So yeah, cool. So essentially, you guys have been here for all of DevCon. You probably could have known coming into DevCon that blockchains need to scale if you didn't know going in based on some of the talks that you've gone to. You probably know now, so I don't really have to make that argument. But I'll just go into it a little bit. Essentially, blockchains are amazing. They're this global truth, especially when they're public blockchains. Then they're this global truth that everyone can see, that everyone can access. And in the case of blockchains like Ethereum, anyone can essentially store information on them and interact with them. Yo, Kelvin? Anyway, and so this is amazing. But they are single threaded, at least as of right now.  This is great in terms of keeping a record of it. Everyone who's running a full node has their own personal copy of the blockchain they're running. But the downside is it's expensive. And so this is where we get into scaling L1 with stuff like sharding. And then there's L2, which is essentially like the three big ones are state channels, side chains, and then plasma, which is kind of in the middle in terms of the security guarantees that it provides. So plasma, it's cool. You've come to this talk. You might know a little. But essentially, the defining characteristic of plasma is that it's a framework for securing blockchains. Yo, Kelvin, putting that password, yo. Anyway, so it's a framework for securing blockchains. And so if you have a side chain, yes, it can talk to another chain. So you could have a side chain that talks to Ethereum. And this is great. And if we take the happy path, everything's fine.  And so with side chains, they're reliant on essentially their own consensus. So if a side chain consensus fails, it's a security issue. With plasma chains, they are actually secured by the root chain. In our case, we're using Ethereum as the root chain. And so if the plasma chain consensus breaks, it's a disruption as opposed to a security failure, which is pretty cool, because essentially, you can exit state. Anyway, the next slide was a picture of the plasma white paper. It was released on August 11. And if you're interested in getting into plasma, I would say it's a solid read in terms of selling the vision of plasma. But since then, a lot of stuff has changed. So I would say, kind of follow the spirit and not the letter. Don't take it too literally. Yeah, so read it, but yeah, take it with a grain of salt. Boom, we've come a long way. This is where you go if you want the most up-to-date stuff. Sure, sometimes it can be a little technical or hard to digest, but this is kind of where a lot of the bleeding edge discussion happens. And what's super cool is that as time has gone on, kind of the discussion around what plasma is and what plasma can facilitate has grown, seemingly exponentially. So when the plasma white paper was first released, it was kind of, as I said before, this boom vision. And that was amazing. But I think it was actually quite intimidating to kind of take this vision and then turn it into code because it wasn't like a clear specification. And so it kind of took understanding of the vision and then distilling that down into something that could actually be implemented, that could be fully specified so that we could know the security properties that it provides at a granular level. And yeah, as time went on, then essentially we kind of got a very clear idea about the core mechanisms. And so essentially, it's all about moving state. If we have all state on Ethereum, we run into the problem I mentioned before. And so what we actually do is we have a plasma chain that also has state transitions. And essentially, it's changing states. And then every so often, the child chain consensus actually submits snapshots of this state back to the root chain. And so the snapshots that are sent back are what actually secures the chain. And if the child chain consensus essentially creates an invalid state or accepts an invalid state transition, then all of a sudden you have an invalid state. But it's OK because you can exit based off a previous valid state. How do we know when something is invalid? This is where clients come in. So essentially, you have the child chain consensus. But then you also have to have clients or watchers who are not actively participating in the decision-making of a plasma chain. What they're actually doing is just validating it. They're taking blocks that have been included. And they are making sure that everything is AOK. If everything's not OK, then essentially, you exit. And the client is essentially what allows you to detect when things have gone wrong. And so yes, intimidating, but kind of things were distilled. And out flew plasma MVP. And this was super basic functionality. So essentially, it's a UTXO payments blockchain. It's even simpler than Bitcoin because it doesn't have Bitcoin scripting. And it's a bit more limited, at least in terms of the inputs and outputs. Anyway, so with plasma MVP and with other plasma constructions, you essentially have a smart contract on your root chain that is responsible for storing these snapshots of state. And so when you want to enter a plasma chain, you send assets or state to this root chain smart contract. And your assets are essentially stored there. And they're locked up. And then you can play with them on a plasma chain for a fraction of the cost. And when you're done and ready to peace out, maybe you want to interact with the rest of Ethereum. As you've seen from all these wonderful DevCon presentations, it's constantly expanding. And there are so many cool things to play with, you just exit. Or if something goes bad, then you have to exit because it's no longer safe to essentially sign off on state transitions for your assets on an invalid plasma chain. Cool. So plasma MVP got something out the door. It's awesome. But it did have some issues. And so the two kind of issues with plasma MVP and plasma MVPS architectures is that the plasma MVP actually introduces a time constraint. So essentially, this essentially forces every user to be alive for every given period of time. Or it requires someone the user trusts, so a trusted third party to actually watch the chain on their behalf and check it every given period of time. And checking it is doable. The real downside and the real constraint here is that if a plasma MVPS chain is found to be invalid, everyone has to exit within a given period of time. And this is all well and good in most situations. But as soon as we dig deep, get into worst-taste scenarios, essentially, if you have this much state and this much capacity available on Ethereum, you run into trouble. And there are things we can do to minimize this. But essentially, you kind of have to plan for it from the get-go by predicting worst-case scenario, network congestion, if a plasma chain breaks when the Ethereum network is already super congested from ICO or trade mining or one of the many things that is being created right now. You essentially have to factor that in. And then you shouldn't allow any essentially too much state. And you want to make sure that it can all be exited within the given time period. Other downside is that essentially, your watcher that's validating the child chain actually has to validate everything. So you could have a super fast plasma chain. But then, essentially, the watchers are going to have a lot of trouble validating it because whatever. The watchers are going to have a bunch of trouble validating it because unless they are using dedicated hardware or heavy AWS computing, their everyday laptops just won't be able to keep up. Yo, Kelvin, get up here. Anyway, plasma MVP has these time constraints. And you have to validate the entire chain. You also have confirmation signatures. So what this means is essentially, if I, if, boom, thank you, Kelvin, if Alice sends Bob value, Bob does not actually have access to this value until he receives the confirmation. So as you can see here, Alice makes the transaction. Then she actually has to watch it first be included in a plasma chain and then be included on Ethereum. And then she signs a confirmation signature. And only then does Bob have custody of said value. So boom, now it's unlocked. And now it's finally Bob. And so this is a bummer because essentially, it's pretty horrible for UI because all of a sudden, not only does the user have to sign once, but a user has to sign once, wait a period of time to watch their transaction be included on Ethereum. And then they have to sign again. There's also a grieving vector. So essentially, this is kind of what inspired more viable plasma. Yeah, Kelvin, Kelvin right there, main man, main man behind that. And essentially, the big thing here is that whereas with plasma MVP, you're only able to exit outputs with more viable plasma, you're able to exit inputs as well. And so essentially, the clear difference between more viable plasma and minimum viable plasma is that with minimum, essentially, transactions are invalid by default. And they only become valid after a confirmation signature. Whereas with more viable plasma, essentially, you have transactions that are valid by default. And then if something goes wrong, you essentially have an exit protocol, an interactive game, which you can use to exit the inputs. So yeah, removes confirmation signatures and removes the grieving vector. Super, super cool stuff. But you still have to validate the entire chain. And it still has the time constraints. So you're vulnerable to network congestion. Boom, plasma cache. And so essentially, plasma cache gets rid of the time constraints. And also, it essentially allows users to only watch their own assets. And so how does this work? Well, every all value on a plasma cache chain is essentially treated as an NFT. So as opposed to having a large pool of assets like you do on plasma MVP, where if one invalid exit gets through, essentially, the child chain consensus can steal everything in the smart contract. With plasma cache, if there's an invalid exit, only a discrete piece of value, a specific user's value, can be stolen, which is why users only have to watch their own. NFTs, I kind of think of them as collectible. So yeah, kind of like action figure, action figure. But within the context of plasma and VP, or sorry, plasma cache, it's actually used to represent value. Cool. And so here, when Alice deposits, new NFT is created with the value that Alice deposited. And then Alice only has to watch that value. When she exits, all of a sudden she can stop watching and everything's OK. And then essentially users only have to check their own value. And this is amazing because it essentially reduces the computational requirements for users to validate a plasma cache chain because you can kind of divide it amongst all users. And so now the kind of heavy computational requirements are only on the child chain consensus, which is a lot less limiting because they're expected to be able to have fairly, fairly powerful hardware. Then there was plasma XT. And so one downside to plasma cache is that for each NFT that a user holds, you essentially have to have a poof for each block in the plasma cache chain. And so if you spend and transfer ownership of this NFT, you have to have a poof of membership for this transaction. But even if you're just sitting with your NFT value and not using it all, you still have to keep track of the value. And you essentially have to constantly be collecting proofs of non-inclusion to be able to prove that you have not transferred your NFT like in secret. And so essentially when you're transferring ownership of the NFT, you have to pass around all its history as well. And if you're holding a particular NFT for a year, this can actually end up being a lot of data. And so what plasma XT does is it essentially allows users to checkpoint their NFTs on the root chain. And so by checkpointing their NFTs every so often, that's essentially a reset on the amount of data they have to store. And you can actually develop very targeted algorithms for checkpointing so that users who are more sensitive to data storage don't have to keep track of it as much. This is super awesome for essentially computationally restricted devices, because their storage is super limited. Cool. And then we have plasma debit, essentially, which attempts to deal with the non-fungibility of tokens, because it's great that essentially plasma cash has better properties from the get-go, but non-fungibility is a huge issue in a lot of cases. And so what plasma debit essentially does is it allows users to have their NFTs, but it allows users to treat the NFTs as containers. So an NFT could be partially full. And then a user can essentially open up a state channel. In most cases, it would be with the child chain's consensus mechanism. And essentially, they're essentially able to transfer value in and out of their NFTs up to its total value. And so this essentially grants a modicum of fungibility, which is super exciting and awesome. And yeah, now I'm going to hand it over to Kelvin. There we go. OK, so I'm going to talk about the future of plasma. I'm going to make this as quick as I possibly can and click this a bunch so it doesn't get locked. So I think a lot of people are wondering, where is plasma headed? And these are sort of the things that I think are really interesting in the future of plasma. I'll get into more detail about each one of these. But generally, it's $0 stuff. Some new research is coming around plasma cash. Then formalizing plasma as a thing. So what actually is plasma? And then sort of the holy grail, which is generalized plasma. So that's a high level overview. So the first thing here is zero knowledge. So I think we've seen something of what I like to call a snark nato recently, where a lot of people have been designing these zero knowledge constructions. And I would like to attribute some of that to Barry Whitehat, who's been doing a lot of awesome work with snarks and actually building snark-based applications on Ethereum. And I think that that sort of spurred a lot of awesome people saying, hey, this thing might actually start to be production ready soon. Let's start building applications with it. Let's start designing applications. So I have this feeling that five to 10 years from now, we'll see half of the blockchain problems that we have just solved by zero knowledge constructions. And I think that people are starting to recognize that as well right now. People are building things like plasma snap or rollback. And I won't really go into detail about how these things work. But generally, it's solving a lot of the things that we've solved so far with crypto economic constructions just straight up with cryptographic constructions. And that generally means that it's much more efficient. And we have to worry about a lot less. It's pretty amazing. If you're very interested, I would read into it. You should look into zero knowledge applications in general and start to design these things. Because in a few years, you should be ready when they start to get production ready. Yeah, this is my snark-nado slide. OK, so this is my brief slide about plasma cash. So new plasma cash is not actually a thing, I don't take pictures of this slide. So really what happened was that for a long time, plasma cash was this thing that was sort of useful for some things, but not useful for a lot. And we started doing this work. And we had some research workshops. And Ben Jones came up with an interesting construction for how to make things a little bit more fungible. And Vitalik put up some posts. So Vitalik did with Vitalik does, which is make these posts that spur a ton of conversation about stuff. And a lot of interesting plasma cash research came out of it. And so we had this thing that we originally calling plasma cash flow, which was whatever. That's not a real thing anymore either. And eventually all these things got combined into one big thing that we're calling plasma prime. So it's basically the next giant iteration on top of plasma cash. Karl talked about it a little bit in his talk a few days ago. But the high level is that we've taken all of these constructions and kind of pasted them together and made this thing that I think is actually quite good. There's still a lot of work to be done. But it's definitely a massive improvement on top of plasma cash. And this is where a lot of research, I'm assuming in the next few months is really gonna go, if not the next year. Trying to figure out, can we take this and really push this to something that's production ready, that you can have a fantastic payments and exchange platform on top of. And I think it is a big improvement over MVP, but there's still a lot to be fleshed out. And that's where people are gonna be spending time. So the next thing here is formalization. So I think plasma is a confusing term, right? Nobody really knows what plasma is. I don't know, it's kind of just been thrown out there. The paper defines plasmas, one thing. The researchers define it as something else, whatever. It's very, very confusing. And my conclusion here is that we need more formalization. So this is my first attempt. And so this is the standard model of grantian, which is the most elegant physics we have or something. But basically formalization is something that, yes, it makes mathematicians happy, but it also clears up a lot of confusion, right? I wanna be able to point to projects on Twitter and say, you're claiming to be plasma, but you're not. But really I want to be able to have these definitions for the certain security properties that plasma chains give me, right? Because I believe that users have a right to understand how safe are their assets, right? What assumptions are being made with your assets? So on a side chain, you're making certain assumptions about the consensus mechanism and you're not making those assumptions in a plasma chain. And so I would like to clear that up and so that we can have these really formal definitions for what these things are and start to explain to users what these things mean. And I think the other big thing here is revealing the trade-off space. So really what this means is that there are certain trade-offs that you make when you design these layer two solutions. And like I was just saying, side chains make these assumptions on the consensus mechanism, but a plasma chain doesn't. And it's like, why are we making these assumptions? Well, we're trying to solve certain problems. We're trying to solve the problem of we need a strict ordering on data on these side block chains and we need data availability. And so are we going to assume that the consensus mechanism is gonna give these things? Are we going to not assume it and try to have a fallback and have sort of this assumption that Ethereum is gonna be live? It's all these different things and if we kind of formally define what these different things are, we start to reveal what we're trying to actually solve. And it means that you reveal these knobs, right? That you could turn and solve the fundamental problems in very different ways. And I think it'll allow us to create novel constructions because we can just say, oh, we were doing this because we were trying to solve this specific problem. What if we solve that problem in a totally new way? I think this is really important and I know a lot of people are interested in doing this work and so I'm hoping that we start to see a formal definition of plasma pop up soon enough. So this is my, I copied this off of Vlad's triangle thing. So this is like where we were out here before.  So this is, I'm trying to finish here because I only have a minute left. Generalized plasma is kind of the holy grail and where a lot of people are focusing their time right now. So this is the big one and I'm gonna make a statement here. I hope this gets accepted but I'm now calling plasma apps Plaps which if you look in Urban Dictionary, it does say Plasma app, it doesn't say Plasma app, don't look it up but it's hard, right? Like so we've written stuff about why it's hard. There's, you know, I'm starting to think that there are actually things that are just straight up impossible on a plasma chain and I think, you know, other layer, two people will kind of understand why this is but the formalization will help us understand exactly why it is that some of these things are impossible but this is kind of the idea. We want these smart contracts so we can somehow recover back to Ethereum if something bad happens and we want people to do amazing things like runs, you know, whatever, crypto kiddies in a plasma chain and the best thing we can do right now is payments and exchange and payments and exchange is absolutely great but it's not generalized stuff and so a lot of people are focusing on this. People have been coming up with different constructions, there's like Plasma Leap. Some other people are publishing stuff. We're gonna have a debate later about whether it's good to actually name these things like this. I think I have no as the answer. But I would say Plasma VM, it's MVP backwards. I think it's a good, you know, Alpha and Omega. Somebody should take that name. So yeah, we're really not close to generalized Plasma and I think a ton of money and time is gonna be spent looking at this in the next few months or even years. And yeah, so this is the Holy Grail. If you are interested in this, you can talk to me later and I can explain to you all about why it's hard and what the work that has been done so far on this is. Yeah, so in conclusion, I'm out of time here but basically Snarks are getting useful. New Plasma Cash is Plasma Cash and well, yeah, whatever. Plasma Prime is whatever and the Plaps are coming. So I do hope that if there's one thing you take away from this talk, it's that Plaps is a new term. I credit Ben Jones as well for that term and please use it liberally. Thank you. Come talk to me after, if you're interested.


We are live hey what's up everybody this is Clayton Thomas Mueller stop it at the source campaigner with 350.org I'm so happy to be here with you all tonight co-moderating this webinar on how to stop Kinder Morgan pipeline we've got some spectacular speakers that are joining us this evening including our own founder of 350 Bill McKibbin it's going to be speaking to us shortly we've got representative member of the Tislewa tooth nation indigenous rights leader across the mother earth Ruben George is also going to be joining us and we've got two dynamic youth leaders that are right now in Mirakesh, Morocco attending the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change COP 22 as part of the Canadian Youth Climate Change Coalition CYCC delegation that's Sadie Phoenix Lavoy and of course Brendan sorry Brendan Campbell forgive me Sadie's a member of Sagine First Nation here in Treaty 1 from the city of Winnipeg and Brendan Campbell is a member of a New Njigawang community member but we'll get back to that anyway he'll be introduced by my co-moderator Atia so you know why are we here today well you know we wanted to share some information there's just been such incredible momentum around resisting the fossil fuel regime across Turtle Island and across Mother Earth you know we've all seen the you know incredible battle that's taking place in North Dakota in Standing Rock and all of our hearts and prayers you know have been uplifted by the tens of thousands hundreds of thousands of people that took action yesterday in solidarity with Standing Rock here in Canada the fight has not stopped you know we have half a dozen pipelines that are proposed connected to the infamous tar sands in northern Alberta and tonight you know we're going to be talking about one of those projects the Kinder Morgan Trans Mountain Pipeline and and you know that's what our speakers have come to talk about how we're escalating to put pressure on the Trudeau government to reject this pipeline you know this webinar is meant to add to the momentum that is building towards November 21st we're across Canada and Quebec vigils will be taking place to stop the Kinder Morgan pipeline you know so far up to date you know we've seen we've seen just an incredible amount of action ramped up on the Kinder Morgan campaign you know where in Ottawa recently nearly a hundred students were arrested you know protesting the Kinder Morgan pipeline right there at the House of Canada at Parliament we've seen you know high profile sit-ins at four key cabinet ministers offices Minister McKenna the Transport Minister as well as the Minister of Indigenous and Northern Affairs and of course Minister of Natural Resources Jim Carr here in my own hometown of Winnipeg and Treaty 1 territory and of course you know we've heard the voices of First Nations involved in the Treaty Alliance against the Tarsans and you know many other First Nations in British Columbia in the right in the proposed right-of-way of the Kinder Morgan Trans Mountain Pipeline you know continue to reaffirm their steadfast opposition just today internationally we've seen the Canadian Youth Climate Change Coalition just this evening interrupt a Canadian government reception where they dropped a banner that said reject Kinder Morgan while they delivered 210 water droplets that they had designed each water droplet representing over the 210,000 signatures that have been amassed thus far of Canadians and First Nations and Quebec law that are opposed to the Kinder Mountain or the Kinder Morgan Pipeline and yesterday at Canada House in the in the iconic Trafalgar Square in London England we've seen our allies allied campaigners take action targeting that Canadian Embassy again with the same message that Kinder Morgan Trans Mountain Pipeline is not in the national interest and that Prime Minister Trudeau needs to reject this so a bit of context you know you and me and all of our friends all of our family people power in general can and will stop this pipeline either by forcing Prime Minister Trudeau to reject it or by building the community that can stop it even if even if he approves it Kinder Morgan is bigger than the Keystone Pipeline many of you remember that fight and it looks like it might be coming around again with President-elect Trump it has the same climate impact as adding 34 million cars to Canada's roads you know and if Prime Minister Trudeau and his cabinet approve this pipeline or any of the Tarsans pipelines that they're considering or Tarsans expansion projects within Alberta that they're considering there is absolutely no way that Canada can meet the Paris commitments that they made at last year's COP and you know building it will put us on track to burn up nearly a quarter of the world's carbon budget under a 1.5 degree scenario there's a recent report that I wanted to highlight for all of you watching from Oil Change International really amazing crew out of DC this report you know dies deep into this this carbon budget stuff and you know definitely demonstrates the math behind the fact that we can't build Kinder Morgan Trans Mountain or any other new fossil fuel infrastructure if we're actually going to be able to you know dramatically reduce the impacts of climate change that were already locked into Trump selection you know I know this has been weighing on the minds of everybody certainly you know it's been heavy on my heart you know that hurt those been healed a little bit by the people power that I seen you know people hitting the streets and being out on the land taking action and you know Trump's election means that Trudeau needs to step up and lead on the global stage especially on climate if Trudeau builds pipelines to the United States at this point he could well be complicit in Trump's climate denial this is an all-hands-on-deck kind of moment and a Kinder Morgan approval makes building other pipelines like the Keystone the zombie pipeline that Trump's promising to bring back onto the table and of course you know the pipeline that those of us here in Manitoba where I live in across Canada all the way to the Atlantic province is the territory of McMackey the energy East pipeline more likely to be built it will set the trend and if Trudeau approves this pipeline he'll certainly be looking towards facing similar circumstances as what has been happening in Standing Rock in terms of the scale of opposition not just in British Columbia but across Canada and you know that's what November 21st is all about the the KM vigils you know these vigils are going to be designed to show just how widespread the opposition is to the expansion of the Alberta tar sands and its associated fossil fuel infrastructure and so you know I want to transition you know from from that context you know and and introduce our first speaker you know he's a really dear friend somebody that I look up to you know in the good work that he does his name is Ruben George and he is a manager of the Tisley with tooth nation's sacred trust initiative the Tisley with tooth nation are the people of the inlet there in the lower mainland in the city of Vancouver where Vancouver now sits and his mandate is to protect the water from threats such as the proposed Kinder Morgan pipeline and of course the associated oil tanker traffic that the project promises to bring if it's built Ruben spent many years as the director of community development for his nation before taking on this critical work he is guided by the traditional Coast Salish teachings and his spirituality as a Sundance chief he is the grandson of chief Dan George he is a father he has two children he drives a pickup truck and he loves sushi so I want you to join me in welcoming my my dear brother Ruben George he'll be our first speaker hey guys check out my halo somebody text me said looks like you got a halo it's good to see you guys hey Bill haven't seen you for a long time brother good to see you all you know thank you for your kind words and the update you know I went across Canada and the United States with a total poll and and you guys hosted us in Winnipeg and it was beautiful like like you said that there's first nations and non first nations all across North America that are coming together and and some some people we saw with next to nothing in resources and let alone to live money money to survive and but they're they're putting their heart and soul into into stopping this this destruction you know I was instructed by my lawyer not not not to say certain things so I won't say that the owners of these industries are murderers they're killing people I won't say that and I won't say that the government of Canada are our accomplices you know I won't say that too but the facts are there I encourage people to lick those up themselves there's a lot of destruction that's happening and like you said half the world's animals have died since 1970 and and we're going on a crash course you know I travel all around the world like a lot of you do on the panel and when in the back countries of you know you would think progressive countries and in the back roads in the little towns half the groceries are on the shelves I was on in Panama and they shut down the city at 2 o'clock 2 o'clock no no sort of 8 o'clock in the in the evening to discourage people from using water and that connects the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean you know be there shutting it down to because the water shortages you know I drove from Arizona to to LA and I drove through like two hours of smog real thick smog my uncle he's with me and he goes is that fog and I said no I think it's smog and sure enough we drove into it and it's horrible and then driving up from California to Vancouver saw these huge huge creators that had lakes and I still had boats in it and these empty lakes and that's the same as when you fly over it's it's just a matter of time and you know I get really sad and all the ugly facts that we know and and and the people that are suffering the people that will suffer and what this is about is is that 1% you know no bones about it you know the Canada and US they make decisions to help them to support them and to and to and to continue this destruction too so they can make more money you know we all already know it doesn't create jobs you know as happy to read that Tesla's company made more money in the first quarter than the fossil fuel industry in the whole year it's there that we have alternatives and they're stopping it they're blocking it and they're doing that they have to do to continue this destruction and you know we won't stand for it here in Tesla with you you know we said in the very from the very beginning we'll do what it takes to stop them we created a 1200 page document based on our cultural and our spiritual laws when I was director of community development and helping our people heal you know we came from that those spiritual principles and whether we're in business that's the same spiritual principles and whether it's fighting kinder Margans the same spiritual principles those are our laws and we created a 1200 page document based on our laws to slew it to means people of the water around Vancouver and and that's our first mother if you if you take the lessons and teachings of water and say she fed us she took care of us and that's true scientific fact 80% of to slew it to his diet came out of the water right there so we had our legends in our stories and we backed it by science all the way through from the beginning of time of our first story of the first to slew it to human being which was our our mother who came from the to slew it to water so the water around Vancouver take those lessons in those stories that come out of it and it created our document and the thing with that you know that's how we're winning in court that's what we go to court and 90% of First Nations here in British Columbia are winning against resource extraction 170 legal victories in the last little while you know I'm confident that the Canadian Constitution will protect our indigenous rights and what blows my mind away about that and and and traveling across our country you know and you see this to brother that you know a lot of our people are suffering just poor you're only 3% of Canada's population but we're 40% of the jail population I worked in the jail system for 10 years down Tony side I worked down there with with with our homeless relatives and we're 40% the homeless 40% of school grow ugly statistics meant Oliver wanting to minister environment he said why don't the First Nations take the money they need it maybe we do maybe we do that money that was offered to one nation 1.6 billion dollars that would help all my people in that area out of poverty big time wouldn't it put food on the table and clothes on her back and roofs over their houses but you know what they did they voted a hundred percent consensus no because they work by the same spiritual laws and the same spiritual principles as to slay what a nation does and and and you can't put a price on something that you're part of that is your mother they're there their stories of creation are the same as ours similar you know where they come from some earth we all come from earth it's our first mother and you can't put a price on that and it blows me away that you know that 1.6 billion dollars to help all those people out of poverty but they're still saying no and that's that spirit that I see across North America that's gonna bring us to victory that's gonna bring us to victory if they don't if they don't say so no do all that money in there they're they're saying they're saying yes to to a healthy mother yes to the salmon and yes for the Canadian people Canada don't have the balls to sorry just to stand up and do what's right and make decisions for their own future generations either as kindergarten I go praying as well as my mom and she goes I pray for that guy I want at one point in his life he's a human being in any and he was like any other baby with life in its eyes you know you look in his eyes nothing there and that great spirit just totally took him over any and he bought the media and he bought the government creates policy breaks policies accountable to nobody big messes that that are left there for Exxonville these 25 years later it's still big mess and that's what we're dealing with and those are breaking our laws everything that we get out of the water the what we see in our environmental assessment is good it's all good everything food sustenance everything transportation those the waterways of the around Vancouver were our highways that's what we visited one another everything we get all the waters good so only thing going back in there and you and you've been with us and simple you know we did a prayer I would say kinder Morgan terminal and we prayed we said only thing going into the water is going to be good you know and you know I like what happened in stunning rock I like it I think people have the freedom to express how they feel you know we're gonna I what I see you know thank Canadian government always had the intentions to prove this might try to sit down and do what they feel is consultation of 40-minute presentation to the National Energy Board which is BS because you can't talk about a four 1200 page document in 40 minutes that's crazy but anyway they're they're approaching this with idea of already saying yes look at like it like it occurs comments that he made on the news what do you think about Keystone now that we looks like Trump will prove Keystone what do you think about kinder Morgan oh we don't care about that it's what he said today and you know so it's it's it's it's it's crazy that this is going the way it is and how much destruction and how obvious it is and these people still are trying to push these decisions but I feel the country's waking up and our people are waking up and our allies are waking up and you know we we see the reaction to Trump and him getting elected the protesters still going on today and and the people are really waking up I 75% of Iowa residents don't don't want the the code access pipeline 71% of Bernie B residents don't want kinder Morgan knew they support the slew of the nation and soon them so when people find out the true facts of the destruction of this causes they don't want to make the better choices for their future generations because it's it's obvious and apparently as greedy people don't you don't care they care about their money they're crazy they're crazy to me they're crazy people that and and those are them I can't see murders but they aren't true oh I can't say that sorry but um I retract that my lawyer said but um you know I'm I'm proud to know everybody on there I watched the work that you're doing I see 350 what you guys are doing I see all of you and I'm really proud of the work you're doing in the people that you're touching and the masses that you're waking up in and that spirit of what I said of the people and the connection to the earth is too strong and and the people are searching for more you know and my son bless the soul you Montana so to quote a north to quote a Nebraska went to you in Ottawa he's in Winnipeg he's in Washington DC Australia New Zealand Panama Peru all since July and his only a teenager still in his just traveling and he loves it and he goes dad I'll die for the sign I see my relations down in Panama dying I'll do the same thing and I was like you know what son I want grandkids you know I love that you're a warrior and do that and my mom my mom's like you know let's just go shut it down I'll go chain myself to the fence again and so you know it's a family effort my daughter too as well when a DC New York and all the trips that she's doing and proud of them and and it's it's it's alive and awake and I know it is with each and every one of your family too and we're winning we're gonna win that's what I said to Richard Kindre when I talked to him at his AGM spoke to the shareholders I said I was here a year before and I told you guys that it's not a good investment and now look what happened three months after I presented here last year your stock fell by 60% your dividends were cut by 75% it's a house of cards ready to fall so you guys are investors put in green energy look at that look at that taken off so we said that Richard kindre goes I I try to talk to you and to stay with you nation that's not our duty and responsibility talk to you you're only a company I'm just gonna shut you down Canadian Constitution protects our indigenous rights we can sue you shut you all down and he threw his hands in the air and he goes go talk to Canada go talk to you need to I smiled and said we got you and you know it it's a good moment check his hand of course nothing there he's just believe in his money but I'm unthinkful that's my rant it's my rant the halo didn't do many justice here in England Indian why well I appreciate those powerful words Ruben you know and it is an honor you know not just for myself as an individual but for our organization 350 to be supporting to slay with tooth and to be supporting your your even your own family on the ground you know in every community that I work in you know from the tar sands to the Gulf of Mexico what I've learned is it just takes one family you know that's how the tar sands campaign started it was one one family and for chip one that decided to do something and everything grew out of that one family deciding to do something and I I want to give a big shout out to Ruben you know his beautiful words about his son Cedar who was one of the youth leaders that came to to the action in Ottawa a couple weeks ago where 99 Canadian youth got arrested protesting Kinder Morgan at Parliament in a peaceful act of civil disobedience his son spoke just as powerful as his dad and this and I want to shout out his his son's mother who's Deborah Parker who's another dear friend of 350 who spoke at the big Standing Rock action yesterday in Washington DC so you know with a mum like that and a dad like you Ruben wow you know so that's a good segue Ruben if you don't mind staying on just a bit longer we're gonna have some questions at the end if we have time I'm gonna switch us over if you can hit mute on your microphone Ruben I'm gonna switch over and introduce our next presenter I have his bio here I'm gonna read a little bit from it but then I want to say a couple words about Bill too from my own my own perspective Bill McKibbin is an author and environmentalist who in 2014 was awarded the right livelihood prize sometimes called the alternative Nobel his 1989 book the end of nature is regarded as the first book for a general audience about climate change and has appeared in 24 languages he's gone on to write a dozen more books he's the founder of 350.org the first planet-wide grassroots climate change movement which has organized 20,000 rallies around the world in every country saved North Korea spearheaded the resistance to the Keystone pipeline campaign in collaboration with indigenous peoples on the front line with ranchers on the front line and launched the fastest growing fossil fuel divestment movement all across Mother Earth. Bill's got just so many accolades that I don't want to get into while I introduce him what I really want to say though is that Bill is a dear friend a dear mentor someone that I look up to that I have tremendous amount of respect for and it's a true honor to serve on the team that he's been able to pull together a team of just truly inspirational organizers and campaigners and you know I really appreciate Bill he's a humble man and but he's a scrapper you know he's definitely a fighter and he takes risks and so please join me in welcoming Bill to the stop KM webinar this evening. Well it's really good to be with everybody and to see so many old friends Ruben Hall you were talking I went and got the drum you gave me years ago which is one of my favorite possessions and it's nearby at all times and brings back many good memories and in fact Debra and I were sitting next to each other on the cement outside the Army Corps of Engineers headquarter in DC yesterday blocking the doors for a couple of hours and I was just sitting there you know locking the doors but she of course was you know texting and causing all kinds of trouble with all kinds of good people all over the place. Clay what a pleasure to get to join you as always there's no one that it's much more fun to work with and no one who's done close to as much work as on so many continents and so many days and so many places everybody else what fun especially to get to see the very weary looking people from Marrakesh I've been to too many of those cops and I I know how it feels by about the middle of week two when you think that the entire world is just you know a sort of indoors place with people pushing more paper at all times in your direction so thank you for being there and letting some of us stay home this time. Look there's no point sugarcoating things this is a rough few weeks for the world the election of Donald Trump is one of those historic moments in the world in the worst possible way and it's going to cause trouble in the United States but it's going to cause trouble everywhere else that there possibly is and so more than ever we need to be sticking together and doing work where we can do it and well Canada was suffering through Stephen Harper we did our best down here to push our our man Mr. Obama to do the right thing on stuff like Keystone so we're very glad that the Canadians are pushing hard as hell and Mr. Trudeau now we seem to go a little bit up and a little bit down on either side of the border here in terms of our leaders and we'll do everything we can think of to help everybody up there because you guys are going to be doing super important work over the next while because somebody has to hold the world together and this kinder Morgan thing is just the place to start I remember being out at one of the early public meetings probably six or seven years ago in Burnaby with Mod Barlow when people were beginning to voice their opposition and just to watch it grow and grow and grow you know the whole world saw those amazing pictures of the sit-ins day after day after day in the public park there in Burnaby and they really made an impression on Canada but on the whole world this is the hottest year that we've ever had on the planet it smashed the record we set in 2015 which smashed the record we set in 2014 today up above 80 degrees north up with towards the North Pole it's 17 degrees Celsius above normal temperature there's never been as little ice at this date as there is up there now same thing is going on in the Antarctic where ice is melting very very quickly we're taking together we're at the lowest global sea ice we've ever seen for this date the world's starting to come apart and starting to come apart in the most dire and sad and difficult ways that's one of the reasons the election of Trump is so traumatic because it couldn't come at a at a worse time you know this is the moment when we need solidarity in every way and not division which is what he stands for it's also a shame in its timing because the world was beginning to get some momentum towards renewable energy towards solar and wind and the other forms of clean energy that give us a pathway out a way to avoid fossil fuel you know when the fight against Kinder Morgan or Keystone or any of these other pipelines started eight ten years ago a solar panel cost many times four or five times what it costs today that economics is shifted so dramatically that there's no excuse for building these things but they just have the momentum of this industry behind them this is these guys last gas and they're willing to take it even if it means breaking the planet along the way we know this from you know reading the stuff we've learned from companies like Exxon over the last year the great investigative reporting that shows they knew everything there was to know about this climate change stuff 30 35 years ago and they've kept on anyway doing what they do that's hard to understand that there are hard for me to understand that there are people in institutions like that in the world but it's easy to understand what we have to do which is stand up to them and that standing up sometimes seems very hard because they come with so much money but money while useful doesn't buy you everything it normally wins but only when we don't stand up to it when we do we have a real chance and that chance is greatly accelerated greatly improved the odds are greatly improved by the remarkable involvement leadership of indigenous communities now around the world I think that there's one thing over the last 10 years that maybe two things that have changed the debate around the environment is one is the work the engineers have done to drive down the cost of renewable energy and the other is the emergence of indigenous people on every continent in the forefront of this fight for a couple of reasons one of them of course is the kind of just spiritual prophetic power that comes from long residents in place the credibility and ability to speak for places and to do it with real power the other is simply the fact that across the world so many of the places where native people got pushed to or drawn into small reserves and everything else turn out to be critical nodes for the fossil fuel industry going forward and there's a great irony there and some karma that's coming back to fight these guys and that's very good to see I mean Ruben's land mass there isn't very big in the scale of things it just happens to be in precisely the wrong place if you're a oil company that wants to do what it wants to do and and so you know one can definitely and should look at it as you know their obligation to protect the the the waters of the rod inlet there and that whole part of the world and one can also look at it as their perfectly positioned to help protect the atmosphere of the entire planet the climate of the earth that's that's pretty dramatic high stakes I was thinking that so much when I was out at Standing Rock 10 days ago or so I mean right now no question Standing Rock sort of the moral center of the universe it's an amazing scene for people who haven't seen it you know if you if you sort of look to one side so you don't see all the cars that are parked in the parking lot that you could be looking back a hundred hundred and fifty three hundred five hundred years I mean the scene is remarkable the TPs and the campfires there along the confluence of the Missouri and the cannonball the young boys racing horses much too quickly hither and yon you know it's a it's a tremendous scene and a place of great prayer great spiritual power and great power power the ability to get in the way of the smooth operation of the destruction of the planet is well that's a privilege for all of us that's our job all of us to get in the way of the smooth operation of the destruction of the earth and and so now you guys get you know a real chance to finish the off this kinder Morgan pipeline just in the way that people managed to do in the northern gateway pipeline and are going to do in the energy east pipeline when the time comes and so on and so forth but this kinder Morgan one is it just couldn't be more obvious you can't the scientists have made it utterly clear that we can't build more fossil fuel infrastructure that the oil fields gas fields and coal mines that we now have in production in production not the reserves not what we're going to do someday the stuff we're already drilling mining that's enough carbon in there to take us way past the two degree target that every country on earth including Canada solemnly signed up for help Canada pushed us to go to 1.5 degrees and thank them for doing it at Paris but it doesn't mean anything if you keep building pipelines you know it's it's as two-faced as it's possible to be what Canada is doing at the moment if it goes ahead and improves these pipelines so this kinder Morgan fight is one of the most important things going on in the planet and it's a winnable battle with people power if people turn out if they turn out for these vigils on the 21st if they turn out to continue to make it clear to Trudeau that his legacy and his whole term in office will be shadowed by what they're seem to be nerving themselves up to do and approve this pipeline and he needs to know that he's going to face I'm pretty sure I mean you guys will know better than me clay and Ruben and others and I don't mean to speak for you but my guess is that we're looking at Standing Rock North if he goes through with the plans for doing this that there's going to be the same kind of people rallying in the same kind of numbers with the same kind of spirit and that spirit is extraordinarily dangerous thing for a politician to conjure up and decide that they want to mess with because it's so powerful so historically resonant and the fact that that that oldest wisdom on our continent that Ruben was talking about now meshes perfectly with the newest scientific wisdom that's coming out of our university research centers and labs and things that makes this an extraordinarily potent moment that's a difficult force to fight against I'm so grateful to all for marshaling that force and we will do everything we can to help make sure that everybody the world around knows the name of this pipeline and knows exactly how important it is to shut it down so thank you guys enormously for the work that you're doing and and as everybody in Canada should know it's you know the same kind of work that's going on all over the world but everybody has their eyes on you guys up north they know that this is a big important fight and they know that you guys are the guys to be fighting it and and it's so much fun to just get to be in support of you all going on thank you so much bill for that incredibly powerful call to action and you're right our greatest power does come from the ability to get in the way and that's hopefully what we will continue to do and thanks again Ruben for joining us it's such an honor to hear from you as always it is now my pleasure to introduce our two next panelists who are joining us from Morocco right now it is really really late in Morocco right now but they are here nonetheless to youth delegates from the Canadian youth delegation to COP 22 we have with us Brendan Campbell who is a student a member of the Nogadjuang nation and a treaty 6 Cree we also have with us Sadie Phoenix Levois who is also a student a member of the Sikkim first nation and Sadie was one of the 99 young people who were arrested in Ottawa on October 24th calling for a rejection of the Kinder Morgan pipeline these are two incredibly inspiring folks I have spent most of my evenings over the last week and a half just on social media media following the work of the Canadian youth delegation because they are holding the Canadian government accountable to their words on climate leadership and the promises that the Canadian government has made on Indigenous rights they have been non-stop since they landed in Morocco and just now they earlier this evening interrupted a Canadian government reception to drop a banner and deliver 210,000 signatures opposing the Kinder Morgan pipeline it is such an honor to hear from these young people thank you to both of you for the amazing work that you are doing and for joining us tonight so going to pass it off to Sadie and Brendan. Okay, hello, yeah I'll just introduce myself. I am a student of the Nogadjuang Nogadjuang. I am a student of the Nogadjuang Nogadjuang Nogadjuang Nogadjuang so entering Campbell I am a person from Montreal, the Korean nation, but I live currently in Nogadjuang Nogadjuang which is the Nogadjuang Nogadjuang Nogadjuang territory. So yeah, we're the two Indigenous youths at the Canadian youth delegation. Brendan and I actually know each other through the National Apropos because we're also Indigenous student leaders at the student movement. Not even that, we just kind of came naturally around kind of justice so I guess I'll just kind of talk a little bit about the protest that happens on Parliament Hill around when we're getting arrested and here organized around getting a lot of students and young people all across Canada to kind of send a message that young people care about their future and they don't want the government to help them pass or approve the Inamorgan pipeline so we always seem to be like they're like telling me all and so I got to a point where we have to send a stronger message and actually we have to produce civil decision across and to get that attention. So the way I saw it was that when you're getting arrested was like a small sacrifice in comparison to what was going on in Standing Rock. I mean I went down to Standing Rock and I met people and made relationships with them and the abuses that they were facing I was like why would I ever be scared of getting arrested in Canada? That's the treatment they're facing in Standing Rock. I literally had like fierceness was just like no I'm going across this this stupid fence that was on unceded outcome territory at a democratic building that was so ironic and this didn't make any sense to me but they arrested me anyways alongside a lot of amazing young people and actually two other CYB members were also there. Gabriel and Tina they were also there that got arrested. Yeah so that really amped us up for preparing for these talks that we'll be having here at America.  And it was so frustrating that we have to like do these direct actions in order to seriously that your serious that we care about your future and again the cops started before the election and you see those like around like okay how good and whether I was able to stop. What does that mean for the interests of corporate businesses and the fossil fuel industry and what is their role within mitigating and out of feeding for them. But then as soon as the Trump election happened like everything shift the global self countries were freaking out like okay now we have to shift discussion our discussion because they're already accepting the fact that we're not going to need a 1.5 carbon budget it's going to go up above and beyond that if not even two point degrees cap. So they're trying to prepare like okay now we're gonna have to like move like millions of people from from these countries into safety and there's going to be environmental refugees you know totally shifting the discussions around and everyone kept talking about America, America, Trump, Trump, Trump and it was it took us at a huge shock because I think a lot of people underestimated you know the potential can be elected and so that reverberation to the negotiations that were happening here and Canada and you know we weren't closing questions to the negotiators like how is this going to have an impact with your, with you making a commitment or meeting your commitments when they want to have this pan American agreement with the United States and Mexico.  Now you have a even larger global responsibility with the U.S. not taking the first stands on climate change so that they've been completely untransparent with these briefings so it's really frustrating for us and especially when when we know we know the facts and we know the science and it seems like they're not listening to it because there's there's something going on in the back now and and really we're just doing all our all we can with these actions to highlight a lot of their contradictions to what they say to what their actual interests are and how they subtly bring up about like oh we're so excited about business we're so excited that these these investors are here we want businesses to like the way that they say it subtly terms is like oh we're excited about business going green as in like like they're allowing oil companies to invest somewhat into green technology to save their own company to greenwash them into that is still okay for them to continue their involvement within the fossil fuel industry you know Canada still heavily subsidizing the oil industry by billions of dollars and then carbon pricing them it just makes no sense and so ultimately Canada needs to guide us and it needs to have a just transition by respecting indigenous peoples rights and in article 26 of UNDREFT says that you know indigenous people should have the right to control land resources that were traditionally occupied which would mean that indigenous peoples have the right and say for any of these development projects anywhere in Canada regardless of their risk like where the reservations are where the territories are so it's really highlighting the fact that the tree lines again the tar sands expansion highlighting the petition around the Kenan Morgan pipeline you know indigenous people's resistance against all pipelines keeping the ground always like grass replacements and mobilizations around anything falsely related and yet they're saying oh we're listening to indigenous people listening to you but yeah like saying to us because we've said no multiple times but they think that if they talk to us or consult us that's as much as they need to do they don't need to act upon what he said what is being demanded of them being told so we're really keeping on them that you know you don't get to just check off the consultation box and it comes to you don't need to check off the box and it comes to consult with indigenous people you actually need consent and you're showcasing that your actions here that no they don't have consent they do not have any friend from home calling so yeah basically we're we're we're telling them that we are watching them that we are holding them to account and that we're not satisfied with anything that they're doing it's completely inadequate they're making these targets but without a plan of actually meeting them I think it's really emphasized by meeting Kenan and I've never been required to come to talk is that like and I was thinking of writing an open letter and thinking brings this idea but like I am so disappointed maybe I shouldn't have said a bar around me said a really low bar because it's the Canadian government but um she's she's like she's not really that accountable she talks about the importance of indigenous people and they always quote Justin Trudeau's you know quote from last year that no one here more important to his government in Canada than that with indigenous peoples but like she spends more time talking than actually listening when we come to the stakeholder meetings which are half an hour long she spends like 10 to 15 minutes talking about how much she listens and how much good stuff has happened I mean we were all part of these meetings in some way or form we know that you can just send us up like your your report prior to the meeting and then ask questions about you know she just takes up so much space and talks so much and she's not she's not accountable she's not she's not approachable there's a there was a event earlier today on like the contribution of indigenous peoples in Canada to addressing our change and there is another camera is lasting this first miss Francois and he's Denny and he's talking about I recorded the video and I'll send it later but he's from the AFN he's an elder from the AFN he's an elder from Denny and he was talking about sin and it was like the same was like the when you start to like like when your relationship with the guy we know as your mother isn't a good legion you start to be like you know whatever not not well and like because we're doing a lot of pressuring for inner morning sorry yeah Francois Paulette I guess thank you Clayton because like he's making the statement and like it was a really point statement and and Kevin Hart was a bit more pointed when it came to like no pipelines but like what soon is like like just turned and stared right at her like as I was trying to like see if I can like like I mean that's just a really like in a direct way of direct action but like I would just I don't know all I can say from my experience with her is that like I'm just so disappointed in her look I she talks about her emailing and it's just it's gross it's gross it's disgusting and I wasn't able to participate in the direct action today because I had my drum and I was gonna play a part but I was a chaotic but like when I was just seeing her in that space like she can't smiley-nail was he like it was it's disgusting it's disgusting so to communicate to anybody who's been watching I just want to impress on you how terrible of a listener McKenna is as much as you she said that she like is a good listener it's just it's so fake it's so empty yeah you circle she like so she sent in her own youth delegates and didn't even tell the CYD the Canadian youth delegation about it we found out so we all wearing our pipeline politics t-shirts and she gets up there and it's like talking non-stop for like 10 15 minutes about how she wants to listen to you she met with indigenous leaders how she's so proud of the Piamble the Paris agreement yet it's not even sufficient within the body of sex and like it's going on going on she's like yeah so I'm so excited to listen to the youth how many Canadians are here and like we all like we're like yeah us and so she stopped talking and then two seconds later she like runs out of the door like runs out of the room like with oh she's busy and then when we addressed her about it at the stakeholder meeting again she was just like oh I leave all my meetings early and it was just like but that totally contrasts you're saying did not listen to us and like we were pushing for a meeting with her you're pushing anything for some type of acknowledgement that youth are here and they are being with how you're handling the situation and to how you're tokenizing us saying that you're meeting with us just really frustrating so anyways the petition was bang on we had word that the trans-Canada and Bridge were there in disguises NGOs and we just took up space and we just like was like hey McKenna we're here to deliver a petition and yeah it was it was truly awesome and tomorrow was a meeting with her at 8 a.m. 8 a.m. tomorrow so 15 minutes meeting 15 minutes a meeting so it's just probably gonna talk for 10 yeah but yeah well I want to thank you so much for just your incredible leadership Brendan and Sadie and really the whole CYCC delegation the work you're doing there putting that pressure on Minister McKenna you know not letting the Canadian government continue to greenwash what but it's doing back home you know the Trudeau government is definitely got some pretty talented PR PR people and you know having sharp leaders like you there to crack a whip on them and put them in line is something that is just so very inspiring and the images that have been coming out of Marrakesh are awesome you know I've been seeing so much traffic on social media and people that are moved by what's happening there at the COP 22 I want to shift now just you know we're getting close to the end of our hour here together to all the viewers but I did want to at least have one or two questions there's the text box right below for those of you that are logged in at kmvigils.ca if you have a couple of questions you know for our young leaders from from Marrakesh Brendan Sadie or for Ruben George of the Tislewa Tooth or Bill McKibben now would be the time to send a couple of those out and while we're waiting for those questions to pop up I just want to continue to say you know how important it is that that that you know native or not native one of the biggest asks that have come from our relatives in Tislewa Tooth from up in the Tarsans from you know those in the Arctic region fighting offshore drilling and certainly those down in the Gulf states you know that are fighting oil development in the Gulf right to Standing Rock those fighting gas development in McMackie in the East you know one of the things that they've always you know that has been kind of shared between what they've been asking for in terms of support has been for you to put your own intentions up into the world you know pray in your own way and if you're not a prayerful type of person then you know however you connect to the great mystery whether it's just by taking a walk in a favorite place in nature do that but think about you know Tislewa Tooth think about that water think about the atmosphere that we're trying to protect from the expansion of big oil into these sacred places and you know put those prayers up in a good way or at least that intention up in a good way and you know I'm gonna go ahead and go and check out any of the questions we have oh first question for Ruben is how can we directly support Tislewa Tooth nation there's some things coming up like on Saturday there's there's a there's a big rally that's come can you hear me yep there's there's a big rally coming up there's gonna be multiple events coming up just look at the Tislewa Tooth nation sacred trust website we'll give you constant updates anything that we're putting on we encourage you to come and support and the Tislewa Tooth yeah it needs a lot of support and our court cases those are inevitable you know I think a stand-in-rock north is is inevitable and I think when those things come about come and support as much as you can I just want to add one more comment it's it's not just that we're saying no but we're also helping as much as we can we've been cleaning our inlet for the first time in 30 years we had a clam harvest and it's because we're cleaning our inlet with some partners on our salmon count 10 years ago was was down to 6,000 last year they counted 10 million you know the elk reintroduction put 37 elk in our territory now there's over 300 the elk brought in wolves and grizzly bears and flowers and birds and so you know we're doing you could reverse a lot of this horrible things that are happening and I encourage that too if there's something that we're doing around that look at our website where I was looking for more members more people to help and keep on them keep on them you know and you know we always express that people you know we have to be careful about our court case not to screwed up with with me myself getting in trouble as employee of Tisley with the nation but people have a freedom to express what they feel you know and along the pipeline and we encourage that and they like standing rock is such a great idea one more question Ruben and then I have a question for our young leaders I'll ask them both at the same time from Katie Krila of Ruben when we met with Carolyn minister Bennett here in Toronto last week at the sit-in she defended Kinder Morgan as something First Nations support and yet when we pushed it turned out she had never talked to anyone from Tisley with tooth we got her to promise to talk to Tisley with tooth before the decision on cam is made how can we hold her accountable to that and before you answer Ruben for you a question for you Sadie and Brendan is what will you say or ask McKenna in your meeting tomorrow Ruben you go ahead and then and then Sadie and Brendan well multiple things came out of like you see in the National Energy Board you know no matter what aspect of government or whoever it is whoever might be even if we sit down and talk to them they have their agenda to see yes you know we have our agenda to say no we walk away and say are we gonna sue them yet you know they walk away said are we gonna prove it yet the National Energy Board you know they it's Stephen Kelly put in 20% of Kinder Morgan's application to the National Energy Board on behalf of Kinder Morgan then the National Energy Board hired them then they commuted this this this ministerial committee with former Chief Tawas and Kim Baird who is conflicted of interest also who who is also working with with Kinder Morgan so no matter what they do and how they talk and how they behave they always have the the best interest of the falsified companies in mind to to support them and find a way to see yes I think what we're doing you know like suing them what we're doing with our sit-ins what we're doing with the rallies what we're doing with the protest and educating Canadian people we have to continue on them I believe we have them on the ropes and then we have to continue pushing really hard you know pushing really hard there's already 13 pipelines coming out of Alberta to our sands some of this feels like a smokescreen because we have to stop those ones too you know there's already this it's there's so much destruction like Vancouver we have coal we have uranium we have this this this we're very toxic very dangerous chlorine plant we have these concrete plants it's there's a lot of work for us to do and and we we we have to when once we once we start getting victories and and we're able to stop these fossil fuel companies like if we didn't court what is after that let's start creating and like with this lewitu we created our loss we have our laws we and we have to make them abide by them when we say nation in nation consultation it's not a 40 minute presentation national energy board our our that ministeria can committee trying to unscramble egg then national energy board created you can't do that and if we sit down and talk about our 1200 page document that's going in the right direction but you know what we're not changing is we're saying no and I don't know who they're talking along the pipeline because I talked to people in Washington State Vancouver Island I was just up in Kamloops all along the pipeline and then we got lots and lots of support of First Nations that are saying no and anything that's happening in your area with those First Nations try to look at their website try to help them you and really really proud of our youth so proud of our youth it has to be youth-driven and I'm so proud of them so I think that they're on here so yeah awesome well there's a there I'm just gonna read out we got we got one question for our young leaders from Marrakesh which is what are you gonna say to Catherine McKinnon tomorrow and then I want to end us off with a question for Bill you know one of the one of the questions that we had Bill from Eric from Victoria asked why vigils as a tactic what makes a powerful night visual you know I know I know that that that Bill probably have a good response for that so we'll go to our young people and then to Bill and then we're gonna go back to our 350 Canada digital campaign or ATIA my co-MC is gonna go over some logistics tied to our November 21st KM vigils go ahead Sadie and Brendan what what what are you gonna say to McKinnon tomorrow more people than rather than just corporate and and to what like this year she was listening to and this year she actually going to act upon what's kind of the message that I sent to the group to decide on what to say but specifically they're talking about under a positional substance is easy and sorry Sadie we're getting we're getting a real spotty audio from you you could talk in your mic a little closer sorry our connection with Mirakesh I think is getting a little spotty yeah maybe type with your responses if you can in the sidebar I'll read it out let's transition over to Bill here and and the first of all what fun to hear from everything that's going on in Mirakesh and it sounds like you guys are giving them holy hell so that's good I just as to nighttime and visual I would just say that nighttime is often the right time for this kind of work because there's something you know we live in a world where we spend half the day staring into screens and we're distracted and there's always something going on and then it gets dark and there's some candlelight or a campfire or something like that and we're back where human beings spent much of their lives you know in the dark looking at some light not at the little glowing thing in your palm but at some real light and there is some great centering power there and you know look there's many aspects to all these fights there is legal and political and economic and tactical and so on and so forth but don't underestimate the part of this that comes down to just sheer spirit getting people to the point where they're feeling the courage to do the things that have to be done so we'll be we'll be watching with Envy all the amazing images that I know will be coming back from Canada on the night of the 21st thank you so much Bill and thank you to all of our viewers and all of our panelists today it was such an honor to be on the same webinar as all of you. Bill didn't in fact choose the visual tactic that we're going for so just wanted to also add that we were very much inspired by the visuals against Keystone Excel that took place in 2014 and that was one of the reasons why the Canada team chose vigils as a tactic to stop Kinder Morgan on November 21st. I just wanted to say that I first joined the climate justice movement in on the West Coast by joining the fight against the Kinder Morgan pipeline and back then I did not ever expect that Kinder Morgan would be making national headlines in the way that it is today and that is very much thanks to the work that the folks on this webinar are doing the work that Ruben is doing and Sadie and Brendan and Clay as well as so many people across the country and now with the decision against the decision on Kinder Morgan coming anytime before the end of 2016 we really want to make sure that we are taking this moment to stand up across the country and show the breadth and scale of the movement against Kinder Morgan so that is why we're calling upon all of you and all of your communities across the country to take action on November 21st. This is our moment to send one last message to the Trudeau government before they announce their decision. You can visit camvigils.ca to see if there is a vigil near you. There are over 32 vigils that have already been planned across the country so you can sign up to join one by visiting camvigils.ca and find out where it is in a community near you. You can also sign up to host one if your community is not on our map currently and if you sign up to host one we will get back to you with a toolkit and all the resources that you need in order to plan a vigil. We will also have a call on Friday for new organizers to get them ready and prepped for the day of vigils and I'm really looking forward to standing with all of you across the country on November 21st to send Prime Minister Trudeau a very clear message. Climate leaders don't build pipelines. We need to reject Kinder Morgan. Thank you so much and I'm so honored that over 130 people were able to join us tonight to watch live. So honored that Reuben George, Clayton Thomas-Mueller, Bill McKibbin, Sadie Phoenix-Lewa and Brendon Campbell were on this webinar and really looking forward to continue fighting. Let's stop some pipelines.


In 1986, a magical moment happened for a couple. As they held their son in their hands at the hospital and then the doctors came with the news. The little boy was diagnosed with Down syndrome. A genetic disorder where a person is born with an extra chromosome, Down syndrome causes developmental delays, intellectual disabilities and is an illness that has no cure. This little boy's parents were emotionally disturbed and did not understand how they ended up having a baby with Down syndrome. They embraced it, took the challenge in good faith and then sought quick intervention to meet the peculiar needs of their son named Tim Harris. Tim Harris grew up to be a confident and determined young man despite of his ability as a teenager team dreamed of owning his own restaurant while in high school. Team started working in local restaurants and later on he enrolled at the Eastern Mexico University, acquired certificates in food service, restaurant hosting and office skills. Two years later, in 2010, Tim achieved his dream and opened the first restaurant to be owned by someone with Down syndrome called Tim's Place, the support of his family. Today, Tim is in high demand as a motivational speaker as he uses life stories to raise other people up. What excuse do you have? Why do you want to give up? Probably you have some disability and everyone thinks you are not able but here's the truth. What is inside of you is bigger than whatever physical disability you may have. Tony Robbins said and I quote, The only limit to your impact is your imagination and commitment. Think about that. Your life's impact isn't going to be determined by what you have and what you don't but by your imagination and your commitment. What you see in your mind is far more important than what other people see in you.  You can prove them wrong by achieving what no one in your situation has ever achieved just as Tim Harris did. The most successful Olympian swimmer Michael Phelps once said and I quote, You can't put a limit on anything. The more you dream, the farther you'll get. You have no limit. Your limit is in your mind. Your limit is in your dream. You can expand your life by expanding your dreams. Christopher Reeve said a hero is an ordinary person who finds the strength to persevere. Most people think that it takes extraordinary strength to achieve greatness. No, it doesn't. Instead of extraordinary power, what you need is extraordinary faith in yourself, faith in your ability to achieve your dreams, faith that makes you persevere, faith that makes you try again and again and again after failures. Most of us miss our road when we give up because of what the world thinks about us.  It's not about the qualification that you do not have. It's not about your poor background. It's not about what other people say. It's about what you believe is possible. Stop bullying yourself into thinking that there isn't much you can do with your life. There's a lot you can do and the world is waiting to see the magic of your set skills that can change your life and that of others. Dream big, my friend, and fight for your dream. Did you like this video? Then subscribe to our channel for daily inspiration and share this video with your friends who may like it. Link at your screen now to see other interesting videos we handpicked for you. We love you.


Hello and welcome to this session in which we will discuss the payroll and human resources cycle or HR cycles. This is one of the six cycles that we need to learn about for our CPA exam, which are revenue cycle, expenditure cycle, financing, production, HR and payroll cycle. This is the one that we're going to be focusing on today. The payroll and HR cycle simply put involve the hiring and the payment of employees as well as the termination of employees. We should all be familiar with this cycle because at some point we were hired by a company or at least I hope so. What is unique about this cycle? Well, this cycle deals with mostly transaction based transaction versus account balances from an accounting perspective. What we do is we pay employees on regular basis. So they work for us. We pay and simply put once we pay the cycle ends. So the employee works, we pay them. Now in between, we might have a liability for a short period of time, then we pay them. So there's going to be no account balances. So at the end of the year, you might see some accrued liabilities fine for employees that work for us, but haven't paid. But those amount are insignificant. You might also see some taxes related to payroll, but those amounts are insignificant. What is significant about the payroll cycle is the amount of the transaction. Because some companies pay weekly, some companies pay bi-weekly, some company pay bi-monthly. So there's a lot of transaction and less account balances from a fraud perspective. What data shows is payroll fraud happens in mostly in medium companies, not in small and large. And I'll explain why this is what the data shows. Just an FYI type of thing. In small companies, the owner is in charge. The owner supervises the whole process because the owner's money is on the line, or that's the assumption. In large companies, large companies will have plenty of resources to have what's called separation or segregation of duties, which we'll talk about. So what happened in medium companies? Well, the owner is busy not to be able to supervise everything and they don't have enough resources. And this is where most fraud and payroll occurs, which is adding fictitious ghost employees or overpaying employees, which we'll talk about the risks in the payroll cycle. Also, we'll talk about the risk and what documents are involved. Again, I'm going to show you how the payroll cycle relate to other cycles because in every cycle, that's what we did. The payroll cycle needs to be financed from the financing cycle. So they need money. They need cash from the financing cycle. The payroll cycle feeds into the production cycle. If we are a production company or basically if we are a service company, we need employees to perform the work. So the payroll provide labor. That's what it provides. And obviously provide data to the general ledger and reporting cycle. And all cycles provide data to the general ledger and reporting cycles. So it's very important to look from an accounting perspective at this cycle just to remind ourselves how the payroll cycle and accounting cycle work from an accounting perspective. Before we proceed any further, I have a public announcement about my company, farhatlectures.com. Farhat accounting lectures is a supplemental educational tool that's going to help you with your CPA exam preparation as well as your accounting courses. My CPA material is aligned with your CPA review course such as Becker, Roger, Wiley, Gleam, Miles. My accounting courses are aligned with your accounting courses broken down by chapter and topics. My resources consist of lectures, multiple choice questions, true-false questions as well as exercises. Go ahead, start your free trial today, no obligation, no credit card required. Simply put, the process starts by hiring an employee and ends with paying the employee. Now, also we terminate the employee, but that will be a different step. And in between, we have withholding. Let's look at an example. First, let's assume an employee worked for us and they earned $10,000. That's a step one. So we debit direct labor, $10,000. And let's assume we haven't paid them yet. We are going to accrue this amount. Also, from this amount, we're going to have withholding such as taxes, 401K, health insurance, so on and so forth. Let's assume the withholdings are $3,000 and we're going to pay them $7,000 net. Now, at the same time, so we pay them. Simply, we accrue the pay for now. We're going to pay them shortly and we will have the withholding. At the same time, because this employee earned $10,000, the company will have to accrue some payroll taxes like social security, Medicare. So the company will also have, will have its own taxes for that employee. Simply put, if you work for a company, the company pays social security on your behalf, pays Medicare on your behalf. You pay it and this withholding, but they have to match it. They also pay federal unemployment, state unemployment. So we also have tax expenses that the company incurred on your behalf. And let's assume the amount is 10% $300. So the company will debit payroll tax expense and they will accrue this payroll tax expense. What happened here is now we have direct labor. This is going to call it expense. So we expensed $10,300 and we have liabilities of $10,300. Well, at the end of the period, at the end when we pay the employees, what's going to happen? We're going to pay for everything. So simply put, we're going to debit the liability credit cash. Well, that's gone. This is $7,000 gone. We're going to debit, we're going to send the taxes and the withholding and pay it. That's gone too. Then we're going to pay our accrued payroll for our share of taxes and pay it. Notice what happened. All these balances went down to zero. This is gone. This is gone. This is gone. And this is what I meant. It's a transaction base. Now, again, what happened to the expenses? The expenses at the end of the accounting period, they also, they get closed as well. Okay, but this is foreclosing and everything is paid in. We end up paying $10,000. We just, we end up paying $10,300. And this is basically, from an accounting perspective, what the payroll cycle would look like in a, in a brief. I do have payroll covered and intermediate accounting in depth, but that's not what you need for now. You just need an overall picture. Now, also what we need to know in this cycle, we need to have separate department. Remember, we have to have segregation of duties. We're going to have the HRN personnel is one department payroll is two. And we're going to have the treasurer as three. Now you also have the controller as four. Basically, the controller is going to overlook this whole process. So basically you have four. The assumption is not the assumption in large companies, you would have four different department or four different individuals or four different people should be looking over the payroll cycle at least. And we're going to look at the role of each one of these, each one of these department, the controller again is going to supervise the whole process and review everything. Starting with the HR cycle. The HR cycle is an independent department independent from payroll independent from the treasure. What what's the role of the HR? They recruit people. They hire people. They make sure they do a background check. They train them. They develop skills. They verify wage information. They delete employees once, you know, they are terminated. And if there's any changes in wages and deduction, they perform this process. This is the HR cycle. This is the HR role. What documents are involved here? Well, when you are hired, they'll give you a W for W for basically to tell them how much you want access to be deducted. They're going to have your employment application. When you initially apply, you have to fill out an employment. They're going to do a background checks on you basically a credit, a criminal employment background check. They're going to determine your rate of pay. They're going to authorize your deductions based on your W for they're going to evaluate and eventually you're going to be terminated either voluntarily or involuntarily. And all these documents are part of the HR cycle. Now, what are the risks in an HR cycle is ghost employees simply put someone in HR, add their spouse friend, boyfriend, girlfriend relative to the payroll, which is called ghost employee add them for someone that don't really exist. Or paying employees after termination. You terminate the employee that you keep them on the HR, which is if you keep them on HR. And somehow they stayed in payroll, they will get paid in large companies that this could happen. The control is every time you need a need, you need to add an employee, you need multiple approvals from different departments. For example, the hiring manager, someone in HR and maybe a third party. All three parties, they'll have to review all the paperwork before a person is added. Therefore, not anyone can add an employee. This is some of the controls that we can implement payroll cycle. What documents are involved in the payroll cycle? Well, we have time record payroll basically keeping track of how long you work. When did you start? When did you end up? Now automation is better in this process. And most companies nowadays, for example, if you work at a company, you have your ID. And once you walk in, you will scan your ID. This is time record, assuming you are being paid hourly and many jobs, they get paid hourly. Also, they need to keep track of your job time sheet. That's for internal purposes for job costing purposes. So for indicating which jobs employee work on jobs means let's assume we are a manufacturing company. Well, if we are manufacturing product A and product B, we need to keep track of how much time you spend on product A, how much time you spend on product B. We call product A a job and we call product B a job. So it tells us how long you stay there. Why? Because for costing purposes, we need to know how much it costs us to produce product A versus product B. They also keep track of a record of your cumulative earnings, which is called cumulative earning register. It shows your accumulated gross year to date gross pay, how much you were paid so far, how much deduction we're taking from you and what's the net pay. There is also tax related forms such as your W2, which is at the end of the year you would receive a record of how much you were paid, the deduction and your net pay. This way tells you how you should complete your taxes. W3 is a summary of your W2s. So they add up older W2s and it becomes W3. They send this to the government. They are responsible for filing US Form 941, which is a tax form on a quarterly basis. How much taxes are responsible for? They're responsible for the US Form 1099 for contractors. Those are the forms that are involved. The risk here mainly is paying more hours than actually work. So overpaying employees because there is no risk for underpaying someone because if you underpay someone, if you report it less time, they will complain. They will say something about it. The risk here for the company is you are reporting more hours. The control for this is you don't issue a payment one from the treasurer unless the supervisor reviewed it. There is the supervisor's approval. They say, okay, what if the supervisor is fudging the numbers? And yes, then they are defeating the control. But the control is, well, you submit your paperwork, the supervisors approve it. Now, you could have two approvals. That's even better. But again, that's going to cost time and money. Or you can set budgets. For example, for a particular period, you can only have that many hours. So you cannot approve more than these hours. And you want to make sure the employees are working those hours. Then the third piece of this is the treasurer is the payment of payroll. Because the people that cut the check should be also independent from the hiring, should be independent from timekeeping, from payroll. So therefore, that's the treasurer. The payroll distribution are usually processed separately from other distributions. So they have payroll as a separate distribution. And it's your better even outsourcing the whole payroll process for that matter. And the payment should be made by a check or direct deposit. Most of the time these days, it's direct deposit. And why? Well, checks and direct deposit, there's a record. You can always know exactly who we pay, how much we pay, when did we pay them. And a good control here is to have what's called an impressed payroll account. This is a good way, a good control. And basically, what this impressed payroll account means is every period, we know we are going to have, based on the budget, $35,000 in payroll expense. Let's assume that's the case. We will have a bank account, and for that period, we transfer only $35,000 because we know this is how much we should have. Then what happened? The employee got their paycheck. And obviously, either they get their paycheck or they get direct deposit. If they get their paycheck, they're going to cash it. And if they get direct deposit, the money is transferred. So once everything said and done, this account goes down to zero. Okay? Why? Well, now we know if someone was overpaid, if we overpaid someone, guess what? Someone will not be able to cash their check or someone will not get their direct deposit and someone will complain. When someone complains, we would say, hold on a second, we're supposed to have $35,000 in this impressed payroll account for the month of June. Okay? Why did we issue more than we'll have an investigation? So basically, the impressed payroll account work as a form of control for overpayment. Now, the other alternative is to have your, you know, having the money deducted from your other account where you have, for example, a million dollar and $35,000 was deducted. And for some reason, two people were overpaid and $37,000 was deducted. No one will pay attention because the checks were cleared and no one's going to say, well, I was not able to clear my check. But if you transferred $35,000 for that specific bank account, it's called impressed payroll account. And everybody cleared their account, you would see it's zero and no one's going to complain. So this is basically an overview of the payroll and HR cycle. What should you do now? Go to FARHAT lectures and work MCQs through FALSE. Look at additional resources. That's going to help you understand these cycles. Understanding the cycles is important, whether you are studying for the exam or a CPA candidate. And also this is important for the audit, understanding the audit because you have to audit each cycle separately. Invest in your career. Good luck study hard and stay safe.


Sensory neural hearing loss, SNHL, has been a global health issue for many years, but recent advances in research have led to promising treatments such as hair cell protection and regeneration. Clinical trials have shown that intracoclear and intradempanic applications are safe and effective when used as drug delivery methods. These findings suggest that regenerative medicine may be possible for SNHL in the near future. This article was authored by Mami Matsunaga and Takiyuki Nakagawa.


for your money marbles and chalk bodily and I'll hide and I won't bother to embarrass you Well, I think we ever get to bill pass you see we're gonna put in the governor's amendment where he can veto anything Any governor veto any project we're gonna we're gonna turn over jobs and every one of these colleges which will really Be helpful. I think so far as young people concerned because they don't need them the most as far as the bill I want to be for it.  They say well He's lost his leadership, and it'll be like dominoes, and I can't if I beat Haleck on this and I will have had it perfect I'm gonna train myself away Well, I didn't I didn't talk to him and I didn't know anything about it Sorry told me Well, I'll tell you this Bob, if it costs you I'll guarantee I don't know what it'll be That I can do but I guarantee that I'll more than make up with it. I'll make up with it with interest Thank you.  Yes, sir