Several episodes ago, I briefly mentioned the story of Margaret Garner. Her story is worth returning to for a moment. Margaret Garner was the 22-year-old slave of a man named Archibald Gaines. She already had four children, and Gaines was almost certainly the father of the three youngest who had noticeably lighter skin than their oldest sibling. During a severe snowstorm in January of 1856, Margaret's husband Robert attached a sled to a pair of horses, and he and his family, like many slaves, took advantage of the weather to run away. They made it to Ohio, where the family took shelter with Margaret's relatives, former slaves themselves, named Elijah and Mary Kite. But the Garners had been followed by a posse of slave catchers who showed up at the Kite residence only hours after the Garners. Taking them in outside the window, Margaret took hold of a carving knife. While the slave catchers were banging on the door to the cabin, Margaret used the knife to slice the throat of her second youngest child, the two-year-old Mary Garner.  Her mother-in-law answered, I cannot help you kill them. With that, Margaret grabbed a coal shovel and moved to kill the rest of the children who were huddled against a wall, now both terrified of the slave catchers and their own mother. She started slamming the shovel against her two oldest children, Thomas and Samuel. She failed to kill them, but left them with a series of cuts and bruises before the slave catchers broke into the home. With her captors inside, Margaret turned to her nine-month-old daughter, Silla, and slammed the shovel into the infant's face. As she cocked her weapon back for a second blow, the men grabbed her, and unlike Mary, the baby survived. For killing her daughter, Margaret faced a murder charge in the state of Ohio. Abolitionist lawyer John Jalief took the case in defense of Margaret and the rest of her family, who were listed as accessories to the crime. He wanted to make the case about the fugitive slave law, arguing in front of a northern jury that the law had driven a mother to such desperation as to take the life of her child, rather than see them be recaptured. The jury found Garner and her husband guilty of murder. The murder trial was quickly followed by the fugitive slave trial to return the Garner's to Archibald Gaines. In remarkably unusual circumstances, Margaret Garner was allowed to take the witness stand to testify on behalf of her children in their own case under the Fugitive Slave Act, this being the only time in which a black person was allowed to give a testimony in the Fugitive Slave case. Like the vast majority of fugitive slave cases, the Garner's were returned to slavery. But the Garner trial received massive attention. So many people flocked to witness the trial, that they crowded the streets outside of the courtroom and hundreds of men had to be deputized to keep the peace. The closing arguments for the murder trial took place on February 6th. The fugitive slave trial began on February 8th. In the day between these two trials, on February 7th, 1856, Montgomery Blair filed a brief with the Supreme Court to decide the fate of a slave named Dred Scott. In historical memory, no court case is more significant and more infamous than Dred Scott v. Sandford. But on February 7th, when the brief was filed, Dred Scott was a figure obscured by the case of Margaret Garner and her family, which consumed national attention. But by the time the final verdict was given on the Dred Scott case, he would be, in many ways, the most significant slave in United States history. I'm Chris Calton, and this is the Mises Institute podcast to historical controversies. In the previous episode, we looked at the election of 1856, and I ended the show with reference to James Buchanan's inaugural address in which he promised to accept the ruling by the Supreme Court regarding the Missouri Compromise. In fact, it wasn't even a ruling at all, it was simply an opinion given off the topic of a different case regarding Dred Scott. The story of Scott v. Sandford is really three stories. One is the story of Dred Scott himself, the second is the story of the court case, and the third is the story of the ramifications of the court case on the sectional crisis that was already seething over things like the Kansas, Nebraska, and fugitive slave acts. Dred Scott was born into slavery in Virginia. Like many slaves, we don't know his exact date of birth, but it was probably in the year 1800. Scott's owner, Peter Blow, took his slaves with him when he moved to Alabama in 1818 and then to St. Louis, Missouri in 1830. Two years later, Blow died. Dred Scott was purchased in 1833 by an army surgeon named John Emerson. For the next three years, Dred Scott worked for his new master at Ford Armstrong, which was in Illinois, a free state. It's possible that had Scott claimed his freedom during these three years, his freedom would have been recognized under the Constitution of Illinois, but Scott didn't try to claim his freedom. We don't know why some people claim that he was content enough while working under Emerson that he didn't want his freedom. I find this to be a spurious claim myself, and it's one that's based on a commonly circulated but historically ridiculous misconception. As a bit of a sidebar, I've seen a meme shared around on social media by a relatively prominent libertarian page that I won't name, but is one that I've seen circulate some embarrassingly false history in the past. But this graphic was widely shared, so I saw it a number of times, and it said something to the degree that most slaves were so content in their slavery because food, shelter, and clothes were provided for them that they didn't even want freedom. Usually the meme is trying to make a point that welfare programs and essentially any government provided good or service is something that people are unwilling to give up because they can't imagine obtaining this stuff without the government. But even if that may be true for welfare programs or government nationalized industries, the comparison to slaves in the 19th century United States is patently false. At Hardly Even, Warren's discrediting, especially since I spent three episodes on the Fugitive Slave Law, and the very existence of the Fugitive Slave Law and the controversy over enforcing it, would bring this narrative into question. If slaves were so afraid of freedom, why would such a law need enforcement? Why would Southerners form mandatory slave patrols to suppress slave rebellions? Why were border slaves traded at a discount, which was due to the higher risk of slave runaways? It's genuinely embarrassing to see stuff like this circulating around as if it's sound historical fact when the opposite is so clearly true. In fact, when arguing with one person on this graphic, which is a mistake, I always regret getting into arguments on the internet, but I fell into one this time. The guy defending the claim that slaves were content in their slavery sent me a link of a very famous slave letter from Jordan Anderson to his former master, Colonel P. H. Anderson. And it's a funny story to mention because it's evidence of the all too common habit of people linking things and arguments they haven't actually read, or maybe just read the first bit of because this former slave was being sarcastic. So he sent this letter after the war and Anderson had written to a slave to try to get him to come back and work for him. And Jordan tells the Colonel that he was glad he was safe because he didn't want to hear of him being hurt. And it sounds like he was a content slave who loved his former master until you continue reading. And he says that he's willing to come work for him on the condition that he received back pay for all the years he was enslaved. And the letter ends by saying, quote, say howdy to George Carter and thank him for taking the pistol from you when you were shooting at me. So Jordan Anderson, far from expressing his contentment as a slave and love for his former master was sarcastically ridiculing the man for offering to hire him after a emancipation. So this idea that slaves were afraid of freedom is absolutely ridiculous and in the case of Dred Scott, it's far more likely that he simply didn't know that the possibility of claiming his freedom while he was at Fort Armstrong was even an option. So in 1836, the army abandoned Fort Armstrong and Dr. Emerson and Dred Scott ended up at Fort Snelling, which was in modern Minnesota, but was at the time the Wisconsin Territory that had only been created through the Wisconsin Enabling Act two weeks prior to Emerson and Scott's move there. Thus, according to the Missouri Compromise, slavery should not have even been legal in this area. But this law banning slavery had never even been attempted to be enforced. So Scott remained in the service of Emerson the entire time they were at Fort Snelling. Even had Scott known about the law and since he was illiterate, it's doubtful that he did, Fort Snelling was in a pretty remote region of the country and it's doubtful that he could have found anybody to help him with the case anyway. So Scott remained at Fort Snelling until 1838 and while he was there, he married Harriet Robinson. Robinson was owned by an Indian agent named Major Lawrence Teleofaro, if I'm pronouncing that right, who was also a justice of the peace. So he performed a wedding ceremony for the two slaves. It's worth mentioning that slave marriages were not technically legally recognized, but the ceremonies were common and slave spouses owned by different people were often allowed to visit each other, particularly on Sundays. And it's generally assumed that this was a way of maintaining peace among the slaves and disincentivizing rebellion or escape. But eventually Scott's lawyers would argue that the marriage ceremony was proof that both Emerson and Talia Faro already viewed the pair as being free, which was frankly untrue and it wasn't a very sound legal argument. The fact that they were living in a territory north of the Missouri Compromise Line was a far more valid legal argument. Courts typically made a distinction between bringing slaves into a free area and bringing slavery into a free area. Since Emerson was actually hiring Scott out to other people, he was, according to this distinction, bringing slavery into a free territory rather than just bringing his own slaves. So this would be a legal argument with an established precedent. Emerson himself was moved to Fort Jessup in Louisiana in 1837, but he allowed Scott to stay in the Wisconsin territory and simply collected the wages paid for Scott's labor. In February of 1838, Emerson himself also got married to a woman named Eliza Irene Sanford. Her name was actually spelled S-A-N-F-O-R-D. The reason there is an extra D in the court case is because of a transcription error. So we basically have a typo forever established in one of the most significant Supreme Court cases in US history. A few months after the wedding, Emerson decided to bring his slaves to Louisiana, which apparently included Harriet Scott at this time. So the couple traveled down the Mississippi River to rejoin their owner, where they did not stay for long before the army moved Emerson back to Fort Snelling. And during the trip back to Fort Snelling, Harriet Scott gave birth to a daughter she named Eliza after Emerson's wife. So like I pointed out a few episodes ago, pretty much everybody was named Eliza back then. Harriet actually gave birth while on a boat on the Mississippi River traveling to Fort Snelling. In May of 1840, the army sent Emerson to Florida to help in the Second Seminole War. And on the way there, he dropped his slaves off at St. Louis where they stayed with his wife. In 1842, the army finally discharged Emerson and he moved back to St. Louis. Eventually he actually moved out to Iowa, free territory, but he left the Scots in St. Louis where they were hired out to people. But in 1843, Emerson died at the age of 40. So now Irene Emerson. She went by her middle name Irene, I should mention. Now Irene Emerson owned the Scots who continued to hire them out. It was common for hired out slaves to work for money and only pay a percentage of the wages to the owners' rent. I have an article on the Mises Wire where I talk about some interesting examples of this, basically to show how it parallels taxation today as many slaves of this nature enjoyed all the freedoms of free citizens except the rents they had to pay to their owners. So Scott was able to save up some money with which he tried to purchase his freedom from Irene. But she actually refused to sell him his freedom. So now for whatever reason, Scott decided to sue her for the freedom of himself, his wife Harriet, and their two daughters, Harriet had given birth to a second daughter named Lizzie. We don't exactly know why Scott only now decided to sue for his freedom, but it's likely that the sons of his former master Peter Blow had actually informed him of his legal claim as they had grown up with Dred Scott and they eventually did help him gain his freedom even after he lost the suit many years later. So the Missouri courts had a pretty well-established set of precedents on suits like Scott's. In 1818, a slave woman named Winnie sued for her freedom in the Missouri courts after she had been taken to Illinois. And the Missouri court freed her and the state supreme court had upheld the decision. Between that case and Dred Scott's, the Missouri courts saw 10 other similar cases and they had always ruled in favor of the slave making Missouri one of the most liberal courts in the country on these matters. More than 100 Missouri slaves had gained their freedom after living or working for some time in a free state. So the first case was ruled in June of 1847 and it ruled against Scott on a weird technicality. Scott was suing Irene Emerson, but Emerson was unable to provide any witness a testing that she actually owned the slave. So in a weird bit of logic, the jury was essentially saying that because Emerson could not prove she owned the slaves, the slaves had no grounds to sue her for her freedom. So the jury ruled that they weren't freed, thus recognizing and enforcing her ownership of them. So Scott's attorneys obviously challenged this ruling and the Missouri circuit court overturned the ruling and sided with Scott. But the actual decision was delayed until 1850 because of the cholera outbreak, a major fire and the legal battle itself. So the ruling came basically as the country was entering the chaotic and controversial episode that would follow the compromise of 1850. Irene Emerson challenged the new decision and the case was set to go to the Missouri Supreme Court. More importantly to the Scott case is that while the appeal was being delayed, Irene married a physician named Calvin Chaffee who leaned anti-slavery and would eventually join the Republican party. He wasn't incredibly anti-slavery so he's another one of these very, very moderate anti-slavery Republicans. But Irene moved to Massachusetts to live with her new husband and her brother, John Sanford, continued to handle a court case even though Irene was still technically the defendant. The Missouri Supreme Court ruled on the case in 1852 overturning the circuit court and returning the Scots to slavery. The fact that this occurred after 1850 is important. The state of Missouri had a long track record that should have made Scott's case open and shut, ruling him free. But after the controversy over slavery started to explode following the compromise of 1850, the Dred Scott case became vastly more political. The Missouri court changed in its composition where it had been an appointed court. It was now an elected one. There were three judges on the court and two of the new electees were pro-slavery Democrats. Their decision clearly ignored Missouri precedent in order to give a politically motivated ruling. This is especially clear through the statement given by one of the judges, William Scott, who said, quote, times are not now as they were when the former decisions on this subject were made. Since then, not only individuals but states have been possessed with a dark and fell spirit in relation to slavery, whose gratification is sought in the pursuit of measures, whose inevitable consequences must be the overthrow and destruction of our government. Under such circumstances, it does not behoove the state of Missouri to show the least countenance to any measure which might gratify this spirit. She is willing to assume her full responsibility for the existence of slavery within her limits, nor does she seek to share or divide it with others. End quote. In 1854, Scott's new lawyer, Roswell Field, started working on the new case. One of his previous lawyers had died and the other had moved to another state. So that's why he ended up working with Roswell Field. While the previous case was being litigated, it's worth noting, Dred Scott was held in the custody of the St. Louis Sheriff, who had been renting the Scots out and holding onto the rents. Whoever won the case was legally due the accumulated cash. So in the new case, went to the U.S. Circuit Court in 1854, Scott was being rented by Charles LeBombe, who was the brother-in-law of one of the sons of Peter Blow, Scott's first owner. At this point, they were directly involved in helping the Scots gain their freedom. And without LeBombe, they never would have obtained the legal services of Roswell Field. The new case was a suit against John Sanford in which he claimed battery and wrongful imprisonment and demanded $9,000 in damages. So of course, all they expected to settle for was a token sum of money. The Federal Circuit Court introduced an important element into the case. Before the court could even give a ruling, they have to decide whether they have jurisdiction to decide on the case to begin with. In the case of federal courts, the courts have jurisdiction in a few specific types of situations, including one called diversity jurisdiction, which is based on the first paragraph of Article III, Section II of the Constitution. This allows the federal courts to hear cases between citizens of different states. Dred Scott was claiming citizenship of Missouri, and John Sanford was a citizen of the state of New York. He had business ties to St. Louis, but he was a New York citizen. Sanford did not deny his New York citizenship, but he did deny that Dred Scott was a citizen of Missouri. His argument was that Scott resided in Missouri, but since he was a slave, he couldn't be a citizen. This is important in understanding the case, because if Sanford is correct, then the Circuit Court would be upholding the slavery question and deciding the citizenship question by denying jurisdiction. But if the court accepted the case, they were necessarily saying that Scott was a citizen, which would imply that slaves could sue their masters as part of their citizenship rights. Sanford's lawyers argued that because Dred Scott was of African descent, he would not be a citizen. Judge Wells of the Circuit Court rejected this argument. Wells was not opposed to slavery, but he did not accept the idea that blacks had no legal rights at all, which is what Sanford's legal team was effectively arguing. His claim was also not that slaves were citizens. He simply believed that the U.S. Constitution recognized the citizenship of free blacks, so he avoided the issue of recognizing a slave's right to sue. The question then was whether or not Dred Scott was already free in the eyes of the law. Judge Wells instructed the jury to decide the case according to Missouri law, which made the decision easy for them since Missouri Supreme Court had already ruled that Scott was a slave, so the jury simply upheld the decision. So now, Dred Scott had one final place to take his case, and that was the U.S. Supreme Court. A Supreme Court case was too expensive for the blows to finance, but fortunately for Scott, there was a lawyer willing to take the case for free, and that was somebody who I mentioned in the previous episode, Montgomery Blair. The son of Francis Blair and the lawyer who handled the land dispute for John C. Vermont. Blair was taking the case for political reasons, if you remember, he was like his father, a lifelong Democrat, but he was part of the free soil wing, and the case was a way for him to take the territorial question of slavery to the Supreme Court. Blair sought help from other attorneys, but the anti-slavery folk were surprisingly unconcerned with the Dred Scott case, which they would obviously see as a miscalculation after the ruling finally came out. It wasn't uncommon for anti-slavery lawyers to take on individual cases either, so it's surprising even if they didn't know the ramifications of the ruling beforehand, but Blair was pretty much on his own. The appeal to the Supreme Court was made in December of 1854, so the case was held over until the next term, and they took the case a year later. They didn't actually hear arguments for the case until February of 1856, so keep in mind that this was now a decade-long legal battle over Scott and his family's freedom. In May, the court put off the decision until the next year to schedule rearguments focusing on the jurisdictional citizenship question. Now I should mention here that I am not a legal scholar, so I want to do my best to relay the historical facts of the case, but the legal reasoning and some of the jargon that you see in these histories are outside of my expertise, so take with a grain of salt any of the legal nuances of the history, but I'm gonna handle this part of the episode as well as I can. And the new arguments, Blair finally got help from another lawyer named George Curtis, who was a moderate on slavery as well. Neither of Scott's lawyers were anything close to abolitionists. The concern from both men was that the court might overturn the Missouri Compromise, which people had largely expected, would eventually be ruled on by the courts ever since Douglas used the Kansas-Nebraska Act to assert that the Compromise of 1850 had already thrown it out, basically leaving it to the courts to sort this issue out. Now it's also worth addressing the delay in the ruling. The court delayed the ruling until after the election of 1856, which led to a conspiracy theory that the courts delayed to avoid giving weight to the Republicans prior to the election. It's possible that the court did want to wait until after the election was done to give such a high-profile ruling. But the conspiracy theory, which was held by Abraham Lincoln and alluded to in his famous House Divided Speech he gave in 1858, was unlikely. One of the Supreme Court justices who supported the delay was John McClain, who was a contender for the Republican Party nomination, in fact. So the slave power conspiracy theory is weak to say the least. When the court finally gave its ruling, it deliberately opted to address the controversial question. This was not originally the plan. Justice Samuel Nelson was originally going to give the opinion of the court, and he started drafting his opinion in February of 1857. This opinion ended up being a concurring opinion, but it addressed none of the major national controversies. But the pro-slavery judges that made up the majority of the court wanted a ruling on the Missouri Compromise. So the majority opinion was passed to Chief Justice Roger B. Taney instead. Taney was expected to settle the conflicts on three questions. First, could free blacks sue in federal courts as U.S. citizens? Second, was the Missouri Compromise constitutional? In other words, did Congress have the power to regulate slavery in the territories? And third, did Scott's residency in Illinois or the Wisconsin territory obligate Missouri to recognize his freedom? The first question was a paradox for any pro-slavery judge who wanted to assert a political decision. If it was decided that free blacks could sue and thus the court had jurisdiction, it was implicit that he was not a slave. If he was a slave, it was already accepted that he could not sue and the court had no jurisdiction. So by accepting the case, it should have already been a foregone conclusion that Scott was legally free. But if Taney rejected the court's jurisdiction, he would not be able to write an opinion settling the Missouri Compromise question. So Taney accepted that the court had jurisdiction, but then his opinion for the citizenship question apparently contradicted the jurisdictional decision. Taney's opinion said this, quote, the question is simply this, can a Negro whose ancestors were imported into this country and sold as slaves become a member of the political community formed and brought into existence by the Constitution of the United States and as such become entitled to all the rights and privileges and immunities guaranteed by that instrument to the citizens. One of which writes is the privilege of suing in a court of the United States in the cases specified in the Constitution, end quote. To answer this question, Taney offered a lengthy and slanted overview of history. In it, he concluded that black people, whether free or not, quote, had for more than a century before been regarded as beings of an inferior order and altogether unfit to associate with the white race either in social or political relations. And so far inferior that they had no rights, which the white man was bound to respect and that the Negro might justly and lawfully be reduced to slavery for his benefit. He was bought and sold and treated as an ordinary article of merchandise and traffic whenever a profit could be made by it. This opinion was at the time fixed and universal in the civilized portion of the white race. It was regarded as an axiom in morals as well as in politics, which no one thought of disputing or supposed to be open to dispute and men in every grade and position in society daily and habitually acted upon it in their private pursuits as well as in matters of public concern without doubting for a moment the correctness of this opinion, end quote.  At the time of ratification of the Constitution, six states allowed blacks to vote in some capacity. If you remember from a previous episode, I mentioned that Garrett Smith donated land in New York to free blacks to help enfranchise them according to New York law. And Britain had already abolished slavery at this time as well. But Taney's arguments held that even if a black person was the citizen of a specific state, this did not grant national citizenship rights. In Justice Curtis's dissent, he argued correctly, I think, but again, I'm not a legal scholar, that if Taney's opinion were true, the Supreme Court didn't have jurisdiction over the case to begin with. But this didn't stop Taney from tackling the question of the Missouri Compromise. Taney handled the Missouri Compromise by invoking the territorial clause and the Fifth Amendment. The Territory's Clause of the Constitution, article four, section three, clause two, allows Congress to regulate territories, but the Fifth Amendment protects the property of citizens of the United States. Therefore, according to Taney, Congress did not have the authority to prevent slave owners from taking their property to any territory and any territorial legislation that would do this was necessarily invalid. Thus, the Missouri Compromise was struck down and all the territories were now open to slavery. But the corollary effect of Taney's opinion was to undermine everything Stephen Douglas had been working for the past seven years. Douglas was the champion of popular sovereignty, the idea that people of the territory could decide on whether or not to allow slavery. Taney basically said that even this was illegal. Territorial governments could not pass laws to prohibit slavery until after the territory gained statehood. When Douglas left it to the courts to decide the issue of the Missouri Compromise, he obviously never expected them to throw out popular sovereignty as well. And this would be thrown back at him during the Lincoln-Douglas debates in the presidential campaign of 1860. This brings us back to Buchanan's inaugural address. In the address, he said that he was going to respect the decision on the Missouri Compromise, however it was ruled. Before the address, he exchanged words with Judge Taney and many people, such as Lincoln, pointed to this as evidence of the slave power conspiracy, assuming that Taney told Buchanan how the court was going to rule. The ruling, by the way, was made public only two days later. The reality is that we have no idea what Taney said to Buchanan, but he probably wasn't talking about the Dred Scott case and that's because it wouldn't have even been necessary. We do know that Buchanan knew of the ruling prior to his giving the inaugural address. Justices John Katrin and Robert Greer had exchanged letters with Buchanan about the court's decision. Even if Taney did share with Buchanan what the court was going to reveal two days later, it would not have added any new information for the president. Before I talk about the fallout of the Dred Scott decision, I want to close out on the story of Scott and his family. After the court's final decision, the Scots were put back in the custody of John Sanford, but at this point it wasn't clear if John owned the Scots or if his sister Irene still owned them. She hadn't really been a part of the case for years now. So when John Sanford died in May of 1857, the ownership of the Scots was entirely unclear. Calvin Chaffee, Irene's husband, if you remember, had anti-slavery leanings, so he sold the ownership of Scots to Taylor Blow, the son of Peter Blow, for the token sum of $1. Because of the confusing question of ownership, Chaffee used a quick-claim deed, which basically said that he and Irene had abandoned any ownership claim. On May 26th, 1857, Taylor Blow officially manumitted the Scots. Dred Scott, his wife Harriet, and their two daughters were officially free after 10 years in courts that consistently upheld their status as slaves, with only one exception in the Lower Missouri Court. The day after they officially became free, Chaffee's lawyers claimed all of the accumulated earnings of the Scots during the court case. So when I say that Chaffee had anti-slavery leanings and later became a Republican, there's no need to think too highly of them. His anti-slavery sentiment was modest at best, and he had no moral qualms about keeping all of Scots earnings. Dred and Harriet lived in St. Louis, and Dred Scott was a local celebrity for the rest of his life, which wasn't much longer as he died of tuberculosis on September 17th, 1858. Harriet didn't die until two decades later. The fallout from the Dred Scott ruling was swift and intense. This was the straw that broke the camel's back for many abolitionists who began to question their pacifist beliefs. I could give many stories regarding the outrage that followed the ruling, and some of the fallout will be taken up in later episodes due to the conspiracy theories that drove people to vote Republican in 1860, but today I simply want to talk about Lysander Spooner's reaction. Most libertarians today who know of Spooner know of his no-treason pamphlets, or at least they know of the third no-treason pamphlet, which is actually numbered as the sixth, but pamphlets three, four, and five were never published. So the third pamphlet titled The Constitution of No Authority is his most famous exposition of his anarchist views. But Spooner was a late in life anarchist. In 1845, he published the Unconstitutionality of Slavery, and in it he actually uses the word anarchy in a negative sense. In the review of this work, Garrison criticized Spooner's devotion to the Constitution, which he now considered a compact with evil. So prior to the Dred Scott ruling, Spooner was very much a limited government guy, but he was not an anarchist and he was still a constitutionalist. The Dred Scott ruling may not have turned him yet into an anarchist. I contend that the Civil War did this, but this is based on my own scholarship on the subject, but the Dred Scott ruling clearly turned him against the Constitution. His most famous quote today is the one from his no-treason pamphlet where he says, but whether the Constitution really be one thing or another, this much is certain, that it has either authorized such a government as we have had or has been powerless to prevent it. In either case, it is unfit to exist. So Dred Scott v. Sanford appears to be a significant turning point in Spooner's thinking. After the ruling, he quickly wrote up two essays. The first, Targeting the North, was titled A Plan for the Abolition of Slavery, and the second essay had the audience in the title, which was To the Non-Slaveholders of the South. He published these essays as a broadside with one essay on one side and the other essay on the opposite side. He then had them delivered all over the country, hoping to incite resistance to slavery in both sections of the country. Those Southern postmasters would simply destroy these to keep them from circulating. Spooner only ceased distribution of his broadside after he met with John Brown in Boston, where Brown requested that he stop distributing the broadside because it would only encourage the Southerners to increase their slave patrols, which would undermine his plan to take the war into Africa, as Brown liked to refer to his plan to conduct guerrilla warfare in the Southern states. So while the Dred Scott ruling may have seemed like a victory for Southern slaveholders, it was simply one more event that would divide the North and the South and fan the flames in the sectional crisis. Now, James Buchanan was in office and the Supreme Court had officially ruled that no territory could legally be closed to slavery. But while this was going on, New Englanders continued to migrate to Kansas, and we will continue the story of Kansas and the border war in the next episode. For more content like this, visit mesus.org.


The hipposignaling pathway is a critical regulatory mechanism involved in controlling cell growth and death. It is composed of two transcription factors, Td1-4, and transcriptional co-regulators, Yp-Taz, which work together to control cellular processes such as proliferation and apoptosis. Disruption of this pathway is associated with tumor genesis and acquired resistance to therapy. Recently, researchers have developed small molecule compounds called direct surface disruptors that target the interactions between Yp and Tad proteins, providing a promising new strategy for treating cancer. This article was authored by Bin Zhao, Ajababu Vif Pabadi, Brian P. Rubin, and others.


Thanks for coming out at five o'clock on the last day of a conference. I really appreciate it I'm gonna take this opportunity to check in with that's okay. Everything's fine I'm gonna take this opportunity to check in a little bit with who's here and kind of where we're at. I realized I wrote this for like People who've been using open telemetry for years and or people who are starting tomorrow. So Just let's let's let's let's if it's really to raise their hand and tell me kind of where you at with monitoring with open telemetry It's something you're using now. So you're thinking about using Speak up, let let let let us know Just thinking about it Like this is an array border sort right okay anybody anybody who's like monitoring like 100 or more microservice stack with open telemetry Any hands out of the eight people left. Yes one. All right. Well, I hope this is good for you as well So, oh Don't do that again. So this is controlling data overhead with the open telemetry collector So sort of two possible interpretations of that Topic line is this about Controlling other data overhead like the data overhead of your services, but this is largely about Some success stories from controlling that footprint from your observability tooling So seeing that we have some kind of impact from observability Which is largely inevitable Then how do you control that? There's some Yesterday I did an intro to open telemetry. I found that I wanted some more material from that as people were kind of advanced So a little bit of that talk got pulled into this one. So apologies if you saw if you've seen a couple of these slides before But we'll be going through it in a new way So who am I to be speaking to you about this So I am now with sygna dots which does Development environmental testing on Kubernetes not super closely related to what we're talking about today, which is nice I didn't have to worry if this was to product pitchy before that with Telemetry hub which works directly with open telemetry and on New Relics open telemetry team Before that working with closed Observability tools for seven years before that with New Relic. So That's my experience a lot of stuff working with enterprises trying to do like pre hotel Distributed tracing and other metrics and measurements And so pretty familiar with some of the things that can fall apart to when I start talking about data Cardinality and data explosion. That's definitely stuff I've seen directly so How do we start with time on this so most of both the Cause of and solution to our data problems with Monitoring you're gonna start with the open telemetry collector so Naively you can just instrument single lines of code And have them report up to a data source like to permit yes, but in general what you'll actually want to do is Go ahead and have the collector sitting Gathering data and then batching it out to your data source There's a ton of really sophisticated and exciting work now Happening with acting on the information that your collector has Which is a really cool idea right like hey if you're getting packets from everywhere in your stack You did all the work to set that up Could you not do some of your orchestration work or some of your deployment work or do some of your measuring for? For example your canary deploys by looking at the collector. She can it's an interesting idea Cutting out the data store Let's zoom into that picture and we talked yesterday too at these two slides one where I'm zoomed out one where I'm zoomed in Do not remember why I did that that was so important when I was writing this talk, but so not too surprisingly the act of going in and Connecting metrics Tableting metrics gathering logs and batching them is one of the largest places where we see overhead and we see an impact on our on our performance as a result of measurement so as a general concept what's happening inside of the collector we have multiple receivers and That's a place where There's tons and tons of growth as far as what can be fully received within the collector And so one of the things you'll see when you look at for example the support list for Different open telemetry libraries and say well our logging is just an experimental for this Well, that's natively in that library logging right, but of course we have tons of logging receivers for the collector Then we have our processors and for some of I've labeled the third column receivers again Sorry, so I made this grab so of course of course. I managed to grab a screenshot with the mistake in it, but so then we have our processors I Would generally think these are the three the top three uses right we have data scrubbing normalization and sampling We're gonna talk about some more advanced use cases a little later but right a data scrubbing would be seeing personal identifiable information in the stream of data that we're sending for example in metric names Very frequently and saying okay. I recognize that and I want to pull that out and then normalization There's a great line From the adobe people when they were talking earlier today where they said You know any kind of normalization and sampling is like a touchy issue with your team so You think oh well Hey, we gather these traces and we're just gonna send every 50th trace And you're like don't worry about it because we take like 10,000 of these a day So no problem or even get You know 200 of them a day. That's great, right? But people can get uncomfortable with that so you have to be aware that that step well totally necessary and all the stuff we're gonna get into Is an area where people by default kind of don't want to do it and then you have your emitters at the other end is where this stuff is going and That part generally is gonna be pretty simple unless again you're doing really cool like collector side logic I have an example of generating some alerting with like a little bit of sophistication there Through like a logging pipeline, but essentially right the outgoing pipelines are pretty straightforward another view of like how that might be implemented and I think it's important to realize like The collector should not just be a data exporter, right? It's not just that its job is to gather places for you information from inside never could send it out We really want to think of that as the point as where especially normalization should be happening One tip that I have especially as teams adopt is that you will learn all this stuff about the SDK and You can even get kind of excited You can be like oh, I'm gonna go train the team on this and that and this other thing about the SDK do this other kind of Cool normalization and calculation You know, I'll take in these two metrics. What is the number of goods sold? Well, the other one is is the you know individual cost and I'll I'll admit another a final metric That's total cost right from the application code. Don't do that Once you're if you're if what you're doing right at the jump is going really far into logic right there at the instrumentation point think about that stuff is happening in the collector because even if you and your sort of direct Engineers that you're working with are really excited about doing this as you try to get the whole team super excited about it You're gonna have people who are not excited about this right who just wanted to you know Put in working application code and do not want to worry about admitting the proper metrics So if you put that logic on the collector side, you're in a much better position for that so This is stuff. I should have but you were here for my last representation yesterday So I'm actually gonna zip through this pretty quick. This is just the idea of like how you would do the most basic of instrumentation Right you have the library available. You create both a listener for a trace and generate those trace bands and You create a meter and a mix of metrics. What's kind of notable here are even in a basic config you do make some decisions about batching and batch size and You set your check interval and you set your memory limit and That's pretty critical. So I know we can think of like hey It's something really bad is happening. We want to maybe grab gather more information or I can't think why this would be you know, over limiting memory you definitely want to set that limit every single time because A bad situation where you're generating for example a ton and ton of traces or a ton of ton of spans You'll still get some information in with this limiter in place and you don't want your failures to cascade So that's that's why that's sort of you want to do that every single time Then you have this pipeline here and we're gonna talk a little more about pipelining in a later point I'm sorry. I'm not reading all this text cuz I'm I'm glossing over this version of the code We go into a little more detail about setting a Memory usage alert with the collector in just a little bit So yeah, here's a more sort of realistic actual Full set of Don't get old everybody. It's it's kind of stinks. There's aspects of getting old that stink So here we come to a more reasonable example of an actual Config for this where we have a number of ignores that we're doing on the errors that we're generating for various reasons either because well you can think of the reasons usually happening and Then we also start looking for span statements where we say hey, we don't want to include those in our distributed tracing and then Down in our metric statements were able to Sorry folks very very tiny on my screen on this little speaker preview We're able to make some decisions about how we're gonna do math on our metrics So a good example of that is like a cumulative metric so I Don't know why my mind always goes to these basic e-commerce stores, right? But when you say hey, you're reporting repeatedly like hey, this is the price that the item was sold at the final metric Maybe is how much did we make what was our total revenue, right? So you want to mark those metrics as cumulative? Another example you'll see really often is like Error counts you want marked as cumulative most of the time so You'll have the situation where you know the only possible value for like error count on a single report on an event It's one and if you find you have a bunch of cycles or you're just reporting one over and over again It's like oh you didn't mark this as cumulative So it just keeps getting set to one instead of incrementing by one Okay, let's talk about a situation where we want to go ahead and measure That we are over using memory oh Sorry, I think of this example. Yeah, we're we're worried that we're over using our Network so we're looking at the actual host that we're installed on and we want to admit some host metrics They are just to to say hey we have a problem here because there's for some reason we're using a ton of network pipe This is a pretty reasonable first step Ceiling warning when we start working because there may be reasons why we have things like A synchrony or something that are causing a ton a ton of network traffic that we don't expect So we start by sending our collection interval We configure a logging exporter because the logging is how we're going to do This alerting and then we're going to define our pipelines, right? So we have a metrics pipeline right which receives from host metrics which is going to tell us about our network usage and then exports out to logging and Then we're going to look with a strict match at the metric that we care about right in this case right network usage and Then we're going to need to Enable the extension for host metrics and then we'll do this metrics transform And we'll even go and create a log message that we want to create this is so right a collector right is not Right its own sass. It's just a service. It's running on your system So we'll do this metrics train transform to say hey when we see this We will mark it by some and we will generate this log message and Then we'll go ahead and connect it So I will share an example of this full config file Well, certainly put on Twitter, but I'll try to link it off of this talk once it gets once it gets uploaded Okay, so this was also in yesterday's talk, but I want to talk about it again because this is kind of the second thing to worry about when it comes to Overuse with our observability so In this case right we're monitoring a front-end site and We're doing like you know Google Analytics style or real user monitoring style Monitoring and I think we can agree that For most use cases in an org this information is pretty useful, right? It's like okay This is the path that we're at this is how many people hit it This is how many of them were new this is you like marketing analytics or something We don't want to see like how successful certain pages and In general we would say that these metric names which we have listed as page here are pretty valuable Right because there's a reason why these pages might perform differently, right? They might be getting linked to differently. So that's one thing but also they they're loading different content, right? So they may well You know have different performance now We can have often without our intent those same metrics shift to something that looks like this and Getting back this metrics now the one mistake I did here when I was making up this fake data is I Didn't update these hits and new values, which should all be one Right because when we're getting these paths and they're by user ID The values are just gonna be one and two and one and two over and over and over again I wonder if this is really a table My Sexually a table here. Oh, it'd be so cool if it was. Oh, it is. Well To be continued. I'll update that soon, but So What's happening there is this buzzword that gets passed all the way around all the time Which is a transition from high cardinality to low cardinality data And you can see it on that hits or traffic value again if I'd set it up exactly right which is Now there are a bunch of metric names a whole bunch more metrics the possibility space of their values is becoming actually much smaller Right by user ID. There's only gonna be two three max hits on a particular path. We're here. They could be anything, right? and so This is high cardinality data We have a small number of metrics whose possible values is a large range and here We have a large number of metrics whose possible values is very small so There are reasons to want this metric to So I don't want to discount that too readily. So a classic example is hey, we have enterprise users and Whoa, actually, we don't have enterprise users We have enterprise user and we really care about that enterprise user and so how we're performing for Giant name brand really matters to us. So sometimes this is important when it's one particular value Which is absolutely something you can encode even at the collector level though Maybe you're really just filtering on the dashboard level, but most of the time you don't care about this and What's surprising is When you go to configure to not get this garbage you can get some pushback Right because it's like well. This tells me which users were not performing for so that must be great, but This is kind of fundamental when we're not using like our tables and our tools the way that they're intended to We lose a lot of their flexibility and their power. So for example Normalizing and averaging across time spans isn't gonna work well with this Right if you have 10 million different metric names Then the fact that you can normalize each metric across a time span isn't gonna do much for you for compression so We want to shift who's you want to shift to this point of high cardinality I think there's even a shift here between slide one and slide three of like Trying to compact it down a little further to be like hey These are hits basically to the dock site and these are hits basically to the marketing blog and that kind of thing But that's a more ideal situation Okay Stuff on distributed tracing. So the big thing that I want to say about distributed tracing Which is again the sort of rezz on detra for open telemetry is You know so so the magic here right isn't there's collector side logic which ties together spans that are happening on multiple different services That were both kicked off by the same request Pretty neat stuff, but one of the dirtiest secrets is that very little of that data is actually viewed So there's a great question that came in yesterday at my talk and also today at the adobe talking interested into it which is like How important is the actual detail on those traces and my thesis is like super not important that very very little that data ever actually gets viewed and a great deal of What actually matters about traces is like tying together multiple services rather than Okay on this service, which method was being called that took so long oh Now we're on to a fun story Which is this is doordash getting really deep in the weeds which I actually really love they have a hole right up on this I will link it from the talks. I haven't liked the URL there, but please don't try to type that, but I will share it out so Doordash saw these really significant increases in overhead when they were doing a certain level of distributed tracing and It's super interesting they discovered that the problem was related to signal batching and I apologize reading glasses again so The issue was that when they implemented batching that's what was causing This like massive CPU overhead What they ended up doing was implementing multiple different concepts for batching and for queuing This was going in and actually like modifying the collector code and This result in these like massive massive changes in performance And you can see them like compared here. They ended up trying like four different possibilities now This does get you to one of the kind of fundamental things which is there were really great talks at this conference from both into it and Adobe and one of the Distinctions that they drew between each other was at into it.  It's not able to say okay all users take this one path through our tooling in Both cases and in the store-nash case right they are able to have people working on this stuff full-time So I only want to express that is that's kind of a subtlety that you just want to be aware of is that Not every solution is going to make sense to a 2030-40 person developer team and so That's why like doing some simple like collector side Limiting and batching on what you're reporting is really key because what that was trying to do was trying to get these Really really deep traces set every single time and they were able to have a team develop devote a little bit of time working on redoing The matching logic that was present in the collector So great commit, but it is a result of trying to get this super high-resolution data Okay so Along with all that there's this concept of baggage with open telemetry and I want to see when I come back next year I want to see more baggage demonstration from everybody because the ability to pass around a request between a whole lot of services and Have a consistent data format that can be read as it's going into each new service Can be really powerful. It can do a lot more than just observability. So We're seeing it get used with security. We're seeing Signature paid for me to be here to use it for this kind of testing Now you're testing like experimenting as a developer on a single service Implemented with open telemetry. So that's pretty neat. I'm hoping to see more applications to that in the near future All right, this was quick because it's late folks. My gosh. It's five o'clock on the last day of the conference, but I'm here if you have questions Yeah, if you have anything come up. Let's talk Yeah, if you want to raise your hand and grab or go grab the mic back there feel free to ask questions But that's that's what I had Again, you can find me on the server where it's serverless underscore mom Thank you so much for coming out You


to sport a psychopath and I am pretty attuned to this now and I guarantee that you know at least one if you know a hundred people in fact you probably know around three and certain jobs do kind of entice them in anywhere where there's a hierarchy of power so policing academia the medicine field you know think of surgeons pilots anywhere where you can get a lot of power over other people they're often very charming very charismatic but ultimately self-entitled and they have zero empathy for other people and if you know one my advice is to still work it


We've heard it. We got to get forest out of here, man. Forest is off the rails right now. Guy just must have gotten some alcohol to go What's going man, man, what a start It's been 23 tops tier one baseball 12 box case number four picked your team style read off a list of our names and teams Andres say nationals Anthony P. Giants Charlie C. Pirates Daniel white Rockies Braves David Y Mets Edwin G with the Rangers Jacob are Cardinals Jason H Cubs Jeffrey M Dodgers Jarrett B with the Reds Jotie Mariners John K twins John W. Marlins Jordan K angels Joseph S athletics John D Diamondbacks Kevin R with the Royals Costa K Blue Jays Chris C Yankees Larry P with the Tigers Louis R Phillies mark a Astros mark C red Sox Matt K white Sox Matthew W Brewers Nate S Padres Raymond R Orioles Ruben Y guardians and wyming age with the Rays so Good luck everybody. Let's do it. God. That's that will send you that will make you loopy I will give you that for sure for us. That will make you loopy Even Halle said to report you to HR so there might be an HR Get ready to learn HR buddy. Oh, that's man. Look at the recovery man Later Yeah, no, Sean never had control of the room again with let's let Yeah, Sean's part of the chaos most of the time Joe Musgrove to 400 go into the Padres on the tier one jersey traffic to 149 Burt Bligh Levin Congrats on that one. They're twins another Burt Bligh Levin auto Tanner and picking up a spot in the uh Prism draft break. Thank you, buddy And then a Brian de la Cruz to 299 for the models Donnie's boy See the knob from last one Sean the voice of reason at Leighton is that is so backwards victor that is going to be Julio Urias to 400 Sean's always saying to shut stuff down I'm over it It's like trying to push a wet noodle through water Got nice one here for the Mets to 10. Peter Lonzo the polar bear with the polar bear on it There we go. Congrats on that one. They're Mets And then a Michael Massey rookie auto 299 going it to the Royals Bit of Michael Harris. You have to join in with me. I got you. Thank you to really get him going That's usually the name of the game He's already going Go home get out Brandon Crawford to 400 for the Giants And Carlton Fisk to 200 for the Red Sox game use bat. Nice one there This is very nice very nice again, everybody 20 to go in the first flux All teams are marked down teams are all marked down Teams all marked down in flux God, jose can seiko it's here one talent to 199 for the oakland athletics scott. What's up, buddy? Scott? What up scott And leover baguaro to 299 rookie auto for the pirates Scott's the one who hit the red Anakin. We had a red Anakin Skywalker out of star wars galaxy yesterday. Yeah, but Really? Scott? Really nice guard man. I saw that. Yeah That's insane, bro Congrats Got mr. Gary Sheffield to 400 for the inks That's one that let me do is his batting stance really quick That's Gary Sheffield when he comes up to the plate Nicoladolo to 299 on the auto for the reds That dude What's up freddy and lily freddy and lily you can't make fun of him No, he's good. He just has a goofy. He's a goofy batting stance aramis. Ramirez. Nice one there to 249 We've got Ramirez Nice one there for the cups Aramis Ramirez What are we doing? We've lost it already man. It's an hour an hour eight minutes in the stream. We've lost it already To 400 many machado I was ready. I blew it says the two ones who were dead and to 199 Jorge Posada. I would have got you up though I was slurped Edwardi picking up a spot in four box mixer. Thank you, buddy Edward Jorge Posada got a nice bracing stop to 299 for the Phillies. There you go, Luis Congrats, buddy. Well PC sauce for you, buddy. Pretty good postseason. He did man bracing stop Lillian freddy. Don't tell your mom dad is watching this And then to 175 Lucas G. Alito for the white socks Nice one there We've got a Cedric Mullins to 400 for the Orioles We're trying to like game here Got nice one here to 99 Wade Boggs going to the red socks red socks Wade Boggs John D with two spots in prism draft. Thank you, buddy And then Bubba Thompson rookie auto But they came out of the Michael Myers game Nice one there for the Rangers. That's pretty really? Yeah, they're out. They're releasing a whole horror like a whole horse I think there's a Jason one too Well, plus they're bringing the old map back in November in the next couple of days What would you start playing there? Dude you have to mark where we land When I play because I Well, yeah, we're still gonna do Yeah, we're still gonna do that Tom Glavin 400 for the Braves It's mark McGuire hell yeah, dude 20 to go Flux teams marked down I gotta play uh Oh, yeah Uh, nice one here Alec Thomas insane to 2.99 Nice one there. Thanks Nicholas. You have a rock in the custom d-backs that I pinky Oh one world series on this Uh, nice one here for the Dodgers is max muncie to 199 Congrats Dodgers Mr. Muncie And then Oscar Gonzalez rookie Otto to 2.99 for the Guardians. Yeah, just wait Shane just wait Yeah, just wait Shane just wait For Mars goes your two favorite people in the room with you It's one here is going to be in Ichiro for the Mariners to 400. Oh as soon as I called it As soon as I was thinking it We've got for the Braves ATL Michael ATL Michael to 2.99 rookie Otto for Atlanta Congrats Braves nice one there We got seconds Sounds like a volcano over here Muncie shard is about to erupt Hi, it's one Braves and Graham Ashcraft one of one going to the reds gold ink Congrats sincey very nice Let's go nicks off the board in seven timothy m zack g with two in the mixer Edward e with a spot another spot in the mixer as well. Thank you guys. That's awesome. That's nasty, man He is nasty Graham Ashcraft get that into a mag um No, I appreciate that Shane Said I have a hard time messing with you when you were in an old school d-backs cap Getting down to 19 to go and flux everybody. You should never have a hard time messing with him. I don't care what he's wearing Um, let's say a question rookie car. It's gonna be reruns of rookie cards Let's see somebody plays the 90s this year run a water player is gonna be a rookie in 2023 card for 90s play not usually Not usually I would say they'll do like they'll do uh reruns of but they're not considered like true rookie cards and the true rookie will have like the rookie logo on it Got the hawk up first. Andre Dawson for the spose to at 199. Congrats nationals By way of the expose Got four of 10 carlton fist because a white sock Congrats on that shy town. There you go. I think that's john, right? Johnny.  All right starting off nasty nester cortez to 400 Nice one there for the yanks and Byron buxton to 200 Congrats on that one. They're twins. There you go. John. My bad, john Matt g with the nixon flux in nine. Thank you, buddy Another team off the board and flux down to 19 to go and flux everybody 225 bronze ink rookie auto is waldo cabrera Fair fair shame and j smove josh smith to 299 Nice one there. Congrats rangers. Uh, pose a brave to 400 Mix of lobster and ground beef. Oh nice Oh triple threads usually toward the end of the year. I would say rob maybe in the new year. We'll see triple threads This is nasty to 25 going to the Phillies. There you go louis steve carlton Steve at carlton louis ask your dad about steve carlton John to be with a spot in the flux and draft mixer Very nice and matthew batten to 299 going to the Padres. You know what he's doing in this picture batten Really is batten Congrats Padres Yeah, we will have a lot of triple threads.  That's so sick. Who's got them, dude? That's pretty huge actually Uh going to daniel y to 25 ronald acuña jr Two color three color patch auto. Congrats, buddy mvp mvp Yes, sir mvp right there Get that straight into a mountain And then going to the straws blind address to 299 rookie auto again for houston my guy blight very nice Yeah, that's That might be the end of that Go it's after six shake get out. All right before the recap again everybody. We've got 19 to go on flux All on sale Heavily all right, we've got latty senior on all the relics here. Jose braille baren buxton Nestor cortez the hawk andre dawson ichiro tom glavin Cedric mullins whore. Hey posada many machado gary sheffield carlton fisk brandon crawford julio urias and joe musgrove Got our autos blind address. Matthew batten steve carlton Josh smith as waldo cabrera brian servin carlton fisk michael harris Oscar gonzalez max muncie alex thomas wade boggs bubba thompson lucas diolito brison stop aramis vermirez Nicoladolo leo braguero jose canseco michael massi pita lanzo brian de la cruz burt bligh levin Oh, there we go chashua. That's blackboarder young. There you go That is going to be a grand ashcraft of one of one gold ink going to the reds on the rookie auto And then a ron lacunia jr. Eight of 25 three color and two color patch auto that'll do it for the break everybody Thanks again for the fill up next mega dual case


I cannot believe I am filming this video. This is a dream that I didn't even know I could dream of. I have designed and published my very own sewing project planners. And if you've been following me for like a while from close to the beginning, then you probably know that I am a planner girl, a paper planner girl at that.  And I have had paper planners for as long as I can remember. I have done the happy planner. I have done Erin Conjuring. I have done the home edit. I have done all the paper planners you can possibly imagine, tried them all, found the things that I liked, know the things that I don't like. And when it comes to like a daily, weekly, monthly planner, I got what I need. But when it came to how to incorporate my sewing into those planners, I felt like I was always just sort of wanting more and never really could find what I needed. So what do you do? But make your own. Which is exactly what I did. I cannot believe that I have these planners available. It's so exciting and so much fun. And it's just like my planner girl heart and my sewing girl heart and my organizing heart are like all coming together in this like Venn diagram of just like elation and happiness. Just hope that you guys resonate with that feeling as well. So we are going to look through the planners. I'm going to explain the difference between the two of them, answer some frequently asked questions that I've already gone about them. But before we do that, hello, we've got company. Before we do that, please be sure to give this video a like, subscribe to the channel if you're not already and click the bell if you want to get notified. And if you're brand new here, you've never seen one of my videos before. Hello and welcome. I am Lindsay. I post videos all about sewing, mostly helping you guys learn how to sew but also be inspired, motivated and stay on track with your sewing projects, which is exactly what these planners are going to help you do. So introduce yourself in the comment section below so that I can get to know you a little better as well. Alright, without further ado, let's jump to the overhead shot. So I can do a planner flip through with each of the planners that are available. Alright, so here are the two covers. You have the color one that has the I'd rather be sewing little icon 2022 sewing project planner checklist and journal. And then the binding has some more of the like pattern pieces and in the back just says created by me.  And then 2022 sewing project planner checklist and journal, the binding has some more of that vintage notions. And then this is what the back looks like. We are going to flip through the color one first, you're going to find that they're very familiar or very similar, but we are going to look through them both. The first page is this sewing planner belongs to and then you have information about yourself. And then oh, look it's me. Little information about me in here. And then this is where the actual planner starts. So every single month has a page dedicated to a quote that kind of speaks to that month. And since January is the beginning of the year, this quote is about beginnings. And then you open up to your two page lined calendar spread. So two pages obviously means it stretches across both. You have all your dates for the month. And then you have a little sidebar here that has a little area where you need if you need to remember some things, some notes that you need to take, things that you need to buy and any errands that you need to run. It starts on Sunday and goes through Saturday. Then you turn the page and this is where the project planning begins. So each project has a three page planning system. The first one is getting your idea about the project together. So your inspiration, pattern options, fabric options. If you have a deadline for it in your notions list and then your shopping list as well as any notes that you have. The next page is your to do like your checklist. So again, you've got like all the steps it takes to sew a pattern from buying the fabric all the way down to adding your label. And then it kind of reiterates some stuff about the pattern, what pattern you're working on, the shopping list, what size to cut, any pattern alterations that you need to make based on the fast fit workbook and any notes that you have. And in the notes here, I have the seam allowance and the stretch that is required for the fabric. So those are some ideas of things you'd put in the notes section. And then the third and final page of each little project planner is the journal. So this is where you're going to write down like the rating that you gave the pattern, ideas for future versions, whether that's different fabrics or different inspiration, fit updates for next time, any hack ideas you have and just any final thoughts. And then this is a fun little exercise just to celebrate that you sewed something, you know, try it on, do a happy dance, show it off at home, wear it with pride, twirl around in it, take it out on the town, post it to social and strike a pose in it. So you can check off as many or a few of those things that you want to do, but I think it's so important to celebrate each and every project that you finish because let's be real, it's hard work. Okay, so then once in between each of those project planners is another page full page for a quote and all of these quotes are about creativity and inspiration and things just to keep you going. So you'll have another quote page and then three more project pages and then a quote page and three more project pages. And then this goes through five times. So every month you have five project planner sets and also five quotes and then at the end of the month you have a month in review page, projects I finished, works in progress I finished, projects I added to my works in progress and my goals for the next month. Okay, then it starts all over again and you have February's quote, January's for dreamers, February's for doers. So then we go into February, same deal, month, all your project planning and quotes and then your February month in review and then we go into March's quote and it goes like that through all of the months of the year and then at the very end you have one final quote for the year and now we welcome the new year full things that full of things that have never been and this is to kind of inspire you for 2023 and then you have a whole section of notes. So I think I'm gonna say it's four or five pages, one, two, three, four, five, six pages of notes and then a blank page in the back as well. So that is the planner in a nutshell. The only difference between the color version and the black and white version when it comes to design is obviously it's black and white and the fonts, the fonts that are used and a lot less sort of color saturation like the whole background of this page is white rather than the color version where it's like a color and then you can see the fonts for the headers are different and then all of the fonts for the project pages as well are a little bit simpler and less curly queue and all that and again white background dark text on these pages and then this is what the uh month in review looks like again more simple text everything's just cleaner and a little bit more streamlined and a little less I don't want to say girly because I don't want to associate gender with any of this but you know it's a little less feminine maybe that's a good way to say it if it's not then what do I know anyways so it's the exact same planner through and through just black and white and different fonts and just less saturation of color gray scale or otherwise throughout and then this is what your notes page looks like there you go there's your notes pages so that's the black and white version okay so some frequently asked questions I've gotten about the planners one is can I get them spiral bound and I am with you trust me my preference is spiral bound as well the pages lay flatter um it's just a superior way to have a planner and I know that but unfortunately Amazon publishing who I am getting these printed through does not offer that as an option you have kindle you have paperback and you have hardback and that is it um so unfortunately I could not get them spiral bound like produced that way but I am researching options for how to take the actual book as is into a place and have them bind it for me I'm looking at pricing and availability and all of that kind of stuff so as soon as I have some more information on how to get these spiral bound I will be sure to let you know but believe me if Amazon ever makes that available that is going to be the choice that I go with I get it I'm with you I am also getting a lot of questions about the difference between color and black and white other than the price so the color version is either right at double or maybe even a little bit more than twice the price of the black and white and that literally just has everything to do with the quality of the paper that's inside the planner the difference is when you have like full color pages like this one you have to use paper that can withstand that much ink so that's why the color planner is so expensive the black and white planner is on a lesser quality paper technically but honestly I can't really tell a difference so if you are somebody that is just looking to have a planner where you can stay organized and you don't totally care about the design of it color isn't something that inspires you just get the black and white one honestly all that to say there's no difference design wise there's no difference page count wise there's no difference in anything other than the thickness of the paper that's inside the book all right so how I am going to be using these I am relegating this planner specifically toward my sewing projects and nothing else so although you have a full calendar and you can plan out your entire life in that calendar I am really going to use this to mark out sewing days days that I'm going to set aside to sew I'm going to be marking in their due dates for different projects that I have whether it's you know a self-imposed deadline like sew together or whether it's you know I have a sponsorship or something that is due and I need to get that in here as well so that's how I plan on using the calendar there's also as I showed earlier a note section a to buy section an errand section so I know do I need to go to Joanne this month do I need to you know buy notions from somewhere um and that can help me stay organized at a glance which is the most important thing when it comes to planning I think I'm getting out of your brain onto paper to where when you need to be reminded you can just quickly find it and then obviously all of my projects I plan on putting in the planner I've already started to use it for the sew together project for January the Jolly Emily and you know I filled up the inspiration page kind of getting my thoughts together about what I wanted my version of that sweater to look like I did include the deadline for that since it's not a hard deadline but there is sort of a suggestion of a deadline um notions list and that doesn't always to me include doesn't exclusively include like buttons and zippers and things but also thread and needles so if I decide on a fabric I'm going to check my serger thread and my machine thread and check and make sure I have needles and just make sure I have everything I need in order to make that project and then some notes that I have in here um are related to like that it's sewed together and just help me remember that and then one of my favorite pages the to-do page is really fun because you can visually see how far along in the process you are so I have yet I've done everything other than getting the pattern pieces cut out I haven't done anything beyond that but you can see all these checkmarks and it feels so good to check things off and I've got a real quick you know easy at a glance way to remind myself of what size I need to cut so when I do cut those pattern pieces I'm not trying to find the little scrap of paper where I wrote the sizes down it's right here right where everything else is about the project I put seam allowances in the notes I put stretch in the notes when I redesign this I might include that to be like a more permanent part I feel like that's really important to like actually write down every time to find it confirm it write it down so that you know that you are sewing it correctly so that's that and then at the end of every project you know I'll be filling out the journal just to remember like what did I think about this project what are some hack ideas I have for the next version you know what are some alterations I want to make for next time that way if I ever do go back and make the pattern again I'm not going off memory I'm going off of like my actual thoughts in the moment so I'll be doing that for you know every project I gave myself and all of you five projects every month which is enough one a week plus an extra and if you saw my resolutions list you know that I'm really trying hard to not plan out more than that I know there will be months that I do but I'm really trying to you know help use the planner to help me sort of be realistic about what I can accomplish in a month as well and you can use the calendar and write down what projects you want to sew every week and help keep yourself on track that way as well so that's how I plan on using it that's how I plan on using the monthly calendar and then all of the pages all the project pages inside so as I mentioned before the planners are available through amazon um and amazon prime so if you're an amazon prime member you can get free shipping it took me about three days to get the planner from the day that I ordered it I want to say I can't remember if it was even on a weekend or not but it's not the typical amazon shows up the next day kind of thing like three or four days I think is about the turnaround you can have it in hand by next week if you wanted publishing the book through amazon was really the simplest way I'm not convinced it's the best way but for right now that's where it is so that's where you guys can get it all right those are the planners I like I said I'm super excited about them I hope you are too I know a few people have already ordered them and have them in hand I'm hearing a lot of really great things about them so um yeah if you're looking to get organized stay on track not lose your sojo and you know enjoy a whole year of organized sewing um grab one of my planners the link is in the description box and I can't wait to hear what you guys think thanks so much for watching I will see you next time bye


Yeah, good afternoon. I'm Captain Matthew Golden. I'm the S3 forward for the 15th Engineer Battalion here in North Macedonia, Crivlak. So yeah, we're currently in Crivlak, North Macedonia, where we're executing three engineer projects in support of Defender 21. The three projects are the stationary armored target pits, which we're building in support of gunnery operations for some follow-on missions. Additionally, we're working a vertical project, which is a construction effort where our vertical platoon is going to work and execute a target storage warehouse facility. And lastly, a UAS airship or an unmanned aerial vehicle can land and take off. The Alliance is extremely important to us and it's an absolute privilege working with our NATO allies here in North Macedonia. In terms of mutual beneficial exercises and what have you, this really helps us build interoperability in terms of our engineer expertise between us, the North Macedoans, where we can trade techniques and procedures to improve our proficiency as well as their proficiency and of course build relationship for the future and to better the Alliance. So the 15th Engineer Battalion's purpose for the Defender 21 exercise is to set conditions for the follow-on missions. So us being here is setting the theater for our follow-on units to come occupy the space and execute training to execute kinetic, live-fire training areas within the Krivvileg training footprint. Additionally, we're setting the conditions for future operations, ensuring that life support and training capabilities are set here within this nation so that we could have future NATO missions execute in the area. Firstly, the soldiers are going to go back with camaraderie and spirit that will carry them through the remainder of their time here in Europe as well as memories that hopefully they'll cherish for their entire lifetime working in an international mission with our NATO partners. Additionally, they're going to bring back proficiency and their engineer skills and tasks that will again further better our formation in terms of being able to deliver our engineer mission set. So it's been an absolute privilege working with my counterpart in the North Macedonian Engineer Battalion. Major Georgiev, their S3 has been tremendous in enabling our ability to execute our missions as well as provide us some cultural experiences and understanding their culture and also giving us training opportunities and integrating their engineers into our formation. Again, this helps build our interoperability and will provide us with a set of skills and memories that will hopefully build on our current capability set. All in all, it's been a privilege to be out here serving and make a difference. I think serving in this capacity and providing the engineer capabilities we have here is improving the overall capacity here in North Macedonia. North Macedonia is the newest NATO ally as of within the past year or so and I know this is going to make this an attractive area for other NATO partners to come train and definitely follow on missions for the U.S. forces.


T. F. N. N. headline news update everyone Basil Chapman here the host of the Tiger technicians hour and the opening call newsletter giving you the T. F. N. N. noon update the towers up 268 points off to the rather poor jobs report this morning. So the irony of the whole thing is that they expect that the Fed is going to be forced to keep rates low of course. So 25,987 finally hit the 26,072 to over 26,000 was very good single leg up in one week for Monday mornings low of 24,701. We are now trading at 25,986. Spectacular leg A in the Chapman wave methodology. Magnetic cross positive stochastic is a 63% now it's really improving. That's a good change and that's really helping the weekly chart. Technicals in the weekly chart are not that good, but the price is very much over key moving averages. S&P at this particular moment is up as well. The S&P is up 31 at 28,74. It is very much over the 40 period moving average. Magnetic cross positive stochastics only at 57% but is rallying. This is good action helping the weekly chart. Key support level here is at 58,52 to 28,47. And in the QQQ, the NDX 100 also up sharply, very sharply up 3.41 finally is catching a bit at 181. It is way off the low of 169.27. Good weekly candle but the technicals here are also a little bit weak but the price is moving nicely and key support must be in the 176th area of the next three, four sessions. The IWM has been lagging. The IWM is only up 74 cents at 150.54. Yep, it's lagging. It needs to hold 148 by next week and try for the 152s. Gold has continued the up move. It is up 2.5 right now, 13.45 in the Chapman wave methodology. We're in leg D. We'll talk about that more in the show coming up straight after this. And the weekly chart has that left side high, the continuous contract of 13.61.6 the week of the 22nd of February. Now crude oil, it's really important that crude oil actually gets a bit here. It's up 124. That is good action. It's been very weak. I prefer to see oil moving up with the market itself. I'll be right back. We'll talk about bonds and dollar and other things soon as I return for my Tiger Technicians Hour. Otherwise, have a great weekend. I'll see you Monday. I hope to see you in a few more minutes for the Tiger Technicians Hour good program all afternoon. Steve, Dave and Tom.


One of the most important parts of my desk that I have on here all the time, every single day, no matter what, is a pen and paper. The reason for this is that when an idea comes to mind, I want to be able to immediately write it down and never ever forget about it. I've got it organized into university, life, YouTube, things I need to film and edit, and obviously there's plenty of paper here and we can go on forever. Having notepads and pens like this on my desk always ready to go means that I'll never lose an idea and I can capture that information and write it down somewhere to process it and do something about it later on instead of just relying on this guide to keep everything inside which is not going to happen.