Hi, my name is Mark and this is going to be a very personal video. There are few resources in life that are valuable and my two most valuable ones are my time and my energy. If time and energy are so valuable and scarce, I want to spend it the best way I can and I can imagine you want to do the same. Today I want to share the 11 habits that made me a better person and that I have learned over the past 10 years. And I want to ask for your help because I feel there's a lot left to learn. So let's dive into the video and see what you can learn and apply as well. I really like Twitter and it's a great place to get upset about the state of the world. Twitter is great for the news, but I don't want to follow the news. I want to follow the new. The news is the accident that happened on the highway. The new, however, is that people take more electric transportation to work. So eight years ago I stopped following the news. No more news sites, no more newspapers, no more news shows. The news takes up time, headspace and it's rarely positive news, so it has a negative impact on me. I only follow topics that I'm interested in and things that I can actually influence. And I would highly advise you to stop following the news and start following the new. The second thing I did is I stopped reading my email. Email is other people's to-do list dropped into your inbox. I started checking my email once a day, then twice a week and I'm now at once every two weeks. And that is okay. If people really need me, they'll give me a call. Let's move on to number three. I spend a lot of time on getting more sleep. If I'm well rested, I make better decisions and I have a lot more mental bandwidth, so I can cope better with the things that life throws at me every day. I'm simply a better father, a better partner and a better colleague. Now I did a lot of research on sleep and I made a separate video on it, which you can find somewhere up here. That brings us to number four, owning the day. Four years ago I started journaling. It started very basic. What are the things that are on my agenda and what are the things that I want to do today? I slowly moved into a more extensive system and I'm now far more deliberate in what I want to do every day. In doing so, I learned a lot about both how I spend my energy, but also what gives me energy and what drains my energy. My day is no longer dictated by either my email inbox or my Slack messages or other external factors. It's me that owns the day. Journaling brings me to habit number five and that's building a second brain. My head isn't meant to keep a lot of information in, but it is very effective to find information when I need to. Whether I've had an appointment with a colleague, I make notes and write them down or find new ideas, I put them in a trusted third-party system. It makes it far more easy to both find and link information and it's made me tremendously more productive. If you want to be more productive, either as a person or as a company, I can highly recommend the video we made about building a second brain which you can find up here. Lesson six is learning how to pause. I'm very quick to react to things that people say or things that people do. My reactions are very primary and they either come from the head or from the heart. It's my body, however, that senses what I'm feeling at that moment. Listening to that feeling makes my reactions far more balanced. If I take a second to listen to my body and take a breath of awareness, I'm far more capable in giving a more balanced reaction or not reacting at all. Now I have to be honest, I'm still learning to do this and I'm still trying to do this better every day and I'm still learning to apologize to myself and have a little self-compassion if I failed, promising myself to do better next time. A photo freezes moments in time and I love capturing those precious moments. If I take those pictures with my phone, it takes me out of the moment. The reason for that is very simple. My phone is set up for other types of distractions. That's why I decided to bring my camera every day and I've both got a pocket option which is very small or a big boy camera. It's not only a great present for the people that I capture but it also brings back the moments like no other video I can. Point number eight.  Your phone is a distraction device with every app on here screaming for your attention. Disable and remove are the two ways I use to combat my devices getting in the way of life. There's no email on this phone. There's no Slack, there's no Twitter, there's no Instagram. Notifications are even disabled and my smartphone only beeps when a call comes in or I have a calendar appointment. The average social media user spends two and a half hours a day on social media. I just save myself two and a half hours every day that I can spend on the stuff I do find important. Number nine is learning to say no. Learning to say no has been one of the biggest gains in my life. Saying no to the things I don't want to focus on gives me big opportunity to have a default yes for the things I do want to spend my time on. My kids and my partner they get a default yes for every activity they propose. The same goes for my friends and if my colleagues need my help I'm there for them and if I don't want to do it tomorrow I won't want to do it in two months either. In saying no I'll also protect my future self and this leads to number 10. Every action has a reaction. It sounds very logical when I say it but every action I take leads to a reaction and that reaction is often bigger than the actual action. Let me explain that with an example. Saying yes to speak at a specific event will mean that people will start emailing me about it. They will want to sync up I'll need time to prepare I'll need time to travel and I'll need to give the actual keynote. Doing less means I get to spend more time on the stuff I do find really important so keep in mind every action leads to reaction and that brings us to number 11 and the last habit on this list the side fast. I've learned myself to make decisions fast and everything you need to decide upon will linger somewhere in your brain. Making decisions fast removes those things from your brain and creates headspace for other things. I use a couple of systems to make decisions fast the default yes and no we talked about before being one of them. Since I've learned so much about making decisions both in my work and in my private life I've made a separate video on this which you can find up here. So these are the 11 habits I've learned over the past 10 years and try to apply every day. Since you're watching this video you must be interested in the habit subject and I reckon you have learned a lot of habits yourself which I and others would love to learn so please share them in the comment section that could lead to some really nice future videos. Thank you voice for making these videos possible thank you all for watching these videos and I would love to see you in the next one.


Hello everyone and welcome back to the course on actinide chemistry Yesterday, we have gone through some basic concept of PE And there we have seen that as we know that ph is one of the very crucial variable in controlling the Herbalysis behavior of actinide ion in the solution. Similarly, we thought of a variable that can be called as the PE maybe similar way that we call like ph that is nothing but ph is minus log of hydrogen and activity of concentration Similarly, suppose you can have a variable that is called PE that is again It can be very similar to the ph can be minus log of electron activity So we assume that suppose such a variable exists and somehow we can measure this for a system Then this will tell about the reducing or oxidizing Nature of the reducing or oxidizing capacity of the medium And then we have tried to see that how we can write different relations between PE PE node and The nature of or you can say the composition of the solution So here we have started with the the half cell reaction and we have gone through all these calculations So that we have put to this final equation And if you see this equation very carefully here we are relating our PE with the composition so you can say depending on your oxidized species And reduce the species so if you know this your concentrations of oxidized species and reduce species You can have some idea about PE in a very reverse way also You can say if you know the PE you can have some idea about the composition And then we have compared it with the noisest equation and we have drives of the relationship like this one For this one where you can see that In some of the slides you feel that I have given the term EH instead of purely E It is just to make you remember that In all these calculations rather I should say that it is Your E node is basically with respect to the standard hydrogen electrode So because of that we have given the notation as so many times I have used this H also So it is not very difficult to do you can just say that it just This was the relationship that with which respect you have measured your potential. So with this We have seen that we have a set of axial reactions Which standard of potential as we have measured with respect to SH3 They are known and if you know this Then from here you can just simply use this equation that is ln k is equal to minus E node f divided by RT and you will get the value of k And this is the k value And when you know this k value you can easily calculate what is P E node that is nothing but log of k divided by And so you can calculate this value and again you can fit it into this equation that we have derived And from there you can use these relations to draw your EHPS diagram and we have also seen that What are the conditions or rather I should say what are the boundary conditions that exist when you are using water as a medium This conditions arises mainly because the water as you can see Can oxidize suppose you have water It has both the limit it can oxidize to O2 And it can reduce to SH2 So these are the limited sort of conditions That water can undergo and because of that we should work In the conditions which limits these reactions We should not be having a condition where what is getting oxidized to oxygen or it is getting reduced to the hydrogen So based on this equation these are the reduction equations. We have derived two relationships P is equal to 20.75 minus pH and here we have seen that the slope is Minus one and here also we have derived the equation for the reducing limit of the diagram and there also we are getting slope of Minus one and here we can see this is our Conditions this is our oxidizing condition above this line the activity of oxygen is more than one Similarly below this line, this is the reducing limit of the media below this line The activity of hydrogen is one and all the reactions when we are considering the water medium Could be happening inside this room All the reactions should be inside this zone and then we have seen that When we use the equation that we have derived that P is equal to P0 plus 1 by N log of oxidized species divided by reduced species Then we can use this equation and we'll get a different lines in the pH PE diagram and again this is your oxidizing and reducing limits and then we have talked about two kind of line and then area The first thing you can see the lines can be horizontal The lines can be vertical or the lines can be small When we talk about the vertical lines, these are pure acid based reaction and they do not depend on the potential When we talk about the horizontal lines, they are show a pH independent reaction And these lines when you see the boundary lines, suppose you have seen this line The activity of these two Are same on this line. So you can say they mark a place where the two species exist in equilibrium Then we have also discussed about the area Larger the stability area or larger the area species will occupy more is the stability of the particular species and with this knowledge of pH PE diagram We can understand some redox chemistry of the actinide into the environmental media because if you see the pH The ranges are from 2 to 1 which is obviously your environment pH should come within this pH Similarly, your pH ranges are also in a range where the environmental age comes into picture So with this knowledge Can we draw because this I have shown you for an actual name, but Can we draw for other mental lines? So this is the list I've given you for different actinides starting from actinium to Novalium and you can see that for all these actinides I've given you the standard potentials And as I've told you in the previous slide that if you have information about this standard Reduction potential you can easily drive the LMK values And once we have this LMK value You can use these two equations you can drive From this LMK you can drive PE and that PE you can put it here and then from this PE node You can drive an equation between PE and depending on the Reactions suppose your reaction does not have any hydrogen in that then obviously the pH term will not come to the picture And similarly if your equation does not have any electron term into that Then PE term will not come to the picture. So suppose you take a reaction suppose this one I take In which both the things are there. You have a proton you have an electron So if for such kind of reactions you will get Equation which involves both PE as well as pH So you can draw you just know the equilibrium you can easily draw the lines for the php diagram using this set of equations Why these equations or why these lines are very important to us? So when we talk about the redox chemistry, you all know that this kind of series that I've given here It is very useful when you plan to have an experiment In which you are trying to oxidize or reduce a species Using some will depend on oxygen. For example, suppose I have a species that is NPO2 plus And I want to reduce it to N4 So for this direction To be feasible. I want a couple which can facilitate this reduction. So by looking the standard potentials By looking this standard potential You can choose The two couples and you can add them and you can see that how the reduction is taking place or in presence of which couple Which couple is more favorable? But we have to see that As we have seen that these are all reduction couple And you have to see the delta g values That is nothing but minus nf e naught And so the two reactions you have to see whose e naught Is more positive. So when e naught is positive, it means delta g is more and more negative So that reduction is more feasible So if you have a couple whose reduction is more feasible compared to other couple Then obviously the couple whose reduction is more feasible will go into the Reaction rather than the one whose reduction couple is not Completely not feasible. So based on that we can choose different couple and we can carry out this kind of production reactions They are very important and one of the example. I just want to discuss is that For neptunium again for neptunium 5 we use a fairer sulphamide And if you see this couple neptunium 5 to neptunium 4 In the presence of acid you have to take care of that also in the presence of acid. It is roughly 0.74 And if you see the iron couple It is from iron 3 plus That is what we have shown to iron couples This is 0.7 So this reduction using iron Of neptunium 5 to neptunium 4 is not looks very feasible In this as you can see from the couple this is Giving you more negative delta g value compared to this one So in those conditions, what we generally do As I have written we use the complexing agent that is called fairer sulphamide But the complexing agent will do it will Try to change the thermodynamics of the reactions What it will do during the reaction it will react with both iron 3 As well as neptunium 4 to facilitate the forward reaction So even in situations where the reduction is not black feasible We can try to do the reduction just by adding some kind of complexing agent So this complexing agents this protons everything that you are having in the medium has some effect on your enote And this can definitely change the mode of the reactions so with this We move to the The subject that is basically a current spectroscopy want to discuss Many I see spectroscopy the first thing that comes into the mind is the the color And as you can see from here the lanthanides and Ectanates also I will show in the next slides That they both are having way different colors very beautiful colors And here I have shown that For some of the lanthanides Which are colored or some are colorless will try to discuss that why they are colorless and why some of them are having color The question comes here is like why why we see the color first thing so as you all know that We have a spectrum that uv spectrum and There are certain peaks for different metal ion and suppose you are having peak or absorbance in certain rates according to that You have some spectral colors And what we see is not that spectral color, but we see is the complementary color to the spectral color But before going to the lanthanidic spectroscopy or the uv studies or the emission studies I hope that you have a fundamental understanding of the reasons in the electromagnetic spectrum that we are using for the uv studies or an ir studies So I assume that you know at least those basic things, you know at least lembut be at low that how your evidence is related to the Epsilon to the concentration and to the Path length of the cell you are using for the measurement So I hope you have the fundamental knowledge of all these things. So we can go directly to the lanthanides or actinides absorption spectroscopy And as I've shown you that we see different colors And this is also true for lanthanides and actinides depending on the evidence lines Or you can see the bands in the uv spectra But before going to that let us try to have some information about Term symbols. What is term symbol? In general, we all know about the electronic configuration. We have Some certain configuration that we know we have certain configurations But if you see the configuration, we are having a number of orbitals to field up with a given set of number of electrons And if you see that there are number of permutations and combinations are available that can be used for the feeling of electron into the orbital for example If you see you are having, let us say you are having a d orbital Which is having 10 possibilities And you have a new 2 electrons. So the number of electrons you can say is I am saying 10 possibilities because each orbital can have to add the max 2 electrons So we have 10 possibilities. So in these cases if you see the combination that are possible is 10c2 And from the basic mathematics, you know that if a relation having ncr it is nothing but n factorial divided by n minus r factorial into r factorial. So for this system like 10c2 What will be there if you calculate the number of combination or the number of These in which the electron can be filled in these orbitals Is very huge. Here if you see that is 10 factorial divided by 2 factorial into 8 factorial. If you solve it you will be getting 90 divided by 2 which is nothing but So here you can say for a simple system of d2 You are having almost 45 combinations that are possible So how do these possible combinations because electronic configuration can give you all this 45 configuration based on the ways in which the electron can be filled in the orbital, but Do all these configuration have the same energy But they are degenerate The answer is no Depending on your field They may not be degenerate So we know that there are possibilities of different kind of electronic configuration And each configuration will give rise to something called a term symbol one term symbol A term symbol is basically if you have an electronic configuration and you want to understand the energetic part of that configuration We have to talk about the term symbol because they will relate to the energetic part of the electronic configuration And as I have written here For case of european which has a configuration of 4f6 It's degeneracy it can be lifted either by partially or totally By server perturbation that is acting on this ion such as the electron-electron repulsion Or the spin orbit coupling or the crystal field perturbation and sometimes the zemen effect I hope you have a basic understandings of Spin orbit coupling that Will not talk about much of this spin orbit coupling, but just For your revision We can have two type of coupling then one is called the LS coupling or russians van der coupling First and the second you can talk about the JJ couplings What is the basic difference between the two coupling schemes is that The first coupling scheme that is the LS couplings scheme or the russians van der coupling scheme in which what we'll do Suppose we have a system for electronic configuration in which you are having Two or three electron and every electron suppose you are having three electron Then every electron has a spin as one as two as three and every electron has a individual And when you talk about the LS coupling what we do we sum up All the spins of the electrons we get a total value We sum up all the else to get a total value of 10 and this will Again couple weekly to give something called j. So here what we do with individually first couple the spins Then momentum and then we'll try to get coupling of snl to give the j value Whereas in the jj coupling, which is mostly true for the higher elements Here we start with the coupling of snl and here we are getting j for individual electron And these j couple weekly to give jj coupling. So mostly these are LS couplings are valid. Maybe up to atomic number of 30 But after that mostly it is the jj coupling that takes place But we will try to discuss mainly this LS coupling when we are using this term symbol because this is the Way we can always try to explain in a very simple way about the elaborating functions that are happening in Lengthenets and actinide and this is the enough for our understanding of actinide or lengthenide spectroscopy. So here I've given you some example that How you can calculate the number of configuration or rather we say the number of microstrates For a given number of orbiters and given number of electrons. So here I've taken example of f6 And as I've shown you for the d2 here also you can say that Since we are having f we can have 14 possibility of electron arrangement and then order number of electrons are 6. So the ways in which we can arrange them is nothing but 14, 3, 6. And if you solve this you'll be getting around 3003 ways You can just imagine you have almost 3003 ways of the arrangement of electron into The f orbiters when we are having simple and f6 configuration and all these configurations are not energetically same So we'll try to see that what configuration has what energy and what is the ground sugar configuration and this understanding comes from the term symbol Because the term symbol will tell you about the stability or you can say the energetics the energetic labeling of this electronic configuration How do we find out the term symbol? This is Not a very tedious process and I hope many of you might have gone through this in your BC or MSc classes, but just for the sake of completion I've just Give a very quick example of f6 which I have taken so Just you see the first line if you see If you just assume the electron electron repulsion you will be having 119 groups Of different terms in bulk and obviously if you sum those 119 group the total number should be 3003 And each term having a degeneracy of 2s plus 1 into 12 plus 1 Where s is again as I've told since we are talking about the ls coupling It is the total spin quantum number and l is the total orbital angular quantum number So if you have the idea about the total spin quantum number you can easily calculate Something that is called spin multiplicity which is nothing but 2s plus 1 and as you can see there is a One term here. So if we're having even number of electron We'll get an odd parity if we're having an odd number of electron you are getting even spin multiplicity So for 4 f6 It is even system right here in even number of electron 4 even number of electron we should get odd spin multiplicity So in this case we can get maximally 1 3 5 7 Etc.  Since you can see Some of the else are positive some are adding negative means the direction of the orbital momentum is different so if you sum You'll find the total l value is coming positive three So when you are having s is equal to three L is equal to three what is the spin multiplicity is nothing but two s plus one It will be coming around When you are having l three, what does it mean that? Your angular momentum as I've written here also these terms are denoted by capital letter of the latent alphabet So when you're having l is equal to three you are here So what we are getting is f is equal to what we are getting is f So now as I've written The term symbol is two s plus one l j two s plus one in this case is seven L is three which is dealing me So you can say you have a spay group you have a term symbol that is seven What about the g's number as I've shown that they depend the coupling of Spin and the orbital angular momentum and the values can be from l plus h to l minus s Since again, we are having l is equal to three This is equal to three your l plus s is six and your l minus is Zero you can start from six and go up to the zero value here. I have just shown you the same in the diagram That seven f and then j value takes five four three two And zero how this ordering is coming into the picture that we will just see in the next slide that How the order comes into the picture? So we are having these six states and we'll see that how they are arranged So the ground state term symbol how to get the ground state term symbol The ground state term symbols can be easily done by the Moon's rule The first thing is the spin multiplicity should be on the largest scale If the spin multiplicity is same for the two term That you are having the same spin multiplicity then you have to look for the orbital angular momentum Rule three is that if the electronic shell is less than half build the ground state has the lowest possible day And if it is more than half build it should be having the highest possible day Since we are talking about an f6 system Which is less than half build So it is less than half build so we should be having a ground state with the low j value And since everybody is having the same multiplicity You can just arrange them on the basis of j the ground should should be having the lowest value that is seven f zero So if we see here the ground state is seven f zero and others are seven f ones seven f twos seven f three like that So with this idea of term symbol, let us try to understand the difference spectroscopy of lengthenites and actinites The basic difference between the spectroscopy or UVV spectra of lengthenites actinite compared to One of the d block elements is the involvement of different Orbitals if we see the d orbitals, they are more diffused when you see the f orbital They are more centered compared to the d orbital and or the electronic currents that are happening in the f orbitals Are quite deep buried inside So their intensity is not very much dependent on the external environment But because the four f shells are weakly effective They are weakly affected by the most ions or the ligands that represent outside because they are inside this You have a field orbital of five f two and five p six And the f orbitals are inside so they do not see much of the Outer environment and because of that the transitions are quite sharp when you compare them with respect to The d block elements But if you have internal comparison between lengthenite and actinite Then lengthenites use four f actinites use five f And here again we see if you see the spatial distribution of four f and five f These are more diffused So you can easily say that if four f is more diffused So if you compare the broadness of lengthenite and actinite in a given oxygen state You can see the five f may be a little more broader because of the more diffusion compared to the four f And they are also More interactive with the ligand field compared to the lengthenite We'll see some of the spectra of travel and lengthenite and actinites But before that we'll just see this setup. This is the I think very well known to you that how we measure this the UV visible adoption we have a covet In which we can put our analyte and this is the double beam UV spectrometer in which we use a monochromatic beam Which will split into two parts and then what is going through the reference that's nothing but everything except the metal ion or analyte that I want to use and then we take a reference of that and this You know the lambda to be at low and since you are getting a from this kind of absorbance you will get something like this In which your a is nothing but this And since you are getting a you know the concentration you can always Calculate what is the epsilon or the molar activity? This is I think everybody knows I will not spend much of time on this So what kind of transitions are generally possible in lengthenite and actinite? I have already told that from optical point of view they are Well a part of other elements because they are deep buried orbitals and They do not participate much as compared to the deep look elements into the bonding And what kind of transition that we can expect in lengthenite and actinites? These are three kinds of transition one is called Interconfiguration transition the second is interconfiguration transition and the charge transfer we'll discuss them one by one When I say the term interconfiguration Rather sometimes it is also called as FF transitions These are ideal apparatus for beta right because we know that for a transition to be allowed This should not be zero this should be plus one plus management Similarly When you talk about this and then to trick change in the spin multiple should be zero. So this rule is not followed here Because your transition is between F and F But still we see some transition we'll see why and then intraconfiguration transitions Here compared to this transition it is more favorable because it is like retail out And the third one is charge transfer we'll see in What kind of actinites we'll get this kind of transition And here I've just shown you some transition of uranium that we are getting And if you see Carefully then you see that just by changing the complexation conditions when you're going from one complex to another complex There is some change in the evolution pattern and that is generally used to identify which kind of species is there and we are also Using this kind of pattern to get the stability constant value or we are getting the information about the strength of complexation But we'll discuss some of these things in the next slide So yeah, the first thing is like intraconfiguration FF transitions as a rule they are Very forbidden, but still they are Seen in the spectrophotometer. Why because If you see the selection rule it is obviously not allowed But these states are not purely F in the nature when you see there is some admission of Of the opposite parity into this configuration You can say there is always some perturbation of this F state wave function with the other orbit it may be Deorbited so there is some perturbation or some mixing in this state and because of this mixing when we say The parity is same. It is not true There is a bit different parity and because of that it is slightly allowed. You can say the rule is Bit relaxing and because of that we get this kind of transitions as they are deep buried inside They are not affected by the ligand field. They told you that The outer electrons that are present there They will not allow the ligand field to come up to the orbital and because of their Leopardy forbidden reason or maybe partially allowed reason their intensities are not very high They are very low. So the molar activity of these kind of transitions are not very high They transitions are sharp as that shown in the is the previous reason that Since they are deep buried inside and they are getting shifted from the outermost shells, which are filled And some of the example we'll see again in the coming slides Then we come to the inter-configuration of transition that is every transitions as we can see here the del is L is Following the Leopardy rule So these are fairly allowed transition But again as we see the electron is going from F to D And this is shielded But this is not that shielded because of that It's broadness is called on a higher side compared to the Inter-configurational transitions Since it is allowed transition. So it is also Intense transition and some of the examples are like serium, typhositive, serium, prosycinium and When we talk about the the third transition that is called charge transfer transitions in what kind of scenario we can be through this kind of transition So to get these up to transition that is inter-configuration transition and inter-configuration transition The requirement is the F should have some electron and should not be zero It should have some electron because you are trying to excite electron even in your FF You are having some electron here and you are putting electron in this in your FD again You are having electron here and you're putting here But in certain cases when there is no F electron In those cases also if we see some kind of transition That are mainly arising from the charge transfer and one of the example is urinial ion that is O22 plus if you see this is urinium 6 And if you see the electronic configuration of urinium 6 you will get an x0 state So it is a zero But if you take over the spectrum you'll get a very good spectrum as I've shown you in the previous slide So for the x0 system Both the upper transition that is inter-configuration transition and inter-configuration transition are not possible And we are only Getting the spectrum that we get because of the charge transfer and why the charge transfer is happening and how it looks like We'll see that in the next slide so When you just compare these the actinide ion and the lanthanide ion is actinides having comparatively broader compared to the lanthanides because the pi of orbital is more difficult compared to the lanthanides And we'll try to see that how the spectrum will look like and We'll continue this in the next section. Thank you. Thank you very much


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Okay guys this video is going to be mainly for those people that have an iPhone 12 pro and are possibly thinking about upgrading to the iPhone 14 pro. I have the pro max but for the pro and the pro max they are pretty much exactly the same other than the size and the battery life. I'm going to be covering a whole host of different feature upgrades and some of the specifications that you do get with the 14 pro that you don't get with the iPhone 12 pro so let's go ahead and see if it's actually worth spending the extra money to upgrade to the iPhone 14 pro and let's get straight into it. So first let's talk about the display. With the iPhone 14 pro it does have an upgrade to 120 hertz display whereas the iPhone 12 pro has 60 hertz display that's very beneficial especially when you're cycling through all of the different apps on your phone maybe you're browsing some websites. I have actually noticed the speed and how quick some of the animations are when I am switching between apps it just feels a lot more fluid when you do have that 120 hertz display but basically in theory a higher refresh rate should equal a better quality picture because it cuts down on the blurriness. One other thing that I've always been disappointed with iPhones in general is the amount of peak brightness for their screens. The iPhone 14 pro now has a peak brightness of 2000 nits which I think is absolutely great. The iPhone 12 pro is 1200 nits so it is a lot significantly less and I'm just so happy that now when I'm outdoors and it's very sunny and the sun is directly hitting the screen if I turn the brightness to the max level I can see everything so much more clearer than I've ever had before with any iPhone. Of course one of the biggest differences on the display itself is the always on display for the iPhone 14 pro. You can see this is the lock screen you can't have any always on display for the iPhone 12 pro and you can customize this so it dims the wallpaper that you've set. You can add little widgets even though it's very limited at this stage there's not too many widgets you can add. There's still a lot of customizations that you can make. If you hold down the lock screen then you can go to customize. Outside of that you can create as many lock screens as you like and you can switch between them however you want. So if I go and create a new lock screen for example I can maybe add one which is focused on the weather so the background will show the weather of the day then you can add some more widgets you can cycle through these. If I just keep them as it is I hit add I can set it both to the lock screen and the home screen as a pair so I will do that there. So if I do select this lock screen that will be now set on both my lock screen and my home screen and if I wanted to switch it back I'll just go back to the lock screen I hold down and I'll cycle back to the one that I want and that's the lock screen I have. The always on display I think is great you know when it dims and then you're not really using it. You can just use it as a clock and this is something I've always enjoyed using when I've had Android phones and although it is quite basic still compared to Android phones I'm just so happy that iPhone have actually introduced this now. Okay so let's talk a little bit about speed. The iPhone 12 Pro has the A14 bionic chip and the iPhone 14 Pro has the A16 bionic silicone chip which is so much more faster and you do notice that when you are using the phone generally on a day-to-day basis and with the iPhone 12 Pro you have four core graphics GPU whereas on the iPhone 14 Pro you have five core graphics GPU. Some other specs that you might want to know about is that the iPhone 12 Pro maxes at five point of Bluetooth capabilities whereas the iPhone 14 Pro has been upgraded to Bluetooth 5.3. It just provides a little bit more technical and security enhancements and better stability when you do connect Bluetooth devices. In terms of the sensors inside of them you've seen this from the keynote event. The iPhone 14 Pro has emergency SOS via satellite and also crash detection via the gyroscope inbuilt. The iPhone 12 Pro doesn't have that but I'm confident that 99.9 percent of you guys will probably never be in a situation where you will have to use either of those sensors. And finally in terms of the design the notch you can see this one has the standard notch and the iPhone 14 Pro has the dynamic island notch which I think is a very nice feature I'm excited to explore in more detail in the near future. And finally let's compare the cameras. So with the main camera on the 12 Pro it is a 12 megapixel f1.6 wide camera whereas on the 14 Pro it has been upgraded to 48 megapixel which is a massive upgrade especially if you are going to be shooting in Pro RAW and that is on a f1.8 with quad pixel sensor which is actually 65% larger than the 13 Pro. The main wide camera on the iPhone 14 Pro also doubles up as a macro photography camera so when you zoom in close to an item it will automatically bring up an option to go macro mode and you can actually get really good shots with that and I will showcase some examples shortly. And with the telephoto lens on the 12 Pro it has a 12 megapixel f2.0 52 millimeter telephoto with two times optical zoom and on the 14 Pro it also has a 12 megapixel lens with f2.8 and a 77 millimeter telephoto lens which is quite larger and that goes up to three times optical zoom. With the ultra wide camera on the 12 Pro you have a 12 megapixel f2.4 13 millimeters with a 120 degree field of view and likewise with the 14 Pro it's also a 12 megapixel camera slightly lower aperture f2.2 it is also 13 millimeter and 120 degree field of view as well. The difference with the iPhone 14 Pro ultra wide lens is that this has dual pixel pdaf. pdaf is phase detection autofocus and what that means is that every sensor inside that lens is used for accurate autofocusing which provides much better clarity sharpness and light input something that the iPhone 12 Pro ultra wide lens doesn't have. Now in terms of the optical image stabilization on the iPhone 12 Pro it just has standard OIS built into it and it does a pretty good job and it is very stable footage especially if you shoot in ultra wide lens video but with the iPhone 14 Pro you guys may have seen it also has this new sensor shift OIS which they call the action mode and I will be showcasing a side-by-side comparison to show the difference with and without the action mode how stable that actually makes your video footage. With the front camera the selfie cameras both of them are 12 megapixels the iPhone 12 Pro is f2.2 the 14 Pro is f1.9 both are 23 millimeter focal lengths with the 14 Pro this also has pdaf as well which is phase detection autofocus but it also now includes cinematic mode at 4k 30 frames per second and I will be showcasing that in a second in some samples. One thing I also wanted to mention is with the iPhone 12 Pro this has 1.0 micron pixels which are generated by the CMOS image sensors with the iPhone 14 Pro that has been upgraded to have 1.4 micron pixels which captures twice the amount of light per pixel in the sensor so you get much better clarity in the front selfie camera pictures so I will be showcasing some of these going next so let's start off with the main camera and take a look at some of the side-by-side comparisons so you guys can see how much of a difference they make. When you're taking photos with the main camera looking at them on both phones side by side you might not actually see much difference it's only when you export them to your laptop and see them in full screen that you'll notice the photos are slightly more sharper and vibrant. With the ultra-wide lens it's sort of the same story especially considering that they both have the same megapixels focal lengths and field of view I wouldn't say there's anything in the ultra-wide lens to be too excited about. In the telephoto shots you'll notice that on the iPhone 14 Pro the default aspect ratio of telephoto shots are more narrower and the color accuracy is more in line with reality in my opinion like the green color of the grass and in this next photo during sunset you'll notice the dual pixel pdaf doing its work by bringing in more light and showing more detail in the fence in front of me. I've also included the 3x optical zoomed telephotos in each comparison which is only available for the iPhone 14 Pro only which in the last pic really shows the clarity that's maintained in the leaves of this tree. In my opinion I think the portrait modes have had a really good improvement all the way from capturing the edges of the face and the body more accurately up to allowing more light to really highlight the subject in focus while still having a beautiful depth of field in the background. With the 3x portrait mode only on the iPhone 14 Pro I could see professional photographers starting to get nearer to leaving their mirrorless cameras behind and I would say Apple have really come a long way in their portrait game. Macro mode was first introduced on the 13 Pro models last year and that's one more thing that the iPhone 12 Pro is unable to do. You simply get close to anything on the normal camera mode on one X and it will detect the range and switch to macro mode which you can also turn off if you wish and the pic on the left here shows you the closest I could get without losing focus on my 12 Pro and this second pic really says it all by making it clear that there's an insect on this plant which my 12 Pro probably couldn't capture no matter how close I got. So let's move on to the video stabilization in this first test. I don't have the action mode on for the 14 Pro so I wanted to see how well it stabilizes the footage in both phones whilst I'm just naturally walking here. Both still do an excellent job to be honest with the tiniest bit of sway on the 12 Pro which isn't too noticeable. Now as I turn around here I'm going to start running and see how shaky or smooth the footage is. Even with the action mode off the 14 Pro is super stable and you can see that the 12 Pro bounces a little bit here and there. So here's a repeat of that same test but with the action mode now turned on for the 14 Pro and both videos set to 1x. Again I'll start off by walking and this is where you'll notice it will really feel like the phone is on a gimbal. As I turn I'll run again. This is really smooth and impressive. The final test I'm doing here is with the action mode on but set to 0.5x for ultrawide because the 12 Pro ultrawide has very stable video itself so I just wanted to compare both. As I'm walking both feel like they are on gimbals and there's hardly any shaking. One thing to note with the 14 Pro as I start running here with this turn the video on the phone whilst recording was shaking a lot but once it's saved it processes it incredibly smooth as you can see here. For me that was very impressive. So guys I've got the cinematic mode set to 4k at 30 frames per second which is a new update for the cinematic mode on the iPhone 14 Pro. You don't generally need to have people in the background to do cinematic mode shots. Ideally it's the best way to get cinematic footage but I just wanted to showcase to you guys that I can actually do it with something else like this tree for example. Right now I've got it focused on myself but I want you guys to judge if you're just doing some filming in cinematic mode this can actually kind of replace your DSLR or mirrorless cameras because you have this nice depth of field and bokeh effect in the backgrounds and you're just the subject in focus and it just makes you take your smartphone to that higher level of professional videography. To do this cinematic mode with non-people in the background like objects for example then you'll have to do it after you've taken a shot and edit it manually in your camera app. So let me go ahead and look at this tree. Now in the editing software I'm going to make that tree in focus so if I go back this time you would have noticed the tree was in focus as I look back because I did manually select it when I did my editing. Now I just wanted to move on and show you some other cinematic shots with people in the background using both the back camera and also the front selfie camera which also has a big upgrade on the cinematic mode. Alright guys so now I've switched over to the front selfie camera and this has cinematic mode in 4k as well. If you get someone in shot in the background it automatically will pick them up as soon as you look at them so now I'm going to turn my head and try to see how the focus is especially from the sides of my face you can see it's a little bit blurry around the ears so it's not picture clear like it was on the back camera but nonetheless it still does a very good job and here's an example how quick and smooth was that transition let's do it one more time cinematic mode you got to love it. So now to answer the final question is this iPhone 14 pro worth upgrading from the iPhone 12 pro based on my experience the past couple of days I would say yes definitely it is worth upgrading especially for content creators like myself who do use the camera quite often I feel like this is now going to replace me using my mirrorless camera in most scenarios especially when I go outdoors this just does a very good job filming in not just the normal camera mode but that cinematic mode they just made so many enhancement on it that I feel like filming on there capturing good videos the portrait pictures are coming out much better the brightness on the screens the dynamic island a combination of all of the things that I've mentioned in this video it probably is worth upgrading for the majority of people that still have the iPhone 12 pro in the UK the iPhone 12 pro you can get that brand new roughly around 600 to 650 pounds with the iPhone 12 pro with the iPhone 14 pro that will cost around 1099 pounds or if you go for the pro max like myself that's 1199 so it is quite a little bit more expensive if you do go from pro to pro you're going to have to spend an additional 450 pounds especially if you are someone that doesn't have either of these phones and you want to decide between either getting this one or this one then that's something to bear in mind but overall I'm so happy that I did go ahead and upgrade and I don't have any faults at the moment with this and if I do find anything else which I think you guys would find very useful to know about I will be creating more videos of that so make sure to subscribe so you don't miss any of those other iPhone 14 pro videos that I have coming out very soon I'll also find some tips and tricks that will be quite useful for you guys not just to use the phone but also with the new features in the iOS updates anything else you guys want to know as always drop a comment down below and I'll get back to you as soon as I can make sure to like this video and I'll catch you guys at the next one take care


Sup rigs PCA. Wow. What a box. Hessen Kirstad purple to 250 for the Orioles hell of a box man a red PCA refractor now purple Kirstad with the time at the time would have been the biggest hit This would have been the biggest hit of the break probably still is but


about to hear is true. The names have been changed to protect the innocent. Dragnet, the authentic story of your police force in action. Detective Sergeant, you're assigned the homicide detail. An elderly woman in your city has disappeared. There's no lead to where she's gone or why she left. Your job? Find her. Wednesday, July 14th, it was hot in Los Angeles. We were working the day watch out of homicide detail. My partner's Frank Smith, the boss's Captain Lorne. My name's Friday. We're on our way out from the office and it was 947 a.m. when we got to 654 Kenmore Avenue. Yes. Miss Crocker? It's Miss Crocker, but I'm her. Police officers. Oh, yeah, come in. Thank you. It's my partner, Frank Smith. My name's Friday. How you doing, ma'am?  I was laying down when you got here. Terrible thing. I just know it. Yes, ma'am. If you tell us about it, please. Just bet I will. First off, can I get you something? Maybe a cup of coffee, a little piece of cinnamon toast. No, no, thank you, ma'am. Okay. If you change your mind, you just let me know. Yes, we will. Now, if you just tell us about Miss Gillespie, please. I hope if anything ever happens to me, I get this kind of service. Yes, ma'am. Are you a friend of Mrs. Gillespie? Her best. That's why I know something's happened to her. Uh-huh. She wouldn't just take off like this without telling me. Matter of fact, she didn't tell nobody. Just all of a sudden, she was gone. All right, if you start right at the beginning and just tell us the whole story, please. Well, we're at the Gillespie and me, been friends for years. I see. Her me, been friends for years. Ever since her husband died and she opened up the tea cozy, that's the little tea shop she has. Yeah. Nice place. She's done real good with it. All the ladies in the neighborhood go down there for afternoon tea. Serve those little tiny cake rolls with a pot of tea. Lady's fingers, you know. Yes, ma'am. Well, a couple of days ago, I went down there to see Bertha. You know what day that was? Hmm? I said, do you know the exact date? Oh, no, let's see. This is Wednesday. I guess it must have been Saturday. Yes, that's it, Saturday. All right, would you like to go ahead, please? Well, I went down to the tea cozy and there was a sign right on the door telling how Bertha was sick and she'd gone away for a couple of days. Was she in poor health? Bertha? Yes, ma'am. Bertha was as strong as an ox. Nothing wrong with her. Besides, that is our only Friday night. She didn't say nothing to me about being sick, not a word. I see. That's what made me figure that there was something wrong. For the past 10 years, if there was anything on Bertha's mind, she told me about it. You just bet she did. Well, isn't it possible that she just used the pretended illness as an excuse, that she just went away on a trip, maybe? Oh, Bertha wouldn't do that. Why do you say that? Well, because she just wouldn't do it. Not with Saturday coming up. If there's anything in the world, it could make Bertha leave. Well, what's happening Saturday? Scrabble. Big one. Scrabble? You know the word game? Oh, yeah. Yeah, I know what you mean. Well, the ladies in the neighborhood have a sort of club. We meet down at the cozy and play our tournaments. Bertha's the champion. Hasn't been anybody that can beat her real good. You know, not regular. Yes, ma'am. But that's why she wouldn't leave. This Saturday was her first big match outside the club. A woman from West Los Angeles was coming out here to challenge her. Bertha's been in training all week. She wouldn't just walk out on the match. I'm telling you, officers, there's something wrong. Well, is Mrs. Gillespie any relatives here in Los Angeles? No. No, she's got some people back east of Mississippi, I think. It's possible that you might have left to go see them. I told you. Not with the big match coming on. Ain't nothing in the world could keep Bertha from playing in that. Nothing and you believe it. Yes, ma'am. Does she have any men friends? Well, you mean romantic? Yes. Well, there's Chester. But that's not what I'd call a real romance. Bertha'd go out to the movies with him once in a while. Maybe she'd come over to the T-Cos even evening and they'd sit there and watch the television. But there'd always be somebody else there, mostly me. No. No, you couldn't say that it was any kind of a romance with Chester. Do you have his address? Are you going to talk to him? Yes, ma'am. It won't be any good. I already did. He don't know where Bertha is. If you'll just give us the phone number of this Chester, we'll check on your friend. Yeah, you check. You can find out what I said is true. Yes, ma'am. I think somebody done Bertha in. She wouldn't just take off like this without telling me. Well, ma'am, did she have any enemies in the neighborhood? Anybody that you think might want to do her harm? No, not a soul, not a single one. Isn't anyone who didn't like her. Well, maybe Mrs. Ruhman didn't care much for her. But I think that was kind of a jealous thing. What do you mean? Scrabble. What would say? Mrs. Ruhman, a Helen. She thought she could play the game. Then when she challenged Bertha to a match, well, it was pretty terrible. 457 to 214. Helen was pretty upset. She tried to make out like she was a good loser. You know, kind of smiles last. I can tell. She didn't like being skunked. Yes, ma'am. Can you think of any reason why anyone would want to harm Mrs. Gillespie?  What? Last time I saw her, she was carrying a lot of cash money around with her. Yeah? $2,500. 1033 AM. We put in a call to missing persons detail and checked the name Bertha Gillespie through the files. There'd been no report file on her. And her name did not appear in the Gaga file. We checked the name through on our eye, but she had no criminal record in Los Angeles. 1047 AM. We drove by the T. Cozy restaurant. On the front door, attached with cellophane tape, was a hand-lettered note reading, taking a short vacation, watched for reopening. Through the glass pane, we could see the interior of the shop. Everything appeared to be in order. Frank and I checked the rear of the building, but from what we could see, there was nothing out of line. 1128 AM. We put in a call to the missing woman's boyfriend, Chester Avan. He told us that he talked to the Gillespie woman on the previous Friday night, and she'd appeared in Good Spirits and had said nothing about leaving. We checked at her bank. We found that she'd made a withdrawal from her savings account to the amount of $2,500. This left a balance of over $12,000 in the savings account, $6,000 in the checking account. The manager of the branch told us that he'd spoken with Mrs. Gillespie when she'd taken the money, and that she told him that she was thinking of taking a short vacation. We got in touch with Ms. Crocker and told her what we'd found. We asked her if she wanted to file a missing persons report. She said that she'd wait until the end of the week and if her friend hadn't returned by then, that she'd come into the office. A month passed before we heard from her again. On the morning of Friday, August 20th, she called to tell us that she still hadn't heard from Mrs. Gillespie and asked that we conduct a formal investigation. She came down to the office and filled out a form 316. Frank and I drove out to the restaurant to check it again. It was exactly as it had been when we'd last seen it. We tried the doors and found that they were still locked. 1.43 PM. We went back to the office. Yes, sir. That's kind of high, isn't it? Yes. Well, did your people check into it? I see. Well, thank you, Mr. Jones. If you find out anything, we'd appreciate it if you'd give us a call. Right? That's Michigan 5211, extension 2521. Yes, sir. Either Officer Frank Smith or Sergeant Joe Friday. That's right. Thanks for your help. Yes, indeed. Thank you. Goodbye. Well, that finishes up the utility calls. Now what do you got? The telephone bill for the past 30 days is just the service charge, no toll calls. Same with the electric lights. Did we see payment in the last month, didn't we? No. The telephone company says they haven't been paid in over 60 days. Says they've sent a couple of reminders. Only reason they haven't cut off the service is the bills have always been paid promptly in the past. I checked with their business office. Girl tells me the bill usually runs around 10 bucks. Possible, and that the phone hasn't been used at all. That shapes up that way. Same with the lights. One thing doesn't match. Yeah, what's that? The water bill. I checked with them. Normal bills, about four bucks for the place. Last 60 days, it's been $79. That's a lot of water, isn't it? Yeah. I talked to one of the engineers at the company, a fellow named Jones. Yeah, what'd he tell you? Well, he told me there was only one thing that could cause a water jump like that. Yeah. A water tap. Yeah. Running for about a month. 206 p.m. We called the bank where Mrs. Gillespie had her accounts. The head cashier told us that since the date, she'd withdrawn the $2,500. There'd been no deposits or withdrawals made. We telephoned the missing woman's friend, Mrs. Winifred Crocker. From her, we got the name and address of the owner of the building where the tea cozy restaurant was located. Frank and I signed out of the office and drove out to see him. The address we'd been given was a large house in the Silver Lake District. We rang the bell to the front door. We got no answer. We walked around to the back of the property to a large garage. Now, Joe, if we find this guy, we can find out if she gave him some indication she was going to leave. Yeah. Sounds like there's somebody there. Yeah. I'm here again. We'd like to see Virgil Medina. I'm him. What do you want? Police officers. We'd like to check out a few things with you if we can. What about? Oh, it might be easier if we talked inside. I got no truck with the cops. I got none that I want. Now, you can just ask your questions from out there. All right, sir. That's the way you want it. That's the way it's going to be. Now, get your questions asked and go about your business. You own a building located at 687 Kenmore Avenue? Why? Look, Mr. Medina, we're trying to conduct an investigation. We'd like to have your cooperation. If you don't want to talk here, we can go downtown. I own a building. Why? Do you have a tenant named Bertha Gillespie? Yes. Why? When did you see her last? Well, about a month ago. At least that. Do you remember the exact date? I don't know. It's a long time ago. What's all this about Bertha anyway? What are all these questions? You got something you want to know about it? Go ask her yourself. Anything I can tell you that she can't? Go talk to her. Leave me alone. Where did you see her last? He downed the restaurant. What time of day? It was night. Night time. Would you try to remember what date it was? It's pretty important. Wait a minute. I'll try to figure. See, I guess it must have been on a Saturday night. Yes, I'd say it was Saturday, the 10th of July. Do you have any way of being sure that that's the date? Oh, look, you come around here asking questions, and I'll give you an answer. You can take it or leave it. I got no way of being sure. I said, hey, I think I saw her last. She seemed in good spirits. What do you mean by that? Well, so was she happy or was there something worrying her? Well, she seemed happy to me. I didn't pay a lot of attention. What are your cops trying to find out? You come right out and tell me what you want. Maybe I'll have the answer. But I haven't got time to stand around and waste time with you. Now, you tell me why you're asking these questions or you can leave. Mrs. Gillespie's been reported missing. We're trying to trace it. Well, who done that? Who says she's missing? Well, that's not the important point here. We got the report. We've got to check it out. Well, whoever told you that's crazy. Your birth is gone is a good reason for it. I guess she just finally got fed up and left town. What do you mean? She made a mint of money from that place. Regular mint. She used to tell me that when she had enough, she was going to just take off and see the world, go around the whole world on a tramp steamer. She told me when she signed the last piece that she thought this would be the last one. Ah, she ain't missing. She's just gone. She's saying anything to you about the fixtures in the place? What do you mean? Well, you know, the furniture, all the fixtures. They belong to her, don't they? Yes, I guess so. Was she making arrangements to dispose of them? Not me. She didn't. I wonder if you have a key to the place. Was he cozy? Yes, sir. No, I don't. You own the building and you don't have a key to the restaurant? No, I had one, but I lost it. Never had another one made. Why? What do you want with the key? You want to check the premises? Well, as far as I'm concerned, you've got no right to do that. The place belongs to Mrs. Gillespie. You've got no right to go tromping around in there. I'm afraid we're going to have to. Then you're going to do it without my say so. All right, sir. That's the way it's going to be. I'm telling you, he ain't going to like it. He ain't going to like you good in the place when she isn't there. Well, we take that up with her. Well, you better because I'm not going to take any responsibility for it. We're not asking you too, Mr. Medina. I'll give you this, though. Yes, sir, what's that?  Well, thanks for your help, Mr. Medina. Don't mention it. Just remember what I told you about finding trouble and ain't looking for it. Well, that doesn't happen often. Huh? We're looking for it. 314 PM, Frank and I drove back to the T. Cozy restaurant on Kenmore Avenue. We checked the front door of the place. It was locked. While Frank covered one side of the building, I took the other side looking for open windows. How about it? No, no luck. Pretty neat, here. What do we do now? Well, I'm going to try to force one of the windows in the back. All right. Come on. Are you going to break it? I'm going to have to. Wait a minute, Joe. You hear water running? Sounds like it's coming from inside. Yeah, it might be. Let's get in there. You want my gun? No, I'll use my handcuffs. See if I can hold on the top half of the window here. Well, you better use your handkerchief. Let me borrow your. All right. All right, does it? Let me shot in front, all right. This must be the living room. Everything looks OK here, a little dusty. Water's running someplace. Wait a minute. Sounds like it's coming from over there. Well, she put up quite a fight. Blood stains all over the place. Guess this is what killed her, butcher knife. From a picture in the description that we've gotten from Winifred Crocker, we identified the victim as the missing woman Bertha Gillespie. We put in a call for the crime lab. Lee Jones and his crew came out and went over the place. The rest of the restaurant seemed to be in order. It was no sign of a struggle of any kind, except in the bathroom where the body had been found. The murder weapon, the butcher knife, was dusted for prints as was the rest of the restaurant. But the partials that the crime lab came up with were worthless for classification. They would be sufficient, however, for comparison if we caught the killer. The search of the personal effects of the dead woman revealed no further information to aid us in apprehending her killer. The $2,500 that she was known to have had when she was last seen was missing. 621, the man from the crime lab finished their investigation on the scene and the coroner's office was called. They came out, removed the body. They also locked the door and affixed the coroner's seal. 6.45 PM, Frank and I got back to our car to go down to the office. Now, let's go, Frank, yeah. Hold it, Frank, huh? That's a little kid. You guys, the cops? Yeah, son, what's the matter? Not excitement around here, huh? Yeah, that's right, something we can do for you? No, I figured maybe there's something I can do for you. What do you mean? You know who did the murder yet? Why do you say it was a murder, son? I know who did it. The working detective is learned by experience. But approximately 60% of all homicides are solved within 20 minutes after the arrival of the authorities. Two things are necessary in establishing the identity of a killer. Motive and opportunity. In the present instance, we had the motive. $2,500 that the dead woman had withdrawn from her account was missing. However, a month had passed between the time the actual murder had taken place and it had been discovered. Ample time for the killer to cover his tracks. Now, before we could leave the scene, we had a witness who stated that he could name the killer for us. We asked the boy to get into the back seat of the police car while Frank and I questioned him. What's your name, son? Gooden Eric. Kids always call me Gordy. How old are you? Seven.  I can. Oh, who was it? Mr. Medina. You mean the man who owns the building? Yeah, that's who I mean. Well, that's a pretty serious charge, Gordon. Is there any way to prove that? Yes, I really can't prove it. But I know it's true. Well, how do you know it? I just know that's all. I've seen him there. I've just seen him going in and out. Well, when was this? Three weeks ago. Maybe a month. But he used to go in and out all the time. Argued with Mrs. Gillespie. What do you mean by argument? Well, Mr. Medina screamed that Mrs. Gillespie. Well, you ever hear any of these arguments, son? Sure. My mother's a friend of Mrs. Gillespie. We just live a couple of blocks away on Dewey Street. I play over here all the time. I've heard Mr. Medina yell at her and yell at her. What they argue about, son? Mostly about at least something. It seems like Mr. Medina wants Mrs. Gillespie to move out. She didn't want to. Made him pretty sore. You've got to talk to him. He'll tell you the same thing about how he used to fight with her. All right, son. Your mother ever hear any of these fights? Sure. You ask her. She'll tell you the same way you just thought I did. OK, is she home now? She'd be. Maybe she went out to the store or something. She should be home. OK, son. Let's go, then. Yeah. Yes, this is about the most excitement we've had for a long time. Yeah. Oh, Mrs. Gillespie. She was a nice old lady. Real nice. Wasn't hardly anybody I didn't like her. Hardly anybody.  She verified his story about the arguments between the victim and Medina. She went on to say that Medina had threatened Mrs. Gillespie, saying that if she wouldn't vacate the premises, he'd take care of her. We had their statements taken. And at 8.40 PM, we went by Medina's house and asked him to accompany us downtown. Finally agreed, although he was sullen and uncooperative. When we got him down to the office, we checked his name to the record bureau, but we found that he had no criminal record in Los Angeles. His prints were rolled and sent to Holland Stahl for comparison with those found on the murder weapon. While we waited for the results, we talked to him in the squad room. You're going to regret this, you know that? Yeah.  You just wait until my lawyers get here. You could have stopped all this foolishness. You want to tell us what it's all about, Medina? What it's all about? One of my tenants got himself killed. Now listen, I've got property all over town, a lot of tenants. Stan, you have some pretty big arguments with Mrs. Gillespie. Who said that? Who told you that? Is it true? Well, it's a lie. You bring the person in here to set it, and I'll tell them it's a lie right to their face. You just bring them in here. We can't do that, and you know it. Yeah, of course you can. You know why? You want me to tell you?  You can't show the person who said that because there ain't no such person. Is anybody in the world who says, I'll give you a birthday? Uh-huh. You try to get her to break her lease with you? There's nothing of business. I told you before, I'm not about to answer a lot of questions that are none of your concern. Couple of things we better set you straight on, Mr.   Just wait on my lawyer against here. He'll take care of all this, and he's going to fix you for taking my fingerprints. I still don't think you had any right to do that. Don't write it off. Oh, yeah. Yeah. Tell us why you killed her, Medina. What are you talking about? That was our fingerprint, ma'am. We checked your prints against the ones we found on the murder night. They match perfectly. You sure, are they? They're sure. I didn't need to do it. I really didn't need to, honestly. Just all of a sudden, I got so mad. I was standing there smiling. You should have known that if you had a way of smiling at you and you knew that there wasn't anything that you could do, you'd just stand there smiling. I didn't mean to kill her, though. You got to believe that I didn't mean to kill her. Want to tell us how it happened? Have you got a cigarette? Yeah. I had a chance to lease the place to some other people. More money. I tried to get her out. Go ahead. I tried to talk to her. I tried to get her to retire. She had enough money. She didn't ever have to worry. All I wanted to do was to get out. But she wouldn't. He said I'd sign the lease with her, and she was going to keep it. How much difference was there between what she was paying and what the new people were going to give him? $50 a month. Who killed her for that? Oh, yeah, you don't understand. You've got to try. Now, really, this is important. If you knew by then, you'd know why I did it. You see, I went to her.  I'd give it to her at less money. I was trying to be fair. You could see that. I wanted to be fair. Well, that's how tonight I decided to have it out with her. I went over to talk, tried to convince her that she wouldn't listen. She just wouldn't listen. I tried everything to make her listen, but she wouldn't. She just stood there and told me that she had the lease and that she was going to keep it. He just stood there with that superior smile of ours like she knew it all.  If you knew or you'd see what I mean, you'd see, you'd see. Did you take the money? Yes. I don't know why I did that.  I didn't mean to honest, I didn't. As soon as I saw her, I was sorry. I was real sorry. Did you turn that water on? Well, I guess so. You see, I don't remember too good. I washed my hands after I killed her. I remember that. I guess I did leave the water on. I guess I did, yes. All right, do you want to get the stenographer, Frank? Sure, thanks. You've seen the way she thought she was so much better than anybody else would know. Is that right? Sure. All those old hands clucking around all the time, building her up, making her feel superior, real superior. If she'd just moved out, if she'd just let me have her place, it all would have been all right. If she'd just done that, that's a lot of money, you know. $50 a month. That's what I stood to make on the deal. Yeah. It was worth it, don't you think? $50 a month, without turning her hand? Everybody had figured that way, wasn't they? Everybody did think so. Now, when you get where you're going, you can ask them. On November 10th, trial was held in Department 97, Superior Court of the State of California, in and for the county of Los Angeles. Samuel Medina was tried and convicted of murder in the second degree and received sentence as prescribed by law. Murder in the second degree is punishable by imprisonment in the state penitentiary for a period of from five years to life. Dragnet, the story of your police force in action is a presentation of the United States Armed Forces Radio Service.


The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is a miraculous text. At a time when the world emerged from cataclysmic events, the Declaration sets out universal rights and recognized the equal worth of every person. The Declaration, which was drafted by representatives from all over the world, embodies a common language of our shared humanity, a unifying force at the heart of which lies human dignity and the duty of care we owe each other as human beings. In the past 74 years, the importance of universal, indivisible and inalienable rights has only become clearer. Yet there is a growing disconnect between the standards on the one hand and the realities on the ground on the other. Even as the 30 articles of the Declaration have sparked transformation in all areas of our lives, the embers of racism, misogyny, inequality and hatred continue to threaten our world. We face a triple planetary crisis and skyrocketing inequalities, exacerbated by the COVID pandemic. And we are grappling with a rise in populist politics and authoritarianism, a deluge of misinformation both online and offline and an alarming spread of conflict and violence. All of these factors are impeding our progress towards a freer and more equal world. In 2023, we will commemorate the 75th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It is also the 30th anniversary of the Vienna Declaration on Programme of Action, which paved the way for the creation of my position, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, and my office. The upcoming anniversary year will be our opportunity to recall the consensus envisaged by the Declaration to reset and to strengthen the remarkable human rights architecture that we have built over the years. With an eye to the past as well as to the future, I hope that the UDHR 75 initiative, which will be led by my office together with our partners, will allow us to rekindle the spirit, the impulse, the energy and the vitality that led to the Declaration 75 years ago. The language and spirit of the Declaration have the potential to overcome division and polarization. It can make peace with nature, our planet, with each other, and point the way to sustainable development for future generations. The light of the Declaration can shine in the daily lives of individuals in communities all over the world, in their neighborhoods, in schools, offices and on the streets. But this requires our generation, including young people, to give the Declaration new life, to take ownership of it and to repurpose it to meet the needs of our times and the challenges of our future. In 2023, I invite everyone all over the world to take up the torch for human rights and use these rights to forge a common future of dignity, freedom and justice for all.


Just so you know, if you hear a low bassy sound, some neighbors like two blocks over have their car stereo going and I can just hear the low bass. Gotta love people who just love sharing their music. Anyway, today I'm going to talk about something that was asked in a comment of a recent video. I, you know, not too long ago did a series on SQLite, database stuff, very basic stuff. And someone said to me in their comments is that how they really like using plain text files. But they were working on a project and they were wondering if I thought that using SQLite database or some sort of database would be better than a plain text file. And my answer to that, it all depends. I really like doing stuff in plain text files.  So my main rule of thumb, first thing I need to think about is am I going to be writing a script that is going to update that information.  And then I'm talking about personal use here, you know, if you're, if you're doing something that other people are going to be using, and there's going to be a lot of people, lots of times a database is going to be better. But if you're just logging stuff, so you're keeping track of something and you're adding new things to the list and you're not modifying the previous stuff, plain text is fine. But once you get to the point where you might want to change information that's already in there, for example, and I use this as an example a lot because it's a very common thing that you're going to create if you're going to do any type of business work is, you know, an employee database. You're going to have a database of their first name, their last name, their employee number, their phone number, their address, what department they work in, their title, their hire date, that sort of stuff. Well, you know, if someone wants to change their phone number because their phone number changed, writing code that modifies a plain text file, you can do it. It's just it can become a real headache. Because what are you going to, you're going to delete out the old line and replace the old line or are you going to try to set to replace that? No, that just gets really messy and we'll come back to bite you. So anytime, if you're going to be updating previous information in there, database is probably a way to go. But if you're just logging stuff and it's personal use, plain text is mostly fine. You know, you're going to log it, search it and maybe display it somehow. Now as an example, something that I've been doing for two or three years now, I created a simple little interface and sometimes it's easy to create a little form that submits stuff to a text file. But I have an application running on my web server that I have an icon on my phone. And it's actually on my phone.  And when I click on it, it lists my current two cars, my wife's car and my car and even has a log from my previous car because I was using it then. And it displays a list. So it displays all the cars I click on the car. I want and displays a list of all the stuff I've logged. And it's three columns and it's all in rows. The first column is the date, then it gives a description. And then if it's something that costs money, the price there. So if I got the oil change, there's the date, there's just says oil change. Maybe I put the mileage in there. And the next column is how much I paid. So, but the way I enter stuff into that is actually just SSH into my server and open up that file and Vim. And I have a separate text file for each of those cars. And I actually liked it so much that I recently added my house track of house expenses. And when you go in there, I just Vim, I type in the date. And then each column is separated by a pipe. So I type in the date, a pipe, description, pipe, price if there is one. And then I do a back tick and a URL if there is one. And what happens is if there is a URL in that list on my phone, if I click on it, it actually brings me to a URL that can be anything. But in most cases, it's documents. So for example, I got my let's say I changed my own oil, which I just recently started doing because a friend is showing me how to do that. I have a list I have here, you know, this is the date and it says oil and filter change. And then it says the price. But then when you click on that row, it actually brings me to photos I took of the bottle of oil, picture of the box for the filter and the receipts. So I have a record of what filter I used, what type of oil I used, and how much I paid. And that way in the future, when I go to change my own oil myself, I go, oh, that's the type of oil I got. I know that's the right one. I know that's the right filter, you know? And so it makes it real simple. But I'm doing that myself. So I'm just searching, actually I don't just VIM, since I have multiple files, you know, one for each car and one for my house and stuff like that. I actually set it up that when I SSH into my server, my last three cars are Mazda. I just type Mazda and hit enter and actually uses FZF, which is a fuzzy finder. And it lists all those files for the three different cars in my house. And I can select it and it brings me into that and VIM. So all I have to do is type in Mazda, hit enter. And then if I want my newest car, I type in 2016, hit enter. And I'm in that file. I add a new line. And if I want to, I can go back and change previously entered stuff, which I usually don't. But it's very simple for me to go in VIM. But if you're creating something for other people, you in no way want them to have access to how things perform. Because they will screw up the formatting just horribly, even if you try to make it as simple as possible. Anytime you're writing code, the hardest thing is thinking, what is the end user going to do? So for example, this is, I'm going back 10 years, a little more than 10 years. I'm looking at, yeah, probably 0809. So about 10 years ago, I was trying to help out at work. I had previously done some peer work for them. I didn't really want to be involved, but I want to kind of steer them in the right direction. So I create a little interface for them that displays stuff that's logged. And to make it as simple as possible, I didn't want to create an interface that updates the stuff. So what I did was I create a Google spreadsheet. I gave access to this lady who was in charge of it. And I set it all up, format it out. And I said, all you have to do is enter in the stuff here. In fact, I even created a form so it enters stuff into that database. But then my interface displays the stuff. Well, in each column was a different thing. All she had to do was enter in the information. Well, she decided she wanted to change the way the spreadsheet looked. And she started moving the columns around. I was like, no, you can't, you obviously can't do that. At least to me, it's obvious. But she's like, oh, yeah, I moved those around. Now things aren't displaying properly. So it's like you never, and I normally wouldn't do that. But again, I was trying to not be involved because it was a headache. And I was just trying to help, but not really help. But yeah, you never want to give someone access to how that information formats. So plain text, yeah, you're going to want to write your own interface for them to enter the information, whether it's going into a database or a plain text file. And also, if you're creating forms where they enter stuff, you want to limit what they can type. So let's say they have to enter their name. You don't want to give them a text field, an input field where they can type their name. You want to give them a dropdown that lists all the employee's name and they select their name from that. Because now, like I'm Chris, my name's Christopher. I go by both. Sometimes I write Chris. Sometimes I write Christopher. You know, let's say half time I write as Chris, half time I write as Christopher. You know, or I actually tend to misspell my name a lot. My last name has a lot of I's in it. And when I type fast, I always miss the second to last I. Almost all the time. I catch it almost all the time. But you know, what if I type my name wrong? Now we're trying to search through database and it hasn't come up. So let them select, you know, from a list. If they enter a date, give them a calendar pop up to select the date from. Don't let them type the dating because people will type the date all different types away. So you want to limit what people can do as much as possible when it comes to input. You want them to be able to enter the information they need to enter, but you don't want to have them type it in. Anytime you can have a, you know, a bar where they can choose a number or, you know, a drop down menu rather than typing something in or a date, select anything like that where they pick things from a list rather than typing stuff in the better. Now maybe that you can, they can type stuff to filter the list or search the list. But you, if you can limit them to what's in the list, always do. But going back again, rule of thumb when it comes to plain text versus database, database is usually better, but not always worth the headache of setting up. Although if you do it a lot, like, like I do, you create scripts, which I do have up on GitLab to kind of automate a lot of the process. But if you're just dumping information into a log and logging the stuff, plain text is fine on small projects.  You're going to want to do it as a database. It's going to be more efficient and, and you're going to want to do better database stuff than I do because I am definitely not a professional. It comes to databases. I use the bare minimum skills just to put stuff in and update it. But even if you're doing something for yourself, unless you're going to go open up Vim or somewhere text there and add the text, if you're going to create an interface that not just enter stuff into the database, but allows you to go in and update stuff that's already entered, you're going to want to use a database rather than a plain text file because before I started doing database stuff, again, going back like 10 years, that was probably about when I started doing a little bit of dabbling with my SQL. I used to do everything plain text and, and one, it can be very slow if the files get large. But yeah, it's like you want to update. Here's that, that employees row. It's like, how do you update that? And like the simplest way would be to grab that line, delete it out of there, make the modifications to it, and then dump it back into the file and now it's at the bottom of the file. You can try to replace it in line, but it's just, it's, it's messy. But I still use plain text for a lot of stuff. For example, I've done a few videos on my water pumps. So I got two pumps and I got to ESP826 chips that just send signals to my web server, HTTP requests, when the pump's on or if it's been running for a while. That's just all dumped to a plain text file. Again, my car thing, if it's just dumping stuff in there, but in any case, always make sure that you have it formatted in a way. Because another thing is if you haven't formatted well, you can always convert or import it into a database if you decide to make the change later on. Of course, you can go the other way as well. You can dump your, your database into a plain text file, but usually if you've gone that far to create the database, you're not going to go back to a plain text file. But if you have some sort of CSV file or TSV file where you have the limiters, usually commas or tabs, I usually use the pipe symbol. Just because it's simpler people when typing stuff don't normally use the pipe symbol, but like a comma they would use in an address or something, in which case you have to write your code to take that into account. And even if you are using a symbol like a pipe symbol, you're going to want your interface to search that before it puts it into the plain text file. And again, most of the time I'm doing it myself, so I know not to do that, but if other people are, you want to replace that pipe symbol with something else, you know, anything you're going to use as a delimiter, you want to make sure that that's fixed. And there's code out there to help you with that. But that's my thoughts on plain text versus database. Depends on your situation. If you're just doing something personal for yourself and it's very simple, and you're logging stuff that you might display or search through later, most cases plain text is fine.  I don't even know if that's not really a saying. You're going to get bit in the butt. It's going to nip you in the butt. That's what I'm looking for. It's going to nip you in the butt if you're trying to create an interface that other people are going to use that's going to be updating information in the log if you're just using plain text file. It's going to be more of a headache than taking the 10 minutes to learn a few commands for working with some sort of SQL database. Because you just need to know how to enter stuff and update stuff once you get going really and maybe delete something. Anyway, thanks for watching. Filmsbychrist.com. That's Chris Decay. A link in the description of the video. As always, I thank you for watching and I hope that you have a great day.


Here's a flowchart for a program that calculates how old a person is in days given their age and years. You may be wondering why we're drawing a flowchart for such a small program. The reason is that we want to be in the habit of writing out a plan before we write the program. Now for the C program. To save some time, I've created a file named template.c that has all the code that I'd have to type for every program. There's something new here on line 11. A single line comment. In addition to the multi-line slash star star slash comments, you can make brief comments by putting two slashes in a row. Everything from there to the end of the line is considered a comment. I'll modify the comments at the start to reflect the purpose of the program. And I'll put in today's date. We're going to need variables for the age and years and the age and days. In C, you must declare a variable before you can use it. When you declare a variable, you must tell what data type the variable will contain. This means that C is a statically typed language. The age and years and age and days will be integers, and we start out with this. Like other languages, when you create a variable in C, it is not automatically initialized to some value like zero. Instead, it contains whatever bits happen to be in memory where the variable resides. This is not a good thing. You will always want to explicitly initialize variables. As in many other programming languages, the equal sign does not mean algebraic equality. Instead, it means assignment. Whatever the right-hand side works out to, goes into the variable on the left-hand side. Similarly, in the next assignment statement, the right-hand side works out to 7,665, and that result goes into the variable on the left-hand side. You can declare and initialize variables at the same time, which is a style that I prefer. Our book sometimes puts multiple declarations on a single line, separated by commas. Don't do this. Always write with one declaration per line. This makes your code easier to read and modify. Here's the code in our IDE. Let's save this as a file named yearsanddays.c, and let's build it and see what happens. We get a warning message. We've assigned a value to the days variable, but we haven't used it anywhere else. When you get a warning light on your car's dashboard, you don't ignore it. You want to get it fixed. The same goes for programs. Don't turn in programs that still have warnings. We can get rid of the warning by using the variable, and that will happen when we print the results to the screen. To do that, we'll use the printf function again, taking advantage of the fact that the f in printf stands for formatted. We'll start off with a string that we want to print. You can think of the percent as introducing a placeholder that will be filled in by some value. The letter i that follows the placeholder is the formatting character that says that the value will be an integer. This formatting string has two placeholders, which means you need to provide two variables to fill them in. We'll be looking at other formatting characters later on. But for now, let's rebuild, and the warning has gone away. When we run the program, we get the desired result. Summing up, variables must be declared with their data type. An equal sign indicates assignment, not algebraic equality. The right-hand side of the assignment is completely evaluated, and the result goes into the variable on the left-hand side. The formatting string used in printf can have placeholders that are introduced by a percent sign. The percent sign is followed by a specifier that tells what type of data will fill in that placeholder. You specify the values that fill in the placeholder after the format string. And that's a brief introduction to using variables in a C program.