah, hoping they make the playoffs so we can see that that young swads square off against Stack squad.  It's gonna be tough to top that one too Aqua wave rookie for Seattle is Bryce Miller to 199 No, not in this case. There's a guillart a first auto going to Milwaukee first base auto Shimmer first is severely for the twins box five here nice Elchew with a spot in fast break Getting there guys 17 to go get brand new today fast break was egg basketball. So let's go ahead and Get the first couple filled up a couple of five boxers tonight More bowman chrome tomorrow off next with Kyle everybody Got a J ram refractor. It's 499 for the Guardians Tristan Kass has it came to the league One of Corbin auto bat in the baseball bat rally cars go for three times more than the entire bat Yeah, it definitely tends to be like that First base auto Connor stain for the Rockies dude. That's like that's like cut autos It's literally worth more most of the time Depending on the document of course, but most of the time those autos are worth more cut and put into cards We were fractured a 150 D on Jorge for the Rockies Bob. That's Once you've been around the hobby for a bit, you know that that's not surprising. It's just how it is, dude People can collect a lot more cars. They can't memorabilia Gotta have somewhere to put memorabilia. I have I have a few signed jerseys. I've done nothing with them They're just in my closet They may never leave they may just be there forever Aqua blue or not. Oh, but I'll go pink vaporwave the 175 is Jose de Paula Dodgers started 125 on the Dodgers card 125 Refractor first-moment auto out so the twins is Henry Chavilly to 499 Green shimmer first Braylor Guerrero. That's awesome Tampa Bay 40 of 99 on the Guerrero green shimmer first moment another order just came in looking like a chase M close on us out on the Mosaic football full case your end of the visions It's almost a football sold out for tonight. There are more PYT's listed on fanatics live tomorrow with Kyle actually Hey illegal He's been avoiding us, I think I'd avoid us to though to be fair Can't blame him he hasn't been on the trash this in a little while could be on the trashers just for that honestly Got a fuchsia rookie is Miguel Amaya cubs to 399 to 299 Yeah, man, we're doing good over here Sean brewing up the coffee. We're good Ricky refractor Marlins Yuri Perez Yuri Perez the 499 First woman base auto Andy Perez Rockies Seems like the Rockies hit the most first woman shimmer is Javier Reeve us from the Pirates See Sean This hope this finds you well still orange. That's awesome rookie Francisco Alvarez Grats Mets 21 of 25 Gunner Henderson iconic rookies are Got the big hits of the case so far base auto Rockies Jesus Bougarin Garen Bougarin and yellow orange vaporwave Arielle Castro twins first woman that one's number to 75 They'll leave with the Phillies going back to the World Series this year. It sure feels like it Purple first moment victories thurries going out to the Guardians number to 249 of 250 Gunner Henderson it came to the league for the Orioles Francesca Guerrero speckle first woman auto Luis Reyes the 299 for the White Sox The Reds are sure to win it Looking good so far Christian Javier to 499 going to the Astros World Baseball Classic flag They just keep doing this all night live game looking. That's it. Yeah, I mean Betz does have a case for MP I don't think you win it now rather green But he got hot enough for a while and like Akunya wasn't exactly like lighting it up from the plate So he caught up and he closed the gap Got Julie and rookie Aqua ray wave To 199 he shouldn't win it but that's that's hey all the voters they love they love war They they love the war stat even though it's good. That's totally flawed First auto is Peroso for the Mets Salas Future shimmer unit coming arrow for the rays out of 199. Yeah, I mean Mookie's OPS was filthy I don't know how he's doing this past couple weeks, but He had that stretch in August where he was just you couldn't get him out But 40 homers and like what 70 steals. I mean that that that'll win it Salas base Green Nelson Arata 1099 angels green refractor base first auto Red Sox Luis Perales There's a shimmer of Drew Jones diamond backs Well been to Francisca Shorber stats are amazing dude. I love Shorber speckle Crawford to 299 for the Phillies Invict the Dodgers reigned on cone shot with some spots in tomorrow's breaks Ali Ruchman it came to the league blue ray wave first woman auto Rockies Andy Perez 17 of 150 fracter he would hang on a Suarez 499 Suarez. He's still Seattle. He is right Yeah, I want to make sure Nice Matt asked for the spot in fast break brings us down to 16 everybody 16 to go first fast break break Trying to teach Jake how to stomp the trash yesterday. I think you got it. You got to be aggressive Jake you gotta gotta be aggressive. We need to we need to take everybody here into the wilderness one day That's it We're going on a backpacking trip. Yeah Some of you will not come back. No internet Just chainsaws Purple refractor is vocaro for the Nationals out of 250 base first woman auto loot gold for the Tigers Future shimmer first woman axial plus That's number two one 99 for the Pirates atomic Rojas that's Johan Rojas Philly's the 150 Arizona fall league inserts Ruchman iconic Yoshida it came to the league Speckle Dodgers first woman auto yo Andrew Vargas 97 of 299 Yeah, legal both of them Nice Vargas is 299 for the Dodgers. We'll get that mag for you. I'll have to check those out tomorrow Nicholas Eleon Soto first moment refractor to 499. Yeah, Red Sox They uh MLB said that they're eliminated from contention, but that's simply not true But the greatest team ever so they're gonna make the playoffs by default. Yeah, and the Patriots. I mean, obviously, they're the best So they're gonna win it all what is Chi at? Riots, I don't even know what that is This guy needs to start Stop right right actual words out rather than making stuff up Purple is Bergoglia for the Phillies in 250 cheat Riots, what's what's her? What's her? Who's doing the rioting? I don't get it man first speckle auto is can tarot a 299 for the Braves Cheat riots.  That sounds that's pretty intense. Stay safe out there illegal Mix in a water God shimmer of a caro for the Nationals. I don't think it was been in chat for jaker mayfield yet. I Don't think it was been around for jaker mayfield Yeah, I know you wish you weren't there for that That's a fact. That's that's undisputable. We got the yellow Paul Goldschmidt a 75 Cardinals Felene Celestin, but in a serious answer. No, no that they don't have any chance at anything Patriots have a better chance of number one overall pick than than the Super Bowl. That's for sure You know what they're a little too good for a number one overall pick which stinks I mean right where you draft the number 15 overall for years to come Never doing nothing, but never bad enough the tank base first woman auto Marcus Lee sang Phillies. Oh It is not a same thing. It is a it is a Jake thing Josh Young rookie refractor for Texas to 499 Rainer Arias Everybody but Sean thinks it's funny the guthrish Jake o3 a count. Oh my god But the baby emojis on Sunday Sam does have some really ridiculous shticks Well, we Sam never gets in chat. So you never do anything like this Many babies we work with Got a yellow orange vapor with the 75 true Gilbert for the Astros. Yeah, and I'm watching Sean dealing with it is definitely a Cementing my legacy. Yeah Green refractor first auto Alfredo Duno 7 of 99 nice one since he they are Sean's biggest fan Except for Connor Connor loves Sean for some reason We'll get that Duno mag for your reds Purple shimmer first is Luis Almeida the 250 for the Orioles auto Lopez the 499 Auto Lopez check that one. I think he's still Auto Lopez is a blue J is a blue J He's from Canada Jordan Walker it came into the league base first woman auto for the A's bread and the loan There's a pink fuchsia paper wave first woman Christopher Torrin Diamondbacks last Box that means we are not far off from ripping Mosaic fast break. We still have to get it filled 16 to go. Everybody was the only basketball breaks tonight. Keep in mind personals are full now for that it's just some flawless football random teams cases and flawless and NT random teams two boxers So that is the fast breaks are by far the cheapest spots. We have left for tonight, everybody Walcott first refractor nice one for Texas the 499 Invicta Paulino Red Sox Francisco it came to the league Corbyn Carroll first refractor autos Jordy Vargas for the Rockies Rockies hit a lot they hit a lot Aqua to 125 Dodgers Samuel Munoz There's a fuchsia rookie Shay Langaliers number to 299 A's Blue jays world baseball classic flag the 499 Jose Barrios Ethan Salas base A's first woman auto Joey Estes Shimmer first woman Davis and Gutierrez for the Mets All right, it's a really nice card in this case. Let's go ahead and do a recap All right quick recap here. What's up Enrico? Got to 299 Crawford Langaliers Amaya to 250 Bergoglia Mejia Vauquero is tourist Isaac and Almeida to 125 Munoz to 199 Julien and Miller To 199 plaza Caminero Bergoglia Osorio Toran to 150 Jorge Rojas Morel to 125 the Pala to 99 Guerrero and Rada to 75 Goldschmidt Gilbert Castro and the 50 Brian Abreu all right autos of Estes Vargas Malone sang Gold Perales Peruzo Bulgarian Perez Stain Gilarte Lamar King Darryl Borreiro Anthony Poguero green cone refractors to 499 Saredi Chavilly to 299 Kintero and Reyes to 250 Yorado To 150 Andy Perez and a 75 is you on the river An orange rookie of Francisco Alvarez for the Mets color match green first auto Alfredo Duno to 99 one of the Reds Speckle first auto for the Dodgers is yo Andrew Vargas and Color-run rookie is Corbin Carroll monster monster card there for the Diamondbacks. Thanks again everybody It's 17 of 23 on the Carol moving on now to some soccer


Swagatahe to magnetic Maharashtra, the land of valour, dreams and wonders. A state that is a perfect blend of rich cultural heritage and modern cosmopolitan India. Its breathtaking beaches and luscious green western ghats are home to four UNESCO World Heritage sites that attract innumerable tourists. Maharashtra is a state of vibrant cultures, knitted together into a beautiful tapestry. Its people uphold a brave heart and a compassionate soul, a glimpse of which can be seen in the heartwarming stories of the land. Maharashtra is a leader in terms of agriculture, industrial production, trade and transport. From world famous Nagpur oranges to world class Nashik wines, from scenic expressways to the majestic ceiling, the state is ready to take global centre stage. Maharashtra's capital city Mumbai is also the financial and commercial capital of India. With headquarters of major corporate and financial institutions, including India's main stock exchanges, the city is a key driver of the service sector in India. Mumbai, the city of dreams, is also an art and entertainment capital and home to the Indian film industry, one of the largest in the world with a global fan following. Playing host to G20 meetings, Maharashtra and the city of Mumbai are ready to offer our guests an enriching glimpse of India's diversity, inclusive tradition and cultural richness. And ready to be an integral part in realising G20 Presidency's collective vision of building a better tomorrow. G20 India Vasudev Kutumbakam One Earth One Family One Future


Good morning everyone and welcome to our class. Welcome to our online students and our e-learning students as well. We will see this lecture later on. We will begin with a word of praise. So can I ask Nina Satosh and Elina some praise please? Thank you. So last week, last Wednesday, we began the last chapter. We had the Son of God and we looked at what scripture would be as the Son of God was even before the foundations of the earth, even before the beginning. So we saw that the Son of God, God himself, as scripture will be, was there even before the foundations of the earth, even before the beginning. He was, you know, what are some of the characteristics of this God, what are some of the characteristics we look at? Eternals, self-existence, infinites, Triumph of God, the Beast of Lamb of God, the Beast of Truth, you know, the Beast of All and All, the I Am and the Alpha and the Beta. And we looked at the scripture in footage where we saw that, you know, the I Am stood at the beginning and also at the end and declared everything from the beginning to the end. So he was there at the beginning and he also stood at the same time at the end and declared everything from the beginning to the end. And so in the mind of God, he said everything was completed, all of the works that he had planned, that he saw, he thought, for days and everything was completed and done, even before it started, even before time began, even before the foundations of the earth was laid. So he started everything and everything was completed, even before it began or began to unfold in history. And then we looked at what did this great I Am complete even before it began to unfold in history. Remember, there are various things that I am completed even before it began to unfold in history. So what are some of the things that, you know, this great I Am completed in his mind even before we see the history? What are some of the things? Well, I am not taking down any notes because I said this is, these are not there in your notes, you need to read now on this last week. Nobody is taking down any notes. What is the great I Am complete even before it began to unfold in history? Okay, he adopted us as sons and daughters. He chose us to be part of his family, for people to be his sons and daughters. He also chose us to be part of a family who would love him. Okay, the students are saying that I am audible, but it's not very clear. Anything that you can help? Okay, can you hear me clearly now? My clearer, my clearer now. Okay, now is it clear? Okay, now is it clear? Sorry, we're doing mic testing, sound testing actually, not mic. Okay, now they're saying yes. Okay, thank you. Good to have somebody who is computer literate. Okay, so we just basically began by looking at doing a recap of what we studied last week. So we said that we began studying the Son of God and we looked at what scriptures revealed to us who this God was even before the beginning of time, even before the foundations of the earth were slayed. We see that he was eternal, self-existent, he was a triune God, infinite, has all the wisdom, he is the all in all, the I Am and the Alpha and the Omega. And we looked at two important truths. We saw that the great I Am, he stood at the beginning and at the end at the same time and he declared everything in it. So he declared everything from the beginning to the end. He stood at the beginning and the end and he declared everything in it, which means that even before the beginning of this world, even before the foundations of the earth was slayed, even before time began, even before history started to unfold itself in the mind of God, everything that he had planned, he had foreordained, he foresaw, you know, was completed, was a done thing, all of his works was completed even before it started, it was finished and completed in the mind of God, even before it began in time and in history.  Okay, we looked at so many things last class. What are some of the things that this great I Am completed even before it began to unfold in history? So we had Rin say that he adopted us as his sons and daughters. We belong to, as sons and daughters, we belong to the family of God. So we are a family of people who would love and be loved by God himself. Okay. And also we saw that, you know, these are not that in your notes. And I mentioned that last week, so it would be nice if you could take down a note so that, you know, it'll just be helpful for you. Okay, he also decided that he will be our father, even before it began to unfold in history, he decided that he will be our father. And our names, you know, he already knew who would choose him as his Lord and Savior, who would believe in Jesus Christ, who would believe in the finished work of the cross, who would, you know, believe and choose salvation. And even before we were born on this earth, you know, our names were already written in the book of life. And we looked at the references in Revelation. And we also saw that he prepared a kingdom for us as his sons and daughters so that we can be part of that kingdom. We can establish that kingdom. We can rule and reign and extend that kingdom here on earth. And after he had planned all of these things, you know, we know that it was not something that, you know, since after he created us and Adam and Eve sinned, then God is saying, Oh, no, what do we do now? You know, a man has sinned. So what is the plan of action? No, it was even before God created Adam and Eve, you know, they knew that the choices that each one of us will make, they knew the choice that Eve will make, Adam will make, and that sin will enter the world.   And also that he would be that spirit who would fill us, would empower us, would guide us, would teach us, and would remind us that we are children of God, that we are sons and daughters of God. So everything was completed and done in the heart and the mind of God even before it began. And then was the beginning. Okay. So then was the beginning. And then we saw how God created everything. He spoke things into existence. And we see that the triune God worked together in creation to bring about everything. And also that God created man, he created man in his image, and how mankind fell into sin, and they went away from God. But God through his laws, through his prophets, through the judges tried to bring back his people back to himself. And at the full appointed Kairos moment, we know that the eternal Word, the Son of God became incarnate, became man. And then we start by where we looked at the first man. Who was the first man? Adam. Okay, the first man sinned. The first man lost the glory of God lost everything that the authority, every power that was vested on him by God himself and became a slave of sin and Satan. And we see that the second man or the second man or the last Adam, who is that referred to as Jesus Christ? You know, the first man, the first Adam is referred to as, you know, mankind or Adam. The second man or the last Adam is referred to as Jesus Christ. And we see that the second man, who is Jesus Christ, you know, he was obeyed man lost.  Okay, so that is where we stopped last week. Anyone has any questions? But we saw the first Adam, the last Adam, the first man, the second man, the natural man again referring to Adam and the heavenly man that is referring to Jesus Christ. Okay, so how does the second man or the last Adam recovered everything for us? Any questions so far? Okay, so we look at what the Son of God did after he came down to the earth. The Son of God reveals the Father to us, which is going through everything that we have studied. Okay, we've already looked at this. That's the Son of God reveals the Father to us. We studied John chapter one was one, John chapter one was 14, John chapter one was 18. Can someone of you please read John chapter one was 18, please? John one was 18. John one 18. No one has seen God at any time, the only begotten Son, who is in the bosom of the Father, he has declared him. Yes, so we studied this that God, who is the only begotten Son, who was in the bosom of the Father, which means was very intimate with the Father, very close to Father. He has revealed the Father heart of God to us. He has revealed who God is, his nature, his attributes, his plan, his purposes, even as the Son of God became incarnate. And we also studied in that, you know, Jesus Christ was the exact image of the Father. He just looked exactly like the Father in the terms of, you know, the nature of the Father, the attributes of the Father. You know, in John chapter 14, verses eight and nine, when Philip asked Jesus, Lord, show us the Father and it is sufficient for us. And what does Jesus tell him in verse nine of John chapter 14? Can you read that, Sri Radha? Jesus answered, don't you know me, Philip? Even after I have been among you such a long time, anyone who has seen me, has seen the Father. How can you say show us the Father? Yes. So what is Jesus saying here? Can you pass the mic on to the next person? Says that, you know, whoever has seen me has seen the Father, which means that, you know, he's the exact representation of the Father in terms of his nature, in terms of his attributes, what God does. Everything can be seen in the Son of God. We also saw, we studied Colossians chapter one verse 15, that Jesus is the image of the invisible God. He's a firstborn over all creation. Firstborn over all creation means what? Firstborn is Adam considered as a firstborn, but in terms of firstborn in the spirit. A person who is fully man, Jesus Christ was fully man, but dead rose again and the firstborn to rise from the dead. He also, we see that, you know, the Son of God walked very intimately, very close with the Father. He was very intimate with the presence of the Father. He always, you know, spent time with the Father. John chapter one verse 18 says that no one has seen God. Okay. Only the only begotten Son who was in the bosom of the Father has declared him to us. No one can see God, but how do we know who God is by looking at the Son, the Son who became incarnate, who was in the bosom of the Father, who was means he was there with the Father, very close, intimate with the Father and he has become incarnate and he has revealed the heart of God to us or he has declared or made known the Father's nature, his heart and his attributes to us. Okay. John chapter 10 verse 15 says as the Father knows me even so I know the Father and I lay down my life for the she. Okay. So Jesus is saying the Father knows me just like I know the Father. So very intimate close relationship with the Father and the Son. We also see that the Son of God rested in the Father's love. He was, you know, confident in the Father's love. That is why he did not depend on human love. Even when people failed him, even when people rejected him, even when people, the same crowd that sang with Anna to the King of Kings was the same crowd that said crucify him, the same disciples who were there with him and said they will never leave him. But the ones who said we don't know who this man is, but you know, the Jesus always rested in the Father's love. Okay. We read this in John chapter 3 verse 35. So one of you can please read John chapter 3 verse 35 and someone else can read John chapter 17 verse 24. The Father loves the Son and has given all things into his hand. John chapter 3 verse 35 says the Father loves the Son and given all things into his hand. John chapter 17 verse 24. John chapter 17 verse 24. Father, I desire that they also whom you gave me may be with me where I am, that they may behold my glory which you have given me, for you loved me before the foundation of the world. Amen. So here we see that it was the God's desire that, you know, or Jesus's desire as God that we also, you know, rest in the Father's love and that we also, you know, share in his sonship glory. Okay. We read in scripture and we know that the Son of God walked in obedience to the Father. Okay. John chapter 4 verse 34 and Hebrews chapter 10 verse 7 and 9. So one of you can please read John chapter 4 verse 34 and someone else can read Hebrews 10, 7 and 9. John chapter 4 verse 34. Jesus said to them, my food is to do the will of him who sent me and to finish his work. Okay. Jesus said, my food is to do the will of him who sent me and to finish his work. Okay. Which means here it is to do God's will to obey him. And, you know, even though it might not be easy, it might be difficult, but, you know, he wants to do what the Father's will is and to finish the work that he has entrusted or committed to Jesus Christ. Hebrews 10 verses 7 and 9, please. Can you please read it clearly and loud so that even our other students can understand? Hebrews chapter 10 verse 7. Then I said, here I am, it is written about me in the scroll. I have come to do your will God. Verse 9. Then he said, here I am, I have come to do your will. He sets aside the first to establish the second. Amen. So here it's quoting Old Testament scripture, which is prophesied about the Messiah. And Jesus is saying, you know, I have come to do the will of God. So what are we learning? Basically, we're learning about the Son of God, but we are also seeing that the Son of God was God himself, you know, who became incarnate even as he was fully God and fully man. But yet he limited himself to human frailties, to human weaknesses. But even in our human frailties, even in our human weaknesses, we see that he reveals the Father to us in his nature and his attributes. That means Jesus was setting a standard. Jesus was setting a model that, hey, even though I was 100% man, fully man, you know, I came here on the earth and I was obedient to the Father's will, which means those of us who believe in him should also be obedient to do what the Father's will is. And even as he's given us the privilege, the honor of receiving the glory of God, it's not just, you know, to just receive that glory of God and be happy. But you know, Jesus, even as he had that sonship glory, he used it to, you know, preach the good news to poor, to make the blind see, to make the deaf hear, to set the captives free and those in prison and those in bondage to give them liberty and freedom. Okay. And because he was anointed by the Holy Spirit. So Jesus is setting us an example saying, hey, you also have received the same anointing that was on me. You have received the same sonship glory, which means you also need to preach the good news to the poor, which means not just the poor, you know, poor in spirit. Those who are dead in spirit. Those who are, you know, basically those who are non believers and also to heal the sick, to raise the dead, to make the blind see and to set those in bondage and in captivity free. So even as we're looking at the characteristics and the nature of the Son of God, it does not mean, okay, this is the nature and the characteristic of Son of God. Very good. But also it is, you know, speaking to us that, hey, and the Son of God was fully manual. He did this. We as his sons and daughters, we were adopted into his family. We will belong to his family. We were also spiritually seated at the right hand of God, the Father alongside Jesus Christ. We are also to do the same works as what Jesus did here on the earth. And we are not exempted by giving excuses that we have our weaknesses. We have our temptations. We have our friendlies. But Jesus was weak in every way, just as we were. He was tempted in every way, but he overcame temptation. We can also, you know, he did not yield to sin. He was still sinless. We could also be considered ourselves dead to sin. We have the power, the resurrection power that gives us the power to overcome sin. And also when Jesus was intimate with the Father, it's a calling for us also to be intimate with the Godhead, with God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit, just as Jesus was intimate in the presence of the Father and made known the Father to us. So also we as sons and daughters, we are to reveal the Father, heart of God, or the nature and the attributes of God to people. So even as we're looking at the characteristics of the Son of God, we're not just studying what scripture says about the Son of God, but we also need to make it applicable in our own lives. Okay. So Jesus was, we saw that Jesus in the exact image of the Father, which means when people look at us, they have to see the glory of God on us, because we have that sonship, glory, just like Jesus had. We are here representing our Father because we are His children. So everything that we do, we need to be mindful of what we say, how we act, how we react because we are always representing the Father and we are representing Him to them, world and to those around us. And also in times of difficulties, in times of hardships, when you feel that no one else understands, cares or loves, we need to know that God the Father loves us. We need to rest in the Father's love just as Jesus rested in the Father's love, because resting in the Father's love gives us the assurance, gives us the confidence to face life, to face challenges, to pursue the calling, the purpose that God has on our lives. Sometimes it's very easy to step out of our calling and purpose because Satan has said, we'll say, hey, look at how much you've done for God. All the time you're getting criticisms, negativity, you are not. There's no growth, you are suffering.  People who are working in corporates or people working in the world, they are doing better, so just leave ministry, go and get a better job so you can have a better life. What has God done for all that you have sacrificed? Nothing. So all of these thoughts can play in your mind, can run in your mind, it's not worth it, but we always need to rest in God's love. We need to always fill our hearts, be assured of God's love because it is God's love that will help us to persevere and endure in our race and finish the race, and that is what Paul did. Paul, even as he was in prison, he writes to Timothy in 1 Timothy, 2 Timothy, he writes to Titus and he says, because I'm in chains, all of these people, he names the people, he says, these people who knew me, who are my co-labors, co-workers with me have abandoned me because they're scared that if they say, hey, they're part of Paul's ministry, they would also be put into jail because Nero, the king of Rome, was persecuting Christians and they would also be persecuted, they would be also martyred. So that is why Paul writes and says, I'm not ashamed to be in chains for the sake of the gospel. So what made Paul to persevere, even though he saw people leave him, what made Jesus to persevere and to endure the cross? It was because he rested in the Father's love. So even as we're learning all of these things, let it become a reality and something very personal in our own life. So we saw that the Son of God walked in obedience to the Father. We also saw that the Son of God walked in the power of the Holy Spirit. We know that everything that Jesus said was to be anointing to the power of the Holy Spirit because he sees to be omnipotent. He sees or refrained from using his omnipotence, his omnipresence and his omnipresence. He sees and refrained from using it even though he was fully God, even though he was deity, he refrained and sees from using it. But how did he do these mighty science miracles and wonders? It was through the power of the Holy Spirit and we also studied that. We looked at Acts chapter 10 verse 38. We saw how, where it says that how God anointed Jesus of Nazareth with the Holy Spirit and power who went about doing good and delivering all those who were oppressed by the devil because God was with him. Acts chapter 10 verse 38. Romans chapter 1 verse 4. You want to read Acts chapter 10 verse 38? Okay, read. Acts chapter 13. How good, how good anointed Jesus of Nazareth with the Holy Spirit and with the power who went about doing good and healing all who were oppressed by the devil for God was with him. Romans chapter, thank you. Amen to that. Romans 1 verse 4. Can one of you please read Romans 1 verse 4 please. Romans 1 verse 4. And declared to be the Son of God with the power according to the spirit of holiness by the resurrection from the dead. Okay, so here we see that the Son of God was empowered by the spirit of holiness. That means the Holy Spirit. Okay, because he's a spirit of holiness. And we also read Acts chapter 10 verse 38. So even as the Son of God was empowered to do science, miracles and wonders and preach and teach the power of the Holy Spirit, we also have the same power, the dunamis power available to in us. The Son of God we see that also destroyed the works of the devil. Okay, 1 John chapter 3 verse 8. And when we see that even when the demons saw him, they trembled. Matthew chapter 8 was 29. So one of you please read 1 John 3, 8. Someone else can read Matthew 8, 29. And someone else can read Mark chapter 3 verse 11. 1 John chapter 3 verse 8. He who sins is of the devil, for the devil has sinned from the beginning. For his purpose, the Son of God was manifested that he might destroy the work of the devil. Yes, so here we see that the purpose of the Son of God was manifested that he might destroy the works of the devil. Okay, we also see that the demons trembled before Jesus. Matthew 8, 29. Matthew 8, 29. And someone else can read Mark chapter 3 verse 11. Matthew 8, 29.   Okay, so here we see that the demons, the devil crying out, what have we to do with you Jesus Son of God? Have you come to torment us? And we read in Mark chapter 3 verse 11 where he tossed out unclean spirits.  Okay, so the unclean spirits, the demons were so scared of him that the moment they just saw him, you know, they just fell down before him and they cried out saying, you are the Son of God. We also see that the Son of God, you know, which stood every temptation. Okay, when Satan questioned Jesus about his sonship in Matthew chapter 4, verse 3 and verse 6, and he says, if you are the Son of God, Satan said, come on these stones to become bread.  So we see that even Satan tempted him, you know, and questioned him whether he was the Son of God, but Jesus overcame that temptation and did not yield to Satan. And we see that Jesus himself declares that he is the Son of God in John chapter 10, verse 36 and Luke chapter 22, verse 70. John chapter 10, verse 36 and Luke chapter 22, verse 70. Are you saying of him whom the Father sanctified and sent into the world? Can you read a little more loudly and clearly, please? Thank you. Are you saying of him whom the Father sanctified and sent into the world? You are blaspheming because I said, I am the Son of God. Yeah, so Jesus said, I am the Son of God in Luke 10, verse 36, Luke 22, verse 70. Luke 22, verse 17. Then he took the cup and gave thanks and said, take this and divide it among yourselves. Is that Luke 22, verse 17? Yeah, Luke 22, verse 17. 7-0. Sorry, it sounded like 17. Luke chapter 22, verse 17. Then they all said, are you then the Son of God? So he said to them, you rightly say that I am. So Jesus himself declares that he is the Son of God, not only Jesus, but the disciples, you know, through the revelation that was given to them in Matthew chapter 16, when Jesus served in verses 15 to 17, when Jesus asked them, who do you say that I am? He asked his disciples, right? And Simon Peter says, you are the Christ, the Son of the living God. You are the Christ, Son of the living God. What does Jesus tell him? Flesh and blood has not revealed this to you, but my Father who is in heaven. So he knows that it was through divine revelation. So we see that even as disciples, you know, a test or confirm or declare that he is the Son of God, okay? And we see that Jesus completed the work of redemption. That was, you know, in the mind of God was completed thing. Even before the foundation of the world, he died on the cross. He paid for our sins. He completed the work of redemption.  God the Father, you know, rose him up from the dead. He rose from the dead on the third day. So we see that he completed, Jesus Christ completed the work of redemption and he was raised back from death to life, okay? And we see that he was not just raised back from death to life, but he was also exalted and glorified with the Father and with the Holy Spirit. And we just looked at it in the previous lesson, okay? How he was glorified and how he was exalted back to his original position. And he was back to where he came from.  So having studied all about the Son of God, you know, how does it affect you and me? You know, what does it imply to me and you? And what should be our response? What do you think should be our response? How does this imply to each one of us? How does it affect us? All that we studied about the Son of God? How does it affect us? What does it imply for us? What should be our response? Online students, any responses? Can you take the mic, please? What should be our response to all that we have studied so far? How Jesus said, like we can apply, if anyone asked, like, who's your father? Jesus said, if you look me, you look Father. And we can apply ourselves. If you look as, if you look me and you, then you saw Jesus also. So we can apply this and we can show through words, through what Jesus did, through that things. We can also apply this. Through our work, through our works, through our life, we can show the Father. We can represent the glory of God, walking in the sonship glory that we have in Christ Jesus. Walk in the sonship glory, manifest the sonship glory. What should be our primary response to all that the Son of God has done? Firstly, we need to believe. Believe in what the Son of God has done for us. We need to believe in what He has done for us. Everything that God did for us, why did He do it for us? He loves us. Yes. So that is a primary basis for why He's doing what He's doing in our lives even now. So the first response should be that we should believe in Him and that we should also love Him just as He loves us and show our love in various aspects of our life to Him. You know, when we believe in Him, what do we receive? I know we receive a whole lot of things but, you know, what is the primary thing or the eternal hope that we have? The eternal life, yes. When we believe in Him, we have eternal life as a result of that eternal life. We experience all of that blessings of that eternal life in part here and now and in the future when we meet Jesus face to face. John 3 verse 18 says that He who believes in Him is not condemned but He who does not believe in Him is condemned because He is not believed in the name of the only begotten, Son. And 1 John 5 verse 12 says, He who has the Son has life. He who does not have the Son does not have life. And once we believe we have eternal life and what else should we do? We need to walk in that life by faith. By faith we walk in the blessings and what the Son of God has done for us. It also implies that when we believe in Him, when we have eternal life, we are in union with the Son of God. 1 John chapter 4 verse 14 says that whoever confesses that Jesus is the Son of God abides in Him and He in God. So when we believe in Jesus Christ, believe in what He has done, we have union with God through the Son of God. We are also part of His kingdom. We become His sons and daughters. And then His plan begins to unfold in our lives. The plans that He had even before the foundation of the world, even before we came into existence, the plans and the purposes that He has for us begins to unfold in and through our lives. And we become overcomers. We have the power to overcome everything that Satan has put us under, that sin has put us under. 1 John chapter 5 verse 5. Can one of you please read that? 1 John chapter 5 verse 5. 1 John chapter 5 verse 5. Who is He who overcomes the world? But He who believes that Jesus is the Son of God. Yes, so who overcomes the world? The one who believes that Jesus is the Son of God. So you can overcome the world, means you can overcome the power of sin, overcome the power of Satan, being slaves to Satan, because you believe in the Son of God. And Nina John says that we grow to become like Him. Yes, we grow to become like Him because we are sons and daughters of God. The Son of God was the prototype for the sons and daughters. Prototype means what? Jesus Christ was a prototype for us who are the sons and daughters of God. Prototype means, you know, an example, sample first of its kind. So Jesus Christ was the first of His kind. He was an example. He was a sample of who we should be and how we should be as sons and daughters of God. So He was the prototype. The Son of God was a prototype for us who are the sons and daughters of God, which means that He was the first of the kind. He was an example. He was a sample. Okay. He was an last Adam and the second man. And He was an example to us about how we can be or we should be, how we should live our lives as sons and daughters of God. So when we say that the Son of God was a prototype for the sons and daughters of God, God is saying that it was His plan for us, even before we were created, it was His plan for us to be conformed to the image of His Son, to be like His Son. So this was the plan of God even before the beginning of the world. And this is His plan even today. That is why we are continuously being sanctified. We are continuously being made in the image and likeness of Christ. We're becoming more like Christ. We read this verse in Romans chapter 8 verse 29, but it's good to read that again. Romans chapter 8 verse 29. Can one of you read that? Romans chapter 8 verse 29. For those God foreknew, He also predestined to be conformed to the likeness of His Son, that He might be the first born among many brothers. Amen. So He says, for whom He foreknew, for whom God foreknew means even before the foundation of the world, who He knew would choose God, would believe in what Jesus has done on the cross. He's already predestined us to be conformed to the image of His Son, that He might be the first born of many brethren. Like we can be like Jesus Christ, who was the first of His kind, the prototype. So even before the foundation of the world, it was God's plan that those who believe in Jesus Christ would be conformed to His image. So one of our purposes that God has created for us, God has a specific plan and a purpose for us, and God has a general plan and purpose for us. The general plan and purpose is what? To preach His word, to teach His word, and to extend His kingdom and also to be conformed to the image of His Son. So He wants us to be like the last Adam.  And we are also being made hairs of God and joined hairs with Jesus Christ. We know that it was God's plan, even before the foundation of this world, that we be His sons and daughters and we see that being fulfilled now. We see that we are hairs of God. God planned that even before the beginning, He planned that we become His hairs and that we be joined hairs with Jesus Christ and we see that as being fulfilled in and through our lives, in and through the body of Christ, even through the saints or the church. This is being fulfilled. We know that even before the foundation of the world, God had in His mind to establish His kingdom here on earth and who has been given the keys of authority? Who has been given the keys of authority now? Us, the church has been given the keys of the authority and we are here to build God's kingdom. We are here to extend God's kingdom and ensure His kingdom here on earth. We stop here, we take a break and then we'll come back and continue.


Welcome to Spotlight Advanced. I'm Liz Wade. And I'm Bruce Gulland. Spotlight uses a special English method of broadcasting. It is easier for people to understand, no matter where in the world they live. Imagine you are in a meeting at an office building. Your boss is speaking about next week's project. Then everyone takes a break for lunch. But you do not go to a restaurant or a store. Instead you exit the room. Inside the walls of the building are thousands of plants. Some produce fruit. Some produce salad greens. You grab a small plate. Go to the wall and pick the ingredients for your lunch. Then you sit down under a tree and begin to eat. You are 30 stories above the ground. This may seem like a fantasy. But this describes plans for a real building called the Zhiyan Mu Tower. It will be built in Shenzhen, a city in southern China. And it may represent the future of cities. Today's spotlight is on the Zhiyan Mu Tower and the future of cities. The Zhiyan Mu Tower is a kind of vertical farm. It is not the first vertical farm. Vertical farming is already happening in some countries. The country with the most vertical farms is the United States. But there are vertical farms in many countries, including Japan, Thailand, Germany, the Netherlands and the UAE. Many of them grow leafy green vegetables like lettuce and kale. Economic experts consider vertical farming a growing market. But the Zhiyan Mu is one of the biggest planned projects. The Zhiyan Mu Tower will be a tall glass skyscraper. It will be 51 stories tall. It was designed to have offices and apartments. But it is also designed to grow plants. Each window will be filled with them. And the building will produce 270,000 kilograms of food every year. Carlo Ratti is an Italian architect. He designed the Zhiyan Mu Tower. He named it after a tree from old Chinese myth. In the story, this tree connected heaven and earth. Ratti designed the tower for the Chinese grocery business Wumart. The tower will be Wumart's new headquarters. But people can also rent rooms there. Each person living in the Zhiyan Mu Tower will have their own garden. But these are not just any gardens. They are vertical gardens. And the whole tower is one big vertical farm. Vertical farms are different than traditional farms. Traditional farms need soil to help plants grow. But vertical farms use methods like hydroponics. These methods give water and nutrients to the plants directly. They do not need soil. Vertical farming also lets farmers put plants anywhere. In a vertical farm, farmers hang plants above and beside each other on a wall. Sometimes they use special lights to help the plants grow. Others, like the Zhiyan Mu Tower, hang plants by windows. The tower is so high, the plants get plenty of sun. Doing this also has another benefit. When plants take in sunlight, they also take in heat. This helps control the climate in the tower. So the tower will use less energy. Vertical farms can be very efficient. Traditional farms can only grow food at some times of the year. But vertical farms can grow plants all year. Some vertical farms trap rainwater. They can recycle the water they use. So droughts or reduced rain do not affect the farms. The Zhiyan Mu Tower will even get moisture from the air. But vertical farms are a very good use of space. They use far less land than a traditional farm. Brian Moladi is the manager of a vertical farm. He told Spectrum News... With the area of growing, you usually expand out. But with this you are expanding up. You use less water and land. And you create less waste. It is a more sustainable way to farm. Today, environmental experts encourage people to use land efficiently. They want people to use natural resources in the best way possible, with the least amount of waste. Land efficiency will be especially important as the world's population grows. Dixon de Pommier is a former professor at Columbia University. He invented the modern idea of vertical farming. He talked to the website Big Think. We expect the human population to increase. So over the next 40 years you might have 3 billion more people to feed. And you look around for the land where that food will come from. And you do not find it. It is not there. So the biggest problem facing the global population is where will the food for the next 3 billion people come from? So it could come from some place other than a traditional farm. The question is, could vertical farms solve that problem? Efficient use of space is important for another reason. It helps fight climate change. According to the World Health Organization, over 50% of the world lives in cities. But most of our food does not come from cities. It comes from the country. This means that people living in cities must ship food into the city. The food must come from even farther if it is not in season. Some fruits like avocados can travel for thousands of miles before people buy them. This uses a lot of fuel. Food producers must also use preservatives to keep the food fresh. This damages the environment. It also adds to climate change. Vertical farming might help reduce these problems. A traditional farm cannot fit in a city. But a vertical farm can. The John Mu Tower shows that even if you live in the city, there can be a farm in your home. Much of the food people eat in the tower will come from the tower itself. They will not have to go anywhere to get it. They will not have to ship as much food in. And the food will be grown without pesticides or preservatives. It will be better for the people and the environment. Vertical farming can even help in places where people cannot grow food. Fukushima is a city in Japan. It once had several nuclear power plants. In 2011 there was a big earthquake. The earthquake caused a tsunami. This huge wave hit Japan and caused terrible damage. The power plants in Fukushima melted down. This contaminated the area with radiation. People could not go there without getting very sick. People in Japan were very scared of the radiation. They did not want to eat food grown anywhere near Fukushima. So the government funded vertical farming. These new farms were safer than traditional ones. They allowed people to have fresh food without fear of radiation. Vertical farming is not a perfect solution to these problems. A vertical farm can cost a lot of money to build and run. Some vertical farms use lights to grow plants. They also keep their plants in controlled climates. This uses a lot of energy. It can even lead to more pollution, making climate change worse. But many people believe that they can overcome these problems. They believe buildings like Jammu Tower will help. Carlo Ratti even believes that buildings like this are the future of cities. He writes. This approach will be a big part of the design of future cities. It is an answer to one of today's most difficult building design challenges. That is, how do we bring the natural world into building design? Would you live in a place like the Jammu Tower? Would you like to work in one? You can email us at contact at spotlightenglish.com. You can also find us on YouTube, Facebook, Instagram and Twitter. The writer of this program was Dan Christman. The producer was Michio Ozaki. The voices you heard were from the United States and the United Kingdom. All quotes were adapted for this program and voiced by Spotlight. This program is called Vertical Farming and the Future of Cities. Visit our website at www.spotlightenglish.com to download our free official app for Android and Apple devices. We hope you can join us again for the next Spotlight program. Goodbye.


Hello, I'm Megan Humphrey. I'm the Executive Director of Hands, and we are a nonprofit in Burlington, Vermont. Our mission is to get food to adults who are 50 years and over throughout Chittenden County. Hands in the dirt, gardening workshops, just like this one with expert Charlie Nardosie, a meal and gift bag on Christmas Day, our holiday dinner, and nutrition education workshops called Hands in the Kitchen, and Support Buddies, which is a program in partnership with Heineberg Senior Center that we developed in response to COVID, but we're going to continue. So we're just trying to get food out in lots of different ways. And I wanna do a very special thanks to AARP Vermont, and Hannaford, and Red Wagon Plants. All of them are really huge supporters of ours, and we really appreciate that. So thank you so much for joining us today, Charlie, and we're looking forward to this. I am Charlie Nardosie, and this is All About Tomatoes. I figure it's Memorial Day coming up very soon. End of May, early June is a great time to plant tomatoes. I should just do a little talk about tomatoes, and I'm sure everyone is probably growing some, and it'll be great to kind of do a little refresher, and maybe you'll learn a few new things too. So let me just jump right into it, share my screen, and we can get going. So All About Tomatoes, tomatoes are, of course, the most popular garden vegetable that's out there. And lots of people love to grow fresh tomatoes. There's such a diversity of types of tomatoes to grow. You can use them, eating them raw. You can cook with them, you can can them. There's so many different things to do with them. So what I'm gonna do here in about a half hour, so I just kind of run through what we should be thinking about with our tomatoes right now, at this time of year. So I'm not gonna talk about seed-starting per se, but I'll kind of pick it up. I assume you've got a tomato plant one way or another. Either you bought one, or you've got one that you started indoors. So what do you do with these seedlings? Well, one of the first things you wanna do with the seedlings, of course, is make sure they're healthy, make sure they're growing really strongly. This is kind of the time of year to plant. So end of May, early June is a perfect time to plant tomato seedlings. Tomatoes, of course, like warm temperatures. So we have had kind of bizarre roller coaster temperatures so far this year, starting the end of March, when it was 70 degrees for a number of days to cool temperatures and snow in April, to warmer temperatures in May, and then cool again, it's going up and down, up and down. But what we're looking for is kind of a consistent warmth. And that's really what we're looking at this time of year, the end of May, early June, when the tomatoes can really thrive and they really can start growing and continue to grow without any interruption. Now, the first thing you have to do, though, is make sure you put them in the ground at the right time in the right way. And that means hardening them off. So this process, for those who are not familiar with it, is you're slowly acclimating those tomato seedlings to the outdoor conditions. So say you've been growing them as seedlings under lights and now they're in a window, they look really nice. Instead of just putting them out on a nice sunny day, which of course is not the best time to transplant, the best time to transplant is cloudy, cool days so that transplants can really get acclimated before the sun comes out.  So what that means is that put them out for maybe an hour or two, the first day, and then bring them back in. When I say put them out too, not necessarily in the sun, they could be just outside in a morning sun area or a little filtered light, maybe get a little light breeze, but certainly not if there's a lot of heavy wind blowing, do you wanna have them totally exposed? Then the second day you do the same thing and you just extend the period of time that they're outside.  At that point, they're pretty much hardened off ready to put in the garden. So by doing that, you're gonna have less transplant shocks so that when the tomatoes get into the soil, they're gonna just kind of take off for you. Now, where are you gonna be planting them? Well, full sun, of course, if you haven't known that or figured that out before, tomatoes like at least eight hours of full sun. The more sun you get, the more growth you get, the more growth you get, the better tomatoes you get, the more growth and sun you have, also the better flavor you're gonna get on your tomatoes because that's all due to the photosynthesis that's happening. So you really wanna find a spot that gets a good six to eight hours of full sun a day. That's really the best place. Can you grow things on a deck or patio that has four hours? Sure, you can try to grow tomatoes there. I would suggest more of the container type tomatoes that I'll talk about in a minute, but those tomatoes are gonna be fewer and probably not as flavorful. So look for full sun. That's really a key thing where you're gonna be planting them. The other thing is if you have a garden versus just maybe a couple raised beds, if you have at least three raised beds or three areas in your garden, you wanna do a crop rotation with tomatoes. In fact, with all of your vegetables. So what does that mean? It means that the first year, as you can see up there, A, B and C are on the top. Year one, in bed A you have tomatoes, bed B you have collards, bed C you have peas. Then the second year, you rotate things around. So where the tomatoes were the first year, second year there's peas. The third year there's collards. We're just using three examples. You can mix anything in there if you wanted. The whole idea is not to plant the same family of plants in that bed for year after year. If you can get away with a four year rotation like this one, that's great. If you have just a couple raised beds and you really don't have the space to rotate, maybe you can just move them to the other side of the bed or at least put down some compost. If you keep putting down the same plants, same family of plants, so tomatoes, for example, will be peppers and eggplant and potatoes, petunias, all in the tomato family.  If you break that disease cycle by putting in plants from other families, it could be from the legume families like peas. It could be from the cucurbit families and melons and squashes. The brassica families like broccoli and kale. All of these different families have different diseases that will attack them and you'll break that cycle so no one group of diseases builds up in the soil. So that's why we wanna do crop rotation whenever we can. Now, I always recommend doing raised beds with tomatoes and with all vegetables, really, pretty much all vegetables do well in a raised bed. You can build your own very simply just by taking the soil in the pathways, areas of your garden and mounting it up until these, what I call temporary raised beds or freestanding raised beds. And they'll stand up, well, maybe about eight to 12 inches tall and then you can plant right on top of them. The nice thing about this is that you can make your beds curving and you can make them big and wide and narrow or whatever shape fits your garden. The downside is by the end of the season, you'll see those beds will be flat. So you're gonna have to recreate them every spring. That's why I tend to push people more towards doing permanent raised beds. These could be made out of woods like cedars, hemlock and spruce are nice woods that are fairly rock resistant, last good eight to 10 years under normal conditions. You build them up at least again a foot tall if you can and you bring in topsoil and compost. So you have a real fertile soil so things will grow really well. You can grow your tomatoes in these as well. It may make them a little taller, but that's okay. You're gonna have a really healthy crop. With tomatoes, you might even wanna make the beds a little bit deeper because as you know, tomato roots go pretty deep. So you wanna make sure you have enough soil there for those tomatoes to grow well. In either case though, whether you're doing a freestanding raised bed or a structured raised bed, a permanent one, you wanna add compost and compost is like the food that's feeding the microbes that helps keep the air and water flowing through those beds and those microbes and those creatures that are in the soil are releasing nutrients so your plants can grow well. So in my no dig system, which is based on my book, The Complete Guide to No Dig Gardening, what I talk about is just adding compost layers on top, not turning it under, but put a couple of inch thick layer on top every spring or every time you're going to actually put a new crop, a new vegetable in the garden if you're doing succession planting, for example. And that's gonna build up that soil layer and build up the organic matter so that your plants will grow really strong and you won't have to rely on other kinds of fertilizer. So when the plant, as I mentioned, end of May, early June is the time to do that. You can start them a little bit earlier and put them out earlier if you're willing to protect them like with wallow waters or any kind of crop protection, flow, row covers, things like that. How do you plant them? Tomatoes have a unique characteristic. So tomatoes will root all along their stem. So if you have leggy seedlings like this person has here, what you can do is bury them a little bit deeper. So you have the root ball that normally you put around the same level, the top of the root ball at the same level of the soil line. But with tomatoes, you can bury it deeper either straight down or you can even bend the stem horizontally, bury it with soil and have it pop up a couple inches away. What that will do is that it'll take a leggy plant and make it into a stocky plant. It also allows those roots to form all along the stem which will help that plant grow much stronger. And it might set it back for a week or so, but you'll see your plants will catch up really quickly. That's another nice thing about tomatoes. They grow fast. You can plant them in mulch and the plastic mulch in particular. This is a shot from Pennsylvania State University's College of Plasticology. Sounds like something I don't wanna really do too much. Personally, I used to plant in red mulches. You see the red one over there? That is the one that's recommended for tomatoes. I used to do that year after year, pretty religiously using mulch. The idea with plastic mulch, of course, is that it heats up the soil fast. It prevents weed growth and your plants will grow quicker. And there is research that shows that that red mulch will produce more tomatoes. I've kind of gotten away from that. In our garden, we've tried to do less use of plastics in there and I found by doing raised beds, having really fertile compost in soil and not mulching with organic materials until the soil is really warmed up, our plants do fine. I'm not a farmer. I'm really just looking for home production. So if I would get a few less tomatoes because I'm not using the plastic, that's okay with me. I'd rather not have the environmental hazard of the plastic there having to throw it away and just a look of it too. But if you are really trying to produce a lot of fruit, that is a way to do it is using plastic mulches. But another way to plant is to do what I call inter-planting. And this is something we did last year. This is a shot of one of our beds from last year with tomatoes in it. Those cages are where the tomatoes are. There's four of them in there, it's a little hard to see. But the thing I really want to point out with this image is that look at all the material that's around it. In a no-dig gardening system, we always want to have something growing on that soil or have mulch on that soil. You don't ever want to leave the soil bare. So what I did with my tomatoes, as I first, of course, spaced them two or three feet apart like you normally would and had all this bare soil in between. So what I ended up doing is, I took an old packet of salad mix that I had. They had lettuce and mazuna and arugula and beet greens and all kinds of different things in it. And I just sprinkled it in between the tomato plants. And then a month later, this is what it looked like. So I had all these greens and these great veggies that I could eat and we could eat from our garden all the time. And you can see the tomatoes are no worse for the wear. In fact, they did really well that year. The tomatoes eventually got so big that they shaded out all those greens that were growing in there, but that was okay. A few of them survived, sent up flower stalks. I left those there too because they attracted beneficial insects. So this idea of inter-planting, something in between plants like tomatoes that take a while to get big and so big that they're gonna fill out a space is a real nice way to maximize how much you can get in one bed. So you can do a mixed salad mix like this. You can just plant individual lettuces, little plugs of lettuce. You can put radishes in. You could put anything that's a fast growing crop that will be done within a month or so. That will work really well with an inter-planting system. So let's talk a little bit about the different kinds of tomatoes are out there. If you haven't bought your tomatoes yet, or if you have them and you haven't thought about what kind they are, this might be a good little review. So the first one I want to talk about is called the determinate tomatoes. These are ones that'll grow up about three and a half feet or so tall and then they stop growing and they produce their fruit. So it's not as a bountiful harvest as you would get with an indeterminate variety, but the determinate ones are nice because they're a manageable size. You still have to stake them, cage them, do something to them, but because they only get three to four feet tall, it really makes it more manageable in your garden. And again, if you're not looking for a huge production for canning or freezing or drying, this might be a nice alternative. Indeterminate is just the opposite. These are the ones that keep growing until frost, insects, diseases, or you stop them. In fact, that places in the South where they can grow tomatoes forever, I've seen photos of people standing on the roof of their garage picking tomatoes because they trellis the tomato all the way up to the top of the roof of their garage. Pretty crazy, huh? Most of the heirloom varieties and those large-fruited varieties and the cherry tomatoes, they all fit into this indeterminate characteristics. It's important to know the difference because how you're gonna support those and take care of them and prune them is really gonna be dependent on which kind of tomato you have. And then there are the dwarf ones. These are the ones that stay short and bushy, they're great for containers. And these are the ones like the pixie too, I think is one that's been out forever. They stay short, they're nice, they're dwarf, they give you a handful of tomatoes and that's it. The nice improvement over this, and I'll mention a couple varieties in a minute, are what we call dwarf indeterminates. So you mix an indeterminate that keeps producing fruit right to the end of the season with a dwarf that stays small and you get a plant that maybe grows a couple feet tall, produces a nice consistent supply of tomatoes, but it stays small and it's much more manageable. Those are the ones if you have a small space patio, deck, that kind of area where you just don't have a lot of room, you wanna look for those varieties. And then of course there are heirlooms versus hybrids. So heirlooms are anything that was produced, that was a variety that's been grown for decades, usually ones that originated before the Second World War. They are very regional in their habits, meaning that a lot of times, a small little river valley in Kentucky would have their own little varieties that are there that are very adapted to that weather and those conditions. So you always wanna look for heirloom varieties that are adapted to where we live. So in the Northeast, I tell people to check out High Mowing and Johnny's because they have trial grounds and they will take an heirloom and they'll grow them out there for a number of years just to be sure that they're gonna work in this kind of climate. So that's a good way to kind of watch and see which ones are best. You can buy varieties from all over the place, in fact, all over the world. There is a variety, for example, in San Francisco called San Francisco Fog that was bred in San Francisco to be able to produce fruit during the summer where if you know San Francisco, it's pretty foggy and cool in the summer. So that's a variety that does well there, probably wouldn't do well in most other places. Hybrid varieties are anything after say the 1950s after Big Boy, the first hybrid tomato. And these are varieties that have been crossed by breeders that normally those crosses wouldn't happen because they were looking for certain characteristics, disease resistance, vigor of the plant, size and shape of the fruit, that kind of thing. They're pretty consistent. You grow a big beef in Vermont and you grow one in Arizona and grow one in Florida, they're gonna look pretty much the same. So which ones you choose is really up to you. The heirlooms, I feel like there's a lot of nice variety and tastes and colors and just the beautiful visuals and flavors of the hybrids are consistent. Some of them are pretty good tasting too. So let me just talk about some of those as we go along here. But first I wanna tell a story because everyone loves a good story. This is a story that takes place back in the 1920s and 30s in Logan, West Virginia and the man's name was MC Biles. Now MC in Logan, West Virginia in the 1930s had to do a bunch of things to get by because it was a depression era. So he was a mechanic, he worked out airplanes, he was even a professional wrestler for a while, right? He got this idea that he was gonna start a radiator repair shop. And he's gonna start that radiator repair shop at the base of a big hill, a big mountain that goes out away from Logan, West Virginia because Logan of course, like a lot of West Virginia is very hilly. And back then in the 30s, trucks didn't have great radiators.  So business was booming and he got the nickname radiator Charlie. Now radiator Charlie, and here's the only photo I've ever seen of him taken in the 60s, radiator Charlie also loved to garden and he loved tomatoes, but even like any of the varieties that he could find in Logan, West Virginia in the 1930s. So he decided to make his own. So he collected 10 different varieties he could find in the area. He put them in a garden right in front of the radiator repair shop in a circle, put nine in the circle, put one in the center and he crossed them all with that one in the center. Then he saved the best fruit from that center tomato, grew those seeds out, took the healthiest, most vigorous seedlings, put those out the next year in the circle again, took nine of those and put one in the center and crossed them again. So he did that process for seven years, crossing and back crossing until he got a variety that he loved. This variety is about eight to 10 ounces, pinkish red flesh, beautiful skin, nice shape to it. The best part was the flavor. You bite into this on a hot July day and the juices drizzles down your chin and it's the sweetness that you can't even compare to anything. It was a delicious tomato and he would give it to the truck drivers waiting for their trucks to get repaired and they were like, wow, this is the best tomato I've ever tasted. So Charlie got an idea, said, I think I'm gonna sell it. But he said, I'm not gonna sell tomatoes, I'm gonna sell the seedlings. So in the 1940s, he decided to sell the seedlings for a dollar a seedling. Now, if you do the math for inflation, that would be like going to a garden center now and paying $25 for one tomato seedling. But people would do it. They would come from miles around because the tomatoes were that good. He was able to sell enough of those seedlings to pay off the mortgage on his radiator repair shop. So to this day, that variety is known as radiator Charlie's mortgage lifter. And I grow this variety. I'm not something I'm growing it this year, but I have grown it in the past and it is a very good variety to grow. And it grows really well here. So something like that, it's fun to grow. There's a lot of different stories around many of these different varieties. Cherokee purple, for example, the variety that Native Americans would grow, things of that nature. So it's fun to experiment with different ones out there. So let's talk about some popular heirloom tomatoes. That is Cherokee purple up there on the, let's just say we'll do it on a, like a face of a clock. That's 11 o'clock right there. Beautiful purple tomato, red flesh, great sandwich tomato. The one right across from either one o'clock, that's one called persimmon. That's one of my personal favorites because it has beautiful color to it, like a mango almost. And the flavor is more of a mild flavor. Again, a nice slicing tomato, great one with a little mozzarella, a little basil, a little balsamic vinegar, and olive oil. Down below that is brandy wine, of course, a famous one, there's pink brandy wine. And then across from that, the green one is called green zebra. And that one has more of a tang to it. So as much as persimmon is a mild flavor, green zebra has a little more of a tang, a little more of a lemony kind of flavor to it. Really nice variety. So just a small smattering of different types of heirlooms that are out there. Of course, cherry and paste tomatoes are really popular. Like I said, many of these are indeterminate. There are a few determinate ones now that are smaller. This, of course, is my favorite sun gold that a lot of people love just because of the flavor of it. And of course, there's lots of different paste tomatoes. I grow one called speckled Roman, which unfortunately I didn't have an image of it, but it's a long, thin one like this one you're looking at here, but it has these kind of golden colored streaks to it. And what I really like about it, it has a lot of flesh, not much seed in it, not much juice, just a real fleshy tomato. Amish paste is another one that's kind of like that. So if you're canning tomatoes, that's really what I'm looking for. And we do canned tomatoes every year. So think about the usage of your tomato too.  A determinate variety, I've mentioned determinates. I kind of spoke highly of them here. Celebrity is probably the most famous of the determinate varieties, one that's widely known, widely found in garden centers. So if you're looking for something that's gonna stay a little shorter, this would be a nice one to use. If you have problems with leaf blight diseases, and I'll talk about more of that at the end, iron lady and defiant are two disease resistant varieties. So if we have early blight, septoria leaf spot, late blight, these varieties might be good ones to try. They produce nice red tomatoes and really healthy plants. These are some of the examples of dwarf indeterminates, a bush early girl. Early girl, of course, has been around forever. There's a bush version now that is a dwarf indeterminate, meaning that it will stay short, but it'll produce fruit all summer long. And if you have very little space, there's a dwarf indeterminate lasano. This is a nice one, nice cherry tomato could fit, as you can see in a basket or a container. And what's great about this is it produces fruit all season long. I had one last year called Little Bites. I think it was a Bonnie plant. And that one was great. You know, the plant stayed small and I got a handful of tomatoes every few days or so and it really kept doing that right up until September. And of course, you can grow these in tomatoes. This is another one I grew last year called Goodheart, not ripening, well, just starting to ripen, you see there. It's got a little kind of tip on the tomato, kind of interesting, almost like a heart shape. That's where the name comes from. But you could see that they grow really well in small containers. This one actually has, made notice some nasturtiums growing in it too, and kind of a little edible landscaping touch. If you're growing tomatoes in containers, look for self-watering containers. These are really gonna save you a lot of time and a lot of energy. There's lots of different ones out there. There's a classic one from Gardener Supply where it has a reservoir, three and a half gallon reservoir in the bottom.  And then they have a capillary strip or a mat that goes from the water up into the false bottom that's there. And that's coming in contact with the soil and the roots and that just keeps moving the water through, excuse me, through capillary action, right up into that soil. That way you can go away for two, three, four days, early in the season, maybe even five days without having to worry about watering your tomato plants. Of course, when we get to August or so and the tomatoes are really big, even this may not be enough and you might have to do a little supplemental watering, but this system really will save you a lot of work and it's kind of a nice safeguarding in case things don't go right and you're busy or you forget about things. Another way to grow tomatoes is with straw bales. And I use hay bales, actually. And this is a very popular concept, number of different people have written books on the topic. Joel Karsten is probably the most famous one. And if you go to strawbalegardening.com, he'll talk about the whole process. In fact, you go to my website, GardeningWithCharlie.com. I've written some stories about strawbalegardening. The idea is that you put your bales on a side and you condition them for two weeks. You water them every day and every other day you put down some fertilizer. I use this as a simple progro, five, three, four, granular fertilizer, just put maybe a cup or so on each bale and then you just water it in. After two weeks, what happens is those bales start decomposing and they start actually warming up. It's kind of a cool experience. And then you can take your tomato transplant like they've done here, pop it right into the bale. What they often will do is take maybe a handful or so of potting soil or compost and kind of pull the bale apart and put a little soil in there and then put the tomato in there and that's it. Then you keep watering it, maybe give it a little more fertilizer if it needs it. But you can see here from one that I did last year, this is a cherry tomato I grew in a hay bale. I actually had to put a cage up. You can see the wire cage there and that cage is kind of pushed right into the bale and attached to a fence behind it so it doesn't flop over. But you can see how well the tomato is growing. It's producing a ton of fruit. Keeps the animals off of it, which is really cool. If you grow other things other than tomatoes it may even keep insects away. I've had less cucumber beetles from cucumbers grown on hay bales. Hay bales may have grass seed or weed seed in it so they might sprout but even when that happens it really is not a big deal and it's so much cheaper and easier to get a hay bale versus a straw bale. And the other thing tomato related that's really nice to note on this is you look at the leaves. There's not much blight on there, is there? That's because you're off the ground. You don't have a lot of soil. It's not splashing up onto the leaves and getting started. So let's talk about some tomato care then. Tomato supports. So unless you're growing those dwarf plants you're gonna have to support them somehow. This is a traditional Italian one. This is what my grandfather used to do on the farm is he would have a steak per plant. He would prune off all the side shoots and all the side suckers and you'd have that one steak going straight up there. You tie them up to that steak and then you get fruit along that steak and that's it. But he would plant a lot of plants this way. So it's one technique. It's a really little more labor intensive technique but it certainly is a way to keep plants looking small. Most people use cages. And if you're doing a determinate plant like that celebrity, one of these four ring tomato cages is fine. If you're doing any indeterminates it's not gonna be enough. Unless you are really pruning your plants down so you're removing all the suckers and a lot of the side shoots kind of like that previous photo but maybe not that extreme. Because what'll happen is as the windstorms start coming up in July and August, thunderstorms happen it'll just blow them right over. So what I usually do is I would use these cages on indeterminates but I would put stakes in them. Maybe one or two stakes in them that stabilizes them. You also can tie them together. You can tie them a couple feet apart. So just tie them together, kind of create a nice secure area so that one cage doesn't flop over and so they're all supporting each other. There are new cages out there like the Vertex cages here that are made out of a lightweight aluminum. I didn't have great experience last year as far as keeping them from flopping over but one nice thing about the Vertex is that it comes with clips. So instead of having to fit a tomato cage over an existing plant and maybe break branches in the process these you can wrap them around them and then clip the cage together. That's probably the biggest selling point of those Vertex cages. Tomatoes don't need any extra pollination from bees or honey bees or bumble bees. It won't hurt, of course but they are wind pollinated. So you don't really have to worry too much about this. If you're in a greenhouse you're gonna hand pollinate them because of course there's no wind in a greenhouse but outside usually a tomato set is not really that much of an issue. If we got a cold snap when the flowers are out there you might actually get some damage on the flowers and that would kind of delay the onset of fruiting but usually tomatoes produce a ton of fruit. One thing you might wanna do is think about giving them a little boost in the summer. So tomatoes are a long season crop especially those indeterminate ones and they keep growing all summer into the fall. So maybe in July, early August give them a little shot of some granular fertilizer right around the edge of the plant just something that'll keep them growing keep them boosted up and growing strong and it could be a granular 555 organic like organic fertilizers is better for the soil. If you have seedlings that look a little peeked looks like they're not doing so well look like they need a little help you might even use a fish or seaweed fertilizer mix it up with some water and apply it right on the plant it'll the fertilizer will be taken up through the leaves as well as the roots and you'll see that the plants will bounce right back. And then of course you wanna water if you're gonna water water by hand you wanna water thoroughly and deeply but infrequently meaning that every two or three times a week maybe if we don't get rain. If you water deeply the roots will follow that water down and so if something happens where it gets really dry you'll have deep roots that will be able to withstand the drought. You water shallowly every day or so the roots tend to stay right near the surface. Of course even better than that would be to here we go would be to put on soaker hoses. So a soaker hoses will go down the rows you can hook them up with a garden hose these coupler system is a snip and drip system is what it's called is nice because you can cut your get some extra garden hose and cut the lengths of it so that you don't have to be running the soaker hose across a driveway or a path like lawn and wasting water there you really can just focus the soaker hose where the plants are and the rest can be garden hose that you couple to that soaker hose. So it's kind of a nice system to use. You shouldn't have to do a lot of weeding especially if you have raised beds and especially if you're doing the no dig system but if you do have some weeding to do now is the time to do it.  If you have deeper rooted weeds like dandelions and dock and things like that you can use that cultivator on the right hand side but if you just do this a couple of times early in the season by the time mid season comes the plants get so big they're gonna shade out that soil you're not gonna have to really worry too much about weeds in your tomato patch. The other thing you can do of course is after you're done weeding is to mulch and you can use a hay mulch, grass clippings from untreated lawns, straw mulch, chopped leaves anything that's organic material is really nice to use cause it breaks down, feeds the soil and keeps the soil nice and cool and moist and weed free. The thing though is you wanna wait till the soil has warmed up so you don't wanna pop it out right now maybe wait a couple more weeks let things really warm up then put your organic mulch down cause you wanna make sure that soil is nice and warm cause that's what tomatoes like. When harvesting tomatoes late in the season you can harvest them even if they're not totally ripe as long as they're showing a little color that's usually the rule of thumb. So if you get into September, October and frost is threatening and you're thinking I gotta harvest my tomatoes. If it's showing any color like this you can bring them inside into a warm room space them apart put some people wrap them in newspaper individually and they will continue ripening and you'll have some nice fresh tomatoes right into November maybe. If there's still totally green you can harvest them still as a green tomato but they are not going to ripen. A few points on pests that people might wanna think about the tomato horn worm you could see it right there, right? Oh, we've all seen this.  And then all of a sudden you walk out one evening and the tops of your plants are kind of mowed down. First you think of deer cause that's what we always think of but usually it's a tomato horn worm. If you look close enough, you'll see them there. They are big insects but it's amazing how camouflaged they can be.  You can see they're starting to take a chomp out of the tomato that's right there. So there's a couple of things to keep in mind with tomato horn worms. First of all, there's one generation a year up here and usually like I said, it's mid summer so you wanna keep your eye peeled for things, leaves being chopped at the top of the plant. The other is if you find a tomato horn worm that has all these white little protrusions on them leave it there. Cause that is a parasite. That is a, it's a predator. It is a bryconid wasp. It's laid eggs and those eggs are gonna hatch inside the tomato horn worm and basically use it as a growing medium to create more bryconid wasps. So this is a good thing. This is a beneficial insect has found your tomato horn worm and so it's good to leave them there. So if you see those protrusions leave the tomato horn worm there. The other thing is that there's been some new research on companion planting and a way to keep tomato horn worms from finding your tomatoes is to grow a bunch of basil around your tomato plants. What happens is that as a tomato horn worm moth is looking to lay its eggs on the tomato plants it's looking for a scent, a pheromone scent something we're not gonna smell but it's looking for. And if you have basil of course, basil has a very heavy scent to that growing around your tomato plants it tends not to find the tomatoes as easily. So is it gonna be 100% effective? Probably not, but is it worth doing? Absolutely, because you wanna have basil with tomatoes. They're two of them walk hand in hand anyway. So why not grow some extra plants right around your tomatoes and just have them there so that it can confuse those insects. The other big problem we often have is with leaf blights. And this could be early blight, septorial leaf spot, bacterial spec, late blight, all of those. Your tomatoes are growing fine. The bottom leaves start to yellow a little bit have some spots and then it spreads. And before you know it in the middle of the summer your tomato plants look like that. You get some fruit on them but they really die prematurely. So the keys with this is some of those resistant varieties I mentioned earlier in the talk those would be a good ones to start with. The other would be to when you plant your tomatoes make sure you mulch that soil really well with grass clippings, hay straws something like that so that it's not splashing up onto the bottom leaves. Then as the summer progresses you'll notice those bottom leaves will get spots start yellowing, pick off all those bottom side shoots. In fact some people do it proactively and pick them off even before they show signs of the disease creating a little space between the bottom of the tomato and the top of the soil. That's gonna make it less likely that we're gonna get that disease started really quickly. So those are some nice things to try. You can try some preventive sprays and I stress the word preventive like serenade, this is a fungicide. That is organic, it's a bacteria actually that will attack the fungus. It prevents it from spreading. It does not kill it once it's on the plant. So that's one copper is another possibility. And some more research with cover crops. If you want to grow a cover crop of hairy vetch. Hairy vetch is a legume, a native plant you see around. You probably not gonna help you this year but what you can do planning for next year is that in the summer plant some hairy vetch in a bed that you're gonna plant tomatoes next year and then just leave it all winter. It'll make it through the winter. Chop it all down next spring, let it die back and plant your tomatoes right into that mulch. What they found is that this protected the plants from blights probably because of the nature of the mulch as well as the hairy vetch itself. So a couple ideas to keep in mind if you have leaf blights out there and of course you can always do the straw bail gardening and container gardening which will slow down the onset of the disease. And the last one I wanted to talk about are critters, isn't he the cute squirrel in the world. They love to eat our vegetables, don't they? So if you have squirrels and chipmunks, if you have containers for example and they're getting in there eating your cherry tomatoes there's not a lot. You can try some sprays and things like that. That may work, may not work and really kind of dependent upon the veracity of your chipmunks in your squirrels. You can hang out there with one of those water cannon gun things and shoot your squirrels as they come close. That will deter them of course. You could probably try to put some caging around them but if they're really tough and tenacious it might be really hard to do that. So I think containers with caging around them and do it early in the season before there's fruit that's ripened that might be a way to deter them. So hopefully these are giving you some ideas on how to have some tomato joy because we all love that taste of fresh tomatoes eating them right from the garden or making delicious dishes from them in our home for our friends and our family. So thank you all very much. I'm just gonna stop sharing my screen. Thank you all very much for coming. I appreciate it, appreciate your time and hopefully you're gonna have a great tomato crop this year.