Hello everyone. Last lectures, we discussed about the radioactivity and the decay, radioactivity decay and also the nuclear structure and stability and the properties of nuclei. Now, whenever we have a system and we have it has got certain characteristics, it is required to make a model that will explain the properties of the system. So, in the case of nucleus, there are many properties that nuclei possess and we need to have a model which will explain almost all properties of this nuclei. So, today we will start discussing the different models that are proposed and we discussed them how these models work and how they explain the properties of nuclei. So, I will just give a concise slide depicting different models that have been proposed to explain the nuclear structure, nuclear properties and so on. So, the first one is the liquid drop model which in fact explains the gross property of the nuclei and then there is another model called shell model which explains the fluctuations in the gross properties of nuclei. So, as we discussed, you will find that liquid drop model gives you the gross properties, the shell model explains the fluctuations in those properties and there is a synthesis of these two types of models to give you empirical shell models wherein you use the experimental data to generate the properties of nuclei. So, there are the masses like masses of nuclei with empirical models and there are many body calculations from the first principles you can try to calculate the properties of nuclei. So, this is regard to the structure and properties. In nuclear reactions, when we are studying the nuclear reactions, there is another model called as the optical model. There are also some of other models called collective models which explain the collective properties of nuclei, ribotation, vibration, etc. We will be concentrating only on the liquid drop model and the shell model in this particular course. So, let me first start with the liquid drop model. The liquid drop model was proposed by Niels Bohr in 1930s and in fact, he was trying to explain the nuclear fission process, how to explain the splitting of a nucleus, heavy nucleus particularly into two fragments of nearly equal mass and he thought of a concept like it will have a drop of liquid and if you try to reform it, how it can split into two droplets, that is how liquid drop gave the concept of the liquid drop. So, we have discussed the different properties of nuclear matter and we may use of those properties to build up this liquid drop. So, in the nuclear structure we found that nuclear matter has got very high density. If you recall the previous lecture, we discussed that the density of nuclear matter is 14 grams per cc or 10.38 nucleons per centimeter cube. So, that is like nuclear matter is highly incompressible. So, it is envisaged in the liquid drop model that the nucleus is like a drop of incompressible matter. We also saw that the density the central density of all nuclei is same and that is of the order of 10 power 38 nucleons per cc. So, all nuclei have the same density then nuclear force, nuclear force is short range and attractive. What are the evidences for that? The short range property of nuclear force, the evidence comes from the saturation property of binding energy. So, binding energy per nucleon is constant and so, if it was not constant, if each nucleon is interacting with all nucleons in the nucleus then the binding energy per nucleons would be proportional to the mass number. But actually the binding energy per nucleons constant means the binding the nucleons are interacting only with those nucleons which are immediate vicinity. It is attractive force, it is a imperative that you want to break the nucleus into constituent nucleus where to supply energy. So, the nucleons are tightly held together and which works at a very short range. Nuclear force is saturated we already discussed and so, it is like you know in a the Van der Waals forces between the molecules is just like a very short range force. So, that is how we envisage that the nuclear force is like a Van der Waals force between molecules in a drop of liquid. And then the in that analogy the binding energy is analogous to the heat of aberration of liquid drops. If you want to remove a nucleus nucleon from the nucleus which is like evaporating a drop you know a part of the liquid. So, there are there are the analogies and we will build the nuclear liquid drop model based on these properties and these assumptions. So, the important part of liquid drop model is lies in its success in predicting the masses of the nuclei. So, that is a very important success of liquid drop model and our focus will be more on the calculating the binding energy of the nucleus and thereby the nuclear mass. So, this semi empirical mass formula by semi empirical essentially we mean that it is based on some phenomenology analogous to liquid drop model but the constants of that liquid drop model mass formula are obtained empirically using the experimental masses of nuclei and just proposed by von Weijker in 1935. So, in the in the liquid drop model the most important thing is to predict the mass of a nucleus or essentially which requires the predicting the binding energy of it. So, we are focusing more on binding energy of the nuclei. So, the binding energy is essentially given in terms of the mass of the nucleus equal to mass of the z protons in the nucleus and the mass of the a minus z neutrons in the nucleus. So, when we combine z protons and a minus z neutrons to form a nucleus of mass m, then energy equivalent to the binding energy is released. In other words, if you want to break this nucleus into these two constituents, concentrated nucleons, then with the energy we have to supply energy equivalent to the binding energy of nuclei. So, this binding energy is the term which we will focus in this permanent lecture and the binding energy B is constituted of several terms which we call as volume energy BV, the surface energy BS, the Coulomb energy BC, the asymmetry energy BA and the pairing energy BP. So, these are the all the volume the surface are the properties of the liquid drop. So, we derive the expressions of the volume energy and surface energy from the liquid drop properties and then to that there are some additional terms which depending upon the they like the nucleus instead of the liquid drop the nucleus contains charge and the charges are repelled like the other repelled. So, that is how the Coulomb term came into picture and the neutrons and protons are not same particularly for the heavy nuclei and so we have the asymmetry term and the pairing energy term that means the nucleons like to pair up inside the nucleus. So, there is a pairing energy term. So, let us see the how to construct the semi empirical mass problem. So, we know that the mass of the nucleus is proportional to the mass number because the mass numbers mass number is nothing but proton number per neutron number. So, mass is very close to the mass number there will be slight difference between mass actual mass and the mass number and the banding energy is the energy when the nucleons combine to form the nucleus then the energy is released. So, the volume and mass are related to the density and the density of nuclear matter is constant. So, if you take a infinite nuclear matter we know that the nucleons interact with the other nucleons then for the infinite matter if you take the n nucleons then the binding energy is proportional to n because we know that the average binding energy is constant b proportional to a or b by a is constant. So, that is what we have tried to generate here that the b the binding energy of nucleus is proportional to mass number and this proportionality constant nothing but the this term what is that the volume term. So, the volume is 4 by 3 pi r cube which is nothing but proportional to mass number because density is constant. So, binding energy you can write as proportional to the volume term 4 by 3 pi r square into a. So, this should have been r cube so that is equal to a and this so 4 by 3 pi it is known quantity r 0 is known radius constant. So, this 4 by 3 pi r 0 is termed as the a v the volume energy constant. So, this volume energy essentially constitutes the binding energy of a infinite nuclear matter if there were no boundaries of the nuclear matter then the binding energy per nucleon is constant and we can say that like we have this binding energy per nucleon binding energy per nucleon it should be constant. So, that is what is the per nucleon but if you take the binding energy then it should have been like this because this the slope is nothing but a v. So, binding energy per nucleon is constant because the binding energy is equal to a v into a. Now, this is a very hypothetical situation the nuclear nucleus is not infinitely large in size it has got certain size because there are finite number of nucleons that is where if it is not infinite then it has got a surface. So, the surface energy term in fact is like a correction to the volume energy term. So, those nucleons which are at the surface of the nucleus so they do not have the neighbors on the outside. So, they are pulled up by the nucleons inside their nucleus.  So, the surface area tries to minimize because the surface tension is proportional to the surface area.  So, it becomes 4 pi r0 square a to the power two-third. So, now you see here the nucleons at the surface their contribution has already been taken into consideration in the volume energy term. The volume energy term takes care of all nucleons in the nucleus assuming that there is no surface. So, out of those a nucleons there are a few nucleons which are at the surface. So, there is a negative correction to the volume energy because of the nucleons at the surface. That is why this surface energy term is a negative contribution to binding energy minus of a s the surface energy constant into a to the power two-third because the surface area is proportional to r square and hence a raise to two-third. Now, you see a to the power two-third if you see this was the AV term this was the AV term then the surface energy term will become like the surface energy term will be at low mass all the nucleons are will be at the surface. So, as you go to higher and higher mass there will be less and less nucleons at the surface.  Third term is the the coulomb energy term and this coulomb energy term is coming into this binding energy because the proton-proton are repelling each other and so they will try to de-stabilize their nucleus. So, they would like to be away and so the coulomb energy term we have to there is again the subtraction to the volume energy term. Now, how to calculate the coulomb energy? The coulomb energy of a sphere suppose there are z protons each proton will interact with the remaining z minus 1 protons. So, the coulombic energy of a sphere containing z charges is z into z minus 1 e square upon r where r is the radius of the sphere. This is proportional to AVc, Vc is the coulomb energy term. So, you can now substitute for r r 0 a raise to one-third. So, it becomes and particularly when z is very large compared to 1 then z z minus 1 is z square. So, it becomes z square e square upon r 0 e to the power one-third.  So, this coulomb energy term again it is a negative contribution to binding energy because the this is the ripple skip term. The volume energy term is attractive term but the coulomb energy term is a ripple symptom. So, it is trying to decrease the binding energy of the nucleus. Then the so the coulomb the the coulombic term you see if you see z square by a-third so for the lower mass region the z is low the contribution of coulombic term will be much less. So, if you add to this so actually by surface energy energy volume binding energy has decreased now the coulomb energy will try to become see here will be dominating for the heavy nuclei. So, coulomb energy will be more for the higher z nuclei and for low low mass number it is less. The origin of asymmetry energy term lies in the excess neutrons that we need to add to stabilize a nucleus particularly for those nuclei which have atomic number more than 20. So, you know for calcium for up to calcium for t z equal to 20 n equal to z means the number of neutrons if it is equal to number of protons then it is succeeded to stabilize the nuclei. But for nuclei having atomic number more than 20 then we need to have more neutrons to stabilize nucleus because we need to compensate for the coulombic repulsion between the protons. Now the origin of this term lies in the if you see the potential energy term the potential for the protons and neutrons. So, the protons suppose they are lying in a square level potential then proton will have a coulomb barrier and so these are the proton levels. So, and this is the Fermi level this is the binding energy of. So, this is the minus V0 for protons. Now if you have more number of neutrons then the Fermi level for proton and neutron has to be same otherwise it will become it will start going beta minus decay. So, to accommodate the more number of neutrons than protons and have the same Fermi level that neutron potential well will start from here. So, it is minus V0 for. So, there are some neutrons which are excess over protons and they do not have the benefit of exchanging with the protons and so this excess neutrons this excess neutrons in fact have higher kinetic energy compared to the protons. So, there will be some fraction of neutrons which will be having higher kinetic energy than protons and hence the lesser binding energy than the other other nucleus. So, that is the deficit in binding energy due to asymmetry of neutrons over the protons. Now how to calculate this term the asymmetry energy is proportional to the excess neutrons n minus z into the volume the fraction fraction of the volume occupied by the excess neutrons that is n minus z n minus z upon a that the fraction of the volume occupied by this n minus z neutron. So, excess neutron into the fractional volume is equal to the asymmetry energy and if you remove the proportionality constant it becomes a a n minus z square upon a to the power it is not a to the power 1 such it is a n minus z upon square upon a you can also write this as a minus 2 z square upon a in a. So, this is the binding energy term corresponding to asymmetry energy and its origin lies into the excess neutrons that are in the nucleus to stabilize that. So, their contribution has already been taken care in the average the volume energy term, but because they are excess over neutrons and they that fraction is actually not having the benefit of binding having exchange with the other protons. So, that is the origin of acidity. The last one is the pairing energy as you know the nucleons tend to pair up and so as a matter of convention for odd a nuclei the pairing energy has been taken as 0 if it is a if it is a odd or ordered nucleus then the they are binding energies low. So, the pairing energy minus delta minus delta and if it is a even even nucleus then the binding energy is high. So, for them the binding energy is plus 2. So, that is the convention we will use for pairing energy term. So, let us recapitulate whatever we have discussed in this slide. So, the liquid drop model using the semi empirical mass formula gives a the calculation of the binding energy in terms of different terms like volume term, surface term, pull on term, asymmetry term and pairing energy.   Masses have been obtained using mass spectrometers and different other formulations. So, if you have the experimental masses, put them into this equation and do the fitting to get these five constants that is how we get we call it the empirical, empirically we have obtained these masses hence the name semi empirical markdown. A form life based on some phenomenology, but the constants are obtained by empirically. So, these are the terms A v is not in the small a, the volume energy constant is 14.1 ammv, surface energy constant 13 ammv, volume energy constant 0.595 ammv. Like you see here the it is all binding energy that the other there is the other things are constant. So, it means other things are not having any dimensions. So, the dimensions of energy coming from these constants only as symmetry term constant 19 ammv and delta the pairing energy 1.2 to 2 ammv. So, now, these five parameters in fact, they have been undergoing lot of refinement over the last many many years and Meyer's and Swatecky in 1966 gave a what is a very enhanced having enhanced prediction of the nuclear masses. So, Meyer's and Swatecky's are now they are known to develop the liquid drop model to a greater extent because the constant that had been obtained now they are they owe them to Meyer's and Swatecky. So, these constants in in terms of the five constants can calculate the masses of nuclei and they give a remarkably good representation of the average masses of nuclei over the entire mass region. What I try to explain here in the graph that the this noise what we plot the average binding energy the volume energy term av is constant about 14.1 ammv. So, you can put here 14.1 and the surface energy term is dominating at lower mass at higher mass becomes less the Coulombian term is very small at low mass but higher mass it becomes dominating. So, it is decreasing the binding energy and acidity again becomes important above the mass number 40. So, as for higher nuclei it becomes important. So, you can see here by the liquid drop mass we are able to generate the nature of the binding energy per nucleon. We recall the binding energy curve in the previous lectures this is the it is rising in the beginning and falling in the end becoming maximum at mass number around 60. So, liquid drop model successfully explains the trend of the average binding energy and these constants are used to find out the masses of the nucleus. So, before I go into the complete applications of liquid drop in different areas just to one example of the success of the liquid drop model is in predicting the atomic masses and their binding energies. So, you see here the binding energy now you can substitute in the mass the mass of the nucleus. So, z protons plus n a minus z newtons minus binding mass of the nucleus is equal to binding energy or you want to calculate the mass of the nucleus you can put into this formula mass of z protons minus plus mass of a minus z newtons minus binding energy. So, you calculate the binding energy by this formula and substitute in this equation we know the mass of proton and neutron can calculate nuclear mass. So, you can now try to explain to put this try to make it do some calculations here.  So, you add a 1 a and minus 1 a simplify things.  So, this is you can write m minus a upon a this a has been taken here.   So, this is the calculated binding energy using these constants and so, you can write now this constant and now what I am showing in the table here is the calculated and experimental masses. So, you can calculate experimental binding energy from here and experimental can calculate from here see the table here now for nuclei of different mass numbers. So, option 17 see the volume energy term is constant 14.1 a v surface energy term is changing now it is decreasing with the mass number volume energy term is increasing with the mass number estimating energy then the binding energy per nucleon calculated and experimented. So, what you can see here it is very accurate quite accurately predicting the masses the or the binding energy. So, once you know binding energy you can calculate the masses. So, they calculated and the experimental binding energies are very close to each other. So, this explains the success of the liquid drop form model in explaining the masses of the nucleon. So, this in fact is the success of the liquid drop model and I will stop here and then subsequently I will discuss the applications of liquid drop model other application liquid drop model. Thank you very much.


10 gigabit cabling, why use 10GB cabling in your business? What cabling do I need for 10 gigabits Ethernet? Which standard? Many business owners overlook the critical importance of the IT infrastructure that their company runs on. Furthermore, the demands for bandwidth continue to rise as video and multimedia become more essential, and these systems will play an even greater role. Things like phone systems, consistent cleaning of the offices, and proper recruiting of new workers are all essential in their own way. However, before you can have any of that, you need to have cabling infrastructure that is capable of handling the needs of your business. You can visualize cabling as the roads that your data must travel on. Generally, everyone knows that a poor road network slows down traffic and causes damage to the cars over time. You should be applying the same thought process to how you manage your office cabling. But getting high quality cabling, that is up to the industry standard is the best way to ensure your cabling solutions are going to deliver for your technology. Cabling evolution in the industry. It used to be that 1 gigabit cabling was considered to be plenty for businesses, but with the growing consumption of bandwidth, 10 gigabits cabling has emerged as the basic requirement for businesses everywhere. Connecting servers and storage to switches using 10 gigabits Ethernet cables is quickly becoming the standard for businesses. These solutions are built using either copper or fiber cabling, and often run through a networking device, example, a switch or network interface controller. Adoption of the 10 gigabit standard has been slower than with previous standards for Ethernet, and this has largely been due to price issues, but this is continuing to improve over time. Cat 6 cabling and beyond. Originally, for structured cabling in the modern office, Cat 5e cables were often used to support networks with requirements up to 1 gigabit. However these cables are not up to standard for 10 gigabits networks. The use of copper cabling for 10 gigabits Ethernet solutions is becoming more widespread, with the most popular solution being Cat 6a cabling, and moving into the Cat 7 and Cat 8 spectrum. Cat 6 cabling is only recommended for 10g cabling when it is already in place, and less than 55 meters from the cabinet to the outlet. Even then the performance cannot be certified to work as it should, for 10 gig transmission. Cat 6a 10 gigabits cabling, comes with many benefits including. Backward compatible, and may be paired with devices, created for slower cables. Can support distances, up to 90 meters with patch leads and 100 meters direct links. Generally cheaper than many of the other solutions. Other cables that have 10 gigabits cabling capabilities. Cat 6, although not recommended legacy, Cat 6 can transmit 10g up to 55 meters. Cat 7 and Cat 8, natural evolutions of Cat 6a cabling. CX4, the first 10 gigabits Ethernet copper standard, but comes with the disadvantage of a form factor, that is too large. SFP plus direct attach, often used to connect servers and storage devices in a rack, because of its low cost. Multi mode MMF, fiber cabling solution that covers up to 550 meters. Single mode SMF, currently the industry standard and has the highest range. Structured cabling distance limitations. The following table shows, the distance limitations for 10 gigabit Ethernet. Getting in the right mindset. Cabling is not typically something, that should be done in house by the end client, or by the technology partners supplying the phone systems, voice, computer networks or wifi. Furthermore poorly installed initial data cabling, not only affects the current performance of your network, but any errors you make now, may negatively affect any attempts to scale you make in the future. Constant investment and the proper mindset around it, is the best way to always be pushing your company ahead. In addition to having a well planned and strongly organized cable strategy, is a crucial part of the IT infrastructure of your company, and you would be best recommended not to overlook it. How much does 10 gig data cabling cost? The costs will depend on several factors for the installation of the structured cabling. In addition elements such as false floor, false ceilings and existing containment will make the installation easier and more cost effective. If these elements are not in place, then the cost will increase to provide these elements on top of the cabling infrastructure. As an outline, for 24 outlets and above, a CAT 6A structured cabling system in a false floor, or ceiling environment in a standard office, will cost approximately 55 pounds to 70 per point. What elements, will increase the cost of the 10 gig structured cabling? The following elements will incur additional costs to the initial cabling installation. Requirement to install additional containment, or floor boxes, approximately, 10 pounds to 15 per point. Installation of new cabinets, depending on size, approximately, 5 pounds to 7 per point. Out of hours working, 8 pounds to 10 per point. In some cases, working out of hours, results in the same cost or reduced cost, as it allows for quicker installation due to the absence of employees in the area. We offer free surveys, and during these surveys, we will be able to discuss those requirements and offer you the best solution. For a free quotation, please visit our website, nmcabling.co.uk, or call at<PHONE_NUMBER>8.


Hi everyone, Joe for jazby's casebreaks.com. We did it. We knocked out our last filler our last filler To unlock that mystery crate And it's the mini box number seven why is LeBron walking off the court is he hurt Also, we had 10 extra spots were given away as well big things of this group for making it happen Getting it across the finish line. I know it was a quiet night tonight, but I appreciate everybody digging deep on it All right, so now we only sold 20 spots outright our first of three dice rolls Who's gonna get those extra spots after seven top ten after seven good luck? 50% chance one two three four five six and Seven after seven times. There's the top ten right there all over Eric Oh and Eric Owen Russell Owen Owen Rex and Oliver Extra spots going your way. I Think everybody got an extra spot right no one was left out Yeah, everyone everyone got at least an extra spot. That's always nice All right now let's gather everybody's names again, and let's do the break That's our second of three dice rolls all teams are in no No combos five and a two seven times five and a two seven times for the teams Two three The light sox down to the Giants All right, there's the first half of your list right there. There's the second half of the list right over there I should pull starters Darvin ham I mean if the Lakers refused to get offensive rebounds And what's the point? You're not gonna rebound you're not gonna win games put in Max Christie. Let's see some Jalen hook Shafino Colin Castleton Gives give some of these youngsters some time There's the final print out right there All right, so we have two boxes left. We'll go one two three for the left box four five six for the right box three first box right here got Alex Rodriguez to 299 for the Rangers It's gonna be for Eric We got the sketch reproduction of Bobby with junior for the Royals and the Bryson Stott 28 out of 35 That'll be for the Phillies. That's gonna go to Owen. All right now. Let's flip back over here Let's see who's gonna win that mystery crate spot. Just one mystery crate spot. That's it All right four and a four eight the hard way This is for the mystery crate spot name on top gets it after eight. Good luck one two three four Excuse me There's four four and a four five six Seven and eighth and final time After eight, this is a risky one here. A lot of sad faces here Eric Houston very close It's not quite Thanks for getting in though two through 30 appreciate everybody's efforts But there can be only one happy person here, it's gonna be wow Eric Houston look at that Congrats to you After eight you're on top. Thanks for getting in apologies to everybody else appreciate you trying. I'm Joe I'll see you next time for the next one Eric. I'll see you in the next video


We're going to miss you, Thurm! We have just spent three amazing days in Driggs. Thanks to you, Jason. Appreciate it so much, man. Your land, your tierra is beautiful. Good luck with everything. Thank you so much, my friend. We'll be back. We'll be back. We are finally heading out of Idaho, but not the way we had intended. Ali, what happened? Well, we went into the bike shop to just get things a little bit tuned up, and yeah, the gentleman there who was working on our bike suggested that we take this other route. Going up some rail trail and then some gravel roads. We'd be able to avoid the traffic on Jackson Pass and see some really beautiful wilderness. Yeah, pretty much everybody was like, oh, you're going over the Jackson Pass. Don't do that. So all the bike people in town said, go this way. It's going to be a little bit longer, maybe a little bit harder, but totally worth it and beautiful. And that's what we're doing. We're riding trails that these bikes were made for, some gravel, no crashes, no whammies, no bears, no bears. We're heading into bear country. My friend Jason was very concerned about the fact that we're heading into bear country without bear spray, and so he gave us some bear spray. So we're safe now. Thank you, Jason, for getting our backs always through the best. I can't tell you how much I love these rail trails. Riding gravel just makes me happy. A, because it just feels good to be riding gravel and hearing the crunch of your tires. Also, because there's no cars and no traffic. Oh, it's pretty on that side. Look at that. End of the day, we decided to take this route, go on the back roads, take the gravel, and so far it's been totally worth it. These are just picture perfect farm roads. You have these impossible greens off to either side. And this gray, gray blue road, it's just really quintessential. One of the things that I have found most stressful about bike touring is the traffic, the noise and the smells, and this route has none of that. We have seen so far one car. It's super peaceful, super quiet, and it smells amazing. I'm not chasing you, I promise. We're friends. I'm a vegetarian. We are leaving the farmlands and heading into Targi National Forest, and right away we see a sign that says Be Bear Aware. Food storage required. Those bears are not going to steal our Nutella crepes. And if they try, Ryan's going to spray them in the face with bear spray. Or Ally's going to slap them around. We are definitely in the middle of nowhere now, and you can just hear all the birds. Clearly no traffic noise surrounding them out today. Okay, we've definitely hit the uphill part. In the easiest gear, slowly grinding up these hills. Yeah, I'll take this any day over a road full of traffic. We are riding our last two miles in Idaho.  Idaho, we love you! Yeah, seriously, this state has been incredibly good to us. And we're looking forward to Wyoming. I like places that are wild and untamed. I feel more free there, like I can really be myself. Wyoming's one of those places. There's just large stretches of land that are still more or less untouched by man. We have bears, wildflowers, wolves, really cool geology, and it's just a really special place because of that. Hey Ollie, guess what? We're in Wyoming! We are. No, how do you know? I know because this little GPS thing shows our blue dot on the dotted line. We're in the middle of nowhere, so there's no typical welcome to Wyoming sign, so... We've been cruising for a while now, and according to this map, it's a very, very southern tip of Yellowstone National Park. That's pretty cool. Jellystone, this is where Yogi lives. Yeah, makes some motorcycle noises. We have finally found a place to call home for the night. Right here in this field of wildflowers. The sun is coming out. We've had a nice, long, hard day. We're covered in dust and dirt because we've been on dirt all day. And yeah, we earned it. We earned today. What's for dinner tonight, Ollie? We have bean and cheese burritos with cream cheese, which is Eastern twist on things. We call it a Philly burrito. Oh, look at that. Cold camping gourmet. This is the bear spray that Jason gave us all day today. We've been seeing signs for bears. And it's nice to have this. And if we don't see any bears at the end of Wyoming when we're kind of out of bear country, maybe we'll use it in place of chalula. Spice or burritos up with this stuff. So a neat thing about this campground is that it comes with boxes, bear safe boxes that you can put your food in. You know what they say is that when you put your food in a bear safe container, you're protecting not only yourself, but the bears as well. Because when bears start going after human food, they actually come and they kill those bears. So yeah, you can save a bear by just putting your food somewhere safe. So Ali, one of my favorite things at Burning Man is when the sun goes down, everybody starts howling. You ready? I'm ready. Thank you Earth for another beautiful day. Thank you wildflower camp, huh? That was nice. It was beautiful. Mosquitoes were not as nice, but that's okay. Nice views of the stars. Yeah. Not everything can be perfect. The wildflowers outweighed the negatives of the mosquitoes. Anyway, today, what are we doing today? We're going to head up over Togedy Pass and the Continental Divide. So this is going to be our last big climb of the trip. It's all downhill from here, all the way in New York. Really? All right, cool. Today is a day for the rear blinky red light. We're in a national park, and I just don't trust a lot of the drivers. They're not paying attention to the road. They're looking at the mountains and the wildflowers and the forest and you know, I don't blame them, but I just want to have a light to give us a little bit more visibility. We did a lot of climbing yesterday through a lot of pretty challenging gravel terrain and that was rough on my knees. They were mad at me. Woke up this morning, they're a little sore and they started flaring up pretty immediately on our first downhill and today I went double whammy with some Advil. I'm hoping they'll hold up for the big climb over the Continental Divide. This is amazing. This is so incredible. Wow. So here we are riding our bikes in Grand Teton National Park and this sports car kind of, you know, takes a right turn to the bike lane really quickly. I'm like, what's this guy doing? Don't get out of the way. Yeah, and I look over. It's Michael Miller. Oh my God. So good to see you, my friend. It's great to see you guys. I can't believe this. I love this. This is road magic right here. This is road magic. Yeah. Michael, you've been married for a long time. Do you have any love advice for us? What you're doing. Yeah, you already know. There's nothing I can give you. This is awesome. Yeah. You guys, you know, wander and move together. Wander and move? I like that. Yeah. Well, Michael's one of our very dear friends. Okay, Ali and I met. He's the one I called the night. And I said, is there room in the car to go to the copper canyons? He said, yes, there's one seat. This is that guy. Can't believe it. There's magic in the canyons. There's magic in the canyons. This is so great. I love it. Bye, Michael. What are the chances? That's so cool. We love you. How cool is that? That was awesome. That was a little boost of energy. Okay, Ali, we are here. Pass. Yes. Yes, we are. This is the dreaded Togedy. People have been talking about it. And we just talked to the guy at the gas station. I said, how long is it? He says, it's long. People have told us that it's the easiest way over the content of Live Eye 2. So as far as dreaded go, it's maybe not as dreaded as other passes. And I actually have no idea how steep it is, how long it is, nothing. We just know that it's in our path and we have to go that way. So time to pedal, pedal, pedal up a mountain.  How are you feeling, Ali? Oh, there's a camera there. I mean, I feel great. My knees hurt, but my spirit's strong. Got Brother Nguyen pushing me up the hill, so that's real kind of him. Is this really the content of Live Eye 2? Supposedly this is the content of Live Eye 2. Let's just say it seemed too easy. Well, let's just look at the river and if the river seems to be going towards the Atlantic, that means it's the content of Live Eye 2. All right, fair enough. Woohoo! It's raining! Okay, I think we celebrated a little too early. We're going uphill again. This pass is confusing. But now we think this is the final push. High five. Boom! Concentrate to Live Eye 2, in the house. Okay, Ali, now we've officially made it. This feels more like the top of a mountain. We actually have signage. We're at the content of Live Eye 2, which is really exciting, because this is where the watershed splits. Yeah, this is like the spine of the United States. Now we're heading east. Yep. All rivers flow to the Atlantic with us. And all bikers head to New York. I always keep these handy in my wallet for occasions like this. Jump! Jump for it! I can put on this. There we go. People for bikes, forever. 96, 58, highest point of the trip. We thought we were on top way back there. Then we got to the Concentral Divide. We thought we were at the top there. And now, I think officially we're at the top. We're really at Jogity Pass this time. Just kidding the other times. It's, yeah, elevation 96, 58. Yeah, this is going to be our highest. It's a really confusing pass. Yeah, it keeps on. You're thinking you're at the top, the top, the top. And I guess the gas station guy way back there was right. He's like, it's long. 17 miles? 17 mile uphill. That's pretty long. They say we can't pair in this beautiful field. It is one of those picture perfect beautiful evenings here in Wyoming. Ale, congratulations. We went up and over the Concentral Divide today. Yes, we did. I'm exhausted though. I'm not going to lie. Two days of a lot of climbing and I'm like super out of it. I accidentally ordered flour tortillas with dinner. You know, when a gluten-free person orders flour tortilla tacos that they're not quite all there. Yeah. Woohoo. That feels good. Woohoo. Yeah. Yeah.


I am Alan Aguilar, I am from Costa Rica. I am an editor in Wikipedia. I am a citizen journalist. I do my work doing research, especially about cryptography and sometimes about politics. Wikipedia has articles about talk, about cryptography. Wikipedia has me to understand the truth about it, to understand how it works, and to understand that I can't have access to that. In a democracy, we vote to elect a president, but we do it on the privacy. No one knows what president I was really voting for. That's the part, for me, the most important thing about cryptography. It is that I have a right and I can achieve that right.


My name is Sarah Lang and I'm from Tuscaloosa, Alabama. I think I had always taken Alabama for granted because it was right in my backyard. But when I took my tour here, I just, it was such a different experience from what I was used to and I just fell in love and knew it was right for me. I'm majoring in English and minoring in general business and history. I'm involved in the UA Machile Association, which is pretty great, and I'm also on the Crimson White newspaper, which gives me a lot of experience for my future career. I love seeing all the different activities that you can do in the clubs and organizations. There's so many. I knew I wanted to live on campus because it was closer to my classes and I could really get involved that way and just meet all the students and make new friends. I wanted a larger college with many opportunities but also not too big where it was overwhelming so I could still have that small college feel. And that's what UA has really offered me, especially being in the Honors College. You get those great connections. You meet so many great people, but you still have all the resources of a huge school.


Listeriosis. What to do with your enterprise or rainbow polona? If you have any of the polona or sausage products named by the health ministry as possible culprits in South Africa's Listeriosis outbreak, especially if they're opened, remove them from your fridge immediately to avoid contaminating other food. And yes you will be refunded for them even if they are half eaten and you no longer have a receipt as proof of purchase. At a media conference on Sunday, heat minister Aaron Mosorledae named Enterprises Food Production Plant in Polak, Wayne Limpopo as the confirmed source of the unique strain of Listeria which has caused the world's biggest documented Listeriosis outbreak with 948 confirmed cases and 180 deaths. At least 16 samples of food products collected from that plant tested positive for the ST6 strain unique to the South African outbreak of Listeriosis. And preliminary results show that other ready-to-eat products at Enterprises Germistan Plant as well as Rainbow Chickens, RCL, Wolwehoek Plant also contain Listeria but the sequence type has yet to be confirmed. Responding the National Consumer Commission has instructed Enterprises to urgently recall all its Polona-smoked Russians and Frankforders and Rainbow has been instructed to do the same with its chicken Viennese. That includes immediately uplifting and quarantining the named products from its sales channels and notifying all their trading partners and the appropriate authorities locally and internationally. In the meantime the Commission has urged consumers who've bought the products to quarantine them in order to avoid cross-contamination before returning them to the store for a refund when the recall is announced. That's because the Listeria bacteria survives in fridges and an open pack of infected Polonite or Viennese could contaminate other food stored nearby. Stores should refund consumers who returned the recalled products partly consumed or not even if they no longer had a receipt said Deputy Consumer Commission Eartha Z Mabusa. Shortly after the media conference pick and pay tweeted that it had begun removing the products that may be linked to the Listeriosis outbreak from its stores. Customers who bought any enterprise product, including Buksha renowned lifestyle Milikap, or any rainbow ready to eat products e.g. Polonite or Russians can return the product for a full refund. And later checkers did the same, we are taking swift action to remove products named by the Health Ministry as sources of Listeria. You are most welcome to return any enterprise foods and rainbow chicken cold meat products for a refund. Enterprise, part of the Tiger brand stable, issued a statement on Sunday saying the company had proactively amplified its testing for Listeria and could confirm that it found a low detection of a strain of Listeria in some of its products on February 14. But the company added the presence of the ST6 strain has not been confirmed by our tests. We have sent samples to an external laboratory to test for the strain and should receive the results tomorrow, Monday. We have been actively engaging the Department of Health and the NICD on our findings and have openly collaborated with them. We await confirmation of the strain. In the meantime we reaffirm our commitment to recall the identified enterprise products as soon as possible. Enterprise's slogan is trusted quality since 1917.


Okay, we're going to give a brief introduction into solutions and dilutions. We're going to talk about some definitions of some terms that you'll need to know when dealing with solutions and dilutions. And one of those terms is concentration. So concentration refers to the strength of a solution. And in general terms, you talk about this in your day-to-day life when you talk about something like, oh gosh, this coffee is really weak or this tea is too strong. That tells you how strong, how concentrated your coffee or tea are. We're going to talk about it in a little bit more scientific terms. We're going to call concentration the amount of solute dissolved in a given volume of solvent. And we'll talk in just a minute about the definitions of solvent and solute. But first I just want to talk about some measures of concentration. So capital M is the measure of concentration, and we've talked before about that being a measure of molarity. And molarity is moles of solute per liter of solvent. Another way that we might see concentration expressed is mass to volume. So for instance, if you have milligrams per milliliter concentration or grams per liter concentration, those are both mass to volume expressed concentrations. You might also see concentration expressed as a percent. It's a 40% ethylene glycol solution that gives you a concentration. One other way that we're going to see concentration expressed in this course and in the lab is by using x. So you might see something referred to as say a 50x solution. And this especially comes into play when we're talking about dilutions. When we're talking about dilutions, we're going to see a 50x solution, which means that that solution needs to be diluted 1 to 50 in order to get to a 1x solution. This is only useful if the 1x is related to something. So we have to know what the concentration is at 1x expressed in some other way, otherwise we don't know how strong to make a 50x solution in order to be diluted down to a 1x. So that's something that you'll have to pay attention to in the lab. You'll have to have some sort of procedure or recipe, if you will, to tell you how to make either a 50x solution or to tell you how to make the 1x that you then can translate into how to make the 50x. So you'll also need to know the definition of solution to work with solutions and dilutions. And this may look like a complicated definition when you first look at it, but we'll break it down a little bit. It's a homogenous mixture of two or more substances. So homogenous, if you look at the root homo, means the same, right? So a homogenous mixture is the same throughout. So if you take a sample from the middle of a homogenous mixture and a sample from the top of a homogenous mixture, those are going to be the same. Everything present in them will be the same concentration, the same proportions. So it's a mixture of two or more substances. Those two or more substances are the solute and the solvent. So if there's only one solute and one solvent, you only have two. If you have more than two substances in your solution, they're going to be more than one solute. You're always just going to have one solvent. It's also important to note that they are dissolved in a solution. So if you have a solute and it's not dissolving in the solvent, it's merely mixing with it. That's what we would consider a suspension. And those are some things we'll talk about later. So if we look at solutes dissolved in solvent, we're talking about a solution. And so the solute, black here, the solute or solutes are the substances being dissolved. And the solvent is the substance that solutes are dissolved in. So if you think about a salt water solution or a sugar water solution, the salt or sugar are the solutes and the water is the solvent. And so that brings us to the case where water is the solvent, those kinds of solutions are referred to as aqueous solutions. So an aqueous solution, if you see that word or you see anything referred to as an aqueous solution, that just means you're using water as your solvent. So there's one more term we have to talk about when we talk about solutions and dilutions. And that is dilution. So this is, again, going to seem like a kind of complicated definition, but we're going to talk about it in everyday terms so that you understand it. It's increasing the proportion of solvent to solute, thereby decreasing the concentration of solute per volume. So say you have a mug of coffee, and we're going to make this mug of coffee really strong. So that's really black coffee, it's really strong. So you want to dilute it. In order to dilute it, you're going to add some hot water. So you would be adding solvent, because hot water is what coffee is dissolved in. In order to make this coffee a little bit weaker, you're going to change the concentration. Now it's going to increase the total volume. So really if your strong coffee goes all the way up to the top of the mug, you obviously can't add hot water because it'll overflow the mug. If you add your hot water because the coffee hasn't made it all the way up to the top, then what you're going to get is coffee that's a little bit, there's a little bit more of it, but it's a little bit weaker. That's because the proportion of solvent to solute has increased. There's more solvent, but the same amount of solute. So the concentration of solute per volume, there's the same amount of solute, but there's more volume, has decreased. And so that's a dilution. And so you've diluted your coffee by adding more solvent, and then hopefully you can drink it.


I'd like to start by acknowledging the traditional custodians of the land on which we meet, and paying my respects to their elders past and present. I'd also like to thank the organisers for giving me this opportunity to talk to you. And I'd also like to acknowledge the dignitaries in the room, particularly the Vice-Chancellor, the Chief Medical Officer of Australia, and Senator Humphreys, and anyone else I've missed. But I'd also particularly like to thank all the members of the public who are here. And I'd particularly like to acknowledge my family, so my mum, my dad and my daughter. It's really nice to be able to have a gathering that brings together all of us. And I think that one of the awful things about smoking, but one of the great things is that it's a problem that unites us. Very few people are untouched in terms of themselves or their families by smoking. So I'm just going to start with a bit of background about smoking and health. And then I'm going to talk to you about the specific results we have from Australia. I'm going to talk about that in the context of international findings, and then talk about the implications. And I'm particularly pleased to have with us a couple of the people, Margie Thieson and Harry Crouse, I think. Who've been a really big part of the implementation and the development of ANU going smoke-free. And I know that there are a number of other people in the audience who've been involved in tobacco control policy. So I'm hoping that one of the big things about this talk is to bring together the research and the action. So Goethe says that thinking is easy and acting is difficult. And putting one's thoughts into action is the hardest thing in the world. So we in universities pride ourselves on the quality of our thinking. But what Goethe says is that actually taking those thoughts and putting them into action is incredibly difficult, particularly because it's sort of a messy real world out there. But I would add to that that if you do something that really works, that's really effective, well then you're really in trouble. And certainly in terms of tobacco control, we're really Australia's world leader. If you do something that's really effective, you'll find yourself not only in the highest court in the country, but possibly the highest court on the planet. So just bearing that in mind, when I started work on smoking and mortality, one of the major comments I had was why on earth would you do that? We know that smoking is bad for you. It says it on the packet. And I would absolutely agree that it is well established that smoking increases the risk of premature mortality. But one of the things that I hope you'll be convinced of by the time I finish my lecture is that magnitude matters. So it's not just a question of whether it's bad for you, but how bad it is for you actually matters. The other thing is that the risks related to smoking vary according to time and place. So they vary according to the stage in the tobacco epidemic that the country is. And they also vary according to location in terms of the nature of the epidemic in that particular place. So it's very, very important to have local evidence. And the other thing is that Australia, because of its really outstanding record in tobacco control, provides a unique context which can contribute to the international context. So one of the things that I think is really important is to remember that the forefront of knowledge differs from places from discipline to discipline. And even though it says it on the packet, there remains a forefront of knowledge on tobacco and on tobacco and mortality. So I'm going to talk now about global smoking. It's a massive problem and it's getting worse. And I think a lot of people think that because we've got reducing rates in Australia that somehow is a problem that is solved or it's old hat. But in fact we have around one billion daily smokers in the world today. And that's actually about a third of the men on the entire planet are current smokers and around 7% of women. On average they spoke 15 cigarettes a day. This is the map of the world in terms of smoking. The red areas represent areas of high smoking prevalence. This top part of the chart is men and this bottom part is women. So what you can see is a huge concentration, particularly across Asia. And if you look around Australia, our immediate region has a very distinct tobacco problem. The blue areas are low smoking. You can also see that there are large sex differentials between men and women in many of these countries. And you can also see that many of the industrialised nations have begun solving their tobacco problem. So this is I think the good news and the bad news. So I'll just give you a moment to let you take that in. This is the graph of, oops, sorry. This is a chart looking at smoking prevalence. So it's actually got cigarette consumption according to trillions of cigarettes per year and it's according to calendar year. So what you can actually see is very large amounts that have been smoked that have accumulated over the previous century. But we can actually see declines in a number of countries in Europe and America. This is charted according to the WHO regions. But what you can also see is that smoking in China is overwhelming smoking in many other parts of the world. The average Chinese smoker smokes around 22 cigarettes a day so it's not like smoking. And the amount consumed in China exceeds all of the low and middle income countries combined. If we look at the global burden of disease related to tobacco, it's the second leading cause of burden of disease after high blood pressure and above alcohol. It amounts to 6.3 million deaths per year. And that's actually more than 10% of the deaths worldwide are attributable to smoking. And we estimate that there's been about 100 million deaths attributable to tobacco in the 20th century and there will be 1 billion in the 21st century if we continue to go the way that we are going. And I think of all of the causes that are listed there it's readily preventable and it's getting worse. So we're probably going to go, if we keep on going the way we are it's going to go from 1 in 10 deaths caused by smoking to 1 in 6 worldwide. One of the other things we've noticed is that worldwide between countries and within countries it's increasingly concentrated in the poor and within the industrialised countries it's also increasingly concentrated among the mentally ill. In terms of the diseases that it causes this is also from the global burden of disease and if you look at the column here which is tobacco smoking these colours represent the particular diseases. So the dark blue is cancer, the middle is cardiovascular disease and chronic respiratory disease. And what you can see is that the main causes of the burden of disease there are spread across the increased risk of cancer, cardiovascular disease and chronic lung disease caused by smoking. So as I mentioned in the previous slide there are stages to any sort of cigarette epidemic and the risks related to smoking change over time. So this really shows a documented stages of the tobacco epidemic where these lines here about the percentage of male smokers then the percentage of female smokers and then the percentage of male deaths and the percentage of female deaths. And what you can see is sub-Saharan Africa is here at the moment. We're here at the moment which means we've had that surge in male smoking that's come down, the surge in female smoking that didn't quite get to the same level and it's fallen down here. And then you can see that there are a number of other places that are at this stage earlier in the epidemic. And what's quite sad is I mean quite clearly these countries don't have to go through the same thing that we went through. But unfortunately they seem to be doing that. So here's the success story in Australia. Australia has long been regarded as a dark market and it's really because of our outstanding tobacco control. And I think there are a number of people in the room who've contributed to that over time. We now have a rate of adult smoking of around 13% daily smokers which is among the best in the industrialized world. But it's down from a peak of around three quarters of men in the 1940s and around a third of women that peaked in 1978. And there are a number of different reasons why we have this outstanding levels of tobacco control. The main things that to do with price and also legislation about when you can smoke. And then as you know we've recently had the introduction of plain packaging. And it's been terrific to be an Australian talking about smoking internationally because there's massive interest in the plain packaging. But also I think that tobacco control measures are one of Australia's great exports but it's not really widely acknowledged. One of the interesting things is if you look at the US packet, I actually have one in one of the earlier slides. But it just looks like that I don't know if you remember the old kind of mulberry packet. And then it says in gold writing on a white background, Surgeon General's warning, cigarette smoke contains carbon monoxide. So obviously the air contains carbon monoxide. That's not a particularly strong health warning. But you can see that the Australian health warnings are really quite graphic. But in spite of this, this is the success story. But the success story means we actually have 2.7 million smokers in Australia. So there's quite a lot of dialogue about moving to the tobacco end game. Particularly the idea that once we get below 5% smoking, tobacco will become much more of a marginal activity. Smoking will become much more of a marginal activity. And then there's a whole debate about what kinds of strategies you can use beyond that point. So in keeping and in concert with those reductions in smoking and a number of other measures such as better control of blood cholesterol and better control of blood pressure, Australia now has the most outstanding record in terms of premature mortality, particularly in men. So if you look at the graph here on the left, you can see that the green is Australia and the blue is Japan. So you can actually see that in the late 1990s Australia actually overtook Japan in terms of premature mortality in men. In this age group we look at it's age group 35 to 69. It's a sort of sentinel age group that we look at for premature mortality. There's only one country doing better than Australia in this regard and that's Iceland. So in terms of our premature mortality and that has a reasonably large contribution to that is our tobacco control. So even though we have this extraordinary record in tobacco control, we didn't actually have any large scale data for Australia about what smoking was doing to our death rates. So this study was actually, the protocol was written for it in 2003 and then a huge effort went into data collection over the ensuing 10 year period. So you can see that it's been a really large effort and a large team involved. So the aim was to investigate the relationship of smoking to all cause mortality and by that I mean, regardless of cause, so it adds together cardiovascular disease deaths, cancer deaths, deaths from any cause in Australia in the 45 and up study cohort. So the 45 and up study cohort is a cohort of around 267,000 men and women who were recruited from the New South Wales general population from 2006 to 2009. They were aged 45 and over and we had around an 18% response rate. So that actually meant we had around 10% of the whole state were actually in the study. They completed a self-administered baseline questionnaire and they gave consent for linkage to health records. So in terms of the methods, I won't bore you with the statistical details but it's essentially a cohort study and that is where you sort of recruit people at baseline and you follow them over time. You ascertain their exposure at baseline, you follow them over time to see what happens to them. And in this case it's a bit ghoulish but we just waited for them to die basically. We excluded anyone who had missing data on smoking and we also excluded people who were sick at baseline because people who were sick at baseline would tend to have actually changed their smoking behaviour.  So you actually find that your current smokers are depleted of people who are actually ill at the time because they've given up because they're sick. We followed up through the register of births, deaths and marriages to mid-2012. Tobacco smoking was ascertained on the questionnaire by asking the question, have you ever been a regular smoker? And then sub-categorising people according to how old they were when they started, whether they were currently a smoker, what age they were if they quit if they had quit and then how many cigarettes they smoked per day. And this is a question that's similar to other large-scale studies internationally. This gives you a sort of schema of the way that we looked at it.  We also looked backwards at their hospital records for some analyses so that we could actually exclude people who had chronic respiratory disease. It's called a sensitivity analysis. It was just to really check that our findings were robust. So we used for the statistical methods, we used Cox proportional hazards modelling with age as the underlying time variable and we adjusted for a number of factors which might influence the relationship of smoking to mortality. We also estimated the effect of smoking on people's life expectancy and we looked at men and women separately and we also looked according to year of birth. So we looked at people born in different decades to see if the effect of smoking on mortality varied and that was really to look at whether we had a stable epidemic of smoking and we did, as I said, a number of sensitivity analyses to just check our findings were robust. So we ended up with over 200,000 participants after we'd excluded those people and because we'd followed them for 4.3 years we had what's called a total of 874,000 person years so that's really multiplying each person by the amount of time we had for them. There were around 5,600 deaths and this graph here shows the proportion of current smokers, former smokers and never smokers and what you can see is in keeping with the low rates of smoking in the general population and also the fact that this group is 45 and over we only had about 8% current smokers so it's actually a pretty low proportion of the population current smokers and these are the main findings. So this vertical line here is the line of no effect and this blocks to this side indicate an increased risk compared to the reference group and if we had any blocks this side it would indicate a preventive effect. This is the never smokers so we're always comparing people who smoked to people who had never smoked and what you can see first is for men we found that men who were current smokers had around 2.8 times the risk of dying during that follow-up period than men who had never smoked and for women it was around 3.1 compared to that risk of people who had never smoked. People who were former smokers didn't have a risk that it was as high as current smokers but they had an increased risk compared to the people who had never smoked and if you compare the men and women this is called the confidence interval which is really the range that that estimate would be expected to be in there's no significant difference between men and women in terms of the risks of mortality related to smoking so the general adage is if women smoke like men they'll die like men there used to be ideas that wouldn't happen so then this is a very busy slide but it's really looking at risks according to birth decade so these are people born in 1920 to 1929 and these are the more recent people born more recently in 1950 to 1959 so those same relative risks looking in the never smokers former smokers and current smokers and the only thing to take home there is actually the risks and patterns were very similar so what that suggests is actually there's a stable epidemic it doesn't really matter what decade you're born in if you are a long-term smoker your risks of dying are similar compared to people who had never smoked so and that's really a product of the fact that people who are smoking now have been smoking for a long time there's a general stabilisation in the age that people commenced smoking so if you imagine back in the 60s quite a lot of people who smoked in the 60s actually started smoking when they were in their 20s and they hadn't smoked for very long we just think that the people who are in 45 and over now pretty much all of them started smoking in their mid to late teens and they've smoked quite heavily that whole time so we've got this sort of actual it's got a realisation of the true hazards of smoking this is the age standardised rates of all cause mortality according to the intensity of smoking so this is the number of cigarettes per day this is zero cigarettes per day and these are people who are smoking around a pack of cigarettes per day the bottom line is women and the top line is men and what you can see from this is that as you smoke more your death rates increase you can also see that men in general have higher death rates than women but what's really interesting is a lot of people who would consider themselves to be light smokers those smoking 14 or fewer cigarettes a day actually have a doubling in their risk of dying during the follow up period and that's actually similar to the risks of dying related to being morbidly obese so it's similar to having a body mass index of 35 or more and also the relative risk of death associated with drinking a bottle of vodka a day so I think people when they think that they're a light smoker they do really tend to underestimate how lethal smoking is that's not to say you should drink a bottle of vodka a day by the way and when you're talking about people who smoke 25 cigarettes a day or more you're really looking at a 4 to 5 fold increase in the risk of death over the follow up period so here's the good news this is about what happens if you quit so this line here is the relative risk for never smoking relative risk for never smokers this is the line for current smokers and this is the age at stopping smoking and what we've done here is to plot the relative risks in people who quit smoking at these different ages and we didn't really go up beyond age 45 because you also get into the sort of sick quitter effect there that people tend to be quitting if they're sick so what you see here is that quitting at any of these ages and even if we were to continue at these ages is much much better than continuing to smoke but also if you quit before age 45 your risks don't differ significantly compared to someone who had never smoked so that's not to say that you should smoke your heart out until you get to 45 and then stop but it is saying that actually you can avoid a huge proportion of the excess mortality risks if you give up smoking by the age of 45 this is applying all of those relative risks to a typical life expectancy in Australia for men and for women and what you can see is that 45% of male smokers will be dead by the age of 75 compared to around 19% of people who had never smoked and you can see for women it's around a third of smokers will be dead by the age of 75 compared to around 12% of people who had never smoked and on average smokers lose around 10 years of their life expectancy so this is the risk of all cause mortality for the next analysis that we're going to be doing we will be looking at cause specific mortality but we've been waiting for data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics but we do know from other data that the excess deaths in smokers are by and large caused by smoking so it's easier to name the parts of the body that are not affected by smoking than it is to name those that are affected this is a sort of stylised list of all the parts of the body that are affected by smoking these are data from the Million Women's Study which Simon has already mentioned and what they show is the relative risk of death according to different causes and so you can actually see for chronic lung disease it wasn't actually able to be fitted on this graph it's around a 35 fold increase in the risk of death from chronic lung disease in smokers compared to non-smokers then you come to around a 21 fold increase in cancer of the lung and many many other conditions and this one here is coronary heart disease which has around a 5 fold increase in risk so we do know that when we observe that increased risk of premature mortality in smokers that the vast majority of those will be caused by smoking so the conclusion that we can come to from these first Australian findings are first of all there's a low prevalence of smoking and we already knew that from a lot of data from Australian Bureau of Statistics we also know that the relative risk of dying during follow-up in the current smokers is three times that of never smokers and this actually means that up to two thirds of the deaths in smokers can be directly attributable to smoking that means of the 2.7 million smokers in Australia around 1.8 million of them would be expected to die from their habit if they continue to smoke it also shows that the benefits of quitting are large particularly compared to continuing to smoke the earlier the better you quit and around 10 year estimated average reduction in life expectancy for smokers compared to people who have never smoked now I just want to talk a bit about the comparison with the international data and also comparison with what we already knew because as I said before it says it on the packet so it's important to know how these data contribute so as I've said there is variation in the relative risk of mortality that figure of three fold varies according to country and varies according to time and it's influenced by a variety of factors particularly it's influenced by smoking patterns so in places where the population has only taken up smoking relatively recently and people smoke small amounts the relative risks related to smoking are less the other thing is in countries with very high death rates in never smokers you actually find there's less of a difference between the smokers and the non smokers so when we look back at this cigarette epidemic I'm just going to take you through using the British doctor's study the relative risks relating to this overall epidemic but you can imagine that if you're comparing the death rates here between the smokers and the non smokers that you'll actually end up with a narrow world, you'll end up with it being narrow earlier in the epidemic so if we look at the British doctor's study which was a study led by Professor Sir Richard Dole and this is the 50 year follow up so it was the very earliest study to actually follow people forward who were smokers and to look at the risks of lung cancer and of death and Sir Richard Dole was a smoker when he did his first studies but when he saw his first cross tabulation we call it when he first looked at the risks in smokers and non smokers he stopped that actual day so that's evidence into practice so what you can see here is that during the 1950s and 60s the age standardised mortality rate in the lifelong non smokers was about 80 and in the cigarette smokers it was 93 and so the ratio of those rates is 1.2 so instead of the three fold difference it was 1.2 when you get to the 1980s it's around 2 the relative risk and then when you get to the 1990s it's around 3, it's around what we find so it's this evolution of risks and what you can see is for the lifelong non smokers the age standardised death rate went from 80 to 40 so it's actually even in the non smokers all the other improvements in health cause that big drop in mortality and it's particularly driven by drops in cardiovascular disease mortality but a lot of other things like injuries, accidents look at what happened in the cigarette smokers it actually increased so you can see why that gap between the current smokers and the non smokers changed so how does our finding of the three fold increasing risk compare with the international data? well I find it quite amazing how well it lines up if you consider that our data were from the general population of New South Wales but we're filling in a questionnaire and being followed over time so if you look at Richard Dole's findings the relative risk in men in current versus never smokers is around 2.83 we get 2.82 so it's remarkably similar if you look in women the million women study gets around 2.8 studies from the US both 3.0 and 2.8 and we get around 3.1 so and what they find is also around two thirds of deaths are attributable to smoking so remarkably similar results and the reason these are similar is that all of these places so the UK and the US also has a mature epidemic of smoking so they're at that stage four in the epidemic where they've actually realised the sort of general consequences of smoking all of the smokers have started smoking at a young age they smoked intensively and so the adverse effects are quite similar they also find and I won't take you through all of these graphs but these are all of the ones looking at life expectancy and it's actually fairly consistent a 10 year reduction in average life expectancy as well so how does the evolution of smoking risks really pan out? well if you look at the proportion of smokers likely to be killed by smoking it was around one in six in the 1960s around half in the 1980s and we're now up to two thirds so in the 1960s it was like throwing a dice in the 1980s it was like tossing a coin and in the well the 21st century I didn't quite know what to say at this point but I think it probably is that it's time to stop gambling because really at this point the odds are stacked against you and I suppose I think this then brings us to the point of why magnitude matters why does it matter that instead of it being a half which is really the estimates that we've been using worldwide and we're now up to two thirds and obviously these findings came out in February so it's not really translated yet into the general consciousness why is it different? why does it have half versus two thirds? and I think the first thing is that there's a lot in our consciousness about the balance of probabilities I think if something is 50-50 it means something quite different from it being two thirds and that's true in law, in civil law but it's also I think a realisation that you're unlikely to get away with it and at the same time as really highlighting that the harms are greater than we thought it also means that the benefits of quitting are greater than we thought and the other thing it means is if one person quits or if you support one person to quit the chances are you've actually saved a life and I think that it's not often that we have policies and regulations that save lives but I think that if the ANU going smoke free actually encourages one person to quit you'd be pretty sure that you've actually contributed to someone not having a premature death so I would say here that it does matter that magnitude matters and that there is a big difference between half and two thirds you can see that this is the US cigarette packet with the gold writing on the white background and you can contrast that with the Australian one where it's graphic in the extreme so how do we get here? Well the first thing is that smoking is highly addictive there are plenty of examples of people who've managed to quit heroin who've not been able to quit smoking the other thing that is that we're in this situation really for historical reasons so smoking became widespread and it became embedded in a lot of cultures at a time when we really didn't know that it was harmful and as you can see here there was quite a belief that actually smoking was good for you so when smoking really took off but it is true that the majority, the vast majority of smokers wish that they had never started so people also tend to take on smoking at a time when they're not really thinking about the long term effects and it's very very difficult to quit the other thing is that as a product cigarettes were introduced at a time when our regulation system our regulatory system was not as strong so if you imagine now going to the FDA saying I've got this product it's going to kill about two thirds of the people who do it they'll take it up when they're kids you know there's pretty much no part of the body that it doesn't harm what do you reckon? so you can see that at the time when it was really grandfathered it's been sort of grandfathered and it was introduced it was passed by the FDA I think in the early part of the 20th century so it was really a time when things like this could get through and the other thing it speaks to actually is our priorities because by allowing, I mean it is actually an industry people are actively profiting from it and you can say there are components of that in other health problems but it's not the same this isn't like an Ebola outbreak or a tsunami it's actually companies actively marketing this in order to make a profit and their mission is to make more people smoke so we have chosen in whatever way to prioritize that ability to trade and that ability to make money over health in a lot of different settings so this is a photo of the house of the former CEO Australian CEO Philip Morris at the time it went to auction it was expected to fetch $45 million so I do sometimes ask how people sleep at night but I think they sleep with the sound of the ocean sometimes so in terms of the use of these findings they're clearly part of a broader longer effort and I think there are plenty of people in this room who can really tell the story of that effort so it's really just one part of a much bigger picture but I have to say that there was enormous excitement among tobacco advocacy, tobacco control advocacy people about the fact that we would finally have Australian data and there was also a recognition that the release of this evidence was in itself a public health action so that you could just sort of publish it quietly and maybe hope the media would pick it up but that probably wouldn't have the kind of impact than if it was sort of integrated into a more general awareness so a lot of planning went into actually releasing the findings in a way that would maximise their impact we had partner organisations actually embedded in the research so we had people from the Cancer Council and the Heart Foundation actually who were authors on the paper and we worked with them to look at the best ways of framing the evidence we also had early consultation with the key players they're also known as the usual suspects these people and in fact Simon Chapman, when he was talking about the plane packaging he did say that the one thing was missing was a scratch and sniff thing which had the smell of rotting lungs in it so he's... and Michael Moore was here so he's one of the people that we contacted as well Mike Dorb was particularly helpful in terms of framing things about the numbers of smokers and the numbers of smokers who'd be likely to die if they didn't quit we actually also had a really very specific written media strategy about who to approach, how and how to do it and there were multiple press releases that came out so I'll just give you some examples of what happened so we did end up with over 900 media articles and I understand that that's actually considered pretty good we had a lot of national and international interest across the board and we're actually quite interested in monitoring whether this particular release of findings actually had an impact on quit rates because often research per se doesn't necessarily have an impact but we're just interested to see if one kind of shock like that can actually have an impact coinciding with the Western Australian actually and ACOSH which is a coalition of anti-smoking groups put out a full page ad in the Western Australian really just highlighting that the news was worse than people thought and we've also been following just different bits and pieces of people picking up on the findings to use them for their work so I had a conversation with someone who said that quit Victoria had been saying that it's been enormously helpful for their work to be able to cite Australian data and this is one of my favourite examples of policy translation so Bronwyn King is a radiation oncologist who was working on a daily basis with people who were dying from lung cancer but she was horrified to find that her Superfund was actually investing in tobacco so she then went to her Superfund and said have you considered divesting and since that time she's actually convinced 28 Australian Superfunds to divest at least $1.3 billion from tobacco companies and when I went to the meeting she sort of collared me and said I use your findings every single day I use them with my patients and I also use them in my tobacco divestment work and she also highlighted the importance of having Australian data about the Australian epidemic so I think that brings me now to the ANU Smoke Free and I particularly like this picture because I think the clarity of the air in Canberra and the clarity of the air in this picture really highlights the perfect still autumn day I think that the smoke free policy really highlights the importance of having not only those high level policies that are to do with regulation particularly in terms of tobacco price where people can smoke but it's going to make no difference if we don't have that granular effort that effort of individual people to quit smoking and individual people to work to help people to quit and also people to resist the pressure to smoke so I think that I'd like to conclude particularly by acknowledging the people who are really putting in the hard yards to actually keep us on track and particularly I'm particularly grateful to the ANU for actually putting the money where their mouth is and I'd also like to acknowledge all the people who've made this possible I know that the protocol was written in 2003 but if you think about all the person years that each one of those participants put in it's been an enormous effort I'd particularly like to acknowledge and embarrass Grace Joshy who's just there in the audience she actually did all of the analyses and it's one of the great things for ANU is to have really, really top notch statisticians so I can go to Oxford happily with the findings and know that they'll stand up to that test really terrific team and all of the different organisations who supported the study itself and I'd particularly like to thank the ANU because one of the consequences of doing something that other people think is obvious and doing research where it says it on the packet is that you're absolutely dependent on your institution which supports researchers rather than individual research findings and who can see the value above and beyond sort of whether something is perceived as normal and I think that that really takes us beyond research and a well into action thank you


Alright, let's do it. Now it's completely blacked out. But wait, there's more. I got some magenta. Splatter, splatter, splatter, splatter. Now I have orange. Now I have yellow. Now I have mint green. Now I have lavender. Now I have purple. Now I have white. Now I have blue. Johnny Q. Final result looks something like this. Yo. Look at that, dude. That is my new favorite piece that I've ever made. Link in my bio.


We're moving right into the season of Sunday brunches, wedding showers, baby showers, a lot of festive occasions for people to get together. And when that happens, it's nice to have a beverage that is suitable for adults and children as well. Today I'm making kind of like a homemade lemonade that's sweetened with honey and it's infused with some fresh herbs and it's very refreshing. So to start with, a little earlier, I heated up four cups of water and I added three quarter cup of local honey and just stirred until the honey dissolved and then I set it aside. So right now it's at room temperature. The next thing I did was slice two lemons. I picked out all the seeds and I tried to slice the pieces pretty thin and I'm going to put those into my large pitcher. You could use a large jar. Just put those right into the bottom. It's best to use glass for this. And then very gently, we're going to just break up these lemon slices so that they juice out a little bit. Now I also have my fresh herbs on my work surface. I'm using about a six inch sprig of fresh rosemary and I'm using about, I don't know, I pushed it into a measuring cup. It was about two thirds cup of fresh mint leaves and I'm going to do the same thing with my herbs just to release some of the oils from the leaves. So just gently bruise them. Then I'm going to put them right into my pitcher with the lemon slices and then I'll add my honey water and I'm going to add eight more cups of water. Then I'll just give it a little bit of a stir and at this point, I put it into the refrigerator overnight preferably so that those flavors have a chance to release all of the oils and juices and they blend together with the honey. When I'm ready to serve, I'm just going to pour some of my honey and herb infused lemonade into a glass with some ice cubes. I like to add a little splash of sparkling water just to give it a little bit of a fizz. And then I'm going to drop in a lemon slice and a little sprig of fresh mint. So there you go, a fragrant and refreshing beverage to serve at all those special occasions you got coming up this spring. I'm Sue Dodin sharing good food for Good Life 365. Cheers.


Hi today, we're going to answer the question do animals have souls Hi, everybody Lisa Larson here animal communicator and psychic medium and today we're going to answer the question do animals have souls and In short the answer is of course they do I Will never be one to say that my opinion or my belief system is the be all end all but Having done the work that I've done. This is what I believe and You know, I was first confronted with this question when I was studying mediumship at a spiritualist church and There was a woman there who claimed. Oh, that's my cat jumping up to get the Wind chimes. Sorry about that. You okay, baby? I I Was at a spiritualist church taking lessons and lecture listening to the lectures and there was a woman there Who claimed to be is she called herself a reformed Catholic? And as she gave the lecture she talked about That well, she stated that Animals do not have souls and they can't tell time I'm like I'm sorry, they do and they can now any of you who have animals and who Feed them at a specific time, you know that they can tell time any of you who have animals who? Know when you're coming home wait for you five minutes before you walk in the door Even though they don't know you're on your way. They know You know, they they tell time so we're not going to cover that today, but we are going to cover do they have souls and As I say, I hadn't really thought about this because to me it wasn't ever even a question, you know I've loved animals all my life. I Hadn't at that point I hadn't even really thought that far as to do they have souls because it was never a question for me But what I started thinking about when she said this Were of course all of the reasons that I felt she was wrong and I hadn't even been doing this work by that time for very long maybe a few years and not professionally at that point and What I came up with is back then is the idea that Humans we work so hard at being able to You know connect with whatever our idea of God or source of the universe is, you know We sit there and we take lessons and we do meditation like oh My I'm gotta connect with God. Oh, I gotta connect with God. Oh, did I buy the potatoes for dinner? Yeah. Oh, oh my God connect with God, you know, we have to work really really hard at that But if you ever watch an animal They don't have to do that it's not that they don't carry all of the pain and the fears and the the trauma that they've Experienced or the joy and the love that they experience but if you've ever watched them just sit in front of a window and Watch the world you understand that they are in a meditative state. They are in a presence I call it to me that is something called fourth level reality I am an alakai an ordained alakai in the Huna tradition, which is a Hawaiian philosophy and It's it's something called fourth level reality where everything is connected where you are connected completely with everything that's around you and It's hard to say that animals aren't there now This is something like I say this is something that I had thought about before I even started working with animals and speaking with animals in spirit is my specialty, so Then then there was you know since I started working with animals and talking to animals in spirit Then of course there's a whole another aspect of that of why I believe they have souls But the other thing is that doing the work that I do since I've been doing the work that I do what I've also come to believe is That animals are just on so much higher spiritual plane than we are like I said back then I maybe didn't think about it as much until I really started doing this work seriously But you know people who believe in reincarnation a lot of times They did they believe as I did at one point that you have to be an animal Reincarnated before you come back as a human But I no longer believe that having talked to animals on the other side talking to humans on the other side because on the other side There is no species. There is no age. There's no gender. There's no species it's just energy over there and Having talked to them and having having Having done the work that I've done It seems to me That animals are in such a higher spiritual plane than we are that I believe that we have to become a human in a lot in an incarnation before we become an animal and You know, I'm sure a lot of people are going to disagree with me. I know that there's a lot of religious Thoughts that disagree with me But this is my belief system and when people ask me given my experience what I believe This is why I believe what I believe animals You know If you think about what animals mean to you and how close they are to you How can they not have a soul? How can you feel what you feel with them and not have a soul now? There's a lot of humans where I feel like they're pretty soulless more so even recently but animals know and So if you feel that an animal is your soulmate if You feel an animal is your twin soul, there's no reason not to believe that I mean because like I say when we go over on the other side We're just energy and when I connect with them on the other side. It's just I'm connecting which with with Whatever physical body the person I'm reading for will recognize and that's how they come through but yeah, as far as I'm concerned animals have souls and It's it's evident when we look at them when we live with them When we let their soul touch ours, so I know this is a short video but I Know that was a question that a lot of people have and I wanted to answer it. So thank you for joining me Please if you like this video, please hit that like button and if you Are interested in the things that I'm doing here. It would be really really helpful if you would hit that subscribe button I am trying to get up to 2,000. I know I'm just like a baby baby baby youtuber, but I'm trying to get up to 2,000 now So if you could hit that subscribe or if you know anybody that might be interested in this channel Please let them know and of course go ahead and hit the bell if you want to be notified of other videos And please comment down below comment about this and and let me know about other questions that you might have that Maybe I can answer for you You can find me at pause talk net you can find my book pause talking of course and communicating with animals at Amazon and Apple books and I really appreciate you guys being here and I will look forward to seeing you again soon Thanks a lot guys. Take care. Bye. Bye