So this is the final episode of Think 101. Now it's been an amazing experience. We have covered an enormous amount of material over the last 11 episodes, but because we presented it bit by bit, I suspect that people are going to be really surprised at how much they've learned. In each of the episodes we tackled a different topic, ranging from illusions, rationality, learning to learn up to the scientific method, testing claims, and exploiting the situation in order to predict and shape human behaviour. Now there were a few themes that emerged throughout Think 101, and I think we should try to integrate them here and make them explicit. That's right. The first theme that we talked about was the fact that the world is complex and ambiguous. Now this is really apparent when you just look around the world and see the massive processing problem that we have when trying to integrate all of this information, virtually every object and event that we encounter can be interpreted in different ways. For example, we provided a bunch of simple examples like the Necker Cube or the spinning dancer that's either rotating counter-clockwise or clockwise, the image of the duck or the rabbit, the young woman or old woman, or maybe the ambiguous letter or the digit depending on how you're looking at that information, or the smiling or the smirking face depending on whether you like that person or not. When we traveled to the Mind Body Spirit Festival, we were completely immersed in ambiguity. If you remember the vague and generic Barnum statements that psychics were making, or the people at the horoscope booth, or the dozens of particular symptoms that you should watch out for when visiting the chiropractor, or after visiting the Japanese healing booth, what sort of health, ambiguous health claims you can expect to receive. Ambiguity is operating absolutely everywhere, especially when it comes to other types of evidence, whether it be formal evidence like forensic evidence, or evidence for or against climate change, or evidence as to whether your best friend is honest or adventurous or not. Ambiguity is operating all over the place. It's also important when we're considering the general types of decisions that we make all over the place. It'd be really nice if we had all of the information out in front of us and the luxury of having all the time in the world to make a decision, but that's rarely the case, isn't it? I mean, most of the time we have to make decisions fast, and even once when we do make a decision, we have no idea whether it was the right one or not. Feedback is terrible. Yet, we still have to make these decisions. And how do we deal with this complexity and ambiguity? Well, we have to use simplified models of the world. We use shortcuts, heuristics. We talked about the availability heuristic, representativeness, anchoring, the be fair to both sides, and it must be somewhere in the middle heuristic. We saw these operating when people were making and dealing with claims of the extraordinary. But it's more than that. We see patterns and relationships that just aren't there. We see what we expect to see. We preferentially seek out evidence that confirms our beliefs. We see what we want to see, and we develop all these superstitions like bad things happen in threes, and I have to wear my lucky socks. These are all examples of fast thinking, system one. That's right. Now, the goal of the course is to figure out how everyday thinking can be improved. So in order to improve everyday thinking, we need to be more analytic. Use system two, unpack issues. These are all incredibly important when trying to figure out how to get better at thinking. Other bunch of issues that we covered are like the intuitive scientist. Well, the intuitive scientist is important. In order to improve everyday thinking, you need to consider the scientific method. If you're deciding whether or not to take a drug or whether to change your diet or not, we talked about a lot of ways at looking at the evidence for that. We talked about the double blind, randomized controlled trials. Now if you're deciding whether to take a drug or not, if it hasn't been subjected to that, then maybe you better think twice about whether to take that or not. We also talked about testimonials or anecdotes. If somebody says that a particular diet or a drug is fantastic, that's only one cell. That's pretty much useless. What about the other three cells? I think learning those general problem-solving skills are really important, and that'll get us part of the way there, but we also need to learn how to learn, and we showed people some really clever techniques that they can use to learn better and remember that information for longer. And we said that focusing on factors of the situation rather than personalities will get us much closer to predicting and shaping human behavior. We also talked about opinion change. That is changing the minds of others or yourself. Now, opinion change is really hard. It's cognitively effortful. It's intellectually difficult. If you give someone information that contradicts their current belief, they're unlikely just to accept it on the spot at face value. What you have to do is show them what they can change their mind to, show them how they can accept your new evidence while also retaining a large part of their previous belief. Now, this goes for supernatural beliefs, whether it's stopping a hurricane with the power of prayer batteries or belief in climate change or belief in the costs and benefits of vaccinating a child or not. In order to improve everyday thinking, we need to be more analytic, as we said. Use system two. Read more, right? As the Mythbusters said, it's incredibly important to get past the headlines, right? It's really tempting when you're reading a newspaper or a web page to just kind of sit back and keep score of who's right and who's wrong. But it's rarely that simple, right? You need to go into the article and try to see things from a different perspective. You can also be wary of information that you've gained while you're only partly paying attention. But when we're trying to tackle a particular claim, look at the costs and benefits of the successes, of the two ways that you can be right. Look at the costs and benefits of the failures, of the two ways that you can be wrong. More generally, think more clearly. Seek out, look for evidence. Just because that's the way we've always done it doesn't make it right. Learn what people tell you and what you believe.


Okay. Well, welcome to today's grand strategy seminar hosted by the Center for Grand Strategy and the Sir Michael Howard Center for the History of War. And it's my great pleasure to, well, first of all, I should just say who I am. Those of you don't know me. I'm Professor Joe Milo, Professor of International History in the Department of War Studies. And I'm also director for the Sir Michael Howard Center for the History of War. And it's our enormous pleasure to be hosting Dr. Julie Plinger here today. Julie holds a PhD in geography from the University of California, Berkeley. She's currently assistant professor in the Department of Geography and Spatial Sciences at the University of Delaware and associate director of the minerals, materials and society program. And I guess, Julie, you've just moved because I had you at Boston and then you. So congratulations on, I guess, what's on a fairly new appointment. Thank you. Yeah, just before the pandemic is when I arrived. So you look forward to meeting your colleagues and finding your office. Indeed, yes. And Julie's focus in her research is on the dynamics of global resource frontiers with a particular focus on social and environmental sustainability. I highly recommend her award winning book Rare Earth Frontiers from terrestrial terrestrial subsoils to lunar landscapes published by Columbia University Press, and it's widely available as a ebook and a lovely paperback and having read most of it I have to say it's a beautifully crafted piece and I can see why it won an award. She's here today to talk about contemporary global earth politics persistent myths, policy challenges, and possible pathways and just just before I turn over to Julie to begin her presentation and say that Julie, if you feel free along the way to add your questions to the Q&A function or to the chat, I'll be monitoring both. And Julie's kindly agreed to speak for about 40 minutes, and then we'll turn over to question and answer will be recording the presentation but we will not be recording the question and answer session so, you know, so just so that you're aware. With that, I'm going to turn everything over to Julie and invite her to begin her presentation. Thank you so much Joe and thank you to the School of Security Count studies and Kings College London for for having me in the midst of the pandemic and at the end of the term with zoom fatigue running high I am encouraged by the fact that, as we've all gathered here to talk and think about rare earth politics and to look squarely at the challenges that we're facing and also think about possible pathways forward. So with that, I'll share my screen and we will dive right in. So today, as promised, we're talking about the persistent myths policy challenges and possible pathways forward. This is less of a scholarly talk although I'm happy to get into theory and methods and big ideas and all of this in the Q&A, and more of a discussion of what I see as the real challenges to formulating sensible policy and politics around these critical resources. So the clip notes of my book, it's based on five years of in depth research and field work in the US, China, Brazil, and Germany. I was able to do the in depth research in China that I did because I had linguistic and cultural fluency from living in different parts of China for about five years prior and during to the research. One of the key findings is that resource extraction as we have done it is inseparable from the politics of sacrifice of landscapes of livelihoods. But we can change this and this contention is the basis of my policy work to support sustainable rare earth sourcing in the US and internationally. To research this book I conducted field work either in or about the various sites that you see here. Regrettably, I did not have a chance to travel to the moon to investigate the rare earth situation there. But yes, as you can see my research, while global in scope, those of you who are savvy to the contemporary geographies of rare earth prospecting and extraction will note some conspicuous absences here. But the beautiful thing about research is that it is endless and ongoing. Within China, my primary side of analysis is that stripey bit there which indicates battle municipality in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, located in Northern China. And I was really interested in not not just following the grand international strategies and actors and policy pronouncements but also connecting big ideas and global political and economic currents to the people who are actually responsible for getting the elements to us from far corners of the world right humble hardworking everyday people who are absolutely crucial to sustaining modern life as we know it from the global bare earth frontier. I should also note that photos of people from the mining site in China either do not include faces or come from other sources. Not taking pictures of people was one of several necessary measures that I took to ensure local context that I was not, in fact, a journalist. So one had to behave in a way that people do not associate with journalists which is not taking very many pictures. One of the key salient factors that people might know about China and global rare earth politics is that China lost a WTO appeals and removed all export quotas you know as of January 1 of 2014 and then later removed further export quotas in 2016. They've been at the direction of the central government China's rare earth industry has been consolidating. And that includes closing down private minds which I'll talk about in a moment and its significance. But let's dive in now to its persistent myths. There's about seven that I'd like to cover today. And some of these will be familiar to you others maybe not. Let's see. So the first one and this bears repeating until the myth is thoroughly dispelled from from our imaginaries and our discourse at rare the first reference to this misnomer I actually found the earliest reference that I found was in 1907. But this idea that rare earths are rare it fuels some dangerous assumptions dangerous assumptions such as you know China minds the most rare earth elements because China has the most right which can set us up to think about vulnerabilities or imagine vulnerabilities that we actually don't have. And if we believe that rare earths are rare, then that allows us to make all sorts of assumptions right if they're scarce that means they'll be subject then to war or conflict. And of course, the myth of scarcity, then makes a sleep to the conclusion that they can only be obtained a great cost. So great sacrifices are justifiable. Now this is a really potent trope and pop culture commentary and some policy and over the past I've read plus that I've been researching rare earth elements I've seen in some circles, much to my dismay a very fluid boundary between the fact of what these elements are, and the myths and stories that we tell ourselves about so rare, but extraordinarily important elements so this is a screenshot of course from avatar 2009, which they're holding a rock that looks an awful lot like a very useful type of rare earth element. So if we believe that rare earth elements are rare, then how do we get them the assumption that is that we have to go to great lengths you know do we mind the moon. Do we dig up the Amazon. Do we charge into a war torn region such as Southern Afghanistan. Do we take as the founder of Blackwater advocated to the Trump administration and in an op ed in the Washington Street Journal. What is the most India company approach to Afghanistan and privatize the war and fuel it by rare earth mining, do we dig up biodiversity hotspots in tropical Africa, or dig under the Greenland ice sheet or scrape up the ocean floor right if they're rare these are our choices, but based on this map from the USGS and bear in mind that USGS publications are credible but also conservative meaning that they only report what is officially reported to them, nevertheless we see that there are hundreds of known deposits documented by the USGS. So rare earth elements really are not rare. Alright so having settled that let's move on to the second myth. Right so if rare earth elements are not rare and this is one of the motivating questions for my book, why is it that the geography of their production is so strange concentrated in a few far flung regions throughout the world. And the second myth here is that red tape and environmental regulation ruined the rare earth industry in the West and handed it to China. So the assumption here is that if only we had less regulation the West would not have lost its rare earth industry, but actually global economic deregulation and disinvestment were decisive factors in shifting industrial and innovative capacity to China. So it's possible to look at a chart like this this is a particularly visually pleasing one I found from the visual capitalist but there are many charts that show the precipitous rise of China's dominance in rare earth production, and then there's the peak in the early 2000s, and then we're starting to see now diversification as other actors re-enter the game. Alright, now it's possible to look at this and to imagine all sorts of things, conspiracy on the part of China, too much red tape by a bunch of tree huggers in the West or what have you. So this actually tell us what it actually takes to build a global monopoly over rare earth mining and processing. So, in my archival research in China I looked at I looked deeply into this question. So shortly after the founding of the PRC on October 1 1949. So Mao and Stalin had a shared agenda to convert the windswept steps of Inner Mongolia into an military industrial heartland that could provision both republics and the struggles against Western capitalism and Japanese imperialism. So this served the interests of Stalin as he reimagined the abundant iron and quote unquote non ferris metals, which is a euphemism for rare earths as well as radioactive materials in by an oboe. So Mao Zedong had two primary interests here to definitively incorporate the region of Inner Mongolia into the territory of the PRC, and to use the raw materials there to build a new nation. So the strategy from the get go from the founding of the PRC was a sort of vertical integration the creation of an industrial heartland. The Sino-Soviet cooperation projects that laid the foundations for China's contemporary industrial geography. Bouto was the premier model project and people in Bouto are still proud of this. They reference it today there's monuments all over the city as well. Locals are proud of this right so China's dominance first and foremost is an outcome of planning investment and international cooperation. And that is what laid the foundation for what came later when Reagan Thatcher and Deng Xiaoping respectively initiated their economic deregulation strategies. Right so the tenants of deregulation in the West that made it easier for capital and industry to move overseas intersected really nicely with Deng Xiaoping's open up and reform. The latter two decades of the 20th century, and this produced a new global economic reality that took shape through the 80s and 90s and into the president, or into the present rather. So deregulating industry in the West, and also in China by building having first built the solid industrial foundation and further than de-collectivizing the communes and introducing 400 million newly disempowered companies into the global workforce, China became a very attractive place for heavy industry. And so this forced countries, companies and other countries to choose whether to transfer their industries to disinvest or disinvest in competitive R&D, or to remove regulations or incentives or cleaner productions at home in order to compete with this new economic reality that was taking place out of China. Right so within China, the largest site by far, as I noted in rare earth mining is the biennium super complex. So what we have here as a satellite image of the mine, it measures about six miles or 12 some kilometers from end to end. This is the source now about half of all rare earth elements consumed worldwide so transitioning from a rather humble mining complex in 1959 to the global rare earth capital at the turn of the millennium was not an accident and it wasn't a one sided thing it wasn't a matter of mining or conspiracy on the part of China, no words in a matter simply of too much or too little regulation in the West but rather a convergence of these two in a way that I think was actually quite difficult to predict or foresee. The key point here is this is that as as Western countries were opting out of rare earth mining and processing, China was opting in so scaling up R&D as other countries were scaling down. Now let's look at the third myth. So rare earth mining and processing is necessarily environmentally destructive. So, certainly if you visit rare earth mining sites around China, and particularly if you did so when when I started doing it a little over a decade ago. It would be entirely reasonable to conclude that these things can only be had at great social and environmental cost, but if we assume that rare earth mining is necessarily destructive then we also assume that someone somewhere has to bear the burden, and social and environmental safeguards are unrealistic, but actually and more precisely and I'm even further convinced of this based on my review of the Chinese scientific literature and conversations with with engineers and technicians and regulators within China that actually it's a practice of mining with minimal regard for environmental protection or occupational health and safety that is actually destructive so not the mining itself it's not that that we lack the know how in China or overseas for how to do this more sustainably it's not the mining that that has not been priority. And this has come in China with a pretty serious cost so here you're looking at a satellite image of Bouto city, which is this model Sino-Soviet industrial heartland, where most of the rare earth materials that are now sourced to rare earths company are actually processed and you can see here heavily contaminated soil surrounding this sort of open tailings pond that has no liner nothing to stop the pollution from seeping into the soil and groundwater. All of this is at a slightly higher elevation and separated by very sandy soils from the Yellow River and so over the past several decades and this has been documented. Mainly by Chinese scientists but also by environmental journalists working together with citizens organizations, the steady creep of pollution through the soil to the Yellow River and of course this is the primary agricultural area that supports the city and also several peasant communities as well as an agricultural area. I'm going to show a couple of images of human and animal suffering on the next slide so if you don't want to see that feel free to avert your eyes I'll let you know when it's past. So here, the primary ailments that emerge are not actually due to exposure to rare earth elements themselves but exposure to other things that are brought up with the oars and the raw materials that are just present in the geology of this particular area happen to be fluoride and arsenic and so prolonged exposure to fluoride and arsenic lead to ailments such as skeletal fluorosis where the long bones become brittle but they also continue to grow. And while your soft tissues do not and so it can result in a debilitating and very painful condition in livestock this manifests as long tooth disease where the animals teeth continue to grow but they become brittle and eventually they can't eat and starve to death and acute chronic arsenic toxicity manifests and a number of forms but most conspicuously in lesions on skin and teeth. And so there's also research carried out by public health researchers in China that documents the high incidences of birth defects cancers and cognitive and developmental delays among children living within this watershed. So I've moved on now. I'd like to point out that this photo is not black and white. This is a photo from the tailings pond adjacent to the binaural mind and inner Mongolia autonomous region. And we'll return to return to this in a moment. I'd like to point out that these sorts of things the pollution human and animal suffering and all of this, whatever we end up doing with our rare supply chains we have to avoid recreating this at home, and be supportive of China's efforts to clean this up. So in the 21st century this is a preposterous price to pay for innovation and there's nothing really innovative. I would argue about the wholesale destruction of landscapes and lives, even in the name of critical materials security, and especially when we are talking about sourcing these things to power our transition to a post carbon future. So among China's cleanup efforts, one of the most conspicuous changes that that local officials noted when I was conducting research for the book. The earlier part of the decade is all of a sudden right around 2000 2009 2010 polluters started paying their fines to the Ministry of Environmental Protection. Prior to that it had just been kind of a joke. Right. Environmental officials would go out and document or note cases of illegal dumping or environmentally irresponsible behavior, and they would issue fines to the offending companies would never be paid. But at some point that started to change. Right, so we, we have had now for about a decade heightened environmental enforcement as as part of a central strategy to change the country's position in the global division of toxic river to shift from a net exporter of rare earth elements to a net importer. And this has been combined with the forced closure and consolidation of a number of private mining companies, and the consolidation into what are now called the big six rare earth companies operating in China so small independently owned and some clandestine mining sites they were forced to either sell out or shut down over a period of a couple of years. So what you're looking at here is an abandoned office building that that I visited I guess to the extent that I could in Inner Mongolia in 2013. Now the fourth myth. This is also worth addressing. The fourth myth is that China embargoed rare earths against Japan in 2010. Now scholars of war and conflict will know that an embargo is a very specific thing. The narrative is that the Chinese government ordered the embargo of rare earth shipments to Japan in retaliation for an ongoing Japanese actions and an ongoing dispute over the Senkaku or the Diaoyu islands. Now an embargo is an official act right a stoppage of trade undertaken by one government against another in a time of war or in a case of a serious treaty breach. This was of course reinforced by New York Times headline and has since been treated as accepted fact in the policy circles that that I engage with. Now what did happen is that yes shipments were disrupted from one port in eastern China, and about one third of Japan's ports reported some sort of disruption in in rare earths and other shipments at the time. But this was not a calculated move by the central government and my research at the port in question really verifies that this was a matter of local people taking things into their own hands and this is of course corroborated by the fact that China customs authority apparently had no idea that anything was awry until Japan's customs authority inquired after it. We're right along here to our fifth myth here which is that, and this is of course related to earlier myths which is, you know that the solution is to open more minds outside of China. Right so the assumption is that China controls most of the rare earth mining and you can see the bunch of photos here of remote and far flung front perspective frontiers from earlier in the presentation. Right China is now a net importer of rare earth ores in fact China became a net importer of rare earths in 2018 for the first time since 1985. And this is a result of a number of factors of reducing domestic mining output to clean up contaminated sites, and to import from new minds opening overseas to emphasize value added processing, and to increase R&D and technological applications, and also to enhance the profile of higher tech exports right so what of Xi Jinping's campaigns has been to make the made in China label something of high status and high quality. And this is actually quite closely related then to our sixth myth, which often gets confused, particularly in defense related discourses. Now the myth is that the world is dependent on China for rare earth elements, full stop. And this is this is indicative of the kind of fuzzy thinking that I think has gotten us into trouble and stymied the development of more robust and effective policy. So the assumption is of course that if China cuts off rare earth exports again then the rest of the world will be unable to build its necessary technologies. And this may be true in some sectors more precisely and particularly to folks in the dissents in the defense sector. It's not rare earth elements per se. Right that are the problem so it's not that you know the US military won't be able to build. It's aircraft or missiles, if China stops exporting refined rare earth oxides that's not what's needed. Rather, it's the rare earth bearing tech components right the technological components that are manufactured in and exported from China that are actually quite important. And even amidst all of the trade disputes of the previous administration in the US with China, we didn't actually see a disruption to these rare earth bearing technological components. And I think that's really important, but I guess, perhaps that's not as well known as it should be because it doesn't make as juicy of a headline. Let's move on then to the seventh myth that renewable energy technology is the primary driver of increased demand for rare earths. So the assumption and the narrative is that renewable energy technology uses lots of rare earth elements therefore, quote, green energy has a dirty little secret and you'll see why I'm putting it in quotes here. Right so this is a popular headline a popular talking point, both among those who are concerned with making sure that the transition to renewable energy is in fact sustainable for all involved, as well as those who are just who are deploying this discourse in bad faith in order to undermine efforts to transition to renewable energy technology. But in fact if we look at the supply webs of rare earth elements in the energy sectors, we see that every major form of energy generation whether nuclear fossil big hydropower or renewable. It's high to some extent on rare earth elements, if not in the refining process then in in the transportation infrastructure, or the generation, or the generation technologies themselves. All right. So those are our seven minutes. Let's move on to the policy challenges. And for the major policy challenges for the purposes of this presentation, I have outlined three major ones. And I phrase them in the form of a question because I'd like us to really think about what it takes to engage and overcome these challenges. So the first one. Are we capable of a broad based conceptualization and integration of the challenges needs and strategies that characterize the entire rare earth supply web. So we have up here in the corner a series of photos of important applications for rare earth elements, everything from big physics right this is the large hadron collider to advanced modes of transportation and energy generation lasers surgical dental medical applications as well as a variety of our information technologies, and also some elements such as such as serium in part this lovely pink color in glass and other elements so they're used in lasers and also rose colored glasses. So we have to consider then right we we have to consider the material financial and policy needs of multiple sectors, and ask which sector or sectors has the priority. What we've seen in the US at least is an emphasis really on one or two sectors, primarily defense. What we've seen in the in the EU is an emphasis on auto, auto mobility and transportation. But really, we have to consider the entire web as opposed to the entire chain of rare earth supplies. We have to look at the infrastructural needs of the entire supply chain for mining to recycling, what kinds of infrastructure physical right as well as social and political are needed in order to reinvigorate and sustain new supply systems from mining to recycling. And also we have to address sustainability concerns across multiple and often competing interest groups. As I'm sure scholars scholars present today are no doubt aware that the term sustainability means very different things to different people. So the meaning interest means of course sustaining a certain rate, or increase in the rate of extraction whereas sustainability to environmentalists and public health advocates means of course something entirely different. And then of course there's a question of sustainability on a national scale versus a global scale. Right so sustainability on a national scale when it comes to critical materials, often means something kind of synonymous with supply chain security and sustain a steady flow of these elements that are needed for critical sectors, where sustainability on a global scale often brings in or immediately brings in questions of climate change and transition to a post carbon future, which of course, we have a diminishing of time in order to take decisive action which requires these elements. And so we have to be able to put all of these different sustainability concerns on the table to conceptualize them broadly and to integrate them in our policy. This is a major policy challenge. This is another question, are we capable of imagining China's role in the global rare earth economy as anything other than a threat or conspiracy against the West. Now, one of the first things that I think we have to do in and this really is a call to people who are fluent in Mandarin. As well to bridge the yawning chasm between what is actually written in China's policy documents what is documented in Chinese literature and what is practiced in mining sites in China, and what is actually reported in the anglophone press. I was here with you. I was in a, I was having a discussion with a former, I guess, national security advisor in the US concerning draft of China's recent rare earth law that came out kind of, or was circulated for comment at the beginning of this year. I was talking about it in the context of, you know, having just been approached by journalists and I, and so I asked, Oh, so so you've read it what do you think about it. And they said, Oh, I never bother reading that stuff I know it's all lies anyway. And so I was just kind of baffled. Okay, like you, you've given public commentary on a thing that you haven't actually read that actually explains a lot and for us professors, you know, to speak without doing the debate is just, you know, scandalous indeed. I think the other thing that we need to do is to build on and strengthen international cooperation and science and engineering research. One of the important and notable things is that China's rare earth research organizations have continued to host scientists from around the world. They even amidst these ongoing sort of geopolitical flashpoints that have periodically flared over the past decade or so. And this is something that I think we need to strengthen because we all have a common interest in making rare earth, mining and processing, more environmentally responsible, and also securing a sustainable global supply. And along those lines I think it's important to engage China's efforts in international standards development, such as through the international standards organization. You know, in order to develop standards for these social environmental and occupational health and safety and standards for recycling as well. And so I think there's actually some real opportunities here provided we are willing to let go of, you know, the the influences of Hollywood movies and certain video games, and the sort of narrative pop culture talking points that help us to understand what China is doing in the rare rare earth domain as some sort of a neo cold war, you know, rivalry, when in fact our our inch we have much more in common than is typically appreciated. The third major policy challenge will ask this as well are we capable of moving beyond antiquated notions of mining in order to support the construction of a circular economy as the new normal. There are squarely a government subsidy practices that favor disposability, particularly around the exportation of e waste or electronic waste. We should be focusing on repatriating this, and I'm actually quite encouraged that there are initiatives underway in the UK to develop battery recycling capacity in particular I think that's an excellent example. So we need to build the necessary social infrastructure in order to deploy proven recycling technologies at scale. So the thing with rare earth recycling or recycling of rare earth bearing components it's not that we don't know how it's not that we don't have the demonstrated technologies to recycle different things it's just that we don't have the necessary social infrastructure right how do we collect our rare earth bearing electronics and infrastructures and get them to a central location where they can actually be processed. Now this to me is actually quite encouraging because the hard part we've already figured out what remains then is sort of akin to you know how we eventually all had to figure out how to recycle our bottles and our newspapers, we can do this. So now let's talk about some possible pathways forward. What do we do to achieve critical mineral sustainability and security. I think if we take a dispassionate. Look at the status quo, and look at what we're actually doing our current approach is to dig a big hole somewhere new to source the rare earths turn them into all sorts of different technological components, and then we build a trash but not in my backyard. This is where we are. The key point here is that rare earth elements are not destroyed in this process rare earths are not like fossil fuels in that they are combusted and destroyed through use. Rather, knowing this and knowing how basic our status quo is we can actually we can reimagine our future in some interesting ways. And I think that actually begins by engaging with frontline communities to collaboratively collaboratively envision and design our pathway forward. And also I mean this is, you know this is. If there are other folks from the US in the audience will certainly sympathize with this, we have to dare to think beyond our election cycle while addressing the livelihood needs of the present, and also to connect with established institutions at home and as well as community organizers in perspective mining manufacturing and recycling sites, because often the the local issues with heavy industry, manufacturing or recycling citing in their area is not that the industry is there it's that it is there in such a way that is generating active harm. And so, taking all of the lessons from critical development studies and development practice over the past several decades we can apply them. I think quite instructively to rare earths and start with a community engagement from the get go. The second thing we can do is we can recycle. This is the low hanging fruit. So, you know the prospect of mining on the moon might be sexier and more exciting to some. We could actually just figure out how to recycle rather than digging up the moon or the Amazon or under the Greenland ice sheet, because currently less than 1% of all rare earths and less than 12% of all electronics period. Those that are consumed are actually recycled. And so important achievements by EU US and Japanese researchers have not been scaled up to unlock new and sustainable sources of rare earths and other critical materials that are accumulating around us in our waste. And so I think we also need to think about selectively and smartly repatriating production so not just mining but the entire rare earth supply chain. And what this requires is that we rebuild industrial and research capacity on a regional scale. Because it makes sense for most or many countries to to go it alone so we need to collaborate with our neighbors and to most importantly to invest in the entire supply chain, not just the first stages in order to revive and stimulate innovative R&D. We can develop programs to pilot and deploy innovations at national and regional scales. And really importantly, we can stop exporting E waste because this is treasure that we are throwing away. And all of this requires of course that we legislate right so that we create a regulatory environment that rewards upstream firms for socially and environmentally responsible mining and processing. It is like tax incentives for downstream firms to purchase certified clean rare earth elements in order to create market certainty until we get to a place where we have a new bottom line, where it's not the lowest cost, but it is the lowest social and environmental cost. We also need to work at state, local, federal and regional levels to create multiple clean high tech and functionally renewable rare earth supply chains, so that we don't recreate a monopoly somewhere else. And above all, I think that we should seize the low hanging fruit so here we have a pile of discarded cell phones. This is a photo from South Africa. There are abundant resources around us rare earths and otherwise that we can access without digging new holes in the ground, while also reducing our overall global waste footprint. So I'll end there. I'm happy to take your questions my contact info is here. So feel free to to get in touch or to join the discussions that unfold on Twitter. Thank you very much for your time and attention. I look forward to your questions and the discussion. Thank you.


Thanks for joining me for this episode of brutal battle beer break Going to be having a another beer out of a can. You know, I like the cans This one's by two brothers artisan brewing. They're out of Warrenville, Illinois This beer in particular is called night cat and it is a hoppy wheat as you can see. Yes night cat hoppy wheat We've got that little swirly thing there whatever Crack this sucker open so I'm assuming this will basically taste like a wheat beer With more hops than you're typically expecting from a wheat beer So right off the bat it looks a lot darker than I was assuming it would be when you say wheat at all You're thinking very yellow straw type coloration. This is very dark. This looks more of like a Like a darker style Belgian wheat, you know those styles like a dark Fransisco or something like that. So what other than that? I mean, you can see right through it. It's just darker Smells hoppy smells it will we tea Very nice citrusy aroma in that poppy aspect Hmm a little bit Little grapefruity Some tropicality to it Just based on the smell Other than that little bit of like, you know, the weedy nose to it If you take the weedy nose away, it would definitely just smell exactly like a straight-up IPA Gonna be honest the hop presence is significantly more than I thought it was gonna be a lot of these hoppy wheat beers You know, it's it's some hops. It's hoppier, but it's not like crazy amount of hops This smells like it's kind of a lot of hops.  It is very watery as a beer Which you know with wheat beers You never expect them to be like in your face. I'm real thick and like lingering on your tongue a whole lot But with this one, it is even more watery than I would expect from a wheat beer I don't think I'm big on it to be honest just because of that aspect and because everything falls off so fast I don't have a whole lot of like good flavor sticking around It's mainly just some bitterness hanging out and it's not even much of anything I would say because it is so watery It would make it extremely sessionable as people say so you could drink a lot of it which speaking of that It's five point eight percent alcohol by volume. So, you know, it's low So you could sip this and get a little bit of flavor, but I'm gonna be honest I'd like a lot more flavor. I want things to kind of hang out so Not that impressed with it. Sorry two brothers. I would not recommend this beer to anyone, but Well, I mean, okay, I won't say not to anyone if you liked what you heard then go ahead and check it out I would not get it again. So put it that way. Anyway, thank you everyone for checking this out Please check out the regular podcast. It's just brutal battle calm You can listen to it there or on itunes or Stitcher Also spread the word if you like it about these videos and about the podcast itself And if you have any suggestions you want to see me drink anything in particular Or you want to hear me talk about a certain topic or just give you a shout out You can send an email to brutal battle podcast at gmail.com Thanks so much everyone and go get yourself an awesome beer


Hello, Bidgets! Today, my name is going to be Fruit Roll-Up. Now, today is Friday, May 17th. I have my senior prom to go to in about six hours. And I just want to show you the process it takes for a gay male. Maybe it's just me, but I'm going to show you how long it takes for me to get ready. And I'm going to show you the process because last year I did not go all out and this year I'm not holding back. We're just going to jump into it. So first step, I have to shower. I got to smell good for literally no one because my date is myself. I want you guys to know that took one hour to edit. So, like the video just because of that. But more importantly, I need to straighten my hair for the look I'm going to do. So I can't just do it when it's all, you know, disheveled, greasy, fried texture. No, we're going to fix it. And if you think I'm going to record me showering. We've got another thing coming. Don't worry, this won't turn x-rated. But when you have colored hair, there's some steps you have to take. Hey guys. So the number one rule for colored hair is that you cannot shower with hot water ever. It is Satan and sweat because it's hot and it will strip your color off in seconds. So I'm going to avoid washing my hair. But I'm going to wash from my forehead down and I'm going to wash my legs because apparently people don't do that and that's gross.  Also, I have to let purple shampoo sit in my hair for like minutes. So that's also why. Use cruelty-free shampoo as always. I'm not kidding when I say it's really purple.  A few minutes later. You'll know when you get all the shampoo out when your bathtub no longer looks like an alien died in it. Also, I went ahead and used the conditioner from the same brand and then I washed it out with even colder water. So I'm kind of shaking right now. I just, I gotta get out. Hold on. All right. So you're going to towel dry this as hard as you can and I'm going to let it air dry just because if I blow dry with hot air, it will burn off. And while it's drying, I'm going to put some renewing argan oil of Morocco to try to save my hair if I even can. Notice how it's almost empty now. And you're going to run it through your hair, especially towards the ends of it. Okay. Now we let it air dry much later. Oh, all right. So my hair is still drying. I had Chipotle and it's still not done. So that just shows how thick my hair is. By the way, I did put some of this toner on my face just so we can cool down because it was very dry after taking a hot shower. But I now have three hours to get ready. I'm going to try to use my time wisely and paint my nails. Yes, I'm a boy who can handle painting his nails. Plus I'm wearing a red suit. So I need to have dark red nails because it'll look cool.  This is the closest thing I have to a Q-tip pusher. So we're going to go with it. Basically you want to do this so no nail polish gets on your skin. So I'm just going to do it to all of my nails and I will see you in a few minutes. I actually have gone to my nails done once and it was really fun. The Chinese lady showed me how to do it. So now I'm just going to see if I can replicate it at home. Okay. Then she went in with nail clippers and cut off the excess cuticle. But she had like really fancy clippers and I just have these boring ones. Oh my God. This is like a blood bath. Okay. Maybe that did something I can't really tell. I'm not going to cut my nails. I'm just going to file them a little bit just because I would like to have something to paint on. So you're just going to do this to make sure there's no rough edges. By the way, I don't need any professionals telling me my technique is wrong. I don't know what I'm doing. Okay. All right. We got nails. Now it is time to paint them. So let's just start with the thumb first. Wow. Look at that. Okay. I'm not going to talk because I actually really need to concentrate on this. This is very hard to do actually. Just give me a second. I'm going to try to wrap the tip. Maybe not actually. Damn. Oh shoot. Ugh. I have acetone. Don't worry. Oh, it smells horrible. Oh, I hate it. Not sure people will notice my mistakes. The place we're going to is very dark. So I think I'll be fine just for trying. Ooh. That's so cute. All right, I'm going to do the rest now. Much, much later. Bitch, it's a blood bath. Oh my God. Okay. I will admit I kind of rushed them just because I'm banking on the fact that I have acetone and a cotton swab. So I'm just going to go around all of these and try to clean it up. All right. I think this is the best I can do. I try to get it all off with acetone and then I repainted it so it doesn't look as chunky. I also don't have a top coat because I forgot to so I might have to ask my friend for some. But you're probably wondering why I have a headband and that is because... Ow. Ooh, that's my eye again. I have a bowl of wax heating up right now because I need to wax my eyebrows. See? Right there. And I'm also going to shave my face while I'm at it. But the reason why I have my headband on is because I just don't want to risk waxing off a long piece of hair. Guys, I swear to God, every time I paint my nails, I have to carry stuff like this. What is this? Why am I doing this? But that should take about five minutes to warm up and then I'm going to zoom in on these brows. Oh my God, how did I do that? Guys, I swear to God, I don't know how I'm doing this but this is very trippy right now. So I have my bowl of wax right here. It's basically done. I'm going to try to show you what it looks like. But my favorite facial feature is my brows so I need to make sure these are perfect. I usually don't need a wax anymore. Sometimes I just tweeze maybe like once or twice a week because it's gotten to the point where I don't have to do anything and these brows will look the same because I've done this since 8th grade. Alright, so what you're going to do is take a chunk and you're going to go in the direction where your brows grow. Oh, so slick. And you want to ball it up at the end so you have something to rip off like that just enough so you can actually lift it off. And now I'm going to do it on the other side. You don't want to go too close to your brow because then you could actually take off more than what you need and that is no no. That is no bueno. It's also basically super boost so it gets everywhere, including your nails. So by the time I do this one, this one's already done so you're going to three, two. Yeah, they don't even hurt. And then you're going to go three, two. Obviously I've done this many years so it doesn't hurt me anymore but this is your first time. Oh, it's going to hurt. It's going to hurt real bad. Oops, that's a little bit too fresh so it kind of burns my skin but that's okay. I like the feeling. This is what my universe looked like. Now the risky part is getting those brow hairs under.  Oh no, and that's dripping. Ah, okay. Oh no. Oh God. I'm going to keep this eye open for as long as I can. Yeah, I'm going to wait for that to dry and it's not on my lashes. Thank God. All right. Yeah, how's your day going?  Oh Jesus. Ow. Okay, I survived. Oh, I'm crying a little bit. See, that's why you want to wait for the wax to dry it a little bit. Otherwise it's liquid and then it'll hurt but let's just get these off now. Okay, and if it hurts a lot you can just put pressure on it but I'm no pussy. Okay, so we're going to wait for this to dry just a little bit so we don't repeat what happened last time. Like I was saying, push your eyebrow hairs up so you get to see which parts you actually need to wax. Lift your eyebrow as high as possible and just place a dot right there. Just like that. Then twist. Oh God, not again. Oh, okay. Maybe my technique has been off lately. Ooh, just going to get the other side really quick. All right. Ooh, that should be good enough. Now you can just turn off the wax and don't touch it until it's fully dry because it burns a lot. By the way, you don't want to wax it when it's fully dry because that hurts a lot.  So I'm not going to do that right now. Oh God, this could really hurt right now. All right. You know what? I'm just going to... Okay. Oh no, it's getting all over my nails. I need to repaint this one now. Three, two, one. Ow! Beauty is pain. Oh my God. And if you miss a few spots just touch it up by getting tweezers. Don't wax twice in a row. That's asking for death. All right. I'm going to repaint this nail and we'll be back. All right. I fixed them and now all I have left to do is straighten my hair. I have a mini straight nerve because I'm mini. But everyone including my assistant principal wants me to have slick back straight hair and I have not done that in years. So nervous, but my principal told me to and he's going to be at prom. I have to make him proud. He's also watching this video. So hello. So I'm just going to run this through. Let's see how long my hair actually can get. Oh my God. Oh my God. It goes over my eyes now. Now I think about it. I should probably be straightening my hair back. So let's do that now. Change of course. See, this is the problem. My hair naturally goes to one side. So if I try to like push it straight back, it gets really messy. I can also see some hair falling out. So that's good news. This only has one degree setting. So hopefully it's not like Fahrenheit 500.  I'm going to be putting mousse in it. And then I'm going to have some pieces of hair slip through like the bottom, like giving you a Zane Malick moment. You know, you know what I mean? Let's take a look. What do we think? I thought I would hate it, but I guess this is because I have really long hair for once. This is the longest it's been and when you have long voluminous hair, you're allowed to do this. Ooh. Oh, I did not realize how much I like this too. But that is not for prom. We have to be fancy for prom. This side needs a little more extra care. So I'm going to do that a little bit more. And then I think we're ready to mousse. And after that's done, we have to do makeup. After makeup, we put on the suit and then we are done. I love the smell of burning hair. So it should look kind of like that once we're done. Like, I kind of have a lot of options now. So I have Argan Oil Mousse because my hair needs repair. It's like whipped cream.  Wrap it through your hands and then through your hair. Now, this is the first time I'm trying this hairstyle. I never really practiced it before. So this does not work. Oh well. Oh my God. I need more. My hair just soaked it up and evaporated it at the same time. Look, where does all this mousse just go? It just went away. Okay, I'm going to make it do like a little bit of a wave and then I'm going to drop some pieces of hair down. Like that one. Nope. I don't want that one. I want this one. Nope. Never mind. I choose this one now. There's like one simple piece that's going to fall. Okay, I need to- Whoa, that's really hard to come through. Whoa, this is so hard to comb through, guys. Ugh. So that's what it looks like slicked back. I don't know where my comb just went. Where is it? How do I lose a comb? Never mind, I found it. This screams get acne in one line. I also need you to curl a little bit. Oh God, hair. Hair is starting to solidify, which also means not much time left to change my hair around.  Oh boy, I wish I had hair spray right now. I'm going to put one more layer of mousse on. Then I'm going to put on the makeup. Oh my God, that's so hard to comb through. This is how you curl a piece of hair. See? It worked. Basically perfect. I just got to let it set in. Hair done.  So this is my makeup area. Fitting. So I originally wanted to go for a red makeup because I was planning on having silver hair, but I can't bleach my hair that many times in a week. Unless I wanted to fall off. So instead we're going to go with a simple silver makeup. This is my beauty blender. It also expanded a lot in water, which I think is so weird. I don't know. Makeup is weird to me guys. So I got some NYX Total Control Drops. I don't know if it's the right shade for me because I couldn't test it out. And then I got some Maybelline Instant Age Rewind. I'm a beauty guru guys. Trust me. How do I open this with my nails? Oh God. Okay. Now the ultimate test. Is this my shade? Hmm, we'll see. Also my hair is starting to fall already. Um, I'm going to just ask my friend for some hair spray when I get there. I'm just going to test a few drops right here because we want to hide the fact that we have been stressed. Hello. I take like the perfect shade. I'm so proud of myself guys. So I know you bounce it around like this. I'm just going to let it do its job. I'm just going to put some more on some areas than any more coverage.  All right. I like it. Now I don't know if this is going to be my shade at all. Oh my God. How do you open it? Why is it stuck? Ah, there is a sticker on there. But problem, I have the nails. Dude, that's like a perfect match. That's a scary perfect match. I don't appreciate that. Don't ask me how I managed to eyeball that myself. Do this until something happens. Is anything happening? Oh, yeah. Stuff is happening now. Then we blend. Look up while blending. It's in my eye. Okay. All right. That looks pretty good. I'm just going to put some dots on my face because pigmentation and my moustache. Moustache is a little bit too bright.   All right. I think I'm good. I'm just going to keep doing this because I'm bored. And this feels really nice. I feel pretty. Okay. Eye shadow. I have the magic by Juvia's. And what I'm just going to do is take silver liner in my waterline, which hurts a lot. And then purple as eyeliner because I want to open my eye. Now give me a second because I'm not really good at this. Oh my God. Now I understand why people who do makeup always have messy rooms. Okay. So just how I hate this feeling Lord Jesus.  Oh my God. It feels so weird. Oh, maybe not because eyeshadow is actually in my eye. I wonder how that happened. Frederick keep going. Keep going. Okay. Got one eye done. This one is always harder to do. I can't tell what's my eye and what's my waterline sometimes. So occasionally it gets into my eye. Okay. Now to take some purple over this area. Asian eyes are so difficult. I hate it. I hate it. Oh, I ask you Frederick is to not make it so thick. Your too much gene is not welcome right now. Okay. That's all I needed. That's fine. Oh my God. My hair is falling out. I need actual hair spray. Hold on. Better look prettier than all the girls. All the orange girls who look like Trump's daughters. Once again, y'all clearly did not get the memo of my prom video. I warned you. Damn it. I just winged this part out, which means I have to wing the other part out slightly. Okay. Okay. That's all I need to do. That's fine. No, I almost just put purple in my brows. We're not going to do that. We're done. I want mascara. I am terrible at applying mascara, but I want it to look like I actually have lashes. Lift lashes. Please. All right. I'm going to break apart some of my bottom lashes because they are kind of chunky. And I do not want to look like a spider tonight. I think we're done. Oh, my eyes are burning a little, but it is worth it because I feel cute. Time to get into my suit. First item, the black shirt.  Wow. My eyes are red. I hope they're not that red during the prom photos. Next, we're going to put on my pants. These are my skinny pants. I'm wearing black shoes and black socks. Don't worry. Oh, damn. Now we're really looking like a waiter. Or I'm playing in the orchestra. Now, the best part of all, it's everything I wanted it to be. It's not a yellow tuxedo, but that's okay. Look, it matches perfectly with my nails. Now, I have to put on my bow tie. This is the part where you get choked. Abby. Tom. Um, okay. Wait, I'm almost done. Okay. Bye. Bye. That is the sign. It is time to go. Tighten it so you get choked even more. Lift the collar down.  I'm ready. Only thing I have to fix is my hair a little. But other than that, I'm ready to go to prom. But I got to hurry up. So if you guys enjoyed, give it a like, leave a comment down below, or subscribe for more videos every Saturday slash Sunday. Oh, shoot. I almost forgot the cuffs.  Anyways, I love you guys and everything is less than three. I'm going to go enjoy my prom. See y'all later.


So with the US Open over, we get straight back into it. Tennis never sleeps. And we actually go to Mexico next week. Guadalajara, a new 1,000 event of recent times. Last year became the first edition of this WTR 1,000 event. This year, they've continued the trend, but there's a lot of players that are not playing either because they withdrew because of injury or they need some extra rest because of the US Open. Let's go have a look at who actually isn't going to play this event. So started with the players that have withdrawn due to injury or due to fatigue. Pelbotosa, she's pulled out, of course, not playing for the rest of the year. Due to that back injury. Koko Goff also pulling out of this event to get some extra rest after winning the US Open, of course. And with the Asian Swing not too far away, she wants to be ready for the end of the season. Jessica Bagoula, the defending champion, will not play this event either, giving herself a little bit of extra rest. Of course, she's played a lot of doubles and mixed doubles in recent time. And Igas Fiontek also needing some extra rest pulling out of this event. And also didn't play last year at this event, didn't like the conditions as much, being high altitude and really taxing on the body. Some players that didn't even enter into this tournament. And we've got some big names here. Mukava, not playing this one. Of course, made the semi-files of the US Open, but just didn't add this to her schedule. Wondrusova also not playing this event. Not putting it in the schedule. Didn't really think that going to Mexico between the US Open and the Asian Swing was a good idea. Krajikov has also pulled out another big name that has done well at 1,000 events at times this year and a very dangerous opponent for most players. She's also not playing. And Irina Sabalenka, the world number one, didn't put her name down to play this event and didn't enter it. So massive names there. From the top 10, when it is a 1,000 event, which usually are mini grand slams, we're going to be missing the top four players in the world. And six of the top 10 won't be playing. Rabakina Jabur will be the top players at this event in the seedings, but man, we've got some big names missing this one. So there it is. Guadalajara turned out to be more of a 250 or a 500 event after what should have been a 1,000 event. Last year, it was such a hit and we had so many good players playing. The only player that didn't play last year out of the top 10 was Egas Fiontek from memory, I think maybe one more may be due to injury, but man, it's not looking the same without those top four players, but let me know down in the comments below. When do you think we'll see most of those players back? Of course, the Asian Swing happens in about a week or two anyway, so they're probably all just going to make their way down to China and Japan and all those places that we play over the Asian Swing. Of course, Beijing is back this year, which is a huge 1,000 event over the last couple of decades. Last year, the last time they played, I should say, was four years ago in Beijing. So I'm expecting a lot of the players to go down there instead, but let me know down in the comments below who you're going to miss the most from Guadalajara, but it's not looking the same without those big names.


Okay, and welcome to this second video in this series on a shell script now I'm gonna show you a shell command here, but we're gonna be talking about using it for Other programming languages that makes sense. So bear with me So last time I was telling you about a website called cheat that sh and I showed you how you could use it in the Shell do using curl cheat that sh name command like Make date dir and it'll give you some examples of how that command could work Well, there's other options here again at the show you on the website and again You can bring this up without going to your web browser just by doing that It's gonna tell you the same information that's on the website, which is nice that they format it like that and here we're going to look at other options and We can you can see that we have other languages programming languages that you can use so for example, they have programming using options for PHP or Pearl or Python or C++ or examples we're gonna look at today just as examples so again We're gonna use curl and then we're gonna say cheat dot sh and this time instead of forward slash name of the command we're gonna say forward slash and a programming language so we can say C++ if we get enter What did I do wrong here? Oh, maybe the C++ part. Oh, of course if I spelt things properly so it seems like a Cheer dot sh is available to anyone once that domain. Anyway, here we go So the program into C++ it gives you a quick description of it And it tells you you know, it's widely used by these companies It tells you how a compiler could work and if you execute that the output would be this and then it gives you some options here on list learn for you know onward So for example real quick if we wanted to search how arrays work So we could go curl cheat that sh forward slash C++ forward slash arrays and we can hit enter and there you would give you an example of how arrays work in C++ and If I was to type part of that so let's say I was just type AR it's gonna give us an example It's gonna give us okay So there's a command that says start because it has AR there in the middle There's also arrays and then there's the learn Option here what we're gonna do here is we can also go colon list and we'll list out all of the Examples it has for that programming language so you can use any of these so like hello Let's go ahead and give that a try so here. We'll just type in hello And it's gonna give us a basic hello world for C++ example here And of course like I said you could use other programming languages So if we were to come in here and type in whoops Python It's gonna give us a brief summary of Python and quickly here. It shows you how to even start a web server Whether you were running with Python 3 or Python 2.7 and again just like Previously with C++ we can type in colon list whoops Colon list and it'll give us a list of options here that we can look at Why did it bring up Perl stuff? Did I type something wrong there? Oh? Because I forgot to type Python so that's listing all the different languages there I was gonna show you that next But Python Ford slash colon list and list just the Python doesn't have a whole lot of examples here But enough to get you started again you can do Hello, and I'll give you a basic hello world for Python Maybe they'll add more things layer obviously like I showed you last time There are a whole lot of commands that I have as listed just for your basic shell interface But it has a few examples for different programming languages here So Prince. Hello world would be your example. Of course, that's Python 2. Whatever there does tell you how to Install it like if you're on a Debbie and a Rubin 2 system or if you're on a Fedora or CentOS Anyway, so I just want to show you that the cheat that SH website gives you more than just your basic shell commands and programs you can use in the shell But it gives you a few examples right now for other programming languages and again if we were to just do curl cheat that at a sage and colon list it'll give us a list of Different options, so you have different shells here if you want to look at bash that shell or Z shell Which is what I'm currently using fish. You got some emack examples So these are different commands I guess you could say to bring up information on those things and then again up here We have different programming languages Lua, Perl, C++ You know, this is just listing out everything that it has a list for and then you get up at the top here into commands for your shell That's pretty much it again like I showed you last time you can use W get I would use the queue for quiet So you don't see the output of W get capital O dat and dash will say standard output Instead of putting it in a file. Otherwise it would put it into a file and cheat dot sh forward slash and again, we'll say and it will give you the output for rock So whether you want to use curl or W get both displayed properly here in your shell And of course you can always go to the website And there's a few other things that this website does but that's basically what I wanted to show you I do. Thank you for watching if you enjoy these videos be sure to check out my website films by chris comm That's Chris the K. There's a link in the description of the video there. You can go to the support section Support me through PayPal or through patreon patreon.com forward slash melex 1000 you appreciate all support you can search through all my videos at my website from both my channels this software channel I also have a hardware channel. I do. Thank you for watching it really does help if you like share subscribe and comment So if you do enjoy this video, please do those things for me, and I hope that you have a great day


Netanyahu, this is Netanyahu's war. This is the blood here is on Netanyahu. This is his fault, his responsibility, his disaster. I hope this constitute the final end of his career in politics. I hope we'll be voted out no matter how he responds, that he voted out and is gone. Netanyahu has compromised, sold out, negotiated, refused to win, refused to engage in proper war, appeased Hamas and the Palestinian Authority over and over and over again. For now, going back to the late 1990s when he first did a stint as a prime minister. He had plenty of opportunities to go into the Gaza Strip and strip them and destroy the Hamas.


y gallwch chi'n rhywbeth i'r cyfnodd. Roedd chi'n rhywbeth i'r cyfnodd yn rhywbethu. Yn oed yn ymryd i chi'n mynd i'w chyfodol. Yn oed yn ymryd i chi ei wneud o'i unig i'w cyffredinol yn y fwy fath. Ond mae'r pwysig yn yw, dwi'n fwy'n bod chi'n rhywbeth i'r cyfnodd, dwi'n cymryd i chi'n hyn oed y gallwn. They never cared when you were upset about something. They never cared when you felt betrayed. They never cared when you felt that they were being mean to you. They didn't try to fix it. They didn't try to co-ordinate with you. Instead, they blamed you for everything. They blamed you for judging them. They said you were selfish. sy'n ddweud o'r amlwg. Dyna sy'n ddweud o'r amlwg sy'n ddweud o'r cefnodd honnol yn ei ddeamol. Mae'r greu mewn gweld o'r amlwg ar ddweud o'r amlwg i fewn ddechrau mewn gweld. Fy datblygu'r mewn gweld. Mae'r amlwg wedi'u'i gweld. Dwi'n rwy'n ddweud o un o'r llun o'r hynodau'u gweld. Rydym yn gweithio. ddim olwch fod yn felly i'w ffrifu'r llythau a ddim yn ei ffordd i'r bwrdd. That is why from this point on, you need to realise that you're not going to get a healthy response from the Narcissist when you choose to express your emotions, and you also need to realize that you can not change them, you can not fix everything in life. You may want to be a good person. You may want to help people.  Felly ni wpineg o'r gweithio yn rheoli. Felly ni arno f molta gweithio'r dwrom i'r bleidio. Fi'n ei di wrthio bydd i fynd i'r cynhyrchu. Felly ni i'r lleisio sy'n morhefyd. Felly ni i'r lleisio sy'n morhefi. Felly mae'r lleisio ddim bydd arnos rhywbeth oes o ddweud i'r ddweud ac mae'n meddwl i'r lag o'r sefydlu ddim yn ddod oes oherwydd yr un oes ddwylliannol. Ond yna yn ysgr�fau bythau o'r slofiad o gael ei wysgol i ddweud olyg rhai mwyaf, ma' rhai ddweud ei wysgol hofnt iawn a'r holl ymlaen, ac yn enw yn ysgrifftio, dwi'n meddwl hyd i ddweud. Nid yw bod os ddwylliannol yn ei hefyd. Nid oes o ysgrifftio, There always has to be something wrong, because there's something wrong with them. They have these insatiable desires that can never be fulfilled. They can never be happy with anything, and you will fail by trying to make them happy. It will only destroy you in the end, which is why the best thing you can do in this situation is to give them your silence. Your silence can be a weapon against narcissistic abuse.   They're taking all of your power away from you, because there is no power in constantly reacting to them. You become their slave. You become defensive. You get upset, because you're no longer in control of yourself. You're no longer yourself at all.  They want you to be their slave, and they want to be your master.  Your silence tells the narcissist that you're not joking. You're not messing around. You're not willing to tolerate their behaviour. It tells the narcissist that there can either be a healthy relationship or no relationship at all. It tells them that you're not going to put up with it, but when you remain around them, they take that as a form of consent, as though you agree with them, as though you think that what they're doing is acceptable. It's only when you walk away that they finally realise that you don't accept it, which is why when you remain around them, nothing ever changes, because they see your presence as a form of consent. If you weren't okay with it, you would leave. That's how they see it. But when you give them silence, it shows them that you no longer agree with what they're doing. You no longer accept it, and by doing that, you take your power back. You're no longer in reaction mode. You're no longer enmeshed with them. And their way of dealing with this is to talk about you behind your back. They will talk about you to other people, because in their minds it makes them feel like you're still there.  So they will tell people that you're not talking to them anymore. They may say that you're the narcissist. They may say that you're giving them the silent treatment. But if you stay silent, you will stay out of their mess. You will no longer be a part of it. When you give the narcissist your silence, they will try to intimidate you. They will overwhelm you with messages and phone calls. They may stalk and harass you. They may start a smear campaign. They may try to ruin your reputation. They may try to isolate you.  And they believe you exist to give them narcissistic supply. They don't believe there should be any separation. They believe that you exist to serve them. They feel like they can do whatever they want.  It will cause a narcissistic injury, which will be followed by narcissistic rage. They will give you insults and putdowns. They will say horrible things about you. Or they will try to love bomb you again. They will try to get you back. It will change from one moment to the next. They will become very desperate. Because they're very afraid of being abandoned. But you are doing the right thing. Why should you stay in a relationship with someone who has been horrible to you? But they're not going to see it the same way. They thought they got away with everything they did to you. They overlooked all of the things they did. They only focused on the things you did to them. Especially the things that were in response to what they did. But they never think about what they did to you. That's not a concern to them. Because they don't really care about you. They have no interest in your well-being. All they care about is their fear of being abandoned. That's what brings out their rage. That's what makes them go crazy. And if they can't get to you directly. They will involve other people. They will start a smear campaign against you. They will try to ruin your reputation. But eventually, people are going to get fed up of it. They're going to get tired of hearing the same things about you. Over and over again. And there's really no purpose in them talking about you. If you're no longer a part of their life. Your silence keeps you out of trouble.  It may be hard in the beginning. But it gets easier with time. You will have more time to focus on your life. You will have more time to focus on things that you are passionate about. You will have more time to focus on yourself. Thank you for watching. I hope this video resonates with you. Please like, comment, share and subscribe. If you would like to donate, my PayPal link is in the video description. Coaching inquiries. You can email me at coaching.org survivor at the crew UK. Thank you for watching and I'll talk to you soon.