A very good evening aspirants, welcome to the Hindi newspaper analysis by Shankar A.S. Academy. Today's date is 1st of December 2022, displayed here are the list of news articles that we are going to discuss today. Here you can see that we have covered 9 news articles today. So from today onwards, you can expect us to cover a minimum of 7 news articles to a maximum of 9 news articles every day covering different parts of UPSC syllabus. So with this happy note, let us move on to the news article discussion. Now take a look at this front page article. This article says that India's growth rate dropped to 6.3%. This is due to the slowdown in the manufacturing sector. First you have to know that the GDP data in India is published by the National Statistical Office that is NSO. So basically the news article highlights various data released by the NSO regarding our country's growth rate or the GDP growth rate. So in this discussion, let us see all the data mentioned in the article and we shall also revise some of the basic concepts. So let's start with the data provided in the news article. See as we already saw India's growth rate for the July to September quarter slipped to 6.3%. This article also talks about the main reason behind the slip. The reason is high inflation and slower exports. Here you may have a question, ma'am 6.3% is a pretty decent growth rate, right? So why are we making so much fuss about it? I understand your question and I agree that 6.3% is a decent growth rate. The thing here is that in the last quarter that is in the April to June quarter, India witnessed a GDP growth of 13.5% with a GVA growth rate of 12.7%. So compared to such a high growth rate, 6.3% looks meager, right? So this is why this news became the front page news article. The article then mentions that the sectors that witnessed highest growth in GVA include hotels, transport and communication services. The GVA of these sectors increased by 14.7%. Then comes the agriculture sector. The sector performed in a fairly decent manner with GVA expanding at 4.6%. Now the cause of worry is regards to manufacturing and mining. Manufacturing contracted by 4.3% and mining contracted by 2.8%. Today the construction sector grew by 6.6% and real estate and the financial sector grew by 7.2%. So these sectors also grew at a decent rate. So overall in the first half of the 2022 to 23 financial year that is between April 2022 to September 2022, India's growth rate was around 9.7%. And our chief economic officer is happy about India's performance. So these are some of the important points mentioned in the news article. Now while discussing, I mentioned two economic terms, they are GDP and GVA. So what are these terms mean? Let us see about them now. First let us take GDP or gross domestic product. See GDP is the aggregate or the total value of goods and services which are produced within the domestic territory of a country. In other words, GDP is the market value or monetary value of all the final goods and services produced within the boundary of a nation during one year. See here all the particulars are very important. To have a better understanding, let us understand each term in GDP. Here cross signifies that no deduction has been made for the depreciation of machinery, buildings and other capital products used in production. That is it includes the total value. Then domestic means the production is by the resident institutional units of the country. So basically GDP includes all economic activities that are done inside the boundary of a country. And product refers to final goods and services. Here final means the stage of a product after which there is no known chance of value addition in it. So only final goods are added and intermediate goods are not added in the GDP calculation. Remember in GDP income generated by foreigners in a country is included but income generated by nationals of our country outside the country is not included. Further GDP of a country is derived from the different sectors of the economy like agriculture, manufacturing, mining, construction and even the service sector. So GDP is the single most important indicator to capture economic activities since changes in the size of economies are usually measured by changes in the volume of GDP. So this is about GDP. Now moving on to GVA or grass value added. Since the name suggests grass value added is used to calculate the total value added. To understand the need for GVA you must know the fault with the GDP. See in GDP we are calculating the total money value of all goods and services produced within a country's domestic boundary. And money value here indicates the final value that includes indirect tax and does not include subsidies. For example consider a car is manufactured in the economy. The price of the car is 1 lakh. This is the basic price. The government then imposes a tax of 10,000 and provides a subsidy of 2,000. So the final value or the market value of the car is 1,8,000 rupees. That is the car is sold at 1,8,000. However this 1,8,000 will be added to the GDP calculation. But after sometimes the government decides to increase the taxes and stop the subsidy. The government now imposes a tax of 20,000. So what will happen to market price? It will become 1,20,000. See in this scenario this 1,20,000 is added to the GDP calculation. So for the same car based on the government tax and subsidy the GDP value changes, right? So GDP in some cases does not truly reflect the production in the economy. This is why we introduced GVA. Here GVA at the basic price is nothing but GDP at market price minus product tax or indirect tax plus product subsidy. So one of the important advantage of GVA is that we can calculate the gross value added of a particular sector in the economy. Here you have to note that when such GVAs from all sectors are added together and then taxes are added but subsidies are reduced then we can get the GDP at market price, okay? Here just the formula is interchanged. So to find the actual production in the economy, GVA is found by adding gross domestic product at market price with product subsidy and subtracting that value with product tax. So this will even help in calculating the production in particular sector in the economy. Hope you could understand the difference between GDP and GVA. So in this news article discussion we saw in detail about GDP data in India published by National Statistical Office then we majorly saw the difference between the GDP and GVA. So with these learnt points now let us move on to the next news article discussion. Now take a look at this text and context article. This news article talks about the ransomware attacks in India. The article mainly focuses on whether the ransomware in India is increasing or not. So let us see them in the news article discussion. Before that the syllabus relevant to this news article is highlighted here for your reference. You can go through it. So to begin with what is ransomware? See ransomware is a type of malicious software. It is used by cyber criminals to infect a computer system. If you ask how, see the attackers use ransomware to block the access to the stored data by encrypting the files. That is the entire system is locked. Then a ransom is demanded from the owner in exchange for the decryption key. And to make the payment the victim is asked to contact the attacker through an anonymous email address or is asked to follow instructions on an anonymous webpage. Here the payment is invariably demanded in a cryptocurrency like bitcoin. But there is also this problem. There is no guarantee that once the ransom is paid you will get access to your computer or files. Note that ransomware attacks can also be accompanied by theft of sensitive data for other evil motives. So if you ask me how serious is ransomware attacks? See these ransomwares they mainly target and attack commercial and critical infrastructure. For example, recently Ames, Delhi is facing a cyber attack and it is suspected to be a ransomware attack. The whole e-service of the hospital is now under the attack and only partial files were recovered by intelligence, fusion and strategic operations division of Delhi Police and currently all hospital services are executed manually. So this is how serious ransomware attacks are considering its seriousness. Even the Interpol's global crime trend report plays to this ransomware as the second highest threat after money laundering. So here comes the next question. Is there any agency in India to deal with cyber attacks? Yes, we do have agencies to deal with cyber attacks. Firstly, that is the Indian computer emergency response team. It was set up in 2004. It is the national nodal agency that collects, analyzes and circulates inputs on cyber attacks. Then it issues guidelines, advisories for preventive measures. Also it forecast and issues alerts. Then it takes measures to handle any significant cyber security event. It also imparts training to computer system managers. All these measures are taken by the Indian computer emergency response team to prevent the cyber attacks. Secondly, take the National Cyber Coordination Centre. It works on creating awareness about existing and potential threats. Also the National Cyber Security Coordinator coordinates with different agencies at the national level on cyber security issues. Thirdly, the National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre. It protects the national critical information infrastructure. Here critical information infrastructure or CII means the computer resource whose destruction shall have an impact on national security, economy, public health or safety. So an attack on these computer resources will make the entire country weak. So such resources are called as critical information infrastructure. Now moving on, finally let's see about the Cyber Swachsta Kendra. It was launched for detection of malicious software programs. See it is a botnet cleaning and malware analysis centre. It creates a cyber security space by detecting botnet infections in India. Then it also provides free tools to remove the infection. See it is set up in accordance with the National Cyber Security Policy and it is operated by Indian Computer Emergency Response Team which is in short called as CERTIN. So these are all some of the agencies in India which deals with cyber attacks. Since our country is moving towards digitalization, knowing about ransomware and the ways to prevent them is very important. It is also very important to build infrastructures which are not prone to malicious software like ransomware. So that is all you have to know about from this news article discussion. So in this news article discussion we saw in detail about ransomware and then we saw about its seriousness. We saw that Interpol's Global Crime Trend Report has placed ransomware as the second highest threat after money laundering. Then we saw some of the agencies which are dealing with cyber attacks in India. So these learnt points now let us move on to the next news article discussion. Now take a look at this news article. It reports that India is planning to lit up 100 centrally protected monuments for a week beginning on Thursday when it assumes G20 presidency for a year. Some of the monuments mentioned in the article are Kudip Minar, Purana Kvela, Velour Fort, Golkonda Fort, Sarnath and Dammak Stupa. As we have already seen about Kudip Minar quite a lot of time, let us use this news article as an opportunity to learn about Stupa architecture in Pralem's perspective. So what does this term Stupa mean? See Stupa refers to burial mounds prevalent in India from the Vedic period. It is a structure in which relics and ashes of the dead were kept. The tradition of erecting stupas may have been pre-Buddhist but they came to be associated with Buddhism subsequently because of the higher degree of importance given to them by the Buddhists. Since stupas contained relics regarded as sacred, the entire stupa came to be venerated as an emblem of both the Buddha and Buddhism. Remember during the period of Ashoka the art of stupas reached its climax. Many stupas were erected during his period. Although it is a Vedic tradition stupas were popularized by the Buddhists. So if a question is asked in the Pralem's stating that stupas were of Buddhist origin, the statement is wrong. Stupas had a pre-Buddhist origin as I said already. Now here in this basic diagram you can see various parts of a stupa. Now let us see the different parts of the stupa one by one. First is the Torana. Torana refers to the ceremonial passages of entry which are located on four different sides of the stupa. You can see that here, here, here and here right? So it is on all the four different sides of the stupa. So this is where people enter and exit the stupas. Now coming to the term Pradikshina Padas. It refers to the pathways which are present circularly around the stupa. Here you can see that right? Then the term Chhatri refers to the area atop the stupa. This is where the Buddhist relics are considered to be present. Then here you can see the Anda, Anda refers to the hemispherical dome. Then here you can see Vedika, Vedika are the railings which are present all around the stupa. It is a fence like structure present around the main structure. Then the Medi refers to the circular terrace which is at an elevation from the ground level. Now coming to the final term Haramika. Haramika refers to the cubical railings which are present atop the Anda. It is known as a board of gods in Buddhist text. Now make note of all these given points. The parts of the stupa is a potential prelims question. So this we came to the end of this news article discussion. In this news article discussion we saw in detail about stupa. We saw that stupa's had a pre-Buddhist origin and we saw about various parts of a stupa. So with these learnt points now let us move on to the next news article discussion. Now take a look at this news article. It talks about the YLF Trust of India's award given to an 8 member team from Chinnakanal that comes under the Mooner Forest Division of Kerala. The award was given to the state forest team because of the steps taken to mitigate man-animal conflict in the Chinnakanal region. See this was after a 60 year old man was trampled to death by a wild elephant at a nearby area called Sinkukandam in March. Due to this incident only the forest department constituted the 8 member team and the news article says that the team starts its work around morning 8am and finishes by around midnight. They provide information about movements of wild elephants in the region, especially through WhatsApp groups. This message helped a lot of people to be aware of the presence of wild elephant in the area. So this is the crux of the news article given here. So in this context let us learn few facts about YLF Trust of India. See this YLF Trust of India in short called as WTI is an NGO founder in the year 1998. It was founded response to the numerous crisis confronting India's wildlife and natural habitats. Initially a 3 person team set out on a mission to save the environment which is now increased to 150 full time professionals operating from various remote parts of our country. So this is about the brief background of WTI. Now coming to the goal of WTI, the goal is to conserve nature particularly endangered species and threatened habitats. You note that WTI is primarily dedicated to the conservation of India's wildlife which it accomplishes by collaborating with local communities and governments. Conservation is done through a variety of projects ranging from species rehabilitation to the prevention of illegal wildlife trade. I have provided here the map taken from the WTI website, go through the map to find out the different types of conservation projects taken up by WTI. Currently there are around 40 conservation projects taken up by WTI. The project location varies geographically from the Pirpa Angel mountain in Kashmir to the mangrove forest of Kannur Kerala. It also ranges from Himalayan black bear forest in Arunachal to whale shark pumping areas of the Gujarat coast. As part of the conservation strategy WTI gives award to the best conservation strategies followed in India. So in that way this year WTI has selected the 8 member forest team from Kerala who helped in mitigating human-elephant conflict in the Chinnakhanal region. Since NGOs bridge the gaps in the government's programs and reach out to sections of people often left untouched by state projects, knowing about NGO and its role is very important. So that is why I chose this news article for today's discussion. If suppose there is a question in mains regarding NGO you can quote this award as an example. So in this news article discussion we saw in brief about Wildlife Trust of India WTI which is a non-governmental organization. So these learnt points now let us move on to the next news article discussion. Now take a look at this news article it reports that 16 drones were shot down along Pakistan India border this year by the border security force. The article also says that new technology was being tested to effectively detect the drones. Other than this the article also reports that BSF has tied up with the state police for patrolling in-depth areas and to confiscate items like arms and drugs that are dropped by the drones. As per the article Jammu and Kashmir and Punjab are the two regions which are facing the many of increased rope drone transgressions into their territory. So in this context let us learn about what is an anti-drone system and we shall also know about the intelligently developed anti-drone system of DRDO. Since cross-border drone infiltration is very high nowadays knowing about an anti-drone system is very important. That is why we have chosen this news article. So first of all what is this anti-drone system? See anti-drone is a radar based system used to detect and intercept unwanted drones and unmanned aerial vehicles which is in short called UAVs. They are deployed to protect areas like airports, critical infrastructure, large public spaces like stadiums and military installations and battlefields. In India anti-drone system are widely used by the border guarding forces to protect the border areas from illegal drone transgressions. So this basic idea now let us see the intelligently developed anti-drone system of India. See to counter hostile drone strikes the defense research and development organization that is DRDO has devised an anti-drone system. This intelligently developed technology has the ability of both detection and counter attacks. The DRDO's anti-drone system is capable of performing both soft kill and hard kill. Here the term soft kill refers to the jamming of communication channels and the electrical instruments of the drone.  Now let us see briefly about the features of DRDO's anti-drone system. See the intelligently developed anti-drone system is capable of detecting and jamming micro drones from a distance of up to 3 kilometers. Secondly it can use a laser to knock down a target from a distance of up to 1 to 2.5 kilometers depending on the laser weapon's wattage. Also know that it has a 4 kilometer radar detection range, a 2 kilometer jamming range and a 1 kilometer kill range. So these are all some of the features of the anti-drone system of DRDO. Since India has a multi-dimensional border management problem, knowing about the features of the anti-drone system is also very important, so make note of all these points. Either there might be a problem's question regarding this anti-drone system or you can mention about anti-drone system if there is a question in security part. Ok, I hope you could understand what is an anti-drone system and some of the features of newly developed anti-drone system of DRDO. So these learnt points now let us move on to the next news article discussion. Now take a look at this OPAD article, see if you are following the news regularly you know that one or other constitutional positions is always under debate. For example the office of governor, but this OPAD article deals with another important constitutional office that is part and parcel of a democracy. Here I am talking about the office of chief election commissioner and election commissioners. See this article is very important because the author, he himself is a former chief election commissioner. He has pointed out two issues that need to be addressed while bringing in electoral reforms. So that is what we are going to see in this news article discussion. The syllabus relevant to this news article is highlighted here for your reference. You can go through it. So let's first begin with the first issue, the first issue pertains to how the members of election commission of India should be appointed. Here by the term members I mean both the election commissioners and the chief election commissioner. See here for the appointment of members of ECI two options are available. One the members to be selected by the executive like how it is happening now that is the members can be selected by the president, the vice president and the council of ministers with the prime minister as their head. And as where article 324 clause 2 the president appoints the chief election commissioner and election commissioners on the advice of the council of ministers. Now coming to the second option, in this option the members can be selected by a collegium like in the case of judicial appointments to the supreme court and high courts. We all know that already collegium system exists for judicial appointments. It is basically a selection panel consisting of group of senior most officials that is a group of officials each with equal rank and power of that organization or body. So these are the two options available among them as we saw already currently the members of ECI are being appointed by executives. And if a collegium is set up for the same it would be an electoral reform. Here you might have a doubt will it be possible to have a collegium for appointment of election commissioners. See according to several committee reports it is actually possible. Now before seeing these committees you might have another question why such collegium is needed. See it is needed because president appoints chief election commissioners and election commissioner based on the advice of council of ministers. But they are the ruling party right? So it is possible for a ruling party to appoint a partisan person to the commission who might favor them in the elections. So this fear is what led many committees to suggest that this procedure should be changed. And they suggested a collegium. The first committee to suggest this reform was the committee on electoral reforms of 1990. Its objective was to recommend electoral reforms and it was constituted under the then law minister Shri Dinesh Goswami. This committee is popularly known as the Dinesh Goswami committee. One of its major recommendations was about the mode of appointment of chief election commissioner and the two election commissioners. For chief election commissioner it suggested that the CEC should be appointed by president but after a consultation with the chief justice of India and the leader of the opposition. We all know that the leader of opposition or LOP is one of the key parliamentary functionaries. An option was also provided in the absence of LOP. At this scenario the consultation should be with the leader of the largest opposition group in the Lok Sabha. The above same procedure was suggested for the appointment of election commissioners but with one addition. It suggested that the consultation with chief election commissioner also. So all it recommended for statutory backing for such consultation process that is framing legislations or rules and regulations explaining the consultation process. So overall this committee recommended a collegium of CJI plus LOP for appointing chief election commissioner and for election commissioners a collegium of CJI plus LOP plus chief election commissioner. I hope the suggestions of the first committee is clear. Now coming to the second committee it was the national commission to review the working of the constitution which was set up in 2000. It was under the chairmanship of justice M. N. Venkata Chalaya. It examined the constitution and recommended changes through a report in 2002. It recommended amendments to the constitution of India. It also recommended legislative measures and some executive actions. Now with respect to electoral reforms it also suggested a collegium but it suggested for a same collegium for both chief election commissioner and two election commissioners. The collegium was to consist of prime minister, leader of the opposition in the Lok Sabha, leader of opposition in the Rajesh Sabha, the speaker of the Lok Sabha and the deputy chairman of the Rajesh Sabha. It even suggested a similar procedure to be adopted for the appointment of state election commissioners. So this committee suggested a total different collegium from the one suggested by the Dinesh Koswami committee. Another report of significance is the 255th report of the law commission. It was the report on election reforms and the committee was chaired by Justice A. P. Shah. With respect to election commission of India it suggested measures to strengthen the office of E.C.I. For this two major recommendations were made. First recommendation was to keep the appointment process of election commissioners and the chief election commissioner as consultative. It recommended that the president should consult with the three member collegium or selection committee. Such collegium should consist of the prime minister, the leader of opposition of the Lok Sabha and the chief justice of India. If there is no leader of opposition then the leader of the largest opposition party in the Lok Sabha in terms of numerical strength should be consulted. It not only suggested collegium for appointment but its involvement for elevation of election commissioners as chief election commissioner. See elevations should be based on the basis of seniority but as per the suggestion this scenario will not be applicable if the three member collegium deems the election commission unfit. We will see the second recommendation of this committee while discussing the next reform. So, from the above discussion it is clear that each committee recommended a collegium and it is also clear that none of these were implemented by the government so far. Because still the chief election commissioner and election commissioners are appointed without a collegium and just with the advice of the council of ministers. So now it is up to the apex court to decide whether to take the recommendations of these committees or not. So now let us come to the second issue. It is about providing security of tenure to the election commissioners and safeguarding them from arbitrary removal. Now here you might ask why security only to election commissioners because the chief election commissioner already enjoys this privilege under article 324 class 5 of the constitution. The chief election commissioner can be removed from office only through impeachment by parliament. This impeachment process ensure that a ruling party cannot remove a chief election commissioner who refuses to favour it in elections. So here we can say that chief election commissioner has security of tenure and most importantly it is provided by the constitution and that is why the author calls it as a constitutional protection. But on the other hand the election commissioners can be removed by the president and there is no impeachment procedure. So they do not enjoy constitutional protection. This generates another fear that is arbitrary removal of election commissioners if they do not support the ruling party. And the author says that this fear of arbitrary removal hinders the independent functioning of election commission of India that is required for conducting free and fair elections. That is why the 255th report of the law commission also recommended that the constitution should provide equal constitutional protection to all members of the commission in matters of removability. For this it suggested amending article 324 class 5 of the constitution. This clause is the one that provides constitutional protection to CEC right. The amendment should equate the removal procedures of the two election commissioners with that of the chief election commissioner. So in this matter also it is in the hands of the Supreme Court to reconsider the recommendations of the committees and bring in electoral reforms that will strengthen the independent functioning of the election commission of India. So that's all you have to know about this news article discussion. I hope in this news article discussion we covered in detail about the appointment of members of election commission of India and why constitutional protection should be awarded to election commissioners. So with these learnt points now let us move on to the next news article discussion. Have a look at this editorial article. See this article speaks about the ongoing conflict between the union government and the judiciary. So in this context let us learn about the prevailing issues between the government and the judiciary and then some possible solutions to address the issue. Before that the syllabus relevant to this news article is highlighted here for your reference. You can go through it. See for better understanding of the issue let us have a brief idea about the Collegium system and the National Judicial Appointments Commission. Let's first start with the Collegium system. See the Collegium is a system by which the appointment and transfer of judges are done in the country. Know that the Collegium system emerged and evolved through various judgments of the Supreme Court in the famous judges case. Remember one point here the Collegium system was not enacted by an act of the parliament or not through the provision of the constitution. Remember in India we have two types of Collegiums. One is the Supreme Court Collegium and the other one is the High Court Collegium. Know that the Supreme Court Collegium is headed by the Chief Justice of India whereas the High Court Collegium is headed by the respective Chief Justice of the High Court. But here you have to remember one thing. Even though Chief Justice of India is the head of Supreme Court Collegium he has to consult four senior most judges of Supreme Court before appointing the judges of Supreme Court. Likewise during the appointment of High Court judges also the Chief Justice of India has to consult with two senior most Supreme Court judges. Okay remember this. Now when we look into the High Court Collegium the High Court Collegium consists of two other senior most judges of that particular High Court. Remember the names recommended for appointment by the High Court Collegium will reach the government only after getting approval by the CJI and the Supreme Court Collegium. Okay so this is about the Collegium system. Now coming to the National Judicial Appointments Commission see NJAC was proposed to replace the present Collegium system of appointing judges. It was established in 2014 through the 99th Constitutional Amendment Act. Then the Parliament also passed the National Judicial Appointments Commission Act in 2014 and this act was enacted to regulate the functions of the NJAC. Now coming to the composition see it was planned to include six people in the NJAC. They are the Chief Justice of India who would also act as the chairperson, then the two senior most judges of the Supreme Court, the Union Law Minister and two eminent persons. Here the eminent persons would be selected by a committee comprising the Chief Justice of India, Prime Minister and leader of the opposition. Remember the fact here the NJAC was only short-lived because in 2015 the Supreme Court declared both the 99th Constitutional Amendment and NJAC Act as unconstitutional and void. This move once again brought back the Collegium system to appoint and transfer the judges. So this is about the Collegium system and NJAC. Now let us see about the ongoing conflict between the Union Government and the judiciary. See recently the Union Government has asked the Supreme Court Collegium to reconsider 20 files which were related to the appointment of high court judges and the government didn't state any reasons for such a move. But some sources are saying that the Union Government is having differences with the Supreme Court Collegium. Because of this difference in opinion the government sent back the files and it is also delaying the appointments recommended by the Collegium. Then the government also criticized openly about the Collegium system. The Union Government observed that there are loop holes in the Collegium system. It even noted that the people in the country are now raising voices against the Collegium system because there is no transparency and accountability in the Collegium system. Even recently the Union Law Minister in his remarks asked the Supreme Court to not to send any files to the government as if Supreme Court feels the government was holding the appointments file. There are also concerns from the government side. Now what are the Supreme Court's response to this? See the Supreme Court also responded to the Union Government's remark on the Collegium system. The Supreme Court noted that the government can express its obligation but it cannot just hold on the recommendations of Collegium without citing any reasons. The Supreme Court also noted that the government is violating the prevailing legal system of appointments of judges. I hope you all know that the recommendations reiterated by the Collegium is binding on the government after the due consideration of government's obligations. So the Supreme Court said that such delay by the government in appointing judges is violating the prevailing legal system. The court also observed that the government is not acting on the recommendation files because of the reason that the Supreme Court had not permitted the implementation of the National Judicial Appointments Commission. So this is about the ongoing conflict between the Union Government and the country's top judiciary. So what is the possible solution to address the ongoing issue? See according to the author, the government should act in accordance to the prevailing legal system. And to avoid the ongoing tussle, the government should clear the pending recommendations of the Collegium with due dispatch. In turn, the judiciary should also agree with the government's effort in bringing reforms in the Collegium system. The judiciary should also expand the range of consultations beyond the senior most judges. This will ensure representation from all the sections while appointing judges. So these are all some of the solutions that will help to address ongoing tussle between the Union Government and the judiciary. See it is the opinion of the author, you can also develop your own opinion regarding this issue. I hope this solution is a very neutral solution. Since this solution is neutral, I recommend you to highlight it in your main's answer if a question is asked regarding the tussle. So that's all about this news article discussion. In this news article discussion, we saw in detail about the Collegium system and then the NJAC. Then we saw about the recent tussle and some of the solutions to the tussle. So with these learnt points, now let us move on to the next news article discussion. Now look at this news article. According to the article, the Supreme Court is hearing a series of petitions which are highlighting the numerous deaths of great Indian busters. Here the deaths of GIVs are due to power transmission lines criss-crossing there habited in Gujarat and Rajasthan. The activists and the people who have filed petitions or advocating for project great India bustered a similar conservation program like Project Tiger. So in this backdrop, yesterday the Supreme Court sought the Union Government's response about the evolving project great Indian bustered. So this is the crux of the news article given here. In this context, let us learn about the great Indian bustered, its habitat, its distribution and finally about its conservation status. See, the great Indian bustered is one of the heaviest flying birds in the world. Know that the GIVs are endemic to the Indian subcontinent. GIVs are primarily terrestrial birds. This means that they are the type of birds that are generally found on the ground. This also means they are also roast and build nest on the ground or in the very low bushes. So having a brief understanding about GIVs, now let us see about their characteristics. See the male bird or taller and heavier than female birds. GIV is known for its very slow reproductive rate. That is, it lays only one egg for one or two years and the success rate of these eggs and their ideal situation is around 60% to 70% age. Because of such slow reproductive rate and specific habitat requirements, the species is found to be highly vulnerable. Now talking about its distribution, see historically the great Indian bustered was distributed throughout western India and as well as in the parts of Pakistan. GIV once had its stronghold over the Thar desert and the Rekhan Plateau but today its population is confined mostly to Rajasthan and Gujarat. Small populations are also found in Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka know that very few birds are also found in Pakistan. So this is about the distribution of GIV. Now we'll see about the habitat of GIV. See GIVs generally favor flat open landscapes with minimal visual obstruction and disturbance. So this species usually inhibits in open habitats like short grasslands and open scraps know that the great Indian bustered is considered as the crucial indicator species of the grassland ecosystems. So this is about their habitat. Now talking about their conservation status, see the great Indian bustered has got the highest protection status in India. It is included in schedule one of the Indian wildlife protection act 1972. Then GIV is placed under the category of critically endangered in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Apart from this it is listed in CMS convention. Here I'm talking about the convention on conservation of migratory species. Know that it is also known as the Born Convention. And the sites that is the conservation on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora it is listed in appendix one. Sites is also known as the Washington Convention. Apart from this note this additional point the great Indian bustered has been identified as one of the species for recovery program under the integrated development of wildlife habitats. Know that the integrated development of wildlife habitats is a centrally sponsored scheme. And this scheme comes under the Ministry of Environment and Forest. See this scheme is aiming to recover the critically endangered species and their habitats. So knowing about this scheme is also very important. So in this news article discussion we saw in detail about great Indian bustered. It's habitat. It's a distribution and it's characteristics. So with these learnt points now let us move on to the next news article discussion. Now take a look at this news article. This news article mentions about a report by the confederation of Indian industry. As per the report the new age technologies like metaverse web 3.0 and blockchain all will aid in increasing the overall GSTP of Tamil Nadu. So taking this as an opportunity let us learn about metaverse. See here the prefix meta means beyond and verse is short for universe. This term typically describes the concept of a future iteration of the internet. Metaverse is made up of persistent shared 3D virtual spaces that are linked into a perceived virtual universe. If you can't understand it let me simplify it. See metaverse is basically a virtual world and particularly a digital avatar based virtual world. These digital avatars or simply avatars will be the digital representatives of individuals.  So here you can say that metaverse is a space parallel to the physical world where one leads a digital life. An alter ego and can interact with others through their alternative personalities. Now see this representation for example the chess board is not real and one of the player is not physically present there but still they can play. This is what we call metaverse. If you ask me how this is happening it is because in metaverse the virtual reality and augmented reality applications come together. Here augmented reality uses a real world setting while virtual reality is completely virtual. In this image you can see some of the features of AR and VR. Also the metaverse is conceptually in line with the web 3.0. See it is aided by blockchain technology. So metaverse is the convergence point of most media computing and communication technologies. It is a shared 3d or virtual space where users can see other people and share experiences. Interestingly such experiences can mirror the real world or it can be a totally fantasy also. Overall a virtual realm where physical augmented and virtual reality converges. Now for this parallel world to exist it has several elements in it like the digital currency, online shopping, workplace automation, social media, digital human, natural language processing, infrastructure and device independence. Here device independence refers to the property of a program or system that will run on different types of devices regardless of the operating system or native language of the device. And natural language processing is a branch of artificial intelligence which means the computer's ability to understand text and spoken words in which the same way the human beings can. Also metaverse provide wide range of applications. Because individuals entering this virtual world can interact with each other, work, transact business, learn and even play games to entertain themselves. It has application in health care, agriculture, education, tourism, environment protection, smart cities etc. For example many countries have established virtual embassies. This includes the government of Maldives, Sweden, Estonia, Serbia etc. You would have also heard about a couple who hosted a wedding reception in metaverse. So these are some of the applications of metaverse. So in this news article discussion we saw in detail about metaverse and its applications. So these learnt points now let us move on to the next part of the news article discussion which is the preliminary practice question discussion. Now look at this first question which among the following are included in gross domestic product GDP calculation of India. Statement 1, salaries of officials in the Indian Embassy which is located in USA. Statement 2, salaries of officials in the US Embassy which is located in India. Statement 3, salaries received by foreigners working in India. Statement 4, salaries received by Indians working in UAE. So you have to select the correct code, option A1 and 2 only, option B1 and 3 only, option C2 and 3 only and option D2 and 4 only. See now before getting into the answer for this question I want to clarify two things. One is GDP includes all the economic activity that happens within the geographic area of a country. It can be calculated through three methods which are value addition method, income method and expenditure method. In the income method income earned by all the subjects within the geographic boundary is added up to arrive at the GDP value. So this understanding let us approach the question. See here statement 1 is correct. We know that Embassy is the official residence of an ambassador and country's Embassy is considered as its sovereign territory. So even though Indian Embassy is located in the USA, the premise of the Embassy is considered as a territory of India. So all economic activity happening in the Indian Embassy is accounted for in Indian GDP. Therefore salaries of officials in the Indian Embassy which is located in USA is included in India's GDP calculation. Statement 2 is the inverse of statement 1. So it is incorrect. Salaries of officials in the U.S. Embassy which is located in India is accounted for in the GDP calculation of USA and not in the GDP calculation of India. Statement 3 is correct because in the income method of GDP calculation salaries received by foreigners working within the geographic boundary of India is accounted for. Statement 4 is the inverse of statement 3 and it is incorrect. Salaries received by Indians working in UAE is accounted for in the GDP calculation of UAE and not India. Okay? So the correct answer for the question is option B1 and 3 only. Now moving on look at this question. On the left hand side stupas are given and on the right hand side states are given. Look at this first pair Kesariya stupa Bihar Second pair Barhut stupa Mathya Pradesh Third pair Amaravati stupa Andhra Pradesh and fourth pair Damik stupa Uttar Pradesh. So you have to choose which of the above pair or correctly matched. Option A1 pair only Option B2 pair only Option C3 pair only and option D all four pairs. See here Kesariya stupa is located in Bihar. Recently this stupa was in use because of the floods in the area near this stupa. This stupa got submerged. Now coming to the Barhut and Amaravati stupas both these stupas are currently not fully present and are in ruins and only parts of the stupa are preserved in museum in nearby areas. And the Damik stupa is located in Uttar Pradesh near Sarnath as part of G20 presidency taken over by India both Sanchi and Damik stupa are going to be let up by government of India. That is what we saw in our news article discussion. So the correct answer for this question is option D all four pairs. Now moving on look at this question with reference to DRDO consider the following statements. Statement 1 It functions under the Ministry of Home Affairs. See this statement is actually incorrect. It functions under Ministry of Defense. Remember DRDO is the premier research and development organization with respect to the production of defense components. It was established in the year 1958 after combining technical development establishment TDEs of the Indian Army and the directorate of technical development and production DTDP with the Defense Science Organization. Okay. So statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is actually correct. Statement 2 Integrated Guided Missile Development Program. IGMDP was one of the program of ISRO. See this statement is actually correct. IGMDP was one of the flagship missile development program of ISRO. Missile which core developed under IGMDP are Prithvi, Agni, Trishul, Akash and Nag. So here since the question asked for incorrect statement option A is alone incorrect. So the correct answer for the question is option A1 only. Now moving on look at this question about metaverse. Statement 1 Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality or combined in the metaverse. See actually this question is correct. We saw that in our discussion itself right. Now the second statement says it is a disruptive technology. Actually this statement is also correct. Here disruptive technology is an innovation that significantly alters the way that consumers, industries or businesses operate. And yes already metaverse applications have widened and many business operations have been altered. So the correct answer for this question is option C both 1 and 2. So now moving on the two questions displayed here or the Prillin's practice questions for you or it is the quiz question for you. Just go through the questions. Try to answer it in the comment section. So displayed here or the main practice questions for you today. Just go through the question. Try to write an answer and post it in the comment section. So with this we came to the end of the news article discussion. If you like the video hit like, do comment and don't forget to subscribe to Shankara A's academy YouTube channel. Thank you for listening.


What's up gamers? Welcome to the channel. Today we're gonna be talking about how to duplicate Pokemon in multiplayer. Yes, you heard me right. You're gonna duplicate shiny Pokemon while you could duplicate any Pokemon you want, but this is about shiny Pokemon. I'm pretty sure you want to duplicate shiny Pokemon. My friend and I put about 24 hours into this experiment to make sure this was right. We did all the things to do, all the things to not do, so it's a lot of effort put into this video. So if you're going to use this as a creator if you're watching this and you're going to share it to your channel, please just give credit. That's all I asked. Just link the original video or link the original origin where it came from. Let's get into the video. So there are a few things to remember before we go further. One, this can only be done on online or local multiplayer. The next one is you have to keep autosafe off when doing this method. This can be done early game, mid game or post game. The host of the union circle does not matter for this method. Version exclusive Pokemon behave differently and I'm going to be going over that specifically during this. And the big one is that you can only duplicate one Pokemon. Now what I mean by this is if there are two players in the game, they can only have one Pokemon duplicated between those two players. If you have four players in that one multiplayer session, it's going to be split up like that. It's going to be completely done. So two players will get one Pokemon and two players will get the other Pokemon. So let me explain essentially how this process works. So let's say you are in a multiplayer session and you have player A and player B. If they have a shiny charm and let's say they have a shiny sandwich boost, then the game is going to program specific Pokemon with the higher odds to be around that player. Therefore, every single Pokemon on that player A is going to be predetermined by the system. Which means if player B all of a sudden decides to walk over to player A, well, then player B is not going to be the one responsible for those spawns around it. Which means if player A spawns a shiny Pokemon, player B will not be able to save the game and then reload the game completely from scratch and see that shiny Pokemon. Only player A will be able to pull this off. Now if player A sees a shiny Pokemon and saves the game in front of them because they spawned it in, player A will then be able to reload the game and come back in the game and see the shiny spawn. That's pretty much the fundamental of this method. So keep that in mind as we talk about the examples right now. By the way, make sure you subscribe to the channel for really cool videos like this. I put a lot of effort into it. So subscribing lets me know that you enjoy these videos and I can put out more. So now let me show you this in actual action amongst multiplayer scenarios. So here's scenario one. I'm a Pokemon Scarlet player and I joined my friend Keith's Pokemon Violet World. Now, during this time, I was using the bathroom and my switch was just left on. So what Keith was doing is roaming around until he finally found a Gyarados. Once the shiny red Gyarados spawned into the game, he called me and screamed as loud as possible.  And I was able to see the Gyarados on the beach. You can see my player sneaking up towards this Gyarados.  It has to deal with the fact that Keith spawned that Pokemon in. By the way, in this game, Keith has a shiny charm and I don't. So that Gyarados is 100% connected to Keith. So what I did as the player is I had to walk up to that Gyarados. And the big thing is, okay, now how do we duplicate this so we both get Gyarados? Well, it's very simple. Since we all have autosave off and the only save that happened was as we connected to the multiplayer world, most likely. I had to walk up to that Gyarados and engage it in battle. And you can see that from Keith's perspective that I have walked into that Gyarados and I've engaged it in battle. The moment I engage it in battle, Keith is now fully safe to disconnect from the game. So I have no choice but to catch this Gyarados. No matter what, if this Gyarados decides to use a move and knock out itself, it's gone. It's forever gone. There's no way I can recover that Gyarados no matter what happens in this game. Because at this point Keith disconnected as I made contact with the Gyarados, which ensures me that that Gyarados is mine. So I catch the Gyarados in my game and it's registered to my decks. Now Keith is going to reboot his game completely. And at this point you're going to see the Gyarados show up as he reboots the game. And he's not in the union circle anymore. He is now in a single player world. But like I mentioned before, because the spawn was attached to that player, it's always going to show up for that player when they reload the last hard save in front of it, which he did. He hard saved in front of the Gyarados. So there it was, the Gyarados. He battled it, have its own hard time, and then he was finally able to catch it. Now, if you open up the stats of both these Pokemon, you can see that they are exactly identical in terms of their move pools, in terms of their natures, in terms of their stat distribution. Everything is the same. And the only big difference here is that it's generated its own ID for me and his own ID for Keith. And the OT is Keith for that Pokemon and the OT is me for my Pokemon. So that makes the players both have different original trainer names on the Pokemon. And we have successfully duplicated that Gyarados. Okay, so that was just an example of a successful overworld encounter. Just remember, it only matters who finds the Shiny Pokemon, right? And the other person who runs to that person is the one that's going to have to engage it.  All right, keep that in mind for moving on. Let's talk about mass outbreaks. Now, this one's really big because what we did is we went a little bit above and beyond to test out something even crazier, which was version exclusive mass outbreaks. Now, if you know your game, you'll know that DracLokes and Clawwhitzers are both version exclusive to Pokemon Violet. So as a Pokemon Scarlet player, I went into the Pokemon Violet world again with Keith, but this time it was for the version exclusive Pokemon. Now, for DracLoke, what we discovered is if I was to go to a version exclusive mass outbreak and stand there by myself, nothing spawns at all. Nothing. Nothing spawns. I looked around, I was like, oh, this is a DracLoke outbreak, but nothing was showing up. So the moment that the other player came to me is when all the DracLokes started to spawn, which means when it comes to version exclusive Pokemon that are not tied to your player, version exclusive Pokemon are always going to be tied down to that version exclusive player. Just keep that in mind. Pokemon Violet Pokemon will always spawn for the Violet player. Pokemon Scarlet Pokemon will always be tied to the Scarlet player. In that case, because we both knew that all the spawns were attached to Keith, I was able to stay right next to him the whole entire time while we were knocking out 60 of the Pokemon to increase the Shiny chance, as well as him having the Shiny charm. So at that point, knocked out Pokemon, and then Keith just kept running back and forth, back and forth, back and forth. I went off on my own little adventure real quick because I just wanted to wait until he got the Shiny. And then finally, he was able to get the Shiny to show up and call me back. I ran back and then boom, right in front of me, there was the DracLoke. So what happened was we, since DracLoke is a very aggressive Pokemon, the person who found it has to make sure to not let it attack them. Because in multiplayer, when you interact with the Pokemon and run away from it, they will automatically despawn. So you have to be very careful with aggressive Pokemon. So Keith was able to see this Pokemon. And once I got there, we both saved in front of the Pokemon. Now, anyone who spawns in the Pokemon for the Spawner, they can save right away as soon as they see the Shiny. Because the moment they set down a hard save, no matter when they reboot it, they're going to bring back that Pokemon. So I walked up to that Pokemon, engaged it. As soon as I got into a fight with it, it was successful for Keith to see that on his end. He saw me fighting the Pokemon, which means, okay, Philly is now engaged with a version exclusive Pokemon. Keith then disconnected from me, completely just closed out the game and rebooted his game. And I was able to catch my DracLoke. Once I caught my DracLoke, I then got the notification that the online session has disappeared. And I look around and obviously there were no more DracLokes because they have nothing to do with me, my game or my player. Now, as Keith respawned back into his world, the DracLoke outbreak was right there. And his Shiny was right there, and he was able to catch it. And once we both caught it, we were able to compare stats once again. And they are completely identical, but the only difference is it's my original trainer name. And that is the big deal of this because it's not necessarily one person duplicating the Shiny nonstop and they have their original trainer name and they're sending it over. It's two people catching the Pokemon with their own generated ID and their trainer name on that Pokemon. So just like that, we already have two Pokemon down.   Now, here is another mass outbreak example that is version exclusive for the Pokemon Violet player. Now, this is Clowitzer. And the same thing really applies here that we did for DracLoke. So Keith's knocking out 60 Pokemon, doing whatever he's got to do to increase the spawns of them showing up and increasing the Shiny chance of them showing up by walking away from them, coming back, rendering them in and out. And then finally, Keith was able to get a Clowitzer. Once that happened, he's Player A at this point. I'm Player B. He calls me over to him. So I'm running over to his spawns. I drop down. I see the Clowitzer. I walk in front of it. There's actually no point in the Player B saving in front of it, but I just save anyway. The most important thing is that Player A, the one who finds the Shiny, saves immediately when they see the Shiny. Player B just has to engage the Shiny. So we were just saving in the video just for the sake of it because we were testing. But Player B, after multiple testing, never has to save the Shiny. Only Player A, the one who discovers the Shiny, has to be the one that has to save. Player B just has to engage it. So I engage the Clowitzer. Boom, I was in battle with it and I caught it and Keith's footage failed for that part. So he was still able to get it though, as he was able to send over the stats and they completely matched my Clowitzer stats. Now, don't go anywhere. Don't click off the video because I'm going to be showing you the things not to do. And I don't want you coming back. You're saying, ah, this didn't work, Philly. These parts are very important. Please listen. I'm going to talk to you about Shiny sandwich mistakes and mass outbreak mistakes. What not to do? So mass outbreak mistake number one. This is taking place in the Pokemon Violet World with Keith. I went into his world as a Pokemon Scarlet player and we saw a Tandemouse outbreak by the Pokemon League. We both went over to that outbreak and the problem was that we were both next to each other during that mass outbreak, which means we didn't know which player was responsible for spawning in which Pokemon because this is not a version exclusive. Tandemouse is in both Pokemon Scarlet and Violet. And a Pokemon Scarlet player can generate those in a Pokemon Violet world. So at that point where we're so confused, we didn't know who got what. He assumed that I was the one responsible because I was closer and I happen to just save in front of it and then disappear as soon as he engages in the battle because we thought that's exactly how it worked. I came back. It was not there at all. I even rebooted again to look around. It was not there. Basically, the mistake was that it was tied to Keith and what you're not supposed to do is if it's a common spawn between you two do not stand next to each other during the shiny generation. Otherwise, you're not going to know who did it and only one of you are going to be getting the Pokemon. Okay. So all of these examples that I just showed you were me going to a Pokemon Violet world. But now let's bring it where the Pokemon Violet player comes into my Pokemon Scarlet world. So in this time, he comes to my world and now I am the host player, but that has nothing to do with anything besides version exclusive. We see in a zoom arrow outbreak in my game and we both head over towards it. I was observing Keith from the distance to kind of see what was going on and Keith was just knocking out 60 Azumaril non stop non stop. And then once he did knock out the 60 Azumaril, he wasn't getting spawns by respawning and coming in and out and in and out and in and out. So what we decided to do is we both ate a fairy sandwich to increase the Azumaril spawns because we wanted to prepare for the Charizard raid. And what happened was once we ate that sandwich, we then split up on our own ways hunting Pokemon down and he was finally able to bump into a shiny Meryl called me over. I ran as fast as possible and there was a Meryl. Now the assumption I made that was wrong was, hey, this is my host world. So this Pokemon is definitely mine.  And then Keith bumped into it. I turned off my game turned it on and it wasn't there because like I mentioned before, the spawns are tied to the player and not the host world. So don't make the mistake of saying, oh, it's my world. So I'm going to have that shiny no matter what. No, it's not. It was Keith's Meryl. I reset it and I did not see it because he spawned it. Now we did another test. That was a Meryl spawn that had nothing to do with the outbreak. We did the exact same thing all over again, except Keith was just testing out the Azumarils in the spawn nonstop. And then Keith finally came across an Azumaril. So this time we're like, oh, okay, it's a hundred percent Philly spawn because it's in Philly's world. So I went over to that area and we saved in front of it. And then I told Keith to run away if the Pokemon was attached to him. The moment he ran away and disappeared at a render distance, guess what happened? The Azumaril disappeared, which proved a hundred percent that it was attached to Keith and it went away. Keith, by the way, saved in front of it. So when Keith was rebooting his game and came back, he saw the Azumaril. And when I rebooted my game, nothing was there except my regular Azumaril outbreaks and not the shiny. So these are things not to do. So in summary, remember, spawns are attached to the Pokemon player. The player that spawns them in are the ones that have to save in front of them. They are the only people that can reset the game and have it show up in front of them. The opposite player must come over to that Pokemon and engage into it. Version exclusive Pokemon are going to only be attached to the player of that version. If I'm a Pokemon Scarlet player, I will not ever be able to spawn in Pokemon Valley. Exclusive Pokemon version exclusive mass outbreaks are the only safe mass outbreaks where you can shiny hunt next to each other without worrying who spawned it because if you're an opposite player, you'll know who spawned it. If you are the same players do not be in the same mass outbreak at the same time as you will not know which player is the one responsible for spawning that Pokemon. Remember, if you are the person responsible for spawning, do not ever engage that Pokemon until you reset because if you engage that Pokemon, you will give the other player no chance to encounter it. And if you try to pull this off with four players, remember, each of the players have to do their own thing in the game, which means player A and player B can only get a shiny and duplicate it together and player C and player D can only get a shiny and duplicate it together or player B can run over to player A's player C's and player D's and take all three of them depending on what kind of situation you have with your friends. And the biggest piece of advice I can offer you is to check out this video which talks about how to use shiny sandwiches that help you boost the rates in multiplayer. Click on this.


Welcome to the 30 Paintings in 30 Days Project. So every day of this month, at least 30 days of this month, we are gonna create a little painting a day and we're gonna see what happens. I'm gonna experiment mostly with watercolor and gouache and let's get to painting and I will see you at the end. Need food through version, sorry. If you'd like to support the free content here on Facebook or in the, here on Facebook, holy cow. If you'd like to support the free content here on YouTube or over in the Facebook art groups, I certainly would appreciate that. You can of course join Patreon. We do have YouTube membership here for a small fee and also I have an Etsy shop and I have PayPal tip jar and all that stuff. So check out the video description. Relevant links will also be down there and yeah, don't forget the most important things.  Do share your work with me. I would love to see what you're doing. That's it for now. See you later. Bye guys.


Ladies and gentlemen, moving further without any delay, we are moving towards our next fireside chat, which is with Mr. Ramalingam Subramanyam, Chief Marketing Officer, Coim DC, ACI, and Ms. Chanpreet Arora, Business Head Boot, AVOD. May I request our speakers to please join us? Very warm welcome. Hi. Hello, Ms. Arora. Hi. Hi, it's a pleasure to be here. Very warm welcome to both of you and lovely to have you here. We are looking forward to the chat. Thank you. Thank you so much. Hi, Ram.  Thank you so much. So, you know, one of the most exciting things like before we, before we talk about Coim DCX and your role there or my role at Root Week, I just want to talk about how excited I am to talk about cryptocurrencies. It's actually spent a whole week reading up more about cryptocurrencies before we have this conversation about how we build a brand. And one of the most striking things that, you know, in the previous session, we had this entire conversation about technology and I've actually taken some screenshots from the previous presentation, we're talking about headless, headless marketing. Now that takes it to the next level for me and this session is going to be more focused about the brass tags and the building blocks of how we build brands with people through different platforms. So, one of the most striking things, Ram, that I read today was the global cryptocurrency market capitalization is more than $1.5 trillion, right? However, the awareness and adoption of cryptocurrency in India is still at a very nice in stage and players such as Coim DCX and the industry at large has an uphill task to build awareness and trust in the industry and not just for their own brand. So without much further ado, I'm just going to launch into my first question about how do you build trust and build awareness in a volatile environment for the industry which in itself is lacking trust, right? So, yeah, thank you so much for having me here. First of all, the trust, right? Where does it come from? How do you believe in a brand or how do you believe in a particular industry? Right? It's about trying to build the right kind of understanding of a product. Or understanding of a brand. What India lacks is not, I wouldn't say it's a challenge of trust, but it's more a challenge of misinformation or a lack of understanding. And at various levels, it's not just, it's not that the larger consumer does not understand, but it's in various spaces, it is either misunderstood or people or the way it was portrayed at the first time. Perhaps people have certain notions about it. How do you go about building that trust? So this is what we believe. We felt that it's a three-step process. I need to build education. I need to build comfort when I say comfort, build products that are simple and safe for people. And lastly, work in an environment which is comfortable for everyone to put their money in. See, it's not unlike other products out there in the market. This is an investment asset. People earn that money hard and they want to now invest into something which they are, first of all, very confused about. So we need to build that conducive environment. It's up to us as the players in the industry to do that. So as we said, these three steps, our focus was on building education. We launched a complete education portal called DCX Learn. That was the first step that we took last year when we went big in trying to focus on the entire adoption piece in India. We launched this entire tri-crypto campaign last year with the focus that we need to reach out to 50 million Indians. Now, for that, the first step we took was not run an advertising campaign but to build an education portal. Then we went ahead creating that comfort, so building simple products, building some mechanisms by which, for example, what are the asset classes in which people should invest in. Now, it's not an exchange's job to tell you should do this or do that. However, in an environment where people are just about to enter and explore, there is some amount of responsibility that exchanges have to give them a guided path. We are not recommending a particular thing, but when you talk about 8,000 plus assets out there and when people are struggling to understand one, we felt that we need to come up with an unbiased method to introduce them into a certain category of tokens or assets which are safe to begin with. It's not that they cannot go into other assets. We have a different product available for people who want to invest into, say, different tokens, want to do some amount of advance trading. We have a product for that, but when it comes to mass consumption for the first time user, we decided to limit that and lastly, we built a product that was easy for everyone to use and then came the entire advertising. So that was the structure that we had and like in the words of Howard Schultz, who led Starbucks, if people believe with the values of a company, they start becoming loyal to it and that's what we have started experiencing because people understood and appreciated the way we went ahead in the entire adoption curve and I believe these would be the right steps to build trust along with acquiring more and more customers. That's right. Thank you so much. So there's a very interesting point that you brought up which is trust in the player and trust in the people and even now in India and I know a lot of people market me personally when I say I'm totally dependent on my financial planner. So the first thing I did personally was pick up the phone and asked him, should I be investing in cryptocurrencies? And he said, I have no clue. So is there a lot of people in the B2B segment that are involved in enabling investments in India? So my one question is, are you taking steps in educating the intermediaries as well? Is that kind of a system that's working for you because while you're a B2C solution, you also have this B2B category to cater to? Yeah. So when we started DCX Learn, so DCX Learn is a portal where you can go and learn, learn about crypto, blockchain, about how to trade and so on and so forth. But DCX Learn as an initiative was also heavily driven via the community approach. So we regularly do seminars, we regularly do training programs for, as you pointed out, intermediaries, financial planners. We have done work with the big force, training their people and so on and so forth. So yes, this is an important aspect. But we also believe, so this is also something around about blockchain, right? It's an interesting part which talks about decentralization. We generally, as you pointed out, that's how it is, we go to our financial planner. We have to believe in someone, we have to trust someone. The whole concept of blockchain and Bitcoin talks about a trustless system, where people can actually come up and take their own decisions without depending on someone. You can obviously consult someone, but you don't need to depend on someone to take a decision. So it's a balance. We have to use the traditional approach, educate the masses and including to educate the financial planner out there. But the goal of the entire blockchain and the financial revolution has been to bring that power back to the people and build an ecosystem. It might sound utopian right now, but build a decentralized ecosystem. So I'm going to segue into this ecosystem approach. When an ecosystem is being built on one side, there is the government which is evolving in its thinking process and on what the ecosystem should be. And then there are players that come in. And a lot of times you see that players are making mistakes as we all are aware. How are you dealing with that while there may be some players or there may be regulation and which both are impacting the trust for the industry at large. What role do you think CoinDCX is playing or should be playing in this entire scenario to build trust at an industrial level? We are such a small industry today that obviously we know everyone in the industry. We know all our colleagues. We have been at dinners and these are the regular stuff that happens. And this is always a common belief that we have that is keeping us all together. The beliefs that this ecosystem needs to be built. Yes, people will make mistakes here and there. Objective of a leader in the pack is to ensure that we are all aligned to a certain goal. And we are all aligned to a particular objective. And this is a constant dialogue that keeps on happening within the industry itself. When it comes to the government side as well, government is the biggest example of decentralization. It's democracy today. The powers lie with the people and it is off the people. And if the people are not aware, I don't think the off the people will also be as much aware. And it's not their fault. The technology is evolving so fast. There are new avenues that have opened up. And I'm very happy that the government is taking steps towards it. So even the latest announcements made from their park, they are taking steps to understand what this is all about and come up with a system by which they can create a a facilitative framework to regulate this this environment. And so that see the intention from all parties here, be it industry, be the regulators is is all about protecting the investor at the end of the the person who's taking that taking that risk in investing should should have some kind of a protection. And that's the interest across. And that is something that we definitely definitely welcome, definitely recommend that the government should work on. And we are happy the way in which the way in which the communication is happening at the government level within the industry, the way we all the all the players are talking about it. Yes, there are reports that keep on springing up here and there. But in general, the overall sentiment today is definitely one of hope and one of positiveness there. So if we have to simplify this for an average user, right, like just assuming, even from a brand building perspective, the only comparable that I could come up with was that gold at some level would have had a current status is not that gold is used for industry is not that gold is particularly used for anything except there is a certain perceived value of gold because at one point in time, it was currency that I feel like it's come a it's come a full circle where now we have Bitcoin, Ethereum, except for USDT, I don't know if there are any others, but then there are lots of currencies and I can't we can't really define what is the base value or the inherent value of the currency. How do you approach that question? It's part technology and part pure understanding like what is the comparison and if you can talk in reference to how you see gold having evolved. So this is this is definitely a question that is asked a lot people ask what's the intrinsic value of Bitcoin, where does it get its value from? Why is it priced at a particular point? And the simple argument to that is why is gold priced at something? So jewelry is very small use case, but beyond that, the biggest use case today for gold is store of value. And where does that value come from? It generally stems from what we call as a network effect. People believe in its value, people believe that there is if I store my reserves in gold, it has certain value and I can go ahead and the same happens with the bonds market with currency in itself. The idea about Bitcoin is very similar and there are different other assets that are there, but Bitcoin is very similar to a gold as an asset class. How you can buy a portion of gold, you can invest in that, you can store it for say the future, same way you can do it with Bitcoin. Is there a volatility in the market? Yes, as it is there with gold as it is there with Bitcoin, it's there with all other asset class when it is a tradable commodity, there is volatility as a feature is there with Bitcoin and various other assets that are there within crypto space, but it is just another form of an investment which is driven by a network effect similar to the network effect of gold. So as a final wrap up question Ram, thank you for humoring our basic questions, but as a marketer for any other marketer who's dealing with an industry which is so evolving, is still self-regulated, regulation is where as financial industries, any financial asset under SEBI and SEBSE is heavily regulated. What would it take for any marketer like over a period of five years or 10 years maybe even in the coming decade? What are the top three pegs that you would focus on to help get Bitcoin to the same mainstream gold status that we have today? So see the three pieces that I highlighted earlier, education making people comfortable about it and then coming up with a solution that is compliant with existing laws. We believe these are the steps to go ahead. One thing that as a marketer we should remember is having discipline in an unregulated environment. We are like one of those newborn kids out there. We can do whatever we wanted people will say, we are in that space. But how do I evolve into someone who is respected, who has that kind of a trust is once I take that understanding of being disciplined across whatever I do and holding ourselves accountable to our own value system. While I can have a business pressure to acquire customers, get a X amount of revenue, drive profits, it really ends up on how I stay close to the value system that we actually started the business on and how do we stick to it as we start scaling? There will be many questions that will come in as we go forward in the years to come and I'm looking forward to regulations coming in. They might change the dynamics of the industry in itself, but are they close to the value system that we started with and those campaigns, those activities as marketeers that kind of comms that we use is something that I feel will help us grow the stature of cryptos as an asset class, coin DCX as a brand working in this space and for all the industries in India because one thing that I truly believe which has come from founders also is that there has been multiple revolutions within the tech space. There is one where India as a country wasn't a big part when the first revolution came in. The second revolution most likely was built by Indians, but the capital was not put in by Indians. But this is a stage where the capital is Indian, this technology Indians are building it up and this is the right time for us to help and contribute towards this overall dream of nation building that everyone shares here. So this is a point that we can achieve. We don't want to miss out on it. That's the whole bottom line. Thank you so much. It's been a pleasure to hear your perspectives. Thank you so much. Thank you, Ms. Arora and thank you, Mr. Subramanian, what a beautiful note to end this conversation also on that this is the right time for us to build the nation in whichever field we are. So thank you so much, both of you for your time, for this insights that you brought to the table. Thank you once again. Thank you so much for having me. Thank you.