مايكرو يكترانيك is the art of miniaturizing I started at the first step looking to the cochlear implant for hearing actually you have the chip, it's on some PCB from PCB you have some outlet, those outlets you connect the electrode with wiring and those electrodes can interface the nerve and from the other side you have a radio frequency system you remotely receive energy to power up and exchange data means you can measure what's happening and you can receive data to turn on, turn off, update the parameter because our body is exchanging you have the nerve, you have two contacts these two contacts means to inject current and stimulate or these two contacts is to listening what's happening we are developing a chip system to implant inside the brain and this chip role is to detect onset maybe 15-20 seconds before the scissors start and inject some drug or stimulate the region to stop it in general, my career is doing chip for all those bio applications so system on chip I was doing this for 28 years now I know someone's opinion may contradict yours where's my friend Alan it's all about your perspective who are we and what is the nature of this reality what's up everyone welcome to simulation I'm your host Alan Sakyan we're on site at the beautiful Westlake University in Hangzhou China we're now going to be talking about brain-machine interfaces we have Dr. Mohamed Sawan joining us on the show hi Mohamed hi thank you so much for coming on the show thank you I'm so excited for this conversation for those who don't know Mohamed's background he is chair professor of microelectronics and bioengineering at Westlake University where his lab is focused on neuro technology to tackle neurodegenerative disease and you can find all of the links in the bio below all right Mohamed let's start things off with one of our favorite questions we like asking our guests what are your thoughts on the direction of our world wow okay thank you so much again so the world is of course interesting life is interesting progress everywhere of course I'm traveling everywhere I am very excited to see evolution everywhere everything is moving moving in the right direction I hope life is interesting and everyone has to do his homework to contribute to this move life is fantastic everyone plays their unique role in making life better and better for everyone absolutely what would you say is a key skill or essential thing for us to possess and develop as humans that help us ensure a beautiful future wow okay fundamental issue is really to believe on own capacity and do what exactly we like to do in life and push I think push as maximum as we can and I think human capacity is major is big and never underestimate what we can do to contribute and our duty is to contribute yes I love that so identifying one's own unique gift that they can bring to the world and going really strong in that direction full force and bringing that unique value to the world I love that Mohammed let's talk about your journey and how you got interested in science you were born in Lebanon right and then who were your influences that got you interested in science in the brain wow okay actually I think that brain came later but in the beginning I think culture in Lebanon I means the family issue the parent main I think how to say objective or goal is to let children educate their children as maximum as parent can do so I think percentage of education in Lebanon is up to more than 99% this is surprising for a small country so my parent father and mother actually were behind my motivation to like school and to like science was there I think some sort of wording every day was there some sort of kind of motivating me every day was behind my my starting journey of course also school in Lebanon was also those primary school not primary secondary and college maybe teachers were also very really great guys to motivate all the students to run so this is maybe the beginning of my interest and then later to finalize of course again story of culture everywhere exist not only in Lebanon but in Lebanon is more to become medical doctor first if not you can do something else so I was of course start my journey to be medical medical doctor but I think you know Beirut Lebanon war or this many issue arrived and didn't help to go through then I tried engineering for some reason and I like engineering and then from there I was doing bio medical so this is the story very quick yes yes okay okay so then yes this is very true like parents to provide their children with as much of their own process of self-discovery and education as possible so critical and then it's interesting how you ended up going from you know doing the the medical doctor to engineering to bio medical and you've had such such a long career in this space that like we're going to talk about here in a moment I want to know what happened with this big move with the PHD you moved to doing electrical engineering PHD at Charbrooke University in Quebec yes why did you decide to move to Canada and what was it like when you first got there the main reason I think my education in Lebanon was the French language then the possibility as you know Europe France and then this province this state in Canada Quebec but the dream for a guy from Middle East is to go to as far as possible you know US mainly North America so look to the map Canada is North America so it fits so this is a simple reason so I I finished my college and again war started in Lebanon my father pushed me out I went to Morocco I think Morocco and Casablanca also good city and from Casablanca I did a couple of years education and engineering and I went to Canada because my first admission to follow up for my study came from Laval University this is in Quebec again and I went to Canada like this you know so because the French and then from Laval this is Quebec City this is the capital of Quebec I went to back to Sherbrooke to do master and PhD so I did my B.S. in Laval and then PhD my PhD was collaboration with Sherbrooke and McGill University McGill in Montreal as you know and then went to University of Montreal the engineering school is Polytechnic is famous in North America and start my career let's talk about this this Polytechnic in Montreal you spent 27 years there from 1991 until 2018 you were professor of Microelectronics and Biomedical Engineering and this is you also found founder and director of the Polystim Neurotek Laboratory and that's at excuse me that's at Polytechnic Montreal so research and development in building analog and mixed signal smart devices and also the same 25 years experience on teaching mixed signal bio-medical circuits and systems processing this data understanding how to do this okay let's do the most fundamental explanation of this so how does one even start with Microelectronics and Biomedical Engineering to start processing this incredible body and the data from it right actually micro-medical is becoming now kind of everywhere universal doesn't matter any science you will see guys or people researcher doing something for bio so Microelectronics is the art of miniaturizing very small talk now about nanoelectronics long time ago and nanoelectronics is connected somehow to nano technology but I I started again because I was interested in medical but also I liked engineering I starting at the first step looking to the to the cochlear implant for hearing hearing so of course and then from there I went to I was because cochlear implant at that time many people doing this so I decided to have some innovation and I worked on a bladder control trying to help people to avoid when it's blocked or to avoid the incontinence so I build a kind of pacemaker the pacemaker for the cardio is well known for pacemaker for the bladder okay actually this is again with electronic you can take chip and chip actually is millimeter square as you know very small but you have to put some other devices in order to have everything wirelessly controlled from outside so the bladder control you can monitor on your iPhone the status of your bladder and you can decide to go to restroom or not you know this is for people that don't have good control of the bladder in any accident unfortunately this pelvic floor is affected first between bladder and sphincter and then some people they cannot void then they put some tube catheterization and this is bring infection and it is killing sometime it is dangerous so to avoid this electronic you can control by your finger and you can power up and you can let the bladder void or you can have artificial sphincter to block okay let's already start talking about you're obviously solving very important biomedical issues but we all wonder how is this process of technology even possible you take a very small millimeter chip and couple millimeter chip and you somehow that chip has connective properties to the bladder so what is this method of connection to the bladder and then also how does it wirelessly get controlled from the device and what does it stimulate of course today everyone talk about IoT and internet of things but we were doing this long time ago to control something remote remote means you have again like any communication wirelessly but of course was custom made to be near field I don't want to control your implant this is actually inside the body implant from one side you have RF link radio frequency from the other side you have interface with the tissue kind of surface electrode or cuff electrode you have a nerve and you can put some cuff around to connect to the nerve not to the muscle so our body is a network of nerve neural system and you can go to the root of those nerves connect there to control those organs so you had electrodes on this other side of the chip how many electrodes did you have many configuration we tried to arrive to solution but the most effective one was four electrodes only four to control because the system is like in a square four electrodes or how it's cuff actually you have the chip it's on some PCB from PCB you have some outlet those outlet to connect electrode and those electrodes can interface the nerve okay and from the other side you have radio frequency system to remotely connect receive energy to power up and exchange data means you can measure what happening and you can receive data to turn on turn off update parameter because our body is changing so wirelessly charge wirelessly communicate with it stimulate get data from it or this so the the electrodes where is the process of reading out how are you reading out this data from electrodes you have the nerve you have to contact this to contact means to inject current and stimulate because these two contact is to listening what's happening you can listening what's happening you can measure from this neural system because neural system is sensitive and motor means keep monitoring our brain is intelligent of course is sensing what's happening and when you need to order anything use stimulate this is a principle very easily principle now of course the complexity is very high but there is no limit the sky is the limit no anyone understand everything yet so it's very complex so this is the first step in my actually it was my phd at that time and the motivation increased and I said all those as everyone knows you know all those organs are controlled by the brain because all this are like a keyboard like a mouse for your your computer but your computer is the processor is the big chip inside right so then I started my career as professor and polytechnic 27 years to push on the brain machine interface which is wearable external or implant inside and my motivation came at that time to look to this is vision for blind what happened why someone is blind and what is the problem so with my experience with different devices already I decided to focus on vision and then the game started okay so the bladder was one example of my brain machine interfaces to help solve a biomedical issue okay now that field is continuing to advance right okay great and then now we're just thinking about okay where else can we put these you know these chips on the body to both read out and stimulate to help heal the body okay and then where next is this vision problem right okay so what is the problem with blindness and how do you solve the problem with blindness right okay and some people philosophically may also make the comment that if they may say that my blindness is maybe a gift it works my other senses but some another argument is they say that I would like to see so for those that would like to see if they are blind this is a good for them yes yeah actually it's a vision and many other organs or function in the human body like also hearing if you never hear and someone show you something doesn't matter how for doesn't mean anything for you you have to learn again from scratch to hear the same vision so vision is so very complex means so far is the most complex function we have in our body vision is the most complex function function in our body yeah yeah sure this is actually because it is not fully understood because science now as you know medical science and all these a lot of progress but vision we don't know how the brain analyze in real time what such beautiful life we have yes color and related to our past life experiences so yeah this is a connect with memory and all these actually this vision just see just seeing you have retina and you have optic nerves and we have many station like metro stations and then you arrive to the brain we know in the brain and the occipital side this is the primary region of the vision we know that then from there they have consequence of different region of the brain unknown unknown like from the occipital where does the neurons go where does the neural communication go next to make sense to make sense to are not known that mean maybe we know a couple of steps but estimated to have maybe up to 10 or 15 different step inside the brain to go and every again when you follow up science again you see a new publication from time to time to say okay no not this region this region still not completely fully understood the different region of the brain not only the primary region maybe all different region we know the cortical side is very thick cortex but the main part of the brain is this central part which is hypothalamus and all these fundamental organ and many things happening there when we are unhappy, when we are sad when we see, when we hear there are a lot of processing also very complex are not fully means understood yet so working on vision and is this most recently or when was this working on vision and blindness how long ago long time ago maybe around 12 years ago I started working in Montreal on this and actually if you look to Wikipedia and all these you can see some but today you can find maybe more than 30 different research lab in the world around 30 working on retina artificial retina artificial retina unfortunately how to say you have to be fresh blind some means because if we are blind born born blind or if we have vision for maybe 10 or 15 years it seems irreversible you cannot really recover this back it's hard to teach the nervous system about vision again retina cannot collaborate many issues but if I get into an accident and I lose my vision then an artificial retina can support couple of years can do something and you were investigating into artificial retina I am not I am working on the brain because this little people can receive artificial retina then I said why not to look to the other region at that time a group in Europe was working on the optic nerves many university supported by metronic at that time and then I was following this and then NIH in US with Illinois Institute of Technology IIT were supporting people to work on an intracortical in the primary region of the brain then I went there and said this is the right place to go then I was working developing system machine interface from one side you have camera and you have of course processor external to convert image to instruction sending inside the brain we have the military unit of stimulator and also can record or measuring what's happening to map this image in real time in this primary region of the vision where optic nerves come actually why we went there because actually retina, optic nerves LGN and other network of neural come to the this primary region of the brain because these are not working anymore so I try to do something similar with microelectronics to bring image to this region myself so this is how it start working I start working with vision at that time and we can leverage microelectronics and brain machine interfaces to implant a solution for blindness at the at the end of the optical nerve at the primary region of the vision at the end of this optical nerve and then there is you have a camera on the camera it can be anywhere external anywhere external so I wear it on my chest doesn't matter usually you can put in a pair of glasses to have something more realistic and then connect it to a processor processor can be behind the ear doesn't matter where electronic chip and you convert images from the camera for video to somehow stimulation on the optical nerve so imagine you have now an image of course we don't need if our eyes are closed we would see your so you would see the first maybe camera or the first computer with pixels the old so very binary black or white kind of binary but again if you imagine you have 30 by 30 around 1000 pixel you can zoom you can do whatever you want with this to show environment around because one of these pixel one of this pixel or electrode because one pixel means one micro electrode micro electrode you convert charge electric charge to phosphane or flight in our visual field which black imagine black and you create white dots with white dots corresponding to environment wow so there's a thousand micro electrodes around 1000 wow wow wow and then you said that you can in a sense they can think and zoom yeah actually you have external the processor again to control everything but not with thought not with thought alone you can't zoom yet with thinking with external yeah there's interesting stuff in the future coming yeah interesting so okay so yeah I was just thinking about all of the no live it no live it yeah okay so then that ended up being successful with helping people with not yet we test this in rat in monkey we are developing now more sophisticated algorithm to stimulate and doing more recording now means we are now listening on this region what the optic nerves bring from our normal eye to have pattern something very fundamental and solid and then we can create better stimulation technique yes yes and I also understand that this is a very long process it is live project it's not really three years project yeah yeah yeah and it has to yeah go through the trials with mice and with monkeys and refine the processors the chips get better the electrodes get better the data digital signal processing gets better and you keep upgrading the algorithms I mean there's so much that very very very big project need a lot of motivation and then the FDA has got to approve it for you to be able to help people of course of course with thousands of people and millions of dollars can be done faster and so this is why funding scientific advancements especially when you may have a family member that would like something like this is very important okay so this was some of the polystem neuro tech lab yeah so then of course to develop to make this project because actually you need to show you need to have experimental result on different step and then I build this polystem neuro tech lab again focus on neuro technology and with this I have very large two very large how to say infrastructure or a set of equipment okay this is in Canada we have very nice support from Canadian foundation for innovation started with my career somehow in 2000 and I have resources there for the electronic microtronic and for the bio site so I can do all what kind of system I explaining in my lab so means kind of I think of course big thanks to polytechnic and to Canada support me very very very very very largely you know more than 40 50 million with those 27 years building too large lab still there and how many people are still there actually I still now I am in leave for one or two years before I establish myself for good here and still have around 20 students someone else will take over the leadership till now I am doing this yeah exactly 12 hours but of course I am involving colleagues and slowly I will delegate great and then hopefully they keep pushing the edge for another 27 years keep going must be and especially because these big projects help people with the biomedical solutions that are needed for our health and for our creativity and for our prosperity so those were the big project so this is one very big then as you know actually I graduated 150 in my lab 150 students graduated 50 PhD and a little bit more than 100 master is big in Canada that's very impressive that lineage is very cool it is who you got influenced by and who influenced you and then who you've influenced it's the lineage it's the people that we learn from and who we help teach and who are all now off doing important biomedical I hope so I have maybe not 100% but many of them are really great great former student so with this large group of course I was working on other project of course so I have more recently comparing to vision I'm working on epilepsy so epilepsy is a major issue here at Westlake yeah I am now focusing here in epilepsy so let's do the transition so that was how long ago now has it been since the transition to Westlake so actually I start here for time in January 8 months 8-9 months so you made this transition this is again let me find the farthest place away again from the home this time to China and also what else attracted you to the Westlake vision and then we'll get into this epilepsy what else attracted you come alright so as I used to maybe said I was extremely happy in Canada great support all received all possible award if you want title, fellow and then I still have energy time I said what's next so motivation actually personal motivation I want really to to do more more work more significant for contribute more etc and then was looking to the map to the world to talk about and then I saw China booming and I say I think I will have good place to really do what I dream again to achieve before I stop working sample like this and before this of course I was I am very active I was very active and traveling and all these I have connection or bridges with Shanghai University in Shanghai as a young professor I used to came one week per year for around 15 years so I know I saw China moving and and when I see this announcement from Westlake was really something different and China I know so freedom and Caltech China something like that so I said wow this is the place because actually moving from Montreal to anywhere to Toronto or US is the same environment so I was looking to something different I have the support I have everything there not because I am missing anything but because I want really to to do some change our career as an academic we can have sabbatical and we can have leave of absence so I said why not to do something with this and then I decided to and I came to Westlake is actually somehow very interesting or impressive the way it start I came for interview I give a talk and I was sitting in the hotel overnight and then the president of Westlake and VP came to visit me wow can you imagine to say hello just say hi are happy to take you for coming for the interview and that's it no one thousand interview no recommendation from one thousand people wow okay and then they offer me the second day something like that I said actually this is or they ask me what I want to accept position I said okay I want this this is too big can you accept this I said okay that's it very simple because I want to move I was ready to move and my children grow up already so I am free somehow relatively I don't have kids and then I I came here what you know this like this desire for you know yeah you had everything already you know like but you're looking for what's next and I like that that thirst for you know for finding what's next and seeing over the the 15 years you were coming here once a week per year to Shanghai and seeing it go you're like yeah yeah yeah and Hangzhou is just so beautiful too absolutely it's part of China and like you said the very like kind of like yeah Caltech China style of like vision so multi-disciplinary and you have the potential to be you know this leading biomedical figure here and inspire lots of people from around the world that come to again build the lineage I can I see the great transition story okay so now West Lake okay how do you you know now you're starting fresh you're starting new right and you have biomedical engineering is so big so you know so many aspects to tackle the chips the electrodes the digital signal processing which area of the body very complex how do you pick where to go and dedicate your time and resources and epilepsy ends up being one of those decisions okay so tell us about the difference yeah of course in arriving here West Lake University emerged from life science life science biology microbiology all this chemistry somehow are connected to my work because I didn't elaborate on those devices which require also to work at the bio level not only with electrode we need to manipulate neurotransmitter we need to understand how the cell are connected together neuro cell we have between neurotransmitter ions so this is we are building lab on chip in order to see this neuro neurodegeneration problem coming from what we want to understand more not only try to solve with our with big risk are you simulating the chemo connectome I am trying to measure measure them first and not stimulating yet but later why not okay so measuring first like neurotransmission okay first measuring the okay okay and then this is the bio sensor this is the lab on chip lab on the chip abbreviation or nickname laboratory on chip means we want to have a chip to in the future now we talk about millimeter but in the future interface at the synaptic side between the cell is 20 to 30 nano 20 to 30 nano meters and we want to be there to see what's happening a chip on the synapse wow wow yeah yeah yeah yeah but also arriving here with this I'm just imagining the little chip like watching the neurotransmission and like being like okay it's this neurochemical and you know and they're like just reporting to Mohammed sitting in the yeah yeah okay so that's the vision yeah good imagination yeah it's really the sky is the limit you know it's fantastic this is why life is fantastic okay life science and then biomedical because those different project I said I want really to from one time of course renew my my energy then I am building here a lab somehow learning from all the past having better lab more effective and then focusing more on on brain activity and then epilepsy is is another complex dysfunction we can say because when those scissors emerge the scissors emerge randomly we never know when it happen and no way to locate where they come from inside the brain so even if they're wearing an EEG while it randomly happens we don't know we try to see something but no because actually when you go to the when you see a forest and you have fire you see fire come from one tree but it doesn't mean this tree started the fire so so you would need to know the exact at that like synaptic or one individual level where it started if not you will solve what now I see why the EEG doesn't actually EEG is very elementary interface is surface brain wave means nothing nothing for the deep level of the brain of course when you are sick you can see the brain wave it can help a little bit you measure those signal but it cannot solve so now epilepsy again we cannot go to hospital and they put us on MRI for days it doesn't work you have MRI for some scan and that's it so you need some tools to monitor over weeks to see when a Caesar emerge to catch it and to inform about so this is why EEG now makes it with optic technique which we call near infrared spectrometry nearest as we heard about this question nearest but nearest still with fiber optic to go a little bit deeper than the surface because this is non invasive just from external like a helmet you know but even with nearest with spectrometry you still need big equipment to control and so now we are building a helmet only like cap for the sun you know and you can put up down and you can wire and it can wirelessly connect you with the hospital with your medical doctor he can see what's happening is it a near infrared spectrometry with and then so I put it on and then you're reading what's happening from my house you can live normally oh it's a wireless wireless but but against this it does not solve all the problems because you cannot go very deep inside the brain means you can with EEG you can go maybe 1 cm even less including all this part with spectrometry nearest you can go maybe to 2 or 3 cm no 2 cm okay it's still not enough so this is the complexity of epilepsy what happened even if you locate this technique wirelessly you locate for example it is emerging from here or from there or from different region then surgeon can open because some epilepsy are light you have one scissor maybe every weeks or months and it's light you don't really lose control but some others you have this repetitive and it's dangerous you can you can fail if you're driving okay so it means surgeon can open for the worst case and to look to put some other surface electrodes on the on the brain directly and to locate a little bit better and then if it's surface they can do some surgery to solve remove maybe 1 cm cube of tissue and it can solve maybe 2% of cases and what do they identify in the little millimeter cube that tells them that's the piece to remove what do they find there okay because actually again with this surface electrode you are monitoring what's happening and you can see this region is the strongest one emerge first signal processing signal processing so again there are maybe not 100% the procedure but it's enough good some time now if not the decision come from bottom side of the brain nothing can be done nothing nothing can be done because you will do more side effect or destruction than solving the brain is complex you know so you have some between the 2 hemisphere you have some empty place or I don't know but in general if it's inside the cortex or the bottom side of this and again epilepsy like vision we don't know where it emerge first the cow you know okay then so you pick that as what number focus is that is that number 1 right now at the lab focus that's number 1 is epilepsy and your best strategy as the lab for that is what what is the best strategy that you guys are taking right now actually developing better spectrometry to go deep you want to develop better tools to read the depths to locate we are developing technique to detect onset I did not finish earlier means now if it's deep we develop a device like the one for the vision chip system to implant inside the brain close by where those emerge and this chip roll is to detect onset maybe 15-20 before the scissor start and inject some drug or stimulate the region to stop it okay so this is and now the major issue is the prediction yes 15-20 minutes is a good length ahead of time I thought you were going to say the word milliseconds when you said 15-20 millisecond prediction no you're like second full second prediction no no minute detection detection onset the onset when the scissor emerge between 10 and 2 and 15 second maximum but before before okay yeah 2 to 10 to 15 seconds not minute yeah yeah second that's still impressive I thought you were going to say millisecond the fact that you said seconds is still impressive yeah yeah okay and now prediction we want you take cell phone and the morning instead to look to the weather you can look to see this is of course the dream your status of your brain and your epileptic scissor stuff slowly decreasing because of your technology that's either stimulating to prevent the epileptic and it's slowly teaching the brain to not have the epileptic seizures yeah means this is 2 steps the detection onset is to stop it as soon as possible before it emerge but the prediction is to predict not second we want to predict 10 minutes 30 minutes and get you really prepared so you're not behind so let's talk about that first part so what right now do you and your team think will give you 2, 10 or 15 second prediction on where it's going to happen yeah because actually this measurement we do from epilepsy and everyone does that mean you have what you call an inter ectal pre ectal and ectal is when you are in between ectal where the scissor is already too late and the pre ectal region this is actually well known it can be somehow how to say well known not true not fully known but the idea is to be in on this region as early as possible to predict but for the detection onset detection is done is well known because we have those curves we have those measurement and we see the scissor doesn't boom like this boom like slowly you know and then go up so this starting and up it is the second I mentioned about so if we are in the beginning of those second we see something start moving is detection is not prediction is detection but the prediction we have to analyze all the past all data available to have and intelligent algorithm artificial intelligence you know we are doing deep learning with those measurement with those database in order to implement efficient algorithm to do this in real time and predict I told you 10 minutes will be will be great 10 5 minutes 15 minutes this is the objective this is the and we are doing this of course the interest not like those guys in computer science doing algorithm we are doing chip because we want to put this in chip to be real time prediction so do you make your own ASIC right you make system on the chip yeah this is micro electronic yeah you how did you design an application specific integrated circuit how did you design how do you pick how to effectively design an ASIC for this epileptic purpose right yeah 150 graduated 150 maybe time to chip done on this field in general my career is doing chip for all those bio application ok so system on chip I was doing this for 28 years now so for epilepsy again you have a kind of a processor custom processor to do signal analysis ok and to do any any measurement any stimulation all these is really somehow my experience on that for a long time now adding to this prediction this is again neural network based kind of neural networks this is deep learning deep learning and we will have enough of course resources to somehow of course more you have data more you have input more is is complex and so of course we cannot we cannot compete with big super computer I don't know how to say this but we are optimizing those algorithm in order to make SUC with this so SUC a system on chip including analog digital RF all these together in order to to rise and come with around one centimeter square not one millimeter here because you have a lot of material to integrate so yeah this the system on a chip even with all of those incredible components including a designed ASIC by you guys for the specific cases for different biomedical cases can still fit in a square centimeter because now we talk about you know the last how to call it the apple have their own micro processor alpha something I don't know I'm sorry the latest 4 4.3 billion transistor 4 1 3 billion transistor 413 billion 413 billion transistor right I estimate the chip maybe 1 inch 1 inch? not bigger if not smaller you know does apple work with intel I'm not sure how they develop this no I'm not sure I think they have their own but I'm not sure this is using the latest technology FinFET the transistor FinFET is like this memory store if you heard about those at the nano scale actually with CMOS technology a regular one those FPGA you talk about ASICs programmable devices now they have something working on 10 nano 10 nano meter so the FinFET is around 7 or 10 nano and then you guys use about that same level no we are not really competing with this because to do analog circuit something intelligent for the body you don't need to run there maybe you can do one part for example if you talk about algorithm for prediction it can be done in digital circuitry you can have one part of the chip doing this with digital but you still need very high current very high voltage latest technology cannot help you need to use well established technology for example if you need to have 10 volt a 10 volt you would need that much usually we don't use volt we use current to stimulate with even 10 micro ampere but the impedance where you stimulate is very high low or E or I give you idea so 10 micro ampere maybe 1 mega ohm give you already 10 volt so the volt is high but the current is very very small we don't need energy to stimulate I have a question out of the a really important part of what the lab is doing right now is identifying what the best brain machine will be for solving epilepsy and do you have do you have idea for what this brain machine interface can be that that's just completely brand new that maybe the the ASIC or the other components on the are just wildly different ideas is there anything like that for you to be able to provide both like you said the you want to read out the the neural communication you want to do the neural stimulation which requires more significant energy to be able to do so so like what could just not be think what are we what are we missing that could potentially be this ideal solution good question I think what we I think the missing part here is again neuroscience is complex somehow as I just mentioned maybe we should we should learn we should understand of course to come with efficient solution equation is well known diagnostic first and if you understand you will find solution you know so now I think this long list of neurodegenerative diseases because I will talk about vision epilepsy Alzheimer memory you have depression 30 or more you know all coming from this box from the brain and that connection as I just maybe mentioned connection between because actually we have 10 billion neuron in our brain communication between those neuron allow us to have this fantastic life connection so why the connection doesn't work for this and this and this this is what I believe we have to to sit down and understand this this neuro transmission neuro transmission we have more than 100 different neurotransmitters that's also great everyone talk about dopamine and serotonin a couple of but there are it's complex too many too many others although there's a power law that are used the most I think this is the missing we have really too because building now without objective is is not really interesting I cannot say useless but it's the case so because the building now if you have good designer good engineer good tools you can build to because actually put something in the brain to operate safety energy how to power up this all this issue and how long you want this to survive so many many many aspect have to be addressed I believe it was some of the world leading cyber neticians said that one day neuroscientists will figure out that every single problem with neurodegeneration is a problem of neuro communication and I think that's very interesting so yeah neuro communication absolutely connection between connections between neurons every problem that arises with the brain depression neurodegeneration and epilepsy etc is a problem of the communication right memory memory Alzheimer yes yes I guess another thing that we need to mention is what are the next epilepsy what are the next big targets for the lab yeah so as I told you in parallel I was thinking on respiration and stroke and Alzheimer those three and I don't stop working on vision and still with vision too but those three emerging strokes can we predict because now of course too late again stroke happen and nothing can be done the idea to do some again prediction having solution so respiration this is not new project also but this is asthma or is apnea what's the apnea apnea is actually newborn or elderly they have some stop of respiration like the sleep apnea when you sleep and you can't breathe well and you stay there you need the kind of oxygenation mask okay and so you want to for newborns and elderly do the respiration apnea okay that's one of them you want to solve the apnea do you think that apnea is also the neural communication problem interesting that one I hadn't thought of before yeah I'm developing feedback system to detect the stop the onset stop of respiration and then stimulate the epiglose nerve epiglose nerve coming from the brain is here to trigger the lung to trigger the respiration process wow yeah so you can yeah to stimulate respiration for apnea yeah I want okay interesting so okay so and then what were your thoughts for you stroke and Alzheimer's I mean those are big ones I mean I always like to mention this one especially for Alzheimer's because we have this beautiful library that we have in our brains and the neurodegeneration is the burning of the books in the library it's one of my favorite analogies good analogy okay so what do you think for the stroke and for the Alzheimer's how do you handle the neuro communication problem how do you solve it yeah actually almost the same principle again the idea is to learn this maybe from blood pressure from of course heart behavior from those ECGs and the idea is to avoid to go up to the brain but with nervous technique we are developing we can see the blood the blood status inside the brain and which can help to detect earlier and predict this is almost the same principle but actually I think in stroke it must be easier than epilepsy because this is the blood circulation everywhere must must detect something earlier and with again data coming from different network we can do some prediction do you see I want to actually I want to ask you this question because many people that watch would probably want me to ask you this one out of the last 25 years of building the lab and now building this lab what are some of the most important principles essentials for labs for the success of the lab what needs to happen in the fabric of the lab to have high success yeah this is fantastic question again I think many parameters not only one for example in life you have to be smart and you have to be hard worker if you are smart only forget about if you are hard worker without be intelligent also I think a lab we need support to have I think facility to build stuff but those facility of course are source of motivation to everyone to attract top notch student actually student PhD student constructing their future are the main the main reason to have success in my opinion because even you are alone and work very hard a lot of idea but the idea to make to realize you know so student and of course the stuff around I am I think 48 and all the new professor here in Westlake we have good support we have we have those resources we can have we have the stuff we need and we are trying to hire best student to work with us do you feel like how do you keep up with the constant advancements that are happening in the literature with the brain how do you read all of the advancements so that you can stay at the cutting edge in your advancements of the brain machine interface yeah not easy job no free lunch you have really to monitor actually I am I spend a lot of time in front of my screen and work hard I am involved also in in IEE organization I think you know IEE I am well means how to say involved presently I am editor and chief of the best journal in the society where I am circuit and system the name is transaction on biomedical circuit and system we are doing chip for bio general not for brain interface for bio in general and I am VP this president on on this society for all those literature I am general chair next year in Montreal organizing the biggest conference on the field biomedical this is engineering medicine and biology society EMBS we talk about around 3,500 attendees working on bio and maybe 1 portion of them working on brain and I am of course involving life science on different society so I am trying to follow up and ask my group to help reading some material from time to time do you feel like we are moving in the direction where in maybe 50 years or so that we will have a constant stream of our biometrics including the whole chemo-electro connectome and all of our heart and our micro biome and all of the data being fed up to the machine learning algorithms to predict pathology and to give us the recommendations to live the maximum life span do you feel like that you describe very well I think so this is doable now of course I used to really differentiate between science fiction and real science so I am doing real science myself I want really to help I want to solve problem now of course in the future if we look to the progress I think the progress in this field brain machine interface is not very old we talk about maybe of course stimulation like pacemaker is now more than 70 years old 70 the first pacemaker was big like that but now miniaturization of course so maybe last 20-30 years booming and now of course you can wire you can measure any parameter wirelessly you know ECGE these pressure with your watch but we cannot solve all problem in my opinion because human body machine is very complex and the complexity is unlimited is not really now is not really quantified something not quantified you cannot really predict you can solve you measure every protein every atom even you cannot dream too much but of course in maybe again 20 or 20 is tomorrow in 50 years will have better I think control of our human being in general I think yes more precise means if you compare now maybe with years how progress in term of actually now people are leaving older and older because healthcare is improving very clear means if you go 50 years the life I don't know means life hope or people were hoping to live 40 years or 50 years now we talk about 90 years 50 years later so means we will survive longer very clear and not only predict the pathologies so that we can live longer make the interventions but also that we can do things like for my own success like you mentioned at the very beginning can we have our little AI assistants that can coach us through the best possible life trajectory for us to take on that next big challenge and to help guide us to the next big challenge how we can be our best selves for your kids and their kids right a couple last questions on the way out what are your thoughts on the meaning of life the meaning of life this is more philosophical question I think the meaning of life I think one word is magic life is magic is very difficult to really define your question is very complex but actually this is connected also to the believing of everyone so what I believe on that is that we have a creator this creator is not really doesn't have laptop or I don't know this is something we cannot quantify and create a human create all stuff around actually if you look to any we talk about atoms and we talk molecules we talk about this is really huge complexity to explain and to connect with the human why a human is here you know I believe is is the creator is magic again the word and we cannot really when they try to do the same or we cannot say this is by accident or like this here this is not by accident magic what a good word and actually I am French guy maybe the word in English are missing but I think try to explain my idea as clearly as possible was the language I have anyway good magic yeah is there a French word that does a better job what's the French word magic I love that yeah I use a I use that one quite a bit absolutely yeah this is great actually when you don't have explanation yeah I must ask you as well thoughts on consciousness is it the biological phenomenon does it come and take a seat in this body and then go back to the source how does that how does the consciousness work yeah yeah actually I am not strong on these but I think again the body is nothing the brain is material and the brain is material but the consciousness or how to say there are wording the whole is greater than the sum of the parts right but we have because our life is controlled by the creator he can stop it anytime he needs some reason accident or stroke he decided to stop it and to stop it but the body is nothing material like you know what I mean so this consciousness or controlled by by what you call God or by the creator the spirit or the soul the soul yeah I was searching for the soul the soul is something different than all the others the soul of the spirit is limitless is not material is not material is virtual real virtual magic and do you think that this is a simulation what we have now yes wow there are another word what we call emulation you know what that mean emulation because simulation is only software running only software but emulation is kind of prototype or something working is not the example I can do implant big like this prototype to to show I can do and then I miniaturize later emulation I don't think this is emulation or simulation this is real world real world it means of course I believe again when the soul will quit my body I will have different body maybe or different look but elsewhere I will not disappear completely from I will disappear from life from this this real life to another maybe different planet or only a virtual I don't know this is magic and the last question what is the most beautiful thing in the world this is very difficult question yeah I think the most beautiful sinks because sink is a small and big world I think it doesn't come like this but in general be happy be happy find find a way to be happy in life and be happy doesn't mean you have last Mercedes car 100 children or best lab I don't know where be happy it can be as simple as I have as you have preliminary condition to have what you want in life be happy it means you can be very poor you can be very rich so it doesn't matter this is not really material be happy for me maybe have good family have enough revenue to survive Mohammed thank you so much for coming on our show I really appreciate it you are so welcome you are doing incredible work we wish you the absolute best with the future of your lab thanks everyone for tuning in we greatly appreciate it we would love to hear your thoughts also check out the links in the bio below to Mohammed's work also have more conversations with your friends families, coworkers, people online about brain machine interfaces about how we can really tap into neuro technology to tackle some of the most complicated neuro communication issues and neuro degeneration issues and also support the artists the entrepreneurs the leaders around the world that you believe and support them and help them grow you can support simulation our links are below so we can continue doing cool things like coming to Westlake to interview some of the smartest minds out here and go and build the future everyone manifest your dreams into the world we love you very much thank you for tuning in and we will see you soon peace you are incredible congratulations this is fantastic for the young people you are great you are great


You can understand a lot about our culture through the lens of addiction. And addiction is another area where we attack the symptom and ignore the cause. And that strategy of trying to suppress the expression comes from a view of human nature. It's another expression of the war against the self. So addiction, I see it as, I see addiction coming from unmet needs, where the true object of the need is unavailable. Therefore, the desire, so desire is born from unmet needs. If you are hungry, you desire food. If you hold your breath, you need air, you desire to breathe. Very simple. Desire comes from unmet needs. But if the object of the need is unavailable, then the desire gets displaced onto a substitute. The substitute doesn't meet the real need. Therefore, you need more and more and more of the substitute. No amount will be enough. So if the real need is for, say, intimacy. Like you're lonely. You need intimacy. And you're just not in community.  Well, okay, that's not available, but food is. So here's a moment of connection. Here's something that meets this hunger, at least temporarily. But how much food is going to really meet your need for intimacy?  No amount is enough. That's an addiction. An addiction is, it comes from a substitute for what's really needed. So if the need is for testing your boundaries, exploring, expanding beyond yourself. And those opportunities are not available for one reason or another. You might become addicted to gambling because here's the risk. You know, here's the, I'm putting it on the line here. Like the real need is to put it on the line for something you care about. But perhaps that's just not in the way that your life has been set up. Or maybe the need is for, I could go on every single area of addiction. I mean, with narcotics, opioids, obviously the need is to just feel okay. Because of the unresolved trauma, the wounds that accumulate in our society. The psychological wounds, the physical wounds. Like we have a need to just feel okay. Really it's a need for healing. It's the desire for healing. And so here's the opioid or the alcohol that makes the pain go away for a little while. But it doesn't address the cause of the pain. It makes the pain go away. It makes the hopelessness go away. Makes the despair go away for a little while. Or the cocaine or the crack. It makes the depression go away for a while. You feel powerful for a little bit. Not so different than addiction to sports dramas. Where the unexpressed desire for greatness is displaced onto your sports heroes. So some of these addictions are culturally sanctioned.  And others are prohibited or frowned upon. Because they do not enable you to continue complying with the routines of modern life. Obviously the way to resolve an addiction is to meet the real need. I don't see any of our policy makers talking about that when it comes to the opioid crisis. I'll quote Dea. I'll cite a study that really resonated with my views on this matter. It involved rats. And this is actually quite well known now. But you know in the 40s and 50s they did addiction experiments where they took these lab rats and they fed them heroin. And they gave them a choice heroin or food. And they chose heroin until they starved. So the conclusion that they drew was desires not to be trusted. Nature is not to be trusted. We got to keep those drugs away from people through the war on drugs. Through interdiction through prohibition through punishment.   Well, I think it was like in the 80s or 90s this researcher I think his name was Bruce Shapiro. I can't remember exactly but he repeated the experiment. But this time he didn't use caged rats. Instead he built a rat park for them where the rats instead of being isolated in cages all by themselves. They got to run around and make love with other rats and have nests and have all these exercise things. And it was a paradise for rats. And in that circumstance the rats might try the heroin but they weren't that interested. They would go back to the food and even addicted rats who were taken from their cages and put into the rat paradise. They would wean themselves off the opioid and become unaddicted. So the proneness to addiction wasn't just human nature or rat nature. It was a symptom of circumstances. So we got to look to changing the circumstances and it could be social circumstances or it could be the psychological circumstances the life circumstances. So if you're addicted to something whether it's food or alcohol or pornography or gambling or something more subtle then you got to ask what is the unmet need. And that opens a gateway to healing and to grief and maybe to unknowing. Because you may very well know what that need is and you've known it all along. Maybe you can put words to it, maybe you can't. But just because you know what it is doesn't mean you know what to do about it. It's not trivial to meet that need.  It's because you didn't know how or because it just wasn't available. But at least it's a start. Step one is to understand that you're not bad, that it is a symptom of an unmet need. Step two is to feel into what that need is. And then that becomes a prayer that if you hold that intention to meet your real needs, eventually the object of the need will, you'll have opportunities to bring that in. But it's not like some easy, easy recipe to do that.


First thing I wanted to mention this was pointed out to me this morning, and it's a very very subtle typo And it's actually from the original in the review that I gave you In the review that I gave you this one here On the very very last question I had a student and we couldn't figure out why our answer didn't match mr. Kamosi's answer key and Then we realized this graph itself has a typo just look up and you'll figure it out Just look up and you'll figure it out. Let me zoom in see this negative five right here Count how many squares down is it? And and so we were using this as negative four and doubling it to get to negative eight and I'm reflecting to deposit of eight ending up One up which was nine and off the page and we couldn't figure out why the answer key that is online mr. Kamosi made it he never makes mistakes unlike me. He's meticulous and perfect We couldn't figure out why our answer key wasn't matching his and then I went oh This is in the wrong place and I can't fix that that's from the original This was actually put up by the Ministry of Education So here's the plan I've given you all a little practice test those you are watching this at home You'll just have to pay attention what we talked about was we could either do a question-and-answer session But people said I had since I had a practice test from Alberta We could kind of blaze through that so we're gonna do that I will do about ten minutes of Q&A before your test not much more than that But when we start the test tomorrow, I'll do ten minutes of ask me a couple of questions That can be last-minute details if you say to me and mr. Do it I don't understand transformations. I'm just gonna move on somebody else Even if you say to me mr. Do it I don't understand reciprocal I'm gonna move somebody else if you say to me mr. Do it I was trying to do reciprocal with a twist and a reflection like what I was really nasty ones I kept getting the wrong answer that I'm willing to fine tune or touch up on Bear with me. Well, I have a beverage here So the little practice test is this one here, right and I think you should all have it's page in the book. It's page I don't know what page one apparently Find page one and a little book there Do not write a little booklet there and what I'm gonna do is some of these Will do just orally But the more tough the tougher ones I'll paste them into here and we'll do them step by step But I'm just gonna say to remind you please don't draw in the book, please Transformations So the test is done, I believe it's 12 multiple choice For some strange stupid reason and math 12 multiple choice tests the multiple choice questions on the provincial or with 1.5 marks each It's dumb, but since this is the last year math 12 is running I'm not gonna change my marks even though there's no provincial multiple choice is gonna be 1.5 marks each and Then there's the written section. Let me tell you about the written section You can either write this down or you can just remember it. I think there's seven questions Seven different graph. I give you the same like weird shape graph and I say do this do this do this I'll even tell you more specifically the first question is probably a slide up down the slide left right Very similar to the math mouse The second question probably has a stretch and a reflection third question probably has all six Vertical stretch or shrink horizontal stretch or shrink vertical reflection or not horizontal reflection or not left right slide up down slide Okay Somewhere in there you can anticipate alarm bell Right Gonna remember right though. You're gonna remember that by the way.  I have to admit to see you guys jump But I did this started doing this about four years ago at the end of the year under the survey I had about 10 of my kids say I totally remember that stupid alarm bell thing so I was okay It's dumb, but it works and it's fun bonus You can expect an inverse how do I find an inverse? Switch the extra like to me as long as you're careful that one should be almost free marks But you know what for some reason the particular shape that I give Tempts kids to get stupid on that one the number of times I see half the shape go the wrong way because they relaxed They did all a tough part and now they're at the little tail bit and end bit of it.  I gave you three things. I think on your quiz. I gave you a Reciprocal a stretch and a reflection. I'm not going to give you three things It's going to be reciprocal and one more thing either a slide up down or a slide left right or a flip or a Stretch but not more than one of those things which means you should be able to get there by hovering the whole way and keeping track of it By hovering your pencil.  What's the correct answer? Read the question to yourself first of all before blurting out an answer Read the question to yourself What's the answer? See okay, this is a classic multiple choice out of your 12 5 will be like this And what I mean is it's going to be straight glance at it think about it go to your answer You're not going to have to write anything down It may be more stuff than this To me a better multiple choice would be One left and three up and then I could have a one there a three there a one there a three there A one there a three I could mix and match a bit more and give you a few more choices, but do you understand what I mean by? It's a thinking question, but it's a straight recognition question. Okay Number two horizontally expanded and horizontally translated and Let's see that means followed by Well, let's see First of all Horizontally expanded by a factor of three halves this one. I think I'm gonna write down so this one. I'm going to go worry a clip now Horizontally in my mind. I almost always underline that because that just screams to me x x x x yes If we're expanded by a factor of three halves, what did I replace x with Amanda? Nice catch because it was always backwards So the first thing I would cross out here is what and please don't on your tests But the first thing that I would cross out here is what because I'm a good test writer Why would I even leave those there? In fact, probably I'd do this to really make sure they didn't distract me Then that would move it see you and it doesn't say a direction, but I think it implies positive so to the right What's the correct answer that one or that one? D because You would when you made the substitution bringing brackets This here is C right followed by horizontal expansion of three halves not the order that they gave me Okay, so that's a little tougher They threw some algebra in there too with that C units again We talked about how Trevor don't let that scare you is that box in your way or can you see okay? Don't let that scare you Easy way Ryan for me to take a basic question and ramp it up a notch is replace everything with letters In your head or on a scrap piece of paper in the margin replace it with nice happy numbers Do the math with the numbers and then say it's got to work the same way for the letters, right? absolutely number three So here is an example of one where you have to think a bit the graph is given below and Then it's transformed to that What's its new domain?  I've already told you what it is on the multiple choice section one two three at the most Okay, this to me would be a entry level curve balls. Let's copy this one You can always copy it onto a scrap piece of paper if you want to or you can just follow along By the way, I'll print this up this page right here up for you when we're done So if you learn better by writing down fine, if you learn better by just watching fine I'll print as many copies as we need whatever works best Okay, what's the domain right now? I don't know. What would the domain be if this was? 3 comma 5 what would the domain be right now? You see by the way Ryan see what I did they gave me letters. I'll fall back on nice familiar numbers I'll do the math for that's gotta work for the letters If I told you that was 3 comma 5 and I said what's the domain of that graph? What would you say? I'll give you a hint x x everything to the right of 3 is that not correct? Domain right x greater than or touching 3 Yes Yes, yes, yes, I can't I'm not getting any feedback from you. Yes. Give me a nod if I say yes I'll make it then I know okay. Is that okay Steph? I guess that's the domain Okay, I saw my way through that didn't scare me ain't so bad Now let's walk through the transformations Anything horizontal will affect the domain Anything vertical, I'm not even gonna care about because how can that possibly affect the domain? First of all first of all alarm bell. I don't like the way this is written This should be written as it should be that yes What's that mean horizontal or vertical? Okay, I better take care of it then because it could affect the domain expansion by two or compression by a half which one Thank you Horizontal compression by a half What's this mean? What letter is that right there? Nicole horizontal compression by a half compression by a half I was going to the next step three Right, I think that's what you would do if it was a number wouldn't it like if that was a six It would become a three and then three right or if that was an eight it become a four and then three right It's a P. You divide it by two and three It's that one Remember these days Never again The last year's run Memories I don't know. I haven't even looked at the pre-calc 12th curriculum to be honest That's that after spring break sometimes then I'll care Yeah Is that okay? That's an example of how I would handle a curve wall now pause Did I do anything new there?  It's got to work the same letters That you give a question. Are you looking for funnel or if someone here was we're good. Okay, let's go to the next one The graph of that is a reflection of the original in what line What kind of reflection is that horizontal or vertical? It's my favorite horizontal What line am I spinning about though when I do this? Which one is a horizontal reflection a reflection about the x-axis or about the y-axis About the y-axis Okay, a vertical reflection is about the x-axis. Do I say everything's backward yet? What about C which which transformation is a reflection about the line y equals x there is one Amanda inverse What about D they had to come up with something I Yeah, we ever brought in y goes negative it to me I'll use the words if you understand the way I mean to me D would be a stupid guess You've never seen it before it's never sure why would you circle that one? Right, I mean at least I'm gonna circle stuff. I'll circle things that I've seen before you. It's never mentioned negative x Turn the page or do you guys need to next page over? Oh turn the page. Thank you for following along How does that compare? With that how does the that graph compare with y equals x squared? So now they're saying we've given you some function notation. Here's a specific graph Here's the parabola and I'll be honest look up. I Would do this first for multiple choice because what is that to what? To left I would cross out C and D right now even though that's not the correct order to graph it in if I was answering this I know I Assuming all of you will get that part right because that's math 11 still I would say that's to left I would cross out C and D Expansion by four compression by a quarter which one? expansion by four a Okay, so there's an example of a more advanced knowledge question, but still a knowledge question Did we really write anything down? I probably would on a test write some things down because you're always hedging your bets But you know certainly if you held the gun to man, I could do that man. No problem number six Now this is heavily graphics intensive I won't give you one like number six on your test because I'm not that good at graphics I would probably find a way to phrase this into function notation However, here's what it says this graph is transformed four ways to produce graph one two three and four Which of the following corresponds to the transformed graphs? Let's see. How does this and this relate? Huh? Inverse, how could you get that or figure that out? Here's what I did. I said that looks around negative three negative two ish That looks around negative two negative three ish I think I switched the x and the y around and yeah, it's also a reflection about the line y equals x What about here that one? right See graph three reciprocal Let's see. Oh, yeah, two asymptotes right there one high one high standard negative one high standard Yeah, I'll give you reciprocal and and D Horizontal reflection I doubt I'd give you all four of these in one the odds are I'd give you just one graph and say tell me What's going on? Well, actually the odds are I won't give you very many I did the graph on the written and that took me about two hours of typing The graphics are a pain. I wasn't gonna do it on the multiple choice so far so good number seven That is shown below Looks like the absolute value graph which are the following is a graph of that That's interesting because we're taking the absolute value of the absolute value, but don't let that freak you out Just think v-shape I see two things going on here absolute value.  What would that look like? Sesame Street is brought to you today by the letter w and Now you know the graph for a w by the way question the coal Eric No, we're good. Okay Number eight the partial graphs of two functions are given below There's f of x the original There's g of x the new one and I notice look look look they gave me a point Zero common negative two became zero comma negative a half What do you think's going on here looking at the graph and looking how that point was effective? I think reciprocal right a negative two became a negative a half. I think they just flipped it Let's see here. We're getting bigger. What are we doing here getting closer to zero? Yeah, I think this is reciprocal. I think G of x is the reciprocal of the original. Is that okay?  I'm learning to read your guys body language Yes, I don't know. I'm having a tough time reading my classes this year So do you notice that the negative two became a negative a half that suggested to me that it was reciprocal, okay? Getting further from zero getting closer to zero Getting further from zero getting closer to zero. I think this is reciprocal. I think g is the reciprocal of the original graph The answer is D Is that okay? By the way, I would have photocopied an email this out to you guys, but what does it say in huge letters right? I don't have the rights to this otherwise. This is a nice little practice test, but sorry Okay, here's a nice little twist number nine fact this one's worth flipping so This is how I can take a basic question and turn it from a C to a C plus or a B minus Emily, what's that mean for? What's that mean for left and one which one? Sorry, I caught you off guard my bad Amanda, what's this mean for? And and I'm sorry, but I was gonna say and I would expect every one of my students to be able to get that in their sleep But maybe you were sleep right four left and one down that to me would be too easy So here is sorry that I said there's gonna be like five easy no brain That would be one of the five easy no-brainers, but how could I make this question a bit tougher? Still four left and one down, but give you a graph and say what's the new range? Well, what's my old range right now? What's my range? What's the range of this right now? Come on boys and girls. It's math 10 and math 11 Steph, what's the range right now? One is a number one is not a range How high does this graph go? How low does this graph go? How will I write that first of all with a range letter Y? Yes Everything below and touching one Yes You need to know that for tomorrow And you know how to write a range tomorrow now How has this been moved Emily for what? one what With authority will a left effect a Y So I'm gonna ignore that will a down effect a Y Yeah, move the range one down There's your new range easy if you think about it the right way Impossible if you've forgotten how to do the range or you just don't you like you know what most kids when they come across Something new they panic and they freak out again. Did I do anything new there?  Okay, I figured so sound like you guys are working ahead make sure again. You're not writing on my tests. Thank you number 10 Again, here's another way that I can take a basic concept and just add a bit of a twist to it Which of those transformations would affect both the domain and the range? What affects the domain Horizontals, right? What affects the range? Vertical so better have both if it's gonna affect both Does that have both? Nope, does that have both? Nope, does that have both? How do I find an inverse? Which means I think your domain would become your range and your range would become your domain and that would definitely absolutely deep These I would argue are among the toughest multiple choice questions where they give you one graph and say find the equation So I'm gonna copy this one and I'll show you how I would approach it. You guys doing okay?  Well, no you can go whatever you want to it's not a detention All right, they want the equation of this well Which way is this long skinny thing pointing right now originally upwards? Which way is it pointing when we're done? So I would definitely make a little note to myself There's a vertical reflection yes That helps me. You know why that's wrong and that's wrong. Why are A and B wrong? No vertical this is why I've been trying to get you guys to glance at your answers every time you do something Because now even if I freeze I got a 50-50 change in fact if I can do that for every question knowing nothing else I'll pass the test because I got everything 50-50 right in theory. I'll pass the test we'll learn improbability That's not quite as easy as you think Has it been flipped left right at all? Nope, so if any of these had a negative in front of the X I would ignore that but none of them do What's right here Trevor? Right in front of it What's right here?  I'll write it down vertical stretch a Vertical expansion I think sorry is the phrase we use vertical expansion by two but truthfully I don't care too much because that's apparently the same in both answers What I really need to figure out now has it been moved to left or To up I think this is the point that I'm interested in following How far left right is it right now? Three to left negative three I'm pretty sure it's this point. Yes, how far left right is it right now? Still negative three. There's no way it was to left you'll notice. I didn't find the equation. I Got rid of all the wrong answers. I Find that's easier than trying to come up with the equation. I only find the equation as a last resort That's how I do that one. Oh, I guess I should write down To up since when I print this up you'll freak out if that's not there Maybe you won't okay The given quadratic function this parabola has a positive X intercept right there a Negative X intercept. Yep, and a negative Y intercept. Yep Which of the following are true?  The inverse will have a positive Y intercept a negative Y intercept and a negative X intercept or Statement to That there both neither one or two. Let's analyze them one at a time. How do I find an inverse? Too slow. How do I find an inverse? You know what if you could write on this what I would do is I would cross out that X and you know what letter I would put there a Y and I would cross out that X and you know what letter I'd put there Keep me going people and I would cross out this Y and you know letter I'd put there and I think positive Y negative Y Negative X I think statement one is true on an inverse Because you when you switch the X and Y around that's the actual statement that you get statement one is true And I think statement two is false if it has no X intercepts. Oh the reciprocal I'm sorry the reciprocal will have no X intercepts and a positive Y intercept. I thought this was inverse I read too fast. Let's look at what would the reciprocal look like. Well, there would be vertical asymptotes right there and right there So there would be no X intercepts anywhere zero high would become an asymptote So this first line is true. What about the Y intercept? How high am I right there roughly? Negative two what would the reciprocal of negative to be? negative a half still negative Will your Y intercept become positive under a reciprocal transformation? That's wrong. The answer here is statement one only the answer here is C I'm not gonna give you one of those mix and match questions on your test By the way, your test is similar to the provincials if you want to know what the multiple choice will look like the review package That I gave you guys a month ago is what the multiple choice will look like But this has got some nice thinking questions and it let gets you used to writing a test Turn the page What's the equation that represents the inverse of that? How do I find an inverse? Switch the X and Y. Thank you. That was much faster. So I would start out by going X equals negative two bracket Y minus six all squared plus three I glance at my answers. Oh, it looks like they got the Y by itself Sometimes they'll let you stop right there. I've seen it once in a while We're all they wanted to do all they wanted to test was do you know switch the X and Y around here I think that's they want me to get the X by itself how to get the X by itself Yeah, yeah, I would do this absolutely keep going Okay Now when I divide by negative two Look at your answers. Is there a negative two in the bottom of any of your answers? Just a plain old to you know, I think they did I think they took this negative and they moved it to there to the top There's a negative kicking around. Oh, and you know what that would make this X? Negative and you know what that's going to make this three Positive and that means I'm crossing out that one in that one. You see that little line of reasoning. I Noticed I told you glance at your answers every time you do a step as soon as I divided by negative two I glance you know, wait a minute. There's no negative twos and then I said Oh, I noticed that some of these are positive and some ah, they took that negative and they moved it to the top Ryan And they distributed it. I figured that out.  And when I square root what had I better remember and there's a bit of a hint right there When I square root, what do I have to remember?  Amanda Plus six. What's the correct answer then? Oh, is the plus six inside the square root or outside the square root? Outside correct answer here. Absolutely is a because you plus six afterwards. I am going to ask you to find an inverse equation. I Am going to ask you to find an inverse equation on your test But not this one. I think it's multiple choice Remember the big transformation unit review quiz this big boy here remember this I Love this question. I love this question. I love this question I really really really really really really really really really really really really you know what? Question number six. Will you marry me? There's your hand Okay, there's your hand. I'm not repeating myself. I expect you to pay attention Okay Or you can rewatch the video and listen to my verbal instructions. You're at a tutorial. I'm not repeating myself. Get up not a chance I'm giving it my free time. Okay That means you can expect to see one that has X's on the top and on the bottom and You'll have to remember to cross multiply and Oh, we had more than one Y. We got them to the same side How did we what was the grade nine mathematical operation that we're able to pull out of our back? GCF I'll let you think about that or you can rewatch the answer key or you can phone a friend But I like that question Eric we're back Were you ever here? Okay Here's an advanced reciprocal multiple choice question Says an invariant point is a point that remains unchanged We're I've made you guys memorize that term because I won't tell you that definition I'll just say in variant points. You know what it means Use the graph of that to determine the number of asymptotes and the number of invariant points for the What transformation is one over G of X? Reciprocal oh Word asymptotes come from on a reciprocal wherever the original graph was what? X intersets one Two Three how many asymptotes three I would cross out a and b right? How many invariant points invariant points are where? One yes two three four There would be five invariant points Well, what did I say three asymptotes or two three asymptotes and five D? I believe is the correct answer again Because asking you a reciprocal question on multiple choice is pretty tough because you're really it's drawing But here's some of the stuff they could throw at you or they could say What would the new domain or the new range be actually probably wouldn't but whatever that's my hand in the corner. Yes That's fine This is not an attention. I'll post this online. I will check your oh Joel Check your email tonight because by about 7 p.m. Tonight I will send you the video link to this tutorial and I will send you this file as a PDF But you guys that are here. I'll print up this file for you when we're done as well Okay, too far Computer's getting old number 15. What's going on number 15? Which transformation is this? How do you keep how can you tell it's inverse? Yeah, this is my preferred notation.  Let's pick a better point. How about One two three well, which of those is the inverse just glance down and tell me See is and you'll notice this whole line actually stayed invariant sort of it didn't quite but it repeated itself. Okay Definitely gonna be something like 16 or 17 or 18 where I give you a point And then I give you something in function notation and say tell me the new coordinates So this is worth clipping I think mr. Do it and the way I told you that I do this is I Write the point over to the right negative 12 comma six. I list what's going on. What's going on here in the correct order Steph I'll pick on you because you look like you're awake. Tell me the transformations list them What's the first thing you see here in the correct order, please? So don't yeah Vertical I always want that word for vertical horizontal vertical expansion by two She right? Why is it a compression? Okay, by the way, can I guarantee that on the multiple choice test? I will have that answer to pick from yes, okay In other words that by far the most common mistake right there And I'm glad you did it during this to a tutorial because it's gonna refer refresh our memory not to do that But the bad news is in my answer key on the multiple choice You will find that answer if you expand by two it'll be there so vert Compression by a half keep going okay Vertical compression by a half that's going to become a three vertical reflection. That's going to become a negative three For right if you're at negative 12 and you move for right you end up at negative 16 or negative 8 I'm willing to bet both answers are there. Oh, yeah, they are negative 8 Okay, so this one here correct answer B We're still starting with negative 12 Comment six those you need to go no problem Check your emails. I'll get it out by Hopefully by seven in the box, please It's stacked the same way as the other ones would really help. Thank you All right You a can I'm you good you wait actually you know, let's go to the back corner Joel What's going on here? Can you list them in the correct order, please? I disagree with you? I do I Do see an expansion compression I Need I Again again again the first word I want to hear every time is horizontal or vertical folks By the way, are you not figuring out? Why because as soon as you say horizontal we can cross off certain wrong answers often, right?  I Agree always folks keep going. Yep. I agree So horizontal compression by a third that makes it negative four Horizontal reflection that makes it positive four eight down that makes it negative two There it is It's very systematic Maria if you do it list point move out 18 would be a minus level questions. Let's handle here's reciprocal with a twist for a single point Again, the point was negative 12 comma six There's two things going on here Alex I see reciprocal see it and I see six up Is it six up first and then reciprocal or is it reciprocal first and then six up? Yeah, if I wanted you to do six up first, I would have written it this way I would have put the plus six inside the reciprocal six up Then reciprocal everything. That's not what this says so Ready Alex reciprocal six up add six to that glance at your answers, please What is the correct answer if you add six to one six? Yeah, six in a six they just wrote it as a mixed numeral, right, which was easier than an improper fraction Seeing why I'm telling you to glance at your answers all the time by the way. Oh, we're learning Book you're dropping on the ground or you saw to go okay in the box nice and please. Thank you so much Absolute value with a twist so absolute value and Then vertical expansion by two. Yes So absolute value of six is going to be Vertical expansion by two it's gonna become up It's gonna be negative 12 comma positive 12 negative 12 comma positive a Right there. Okay Every once in a while, I don't think I did this on your test, but might be on your final I can't remember they'll give you a specific order to do things in so it says Find the image of point a if it's reflected in the line y equals x. What's that one? Dominique switch the x and y around so instead of negative 12 comma six six comma negative 12 and now horizontally expand and Now move one left in the order that they told me for some reason. Okay, we can get there written section. Okay I'm not gonna give you one like this. I'm gonna pass I've told you I'm gonna give you one something like this on your multiple choice where there's x's on the top and on the bottom And I say find the inverse. Would you like me to do 22 be with you? Yes, I'd be happy to Is Eric aware of what I'm doing? I wonder so the instructions said find the inverse Eric, how do you find an inverse? Without a pause for some mystical reason. I'm gonna ask you again. Say it again without a sudden strange little pause in your answer. How do I find an inverse? So I think the first thing that I would do if they wanted me to find the inverse of this yucky looking fraction Eric As I would say six y minus one over four y equals x you're good with that What don't I like about this? Really? What don't you guys like about well to find an inverse? What do you usually do afterwards? What do you get by itself to finish off an inverse? What don't I like about this? I got several y's fraction.  Sorry Trevor okay now Eric I'm gonna do this once and once only I won't do this for the rest of the year because I find this offensive in math 12 I'm gonna pretend from now on you'll always see that any number is a fraction It's always over an invisible one because this is one fraction equals one fraction cross multiply and Eric when I do that I'll get four x y equals and one times six y minus one is just six y minus one We're trying to get the y by itself Eric. How many y's are there in this question? Let's get them to the same side How could I move this guy over now?  They'll divide by why no No, you've got you don't want to bring fractions back At the very end you'll have fractions, but right now you've got the y all on ground level Yeah, I'm gonna minus six y from both sides and Eric when I do that. I'll get four x y minus six y equals negative one Eric how many y's do I have right now? How many would I prefer? It would be wonderful if there was some kind of a grade nine mathematical operation We use math eight to cross multiply It would be wonderful to the grade nine mathematical operation that I could put on my back pocket That would somehow turn this from a pair of y's into a single y What was it Brianne now mean taste Eric and say it Greatest comment factor. I know I'm making fun of you because you weren't paying attention ten minutes ago get used to it Factor out a y Eric and I get this Now the y is easy to get by itself because what's happening between the y and the bracket mathematically Eric Adding subtracting multiplying or dividing so how will I move the bracket over? Now if this was a multiple choice question There is a chance With that little negative sitting here There is a chance that maybe Brianne when you did your cross multiply thing You did this first and you had the six y minus one on this side and The four x y on this side and so you moved all your stuff to opposite sides Your answer might be the complete opposite of my answer These two are the same thing where the one is positive negative The four x is positive here. It's negative the six is negative here. It's positive. Those are identical answers So if you don't see your answer, don't freak out fine gets complete opposite with everything opposite, and then you're good Let's practice. Yeah Then you'd have a two y by itself, and then you have to divide by two afterwards You know what when I say GCF I should say CF factor out the y okay I'm Good to guess that and correct me if I'm wrong you folks are okay on basic transformations So I'm going to spend the remaining time looking at reciprocal and then absolute value with a twist reciprocal with a twist and Everything's with like I have six things that sound good so Number 23 says the sketch of this graph is given below. I'll cut and paste it here Unfortunately here. You won't be able to draw with me. You'll just have to follow along best practice is to draw it, but such as life Thanks for closing the door It's the hat. It's a Carolina hat. I'm okay with that. By the way, what's this one here? What how do I find an inverse? You guys are okay with that one just do it really careful, but literally switch the X and Ys around on the graph Okay, and I folks since you're the last one staying here. Listen to me every year on this test I'm going to ask you and I'll even be more specific I think it's the third or fourth graph that I asked you to do it's an inverse Every year kids get all the tough part of the graph right and it's the final section That's the easiest and for some reason their brain shuts off and they trip on their brain They have a brain cramp. So just be a little paranoid on the inverse be really really really careful. Okay Let's do risk for me I all of a sudden they start going off in the wrong direction because they think they spotted a pattern and that pattern isn't there and They just keep going they give it a tail. It's not there I don't know like it This is one and it's now been four or five years in a row And I don't know whether it's this specific graph that I'm giving you guys or it'd be an interesting I could do like a you know double blind study or something, but it's just I've just noticed so there's my warning Instead, let's do this. Let's do reciprocals. So let's do Okay, and I'll do it right on top of this graph. I'll do it In red doesn't really print for you guys, but it'll be a lighter color. You should be able to spot it What's the first thing that I do to find an inverse Sorry find a reciprocal Dominic More specific. Okay. So I'm gonna write down here Asim X intercepts can be an asymptote there Can be an asymptote there this question. We were three marks. You just got a one And I'm gonna argue that's close to three marks really What's the second thing I look for Dominic? What are the invariance invariant Invariant. Oh notice it stops here continues here. I'll be careful with my arrows. Oh And this whole line is going to be invariant. Yes Now what bug Standing here Standing here Shannon as I move to the left is my graph getting further from zero or closer to zero So it's gonna shoot closer to zero kind of like that arrow on the end arrow on the end as I move to the right getting closer to zero. What's the reciprocal gonna do? You say shoot off to infinity if you didn't just say you didn't say it loudly Right Down here this whole thing would be invariant This here. Oh Getting closer to zero but negative shoot off to infinity but negative Right. No. Yes. No. Yes No, yeah. Yeah, we're good.   This will catch your mistake that better Because this is curving closer to zero but negative shoot off to infinity but negative Closer to zero but positive shoot off to infinity but positive now this one here it comes to a stop Alex How high right there? So if I was marking this I would look for a big dot at about one half and Definitely a dot stopping if you put an arrow on there, I'd have to slap you for a half mark Now I said to you I'm gonna give you a straight reciprocal on your test and I won't botch it To the other so it's right and I'll give you a reciprocal with a twist So what kind of a reciprocal with a twist what I do? I'll copy the same question the same graph. Oh You get back to the original right there What if I did this? Flip everything, but if you're doing it from cold turkey, I would say Well flipping it will that change your vertical asymptotes? No, so maybe this time mr. Do it can get them correct Did I get them right this time? Oh? Oh Sorry for those you watching at home for your 30 seconds of sheer panic when you're wondering what they had done in variant points One high oh, but then reflect negative one high in Variant points one high. Oh, but then reflect Negative one high in variant line negative one high reflect Positive one high Now I would probably put a little x right there and a little x right there Little x there and a little x there because those are my original invariant points And that's where I'm gonna go back and do my bug trick from now. I Wouldn't put a dot there because you put a dot you're telling me it's part of your answer But x's I clue in those are little placeholders so right here as I move to the left I'm getting bigger so as I move to the left it would get closer to zero, but positive reflect Closer to zero, but negative Shoot off to infinity, but positive reflect Shoot off to infinity, but negative Right shoot off to infinity, but negative reflect shoot off to up my pen sleep Shoot off to infinity, but positive shoot off to infinity, but negative reflect shoot off to infinity the positive, shoot off to infinity but positive, shoot off to infinity but negative, and it would stop at negative a half. Let's do one more reciprocal with a twist, and then I'll do a couple of absolute values with a twist. You can go whenever you need to. Okay, how about this? You know what, let's write it this way. No problem. Oh, this would be a vertical stretch by a factor of four after reciprocal. Here we go. Is the vertical stretch going to change your asymptotes? I don't think so, so maybe Mr. Dewitt can get those correct again. Invariant points, they're going to move, so I'm going to go little x there, little x there, a little x at the beginning and the end of this invariant line. How high are we right here, Alex? Reciprocal, still one. Vertical stretch by a factor of four. Oh, okay, a little weird, but okay. How about right here? Oh, you know what, that would also end up four high. How about this invariant line? Well, it's negative one, reciprocal, still negative one. Vertical expansion by four, one, two, three. You know what, I would look for that right there. Can you hold that thought? Because this one isn't. See? How high is this point right here? Take the reciprocal. What's four times a half? I'm going to expect you to handle basic fractions like a half and be able to, or you could go to Calculate if you need to. Anyhow, that guy ends up strangely enough being invariant right back where he started from. In fact, I think it would do this. Closer to zero, shoot off to infinity. Multiply that with a vertical expansion by four. Really shoot off to infinity quickly. Getting further from zero, closer to zero. I think it would do that. I think, I think, I think, I think. No problem. Hey, what about this section right here? It would shoot off to infinity, but with a vertical stretch, it would really shoot off to infinity. And I guess technically this point right here, if I take the reciprocal of a half high that's too high times by four, you could make an argument that I should be eight high right here. I don't think Maria I would be that accurate. Wouldn't worry about it. Here shoots off to infinity. Really shoots off to infinity. What am I missing? Here shoots off to infinity. Here gets closer to zero. Is that okay? By the way, the reciprocal of the twist, it's the last question on the test. It's the last question for a reason. I'm expecting some of my kids to get it wrong. It's the separate the A's from the B's from the C pluses. But you'll notice, I think I said to you, I'm not going to give you a reciprocal with two twists, only with one thing. Either a stretch or a reflection or an up-down slide, an up-down slide, you just move everything up at the very, very end or move everything down at the very, very end. A left-right slide with your asymptotes and things around. But that you would get by counting. Those I haven't done, but those aren't too bad. Now, since you guys are packing up, are there any specific things you would like me to go over? Otherwise, I'll print this up for you. But were there any specific questions you had where you're going, nah, I'm not so sure about whatever. That was your first, not a hand up. Okay. We're good. We're good. We're good. Alex, we're good. Carol, we're good. Yeah. That was, okay. I don't mind sticking around if you want to. But since they're packing up, I'm going to pause the video here. How many of you guys would like to print out of this little thing here? One, two, three, four, five. Okay, first of all, let me pause the video.